ADAPTED BY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY DEPARTMENT IES FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA

THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries. Charles Dickens (1812-1870), the reporter of industrialization and worker class conditions of life. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion Original cover of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (commonly known as The Pickwick Papers), the first novel by Charles Dickens. First edition front piece of A Christmas Carol (1843) Front piece of the first edition of Oliver Twist (1838). First Edition cover of David Copperfield (1850) Gads Hill Place: Country Home of Charles Dickens Industrial Revolution begins in Britain New Ways of Working Industrial Revolutiongreatly increases output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosureslarge farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Crop rotationswitching crops each year to avoid depleting (agotar) soil Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply.

Why the Industrial Revolution began in England? Industrializationmove to machine production of goods Britain has natural resourcescoal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of productionland, labor, capital Inventions Spur (estimular) Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry Weavers work faster with flying shuttles (lanzadera volante) and spinning jennies Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels (husos)

Carding is a mechanical process that breaks up locks (mechones) and unorganized clumps (haces) of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun (part. de hilar, hilados) into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools. Power loom (telar mecnico), and spinning mule speed up production, improve quality. Factoriesbuildings that contain machinery for manufacturing Cotton gin (limpiadora de algodn) boosts (incrementar) American cotton production to meet British demand. >Improvements in Transportation: Watts Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton Boultonan entrepreneurorganizes, manages, takes business risks. Water Transportation Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 Englands water transport improved by system of canals

Road Transportation British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called turnpike trusts (concesionarias de peajes). By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption. The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts.

The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive. In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line. He is called the Father of Railways. His rail gauge (ancho de va) of 4 feet 8 inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester. Stephensons Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829).

Railroads revolutionize life in Britain, railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs. Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities.