12

Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine, and Coulomh

Retaining structurcssuchas retaining walls,bascmentwalls,and bulkheadsare commonly encountercdin foundation engineeringas thcy support slopesof earth masses. Proper designand construction of thesestructuresrequire a thorough knowledgeof being thc lateral forcesthat act between the retaining structuresand the soil masses This chapter is deretaincd.These lateral forccs arc causedby lateral earth prcssure. votcd to the study oI the various earth pressuretheories.

12.1

At-Rest, Active, and Passive Pressures

Consider a massof soil shown in Figurc. l2.la. The massis bounded by a .frictionless wall of height AB. A soil element located at a depth z is subjectedto a vertical effecon pressureoj,. There arc no shearstresses tive prcssurerrj,and a horizontal efTective planesof the soil element. Let us define the ratio of oj, to thc vcrtical and horizontal l a l , a s a n o n d i m e n s i o n aq u a n t i t v K , o r

K - -

C,r
(f,'

(12.1)

Now, three possiblecasesmay arise concerningthe retaining wall: and they are described Case 1. If the wall AB is static- that is, if it does not move either to the right or to the left of its initial position - the soil masswill be in a state of stallc equilibrium. In that case,rrj, is referred to as the ut-rest earth pressure,or

K: K,,:%
o',, where K,, - at-rest earth pressure coefficient.

(r2.2)

364

12.1 At-Rest,Active, and Passive pressures

At-rest pressure +l ' l A Al, l+ ' Activepressure A C '

c,,

t",,t; I
H
-:.. :

K,,c',,=6',,

.,-{'Lo'ri're'

Pitssive pressurc

x l - , ' + o ' t a n0 '

(c,

Figure 12'1 Del\nitionof at-rcst. active, and passive pressures (Note:WallAB is frictionless) Case 2' If the frictionlesswall rotates sufficientlyabout its bottom to a position of A'B (Figure l2.lb), then a triangular soil massABC' adjacentto the wall will reach a state of plastic equilibrium and will fail sliding down the plane BC,. At this time, the horizontal effective stress,oj,: o'u, will be ref'erred to as active pressare.Now.

K:Ku:4-4
a" a"

(12.3)

where K,, : active earth pressure coefficient. Case 3. If the frictionless wall rotates sufficiently about its bottom to a position ,4"8 (Figure 12.7c), then a triangular soil mass ABC" will reach a state of plastic

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

=
u

pressure. Passive oj,

At-rest pressure. oir

+ Wall tilt

Figure 12.2 Yariatictn ol thc magnitude of lateral earth pressure with wall tilt Table 12.1 Typical Values of L.L,,lH and LL,,lH Soil type Loose sand Dcnse sand Soft clay StilTclay LL"IH LLelH

0.(x)l 0.(D2 -0.00r 0.000-5 0.02 0.01

0.01 0.005 0.04 0.02

equilibriunt and will fail sliding upward along the plane BC". The horizontal effecpassivepressure.In this case, tive stressat this time will be oi, : rr',, the so-called

K _ K ', :

oi.

a,u
0,,

, : a,'

(r2.4)

where K,, : passiveearth pressure coefflcient Figure 12.2showsthe nature of variation of lateral earth pressurewith the wall a t i l t . T y p i c a l v a l u e so f L , L , , l H( L L , , : A ' A i n F i g u r e 1 2 . 1 b ) n d L L p I H ( L L r : A " A i n Figure 12.1c) for attaining the active and passivestatesin various soils are given in Table 12.1.

AT.RESTLATERALEARTHPRESSURE

12.2

at Earth Pressure Rest

The fundamental concept of earth pressure at rest was discussedin the preceding section. In order to define the earth pressure coefficient Kn at rest, we refer to Fig-

12.2 Earth Pressureat Rest

367

/r-

I
H

I!

tFigure 12.3 Earth prcssLrrc rcst at

o'n= K,,Yz

It=t'+o'tan0'

urc 12.3,which showsa wall A Il rctaining a dry soil with a unit weight of 'l'hc wall 7. i s s t a t i c .A t a d c p t h z , Vcrtical eflectivestrcss: o',,: yz, Horizcrrrtal elTective stress: oi, : K,,yz So K,, : oi. : at-rcst earth prcssurccoefficient (f,,

For coarse-grained soils. the cocfficient of earth pressureat rest can bo estim a t e d b y u s i n gt h e c m p i r i c z rr c l a t i o n s h i p( J a k y ,l 9 4 a ) l K,:1-singl'

(1 2 . s )

where d' : drained friction angle. While designinga wall that may be subjcctedto latcrerlearth pressureeltrcst. one must take care in evaluatingthe value of K,,. Sherif, Fang,and Sherif (19g4),on the basis of their laboratory tests,showed that Jaky's equation [<.tr K,, tEq. (12.-s)] givesgood resultswhen the backlill is loose sand.However. for a densesand backfill. Eq. (12.5) may grosslyunderestimatethe lateral earth prcssureat rest. This underestimation results becauseof the processof compaction of backlill. For this reason. they recommended the designrelationship

K " : ( 1 * s i n )l : @.

L /.I(mrnl

* r ls.s
J

(12.6)

where y,1 : actual compacted dry unit weight of the sand behind the wall : 7,l1.rn; dry unit weight of the sand in the looseststate (Chapter 2)

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

1 I

T l - . ' + o ' t a nQ Unit weight

_ I

on at-rcst a wall ol Figure 12.4 Distribution lateralcarthpressure the For finc-grained,normally consolidatcdsoils, Massarsch(1979) suggested following cquation for K,,:

+ K,,:0.44 0.421-ur]

I P r( % \ l

(12.1)

clays,thc coeflicient clf carth pressureat rcst can be apFor overconsolidated p r o x i m a t e da s

: Ko(overconsolidatcd) Krl,tnrtully.nn..lidor"d.;.\,m

(r2.8)

'l'he ovcrconsolidationratio was dellned in whcre OCR : ovcrconsolidationratio. Chapter 10as

OCR:

pressure,tri Preconsolidatior-r Presentelfective overburden pressure,oi,

( r 2.e)

Figure 12.4showsthe distribution of lateral earth pressureat rest on a wall of height H retaining a dry soil having a unit weight of 7. The total force per unit length of the wall, P,,.is equal to the area of the pressurediagram, so

P,,: lK,,yH2

(12.10)

12.3

Earth Pressureat Rest for Partially Submerged Soil

Figure 12.5ashows a wall of height FL The groundwater table is located at a depth 111below the ground surface, and there is no compensating water on the other side of the wall. For z < Hr,the lateral earth pressureat rest can be given as oi,: K,,yz. with depth is shown by triangle ACE in Figure 12.5a.However, The variation of o'1, for z > H1 (i.e.,below the groundwatertable), the pressureon the wall is found from the effective stressand pore water pressure components via the equation effective vertical pressure : o',,: lHr + y'(z Ht) Q2J'D

12.3 Earth Pressureat Restfor Partially Submerged Soil

I l
'Ht)-l
( t

H1

I
Saturated unit weight of soil = yr"r

H1

i
Figure 12.5 Distribution of earth pressureat rest for partially submergedsoil

I
l<--

K,,(1lHt +y'H)+y,,,H2 +l

where T' : 7,,,t sure at rest is

: y?{r the effectiveunit weight of soil. So the effectivelateral preso'1,: K,,o',,: K,,lyHt + y'(z Hr)l

(12.12)

The variation of cj, with depth is shown by CEG B in Figure 12.5a.Again the lateral pressurefrom pore water is

u:

y,,,,(z H)

(12.13)

The variation of a with depth is shown in Figure 12.5b. Hence, the total lateral pressurefrom earth and water at any depth z > l'1, is equal to
o1: Op -t U

: K,lyH, + y'(z - Hr)) t y,,,(z H,)

(r2.14)

The force per unit length of the wall can be found from the sum of the areas of the pressurediagramsin Figures 12.5aand 12.5band is equal to (Figure 12.5c)

(12.1s)
Area ACE Area CEFB Areas EFG ancl IJK

370

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

12.1 Example
Figure 12.6ashowsa l5-ft-high retainingwall. The wall is restrainedfrom yieldthe the ing.Calculate lateralforce Puperunit lengthof the wall.Also,determine location of the resultantforce,
o'/, (lb/ftl ) u (lb/ft2)

)und water table Sand c'- 0 Q'= 30' = Y,ur 122.4lb/fir

Figure 12.6 Solution K , , = I - S i n f ' : 1 - s i n 3 0: 0 . 5 AtZ:0: a L = A ; c ' n = O ' ,u * - 0

* At z : 10ft: ai = (10)(100) 10001b/ft2 : o'1, Kor|* (0.5X1000): 500lb/ftz u = O * + At z : 15 ft: (r! * (10)(100) (5)(122.4 62.4)= 13001b/ft2 : o'1,: Koo'o: (0.5X1300) 6501b/ft2 u - (5)(y,,) = (5X62.4)= 312lblf* The variations of oi and u with depth are shownin Figures 12.6band 1"2'6c. Lateral force P^ : Area 1 * Area 2 + Area$ + Area 4 " $ or /t\
\ L /

$
/ /t\ p,: (ir \ )lroylsooy +( + + (sxs00)( ; )(s)(1s0)i )tsif:tzl
\ L , / \ L /

- 2500+ 2500+ 375+ ?80= 6155 lblft

12.4 Lateral Pressureon Retaining Walls from Surcharges-Based on Theory of Etasticity

371

The locationof the resultant, measured from the bottomof the wall,is

z:
or

diagram ) momentof pressure aboutC

, (2soo)(sl t0 \ + txoor(|)+ (3?s)(,;,17 8 0 ) ( ;I T ; +(

\ J./

/s\

/ \ \

6155

= 4.7lft

12.4

Lateral Pressure Retaining Wallsfrom on Surcharges-Basedon Theiry of Etasticity

Point-Load Surcharge The equations for normal stresses inside a homogeneous, elastic,and isotropic medium produced from a point load on the surfacewerc given in chapter 9 [Eqs. (9. l0), ( 9 . 1 ) a n d9 . 1 2 1 . l We now apply Eq. (9. 10) to determinc the lateral pressureon a retaining wall causedby the concentratedpoint load Q placedat the surfaceof the backfill as shown in Figure r2.1a.lf the load Q is placed on the plane of the sectionshown,we can substitute y : 0 in Eq. (9.10).Also, assumingthat ,p : 0.-5, can writc we rrt-

o /3x,2\
2n\ /J /

(t2.16)

where L : f7

+ Z'z. Substitutin x : mH and z : nH inroEq. ( 12.16), have g we

tlr,:

3Q
^

m2n
(^t - ,,)"
-

"

2rHt

(12.n)

The horizontal stressexpressed Eq. (12.11)does not include the restrainingeffect by of the wall. This expressionwas invesrigatedby Gerber (1929) and Spangler( l93g) with large-scale tests.on the basisof the experimentalfindings,Eq. (12.11)has been modified as follows to agreewith the real conditions:

For m > 0.4,

o,n :

1.77Q

mznz

nz @f +Ef

(12. 8) l

For m * 0.4, 0.28Q n2 , oa: H z ( 0 1 6+ , r f (12.19)

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

q

l*-*=,nn-l
Y

, r = m HI
l..<+l

l H

l+"
Y l :

, f .
(b) rril-J+
t

l r' l

l.
t

nt:+l
l

. :

'

/ , .

//

loacl = ,, Strip qlUrtI arcll

Figure 12.7 Latcral pressureon a retaining wall due to a (a) point load, ( b ) l i n c l o a d ,a n d ( c ) s t r i p l o a d

Line-Load Surcharge Figure 12.7bshowsthe distribution of lateral pressureagainstthe vertical back face of the wall causedby a line-load surchargeplaced parallel to the crest.The modified f f o r m s o f t h e e q u a t i o n s[ s i m i l a rt o E q s . ( 1 2 . 1 8 )a n d ( 1 2 . 1 9 ) o r t h e c a s eo f p o i n t - l o a d are, respectively, surcharge]for line-load surcharges

(r'h: and CL=

4q

rnzn

rrH (mz+ ,t)' 0.203q n

- ^ .{ llor m > u.41 ' q ;'

(t2.20)

H (oEl?r

(for m o 0.4)

(r2.2r)

where ? : load per unit length of the surcharge.

12.4 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls from Surcharges-Based on Theory of Elasticity Strip-Load Surcharge

373

Figure 12.7eshows a strip-load surcharge with an intensity of q per unit area located at a distance rr , from a wall of height H. on the basis of the theory of elasticity, the horizontal stressat a depth z on a retaining structure can be siven as

,',,:#@-sinBcosza)

(12.22)

The angles a and B are defined in Figure 72.1c.For actual soil behavior (from the wall restraining effect). the precedingequation can be modified to

Zs o'h: ;G n

- sinp cos2a)

(12.23)

The nature of the distribution of oj, with depth is shown in Figure 12.lc.The force p per unit length of the wall causedby the strip load akrne can be obtained by integration of oj, with limits of z from 0 to H.

Example 12.2
Considerthe retainingwall shownin Figure12,8a where H : l0 ft. A line load of 800 lb/ft is placedon the ground surfaceparallelto the crestat a distance 5 ft of from the backfaceof the wall.Determinethe increase the lateralforceper unit in lengthof the wall caused the line load.Use the modifiedequationgivenin Secby tion12.4.
oi, (lb/lir) .{ ,-Theorctical shape :\6!16l
I I

800tb/ri

". 2
c

l+)u.+l

I
: 4
a

H= l0ti

1r T l

l t . ^ . . ' - - - ' - - - , OU.tr ' " I t

O 6
a l

t 4 | .\t.^)

i I
Figure 12.8

t ) \ 6 i' _ . t "

,lr!,:

374

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

Solution We are given l/ : 10 ft, q : 800lb/ft, and

*:4:0.5
1L) 4q So Eq. (12.20) will apply: .

> 0.4
m2n

on:

rrH Qrf;W

Now the following table can be prepared:

n=z n
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

,H
101.86 101.86 101.86 101.86 101.86 i01.86

m2n 1m2+ n2)2 o't llbllizl

0 0.595 0.595 0.403 0.252 0.16

0 60.61 60.61 41.05 25.67 16.3

Refer to the diagramin Figure 12.8b.

Area no,

rb/rt (j)t'lr*'ut) = 6o'61 = tbtrt (|)rrlt*.ut + 60.61)r2r.2z

= rb/rt (])o,*o.ut + 41.0s)101.66 = (i)trxrr.* + 2s,67) 66.72tbtrt = (f;)elt t.u, + 16.3) 41.e7tbtrl
Toral= 392.18lb/ft - 390lb/ft

EARTHPRESSURE RANKINE'SLATERAL

12.5

Rankine's Theory of Active Pressure

The phrase plastic equilibrium in soil refers to the condition where every point in a soil mass is on the verge of failure. Rankine ( 1857)investigated the stressconditions in soil at a stateof plasticequilibrium. In this sectionand in section 12.6,wedeal with Rankine's theory of earth pressure.

12.5 Rankine'sTheory of Active Pressure +lAr!A ' A

T--*--

-2c',[9,

Unit weight of soil = T lf=c'+o'tanQ' a",

l-l

e) I I
a

I
I

t
l-l
yzK,, 2c'l K,,
(c)

E 6

1' o
q

'.h
(\ *
\

r"o; \,'

/,v./

,,\, I
(h)

6 ' , , N o r m a ls t r e s s

Figure 12.9 Rankine's active carth pressure

Figure 12.9ashows a soil massthat is bounded by a frictionlesswall, AB, that extends to an infinite depth. The vertical and horizontal effective principal stresses on a soil element at a depth z are o'o and oi,, respectively. we saw in Section 12.2, As if the wall ,48 is not allowed to move, then o'1,: K,,a',,.The stress condition in the soil element can be represented by the Mohr's circle a in Figure 12.9b. However, if the wall AB is allowed to move away from the soil mass gradually, the horizontal principal stresswill decrease. Ultimately a statewill be reachedwhen the stresscondition in the soil element can be represented by the Mohr's circle b, the state of plastic equilibrium, and failure of the soil will occur. This situation represents Rankine's active state, and the effective pressure oi on the vertical plane (which is a principal plane) is Rankine's active earth pressure.We next derive oi in terms of y, z, c' , and $' from Figure 12.8b
slnd :

CD AC

CD AO+OC

376

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

But
CD : radius of the failure circle :
cu oo

AO : c' cot $'

and

oc:
So

o' I

o'..

"

a',, -

c'r,

s i nS ' :

2
* 1v,co.(t, +"' ' t - ,, t t ' " 2a

' : c'cos. q+4sinrp' <f ry

(r' I - sind' - 2 c ' cos o',r: o',,, * ,.r* I *sinS'
But
U,,, -

(12.24)

vcrtical cf'fbctivcoverburden pressure

I - sin rf' : t a n- '/( 4 5 - d ) \ t' I *sin{'

and

c o sd ' l +,*d

/ - t a n ( 4 5 6'\ , )

Substituting preceding the values into Eq. (12.24), gel we

cL: yztan'?(+s * zc' tun(+r 5) +) t

^/ d'\ au-c',,tan'(4.5-t)

(r2.2s)

The variation of o'owith depth is shown in Figure 12.9c.For cohesionlesssoils, c':0and

(12.26)

The ratio of oj, to oi, is called the coefficient ctf Rankine's active earth pressure and is siven bv

12.6

Theory of Rankineb Passive Pressure

377

(ra , = t ? n ,' ([ 4 - K -o : - , 5 oo \

d'\ 2/

(r2.27)

Again, from Figure 12.9b we can see that the failure planes in the soil make -r (45 + g' l2)-degree angleswith the direction of the major principal plane - that is, the horizontal. These are called potential slip planes and are shown in Figure 12.9d. It is important to realize that a similar equation for a" could be derived based on the total stressshearstrengthparameters- that is, r, : c * o tan S. For this case,

oo: r2,""(* -

9)

* z,t^"(as * !)

(12.28)

12.6

Theory of Rankine3 Passive Pressure

Rankine'.s passive statecan be explainedwith the aid of Figure 12.10. B is a frictionA l e s sw a l l t h a t e x t e n d st o a n i n f i n i t ed e p t h ( F i g u r e 1 2 . 1 0 a )T h e i n i t i a l s t r e s s o n d i t i o n . c on a soil element is representedby the Mohr'.scircle a in Figure 12.l0b. If the wall is gradualfyprzshed into the soil mass,the cffectiveprincipal stressoi, will increase.Ultimately the wall will reach a situation where the stresscondition for the soil element can be expressedby the Mohr\ circle b. At this time, failure of the soil will occur. This situation is referred to as Rankine'spttssive stote.The lateral earth pressurerri,, which is the maior principal stress,is called Rankine'spassiveearth pressure.From Figure 12.10b,it can be shown that

o'p: o.'otunt(+s * ,r' ,^n(ot. . +) +) : wun?(+t. + zc'tan(t . *) +)

(12.2e)

The derivation similarto that for Rankine's is active state. Figure12.10c shows variation passive the of pressure with depth.For cohesionlesssoils(.' : 0), d'\ o'r: o',, " / tan'(4-5* t ) or

. +) 2 : *,: tan,(+s

(12.30)

Ko (the ratio of effectivestresses) the precedingequationis referred to as the in coefficient Rankine's of passive earthpressure.

378

Chapter 12 LateralEarth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

--+-lALl<A A '
1'

1 1 I
z

=-l=-2r'lE,

I (c)

tzxr-------l

o',,
I

passive earth pressure Figure 12.70 Rankine'.s ' The points D and D on the failure circle (see Figure 12.10b) correspondto the +(45 - O'12)' slip planes in the soil. For Rankine's passivestate, the slip planes make degree angleswith the direction of the minor principal plane - that is, in the horizon' tal direction. Figure 12.10dshows the distribution of slip planes in the soil mass.

12.7

Yielding of Wall of Limited Height

We learned in the preceding discussionthat sufficient movement of a frictionlesswall extending to an infinite depth is necessaryto achieve a state of plastic equilibrium' However, the distribution of lateral pressure against a wall of limited height is very much influenced by the manner in which the wall actually yields. In most retaining walls of limited height, movement may occur by simple translation or, more frequently, by rotation about the bottom.

r
12.7 Yielding of Wall of Limited Height
LLa

379

l**]-t,,+l
45

E
2

f'\
H

45-q

Figure 72.1? Rotationof frictionless aboutthe bottom wall

For preliminary theoreticalanalysis, us considera frictionlessretaining wall let representedby a plane AB as shown in Figure l2.l1a. If the wall ,4_B rotates sufficiently about its bottom to a position A' B, then a triangular soil mass,4BC, adjacent to the wall will reach Rankine's activestate.Becausethe slip planesin Rankine'sactive statemake anglesof + (45 + O' 12) degreeswith the major principal plane,the soil massin the stateof plasticequilibrium is bounded by the planeBC, ,which makes an angle of (45 + 0'12) degreeswith the horizontal. The soil inside the zoneABC, undergoesthe same unit deformation in the horizontal direction everywhere,which is equal to LL,,lLu. The lateral earth pressure on the wall at any depth z from the ground surfacecan be calculatedby using Eq. (12.25). In a similar manner! if the frictionless wall,4B (Figure lz.rlb) rotates suffic i e n t l y i n t o t h e s o i l m a s s t o a p o s i t i o n A " B , l h e n t h e t r i a n g u l a r m a s s o fs o i l A B C , will reach Rankine's passivestate. The slip plane BC" bounding the soil wedge that is at a state of plastic equilibrium will make an angle of (45 - g,12) degrees with the

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb horizontal.Every point of the soil in the triangular zoneABC" will undergo the same unit deformation in the horizontal direction, which is equal to LLpl Lr,. The passive pressureon the wall at any depth z can be evaluatedby using F'q. (12.29).

12,8

Diagrams for Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution against Retaining Walls

Backfill-Cohesionless Soil with Horizontal Ground Surtace Active Case Figure 12.12ashows a retaining wall with cohensionlesssoil backfill that has a horizontal ground surface.The unit wcight and the angle of friction of the soil are y and rf' , respectively. For Rankine'sactivestate,the earth pressureat any clepthagainstthe retaining wallcan be given by Eq. (12.25): (lVote: : 0.) c' o',,: K,,yz,

U
3

P,,

I
l+ (,yH+l

Failurewedge H

v a

t t_ I
l r 3y l
l-<-- K,,yH --->l

l +
(b)

soil a distributionagainst retainingwall for cohensionless backfill Figure 12.12 Pressrtre passive state (a) with horizontalgroundsurface: Rankinebactivestate;(b) Rankine's

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth PressureDistribution against Retaining Walls Note that ai increases linearly with depth, and at the bottom of the wall, it is o',,: K,1H

381

(12.31)

The total force per unit length of the wall is equal to the area of the pressurediagram, so P,,: !K,,yHz 02.32)

Passive Case The lateral pressuredistribution againsta retaining wall of height H for Rankine'.s passivestate is shown in Figure 12.12b. The lateral earth pressureat a n y d e p t h z [ E q . ( 1 2 . 3 0 )c ' : 0 ] i s , o',, - K,,IH The total force per unit length of thc wall is P , ,- ) K g H t 1tz.z+1 (12.33)

Ba ckf i I I - Parti a Ily Subm erged Cohen si o n I ess Soil Supporting a Surcharge Active Case Figure l2.l3a shows a frictionless retaining wall of height 11 and a backfill of cohensionless soil. The groundwater tablc is located at a depth of H, below the ground surface.and the backfill is supporting a surchargepressureof q per unit area. From Eq. (12.27),the effectiveactive earth prcssure at any depth can be given by {r'r,-- K,,rr',, (12.35)

where rr',,and o',, - the effective vertical pressure and lateral pressure, respectively. Atz-0. o.-o',,:q and o',,: K.q A t d e p t hz : Ht, ol,: (q + vH,) and (12.36)

(t2.31) ( 12.38)

c',,: K,,(e+ yHt) At depthz: H, a|,: (Q * yH, * y'Hz) and o',,: Ko(e + yHt * y'H)

02.39)

02.40) (12.4f)

wherel' : y,nt- 7,.. The variationof oi with depth is shownin Figure 72.13b.

382

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

Surcharge= r7 d ' I 4r+; I

v a

ll IT
ln |4 l 1,[l N l[]n
l l + + l
K,,(q+yHt+"{'H)) (b) Y".Hz (c)

I qK,,l<--

l<___>l++l
Krlg + yHt) Ka!',H2+\",H2 (d)

a distributionagainst retainingwall with activeearth pressure Figure 12.13 Rankine'.s supporting surcharge a soil cohcsionless backfill partiallysubmerged

The lateral pressure on the wall from the pore water between z : 0 and H1 is At linearly with depth (Figure L2.13c). z : H, 0, and for z ) H1, it increases u: Y',,'H2

The total lateral pressure diagram (Figure 12.13d)is the sum of the pressurediagrams shown in Figures 12.13band 12.13c.The total active force per unit length of the wall is the area of the total pressure diagram. Thus,

+ Pu: K,,qH+ lx,yul * K,,yH1H2 tr(x,y' + y,,)H3

(2.42)

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth PressureDistribution against Betaining wails

IT
H

II I
H.

H,

II
I I
Hl

t I I

K,,tyH + qt 1

H2

I I
|<-+|+--------------- l qKn Kr(.yH1+y'H2) (b)

H
l

I I

n
.
(c)

t.\
\
(d)

l<------------+l l<------------+l<-_-_____+l "1, Hz K,,(q yH11 Kry'Llz+ + \*Hz

Figure 12.14 Rankine's passive earth pressure distributionagainst retainingwall with a partially submerged cohesionless backfillsupportinga surcharge soil Passive Case Figure 72j4a shows the same retaining wall as was shown in Figure r2.l3a. Rankine'.spassivepressure at any depth against the wall can be given by Eq. (12.30): o', : Kr{r'r, Using the preceding equation, we can determine the variation of o! with depth, as shown in Figure 12.14b.The variation of the pressure on the wall from water with depth is shown in Figure 72.74c.Figure12.14dshowsthe distribution of the total pressure ao with depth. The total lateral passiveforce per unit length of the wall is the area of the diagram given in Figure 10.11d,or

po: KoeH + lxoyHl * KorHtHz+ +(Kfl, + y_)HZ

O2.43)

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

4-s + I2
, ?'---..----.-

t
I

+
?.

l+l
K,t\H (b)

ll 2r'{K,
(c)

l<---------------l
K,,yH - 2c'{l{,, (d)

a distributionagainst retainingwall with coactiveearth pressure Figure 72.15 Rankine's hesive backfill soil

Backfill-

Cohesive Soil with Horizontal

Backfill

Active Case Figure 12.75ashows a frictionless retaining wall with a cohesive soil backfill. The active pressure against the wall at any depth below the ground surface can be expressedas [Eq. (12.25)l oL: KoYz- 2f K-c'

The variation of Koyz with depth is shown in Figure 12.15b,and the variation is not a function Note that 2ffic' depth is shown in Figure 12.75c. ot2{K-c'with

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth PressureDistribution against Retaining Walts

385

of "1,'hence, Figure 12.15cis a rectangle.The variation of the net value of oj, with depth is plotted in Figure 12.15d.Also note that, becauseof the effect of cohlsion, ai is negative in the upper part of the retaining wall. The depth 2,,at which the active pressurebecomesequal to 0 can be found from Eq. (12.2-5) as

K,,y2,,, 2fK,c'' - 0

v{K
For the undrained condition - that is, rl.r: 0, K,, : tan245 : (undrained cohesion)- from Eq. (12.28),

(12.44)

l, and c : c,,

aL -t L r

(12.4s)

s o . w i t h t i m e , t e n s i l ec r a c k sa t t h c s o i l - w a l li n t e r f a c ew i l l d e v e l o pu p t o a d e p t h 2 , , . Thc total activeforce pcr unit length of thc wall cern found from the area of be t h e t o t a l p r e s s u r e i a g r a m( F i g u r e l 2 . l - 5 c l )o r d , P,, : \ K,,yl12 - 2\,fK,,c''H Forthe@:0condition, P,,-lyII2-2c,,H
(1) 41\

(12.46)

For calculation of the total activc force, common practice is to take the tensile cracks into account. Becauseno contact existsbetween the soil and the wall up to a depth of z.(, after the devclopment of tensile cracks,only the active pressuredistrih u t i o n a g a i n s i l h e w a l l b e l w e e n- 2 l l ( y V K , , ) a n c l 1 / ( F i g u r cl 2 . l . 5 d ) i s c o n s i d e r c d . z In this case,

p " = l ( K , y - z f f i t , )'\ o _ _ ? + ) H (
: $K"yHz- 2t/I{,c'H + 2:*
Forthe@:0condition.
.,r2

v\/K,,/ :,

(12.48)

P,: jyHz - 2cuH + 2!]t

-2

(r2.4e)

386

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

t \

i \
H

\
6r

\ \

+l *l z,'r.@l* K,,yH
(a)

(b)

distribution againsta retaining wall with passive earth pressure Figure 12.16 Rankine's soil cohesive backfill

Passive Case Figure I2.l6a shows the same retaining wall with backfill similar to pressureagainstthe wall at depth that consideredin Figure 12.I5a.Rankine'spassive z can be given by lE.q. (12.29)l

o',,: Kryz+2t/Krc' Atz:0,

o'p:2lKpc' andat z: H,

(12.s0)

o'o: KrlH + 2f Krc'

(12.s1)

forceper The variationof o',,withdepthis shownin Figure|2.t6b. The passive as diagrams unit length of the wall can be found from the areaof the pressure

ru: iKotHz + 2{\c'H

For the d : 0 condilron, Kr: 1 and Pr: lyHz * 2c,,H

$2.s2)

(12.s3)

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth PressureDistribution against Retaining Walls

387

Example 12.3
An 6 m high retainingwall is shownin Figure 12.17a. Determine a. The Rankineactive forceper unit lengthof the wall and the location of the resultant b. The Rankinepassive forceper unit lengthof the wall and the rocation of the resultant

T
6m

Y =l 5 k N / m r 0 ' =3 o '
c'=0

(a)

70.2 kN/m

T
t

l<___+l
2 3 . 4k N / r n 2 (b)

l.+346.-5

kN/m2-->l

Figure 12.17 Diagramsfor determining active, and passive forces

Solution a. Because : 0, to determine active c' the force. canuseEq. (12.27): we

o|: ^-_ " Koa| = K,TZ l-sind'_ 1-sin36 :o)(t l*sinS' l*sin36 A t 3 : 0 , 0 ' o = 0 ;a t e = 6 m , a| = (0.26)(15)(6) 23.4kN/m2 r* The pressure distribution diagramis shownin Figure 12.ffib.The active force per unit lengthof the wall is as follows: P" = i(6){23.4) : 70.2kN/m Also, 6m

:2m

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

force,we are giventhat c' : 0. So,from h. To determinethe passive E q .( 1 2 . 3 0 ) . rr'o: Kocr|= KrTz

/<,:1+##-i+##:385
Arz:o,c'r-0;atz:6m, :346'5 kN/m2 on : (3.85)(lsX6) The passive distributiondiagramis shownin Figure 12.17c. The pressure force per unit lengthof the wall is kN/m Pp : i(6x-r46s) : 103e.5 Also.

z:ry:2m
Exa mp l e1 2 .4
determinethe force per unit width For the retainingwall shownin Figure 12.18a, activestate.Also lind the locationof the resultant. of the wall for Rankine's
Jnt i"" L:'!' .: +

^-^..-,, 1.j,,, r o u n q u
water table r

y - 16 kN/m3' ll.:' "

Q = rtr c =" I I

: .
:

"T ;.ifri.; 3 rn ffl I il:r::ri y ;i;i!il

+ T,or;;. kN/nrr '-i,,=l8 *

0'= 3.5' r.'= 0

3rn

t
i

I
3m

+l rol<--->l 19.67l<(b)

l+29.+3+l

+l

1 3 .1 < 0

+ 36.1 l
(d)

Figure 1Z 18 Retaining wall and pressurediagramsfor determining Rankine'sactive in (Note:Theunits of pressure (b), (c), and (d) are kNlm') earth pressure.

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth PressureDistribution against Retaining Walls

389

Solution Giventhat c' : 0, we known that oL = Koa,,,. the upperlayerof the soil,RankFor ine'sactiveearth pressure coefficient is K q, , : Ku-\ " , - l - s i n 3 o ' - l ,
| *sin30. 3

For the lower layer,

Ko: Ko(z\: ;'l'11, : o.2jr 1 -l_ sln -t-)" I

At z = 0, oL: 0. At z : 3 m (just insidethe bottom of the upperlayer),aj, : 3 x 16 : 48 kN/m2.So o',: Kr,1yr',,: x 48 : 16kN/m2 {

Again,at z - 3m (in the lowerlayer), : 3 x 16 : 48 kN/mz,and a',, ou: Kuplo',,:(0.271) (48) : 13.0 X kN/m2 Ate=6m. o", = 3 x 16 + 3(18* 9.81)= 72.-57kN/m2

t
7,,, and = (0.271)x (12.57)= 19.67 o',,= Ku121o',, kN/m2 The variation of oj, with depth is shownin Figure 12.lBb. The lateralpressures to the pore waterare asfollows: due At7=g' u-0

Ate=3m: u=0 A t z : 6 m : u = 3 x T u , : 3 X 9 . 8 1= 2 9 . 4 3 k N / m 2 The variation of u with depth is shownin Figure r2.1&c, and that for ou (total active pressure) shownin Figure 12.18d. is Thus,

p ": (i x3 x1 6 + 3 (1 3 .0 )(+X3X36.1) 3e.0 + s4i1s:117.15kN/m :24+ ) +

The locationof the resultantcan be found by taking the &romentaboutthe : bottom of the wall:

+J) z+(z . ,' o(i). '"(i)

117.15 : 1.78m

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

12.5 Example
A frictionlessretaining wall is shownin Figure l2.Iga.Determine the activeforce, crackoccurs. Po,afterthe tensile
q = 15kN/m:

I
6 m

r +

t +

l t

l *

-6.64 kN/m2

l-l

I
I

kN/rn: T= 16.5 Q'=26" c'= l0 kN/m2

I
(r)

--+l l*lt.qz tN/rnr

rD,

pressure diagram distribution wall; (a) retaining (b)active 12.19 Frictionless Figure Solution we that$' - 26o, have Given I * sinf': 1- sin26 : u'3e K' = 1 + r,"26 lTlin7 FromEq. \12.25).
oL: Koo'o'2c'{K Atz:0, oL: (0.39X1s) (2X10)\639 : Atz:6m, -6.64kN/m2

: 31.e7 kNlmz + oi = (0.3e)lr5 (6X16.5)l (2x10)1rc:39 ij Fromthisdiagram",{ r$lu' otu**1';;*T;rttuure distributio" Thepressure
* - = j

z
o After the tensilecrackoccurs,

6*z

'.$
.: ; 'i$
l

r I * 1.03m

:79.215 : p": l(6 - z)(3r.97)|1+.st112t.9't) kN/m

rf
I

12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth pressure Distribution against Retaining watts

Example 12.6
A frictionlesrr:Tj.ning.Iall-isshownin Figure 12.20a. Find the passive resistance (Po)on the backfilland the location the resultant of passive force.
q = l0 kN/m2

llJl
Y = l5 kN/mj $'=26" r" = 8 kN/ml
l++l+ - 5 . 2k N / n r 2 1 (b) 1 . 5 3 . k N / r n 2+ l 6

1m

I I

Flgure 12.20 (a) Frictionless retainingwall; (b) passive pressure distributiondiagram

Solution Giventhat$' : 26o, followsthat it I + s i n d '_ 1 * s i n 2 6 _ " *- _ ) <A " 1-sind' l-sin26" FromEq. (12.29), u'o: Ko{ro 2f4c' + = 0, aL : 10kN/m2; At e thus, o, = (2.56)(rA) 2\/736(S) : 25.e+ 25.6 5t.2kN/m2 + * Again, z = 4 m,c'o: (10+ 4 x15) = 70kNlm2. at So o', = (2.56)(70) 2\A36(8) : 20+.S + kN/m2 Thepressure distribution diagram shown Figure1z.z0b.The is in passive resistper ance unit widthof thewallis asfollows: i $ Po= gLZ)(4) + t(4x1s3.6): 204.8 307.2 =ku kN/m + locationof theresultant befoundby takingthemoment theprescar of 1l* suredragram aboutthebottomof thewall.Thus.

,(:) _: F(5rm * jr'rrurror(f ) t : j

392

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulamb

12,9

Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill

through 12.8,we consideredretaining walls with vertical backs and In Sections12.-5 horizontal backfills. In some cases,however, the backfill may be continuously sloping at an angle a with the horizontal as shown in Figure 12.21for activepressurecase. a p . l n s u c h c i r s c s t h e d i r e c t i o n o f R a n k i n e ' sa c t i v eo r p a s s i v e r e s s u r e s r e n o l o n g e r the horizontal. If the backfill horizontal. Rather, they are inclined at an angle a with ', : 0, then is a granular soil with a drained friction angle <f and c'
o'rr: YzKu

where

coefficient K, : Rankine'sactivepressure
= cosa cosaVcos2a-cos26'

(12.s4)

cosd+ \,6P;:

"*?
^

The activeforce per unit length of t h c w a l l c a n b c g i v e n a s

P,,: :2 K,,vH' '

(12.ss)

The finc of action of thc resultantactsat a distanceof H 13measuredfrom the bottom '' of the wall. Table 12.2givesthe values of K,, for various combinations of a and f In a similar manner, the Rankine passive earth pressure for a wall of height H with a granular sloping backfill can be representedby the equation

P, : ltH2 K,,

(12.s6)

Frictionless

Figure 12.21 verticalretainingwall with Frictionless slopingbackfill

12.9 Ranking Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfilt Table 12.2 Valuesof K,, [Eq. (12.54)l
Q' (des) --+ I a (degl

U .5 10 15 20 25

0.361 0.366 0.380 0.409 0.461 0.573

0.333 0.337 0.350 0.373 0.4t4 0.494

0.307 0.311 0.32r 0.34r 0.374 0.434

0.283 0.286 0.294 0.31 I 0.338 0.385

0.260 0.262 0.270 0.283 0.306 0.343

0.238 0.240 0.246 0.258 0.277 0.307

0.217 0.219 0.225 0.235 0.250 0.275

Table 12.3 Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient, IEq. (12.57)l f,,

Q' (des) -->
J a (deg)

0 -5 10 1,5 20 25 where

2.770 2.715 2.551 2.281 t . 9 l1 3 1.434

3.000 2.943 2.775 2.502 2.132 1.664

3.2-55 3.1 6 9 3.022 2.740

l. _11) I

1.1394

3.537 3.476 3.295 3.003 2.612 2.135

3.u52 3.7uu 3.5gr3 3.293 2.8rJ6 2.394

4.204 4.136 3.937 3.61-5 3.lrig 2.676

4.599
A <)1

4.316 3.977 3.526 2.987

Kr, : cos a

cosrr + V!.rt'"

..f

cos - \4;t:*? .,

(12.s7)

is the passive earth pressurecoefficient. As in the casc o[ the active forcc, the resultant force P,, is inclined at an anslc 'H13 a with the horizontal and intersectsthe wall at a distanceof measuredfrom the bottom of the wall. The valuesof K, (passive earth pressurecoefficient)fbr various valuesof a and (t' are given in Table 12.3. c'-S'Soil The preceding analysiscan be extended to the determination of the active and passive Rankine earth pressurefor an inclined backfill with a c'-rf' soil. The details of the mathematicalderivation are given by Mazindrani and Ganjali (rggi).For a c'-$' backfill, the active pressure is given by

o'" : yzK,, : yz.Ki cosa : Rankineactiveearth pressure whereKu coefflcient and K;: K.. *r"

( 12.58)

(r2.se)
(r2.60) (12.61)

The passive pressure givenby is o',, : TzKo : yzK", cosa whereKo : Rankinepassive earth pressure coefficient and A' K'i,: ::! ' cos.Y

394

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

Also, K " " ,K '' : , : 1 \ cos-@ sin rf '

c o s 2 a+ 2 ( { ) . o r 4 ' \yz /

" {.

t ' o ( ) ' . o r ' a ' , B ( - ) . o r ' a s i n@ . o , 4 ' l ' \yz/ . i) \yz/

' (12.62)

and K'i,* Table 12.4 Variationof K'1,

c' yz
a

(deg)

K';IK;

0.025

0.05

1.0

u <b': 15" 0 0 -5 -5 l0 I0 1-5 15 b

0

0.-stt8t3 1.6984 0.6069 t.6477 0.673rJ r.4841 1.0000 1.0000 ,b':20" 0.4903 2.0396 0.5015 1.9940 0.5394 L8539 0.6241 1.6024

0.-5504 1;7637 0.-5658 I . 71 5 6 0.6206 1.-5641 0.1762 1.2506

1 0.5 21 1.828'l 0.5252 r.7830 0.570'7 1.640u 0.6u34 t.3702

0.4353 1.9590 0.4449 L9169 0.4'769 1.7882 0.5464 1.5608

-0.1785 3.0016 -0.1804 2.9709 -0.1861 2.8799 (\.1962 2.732t

-0.9459 4.3048 -0.9-518 4.2782 -0.9696 4.1993 - 1.0000 4.0718

o -5 5 It) 10

1-s
15

K'i, K';, K":, K';, K"" K';,

0.45-53 2 . 1 lI 0 0.4650 2.0669 0.4974 1.9323 0.5666 1.6962

0.4203 2.1824 0.4287 2.1396 0.4564 2.0097 0.-5137 1.7856

0.3502 2.3252 0.3,565 2.2846 0.3'767 2.1622 0.4165 1.95-56

-0.2099 3.4678 -0.2t19 3.4353 -0.2180 3.3392 -0.228t 3.1831

-0.9101 4.8959 -0.9155 4.8669 -0.9320 4;7812 -0.9599 4.6422

c 6' :25" U 0 5 5 l0 10 t5 15 0.4059 2.4639 0.4133 2.4r95 0.4376 2.2854 0.4860 2.0575 0.3140 2.5424 0.3805 2.4989 0.4015 2.3680 0.4428 2.1474 0.3422 2.6209 0.3478 2.5782 0.3660 2.4502 0.4011 2.235'7 0.2'784 2.7779 0.2826 2.1367 0.2960 2.6]35 0.3211 2.4090 -0.2312 4.0336 -0.2332 3.9986 -0.2394 3.8950 -0.2503 3.7264 -0.8683 s.6033 -0.8733 5.5713 -0.8884 5.4765 -0.9140 5.3228
(continued)

12.9 Ranking Active and Passivepressure with Stoping Backfitl Table 12.4 gives the variation of K'/ and Ki with at,c,llz, and 0, . For the active case,the depth of the tensile crack can be given as

2c'
I

(r2.63)

Table 12.4 (continued\

c' yz
a

(des)

K:tK;

0.0

0.05

0.1

1.0

d $' :30"
0 0 5 -5 l0 l0 15 1-5
e Q' :35'

0.3333 3.0000 0.3385 2.9543 0.3549 2.8176 0.386 r 2.5900

0.3045 3.0866 0.3090 3.0416 0.3233 2.9070 0.3502 2.6836

0.2756
J.t t3z

0.2795 3.1288 0.2919 2.9961 0.3150 2.7766

0.2179 3.3464 0.2207 3.3030 0.2297 3.1737 0.2462 2.9608

-0.2440 4.7321 *0.2460 4.6935 -0.2522 4.5794 -0.2628 4.3936

-0.8214 6.4641 -0.tt260 6.4282 ,0.8399 6.3218 -0.8635 6.1489

U 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 f 0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 Q' :40'

0.2710 3.6902 0.2746 3.6473 0.2861 3.4953 0.3073 3.2546

0.2450 3.7862 0.2481 3.1378 0.2581 3.5933 0.2764 3.3555

0.2r t39 3.8823 0.2217 3.8342 0.2303 3.6912 0.2459 3.4559

0.1 69 6 4.0744 0.1688 4.0271 0.1749 3.8866 0.1860 3.6559

-0.2496 5.6172 -0.2-515 5.-s678 -0.2575 s.4393 -0.2678 5.2300

*0.7'/01 '7.5321 -0.7744 '7.4911 -0.7872 7.3694 -0.8089 7.1715

Ki, K'; K'; K'; Ki K'; K'; K';,

0.2174 4.-5989 0.2200 4.5445 0.2282 4.3826 0.2429 4.1168

0.1 41 9 4.7061 0.1964 4.6521 0.2034 4.4913 0.216I 4.2275

0.1708 4.8134 0.1727 4.7597 0.r787 4.5999 0.1895 4.3380

0.1242 5.0278 0.1255 4.9747 0.1296 4.8168 0.r370 4.5584

-0.2489 6.7434 -0.2507 6.693-5 -0.2564 6.5454 -0.2662 6.304\

-0.7152 8.8879 -0.7190 8.8400 -0.7308 8.6980 -0.7507 8.4669

* After Mazindrani and Ganjali (1997)

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

12.7 Example
on Refer to Figure 12.21- page392.Giventhat H = 6.1m, a - 5o, = 16'5kNlm', f - 20o, : 10 kN/m2,determinethe Rankine activeforce Pnon the retaining c' 6' wall after the tensilecrackoccurs. Solution the From Eq. (12.63), depth of tensilecrackis 2c' So Atz:0: o',:0 1 * sind' 1* sinf'

(2X10)/T + stn20 1 6 . -V l - s i n 2 0 s

Atz:6.1 m: o'u: yzK'lcosa l0 c' : ,," : (ra5x6t, o'l So of at From Table 12.4,for = 5" andc'lyz: 0.1,the magnitude Kii : 0.3565. 5") oi, : (16.5)(6.1 )(0.3565)(cos - 35.t5kN/m2
Hence,

r":

)rn

- 2,,)(35.75) - r.t3)(3s.i5) kN/m - 78.t = lrc.t

THEORY COULOMB'SEARTHPRESSURE
Morc than 200 ycars ago, Coulomb (1116) presenteda theory for active and passive earth pressurcsagainst retaining wetlls.In this thcory, Coulomb assumedthat the was tzrkeninto consideration.The followfailurc surfacc is a planc. The wull .f'riction the generalprinciplesof the derivation of Coulomb'searth presing sectionsdiscuss backfill (shear strength defined by the equation 11= sure theory for a cohesionless c' tan $').

12.10

Coulombb Active Pressure

Let AB (Figure 12.22a)be the back face of a retaining wall supporting a granular soil, the surfaceof which is constantlysloping at an angle a with the horizontal. BC is a trial failure surface.In the stability considerationof the probable failure wedge ABC, the following forces are involved (per unit length of the wall):

12.10 Coulomb'sActive Pressure

397

t1

iI
\ r -Y'
D \

90-0+cr

9 0 + e + 6B + 0
W

4,,-,6

+
l
I

I I

r90+e-

p-0 \(a) (b)

Figure 12.22 C.<tulomb'.s prcssurc: trial lailurewcdgc; lirrcepolygon activc (a) (b)

l. tr44 weight of the soil wedge. the 2. F, Lheresultant of the shcar and normal forces on the surfaceof failure. BC. T h i s i s i n c l i n e da t a n a n g l c o f { ' t o t h e n o r m a l d r a w n t o t h c p l a n e B C . 3. P,,,the active force per unit length o1'thewall. The clirectiono1 P,,is inclined at a n a n g l e6 t o t h e n o r m a l d r a w n t o t h e l ' a c e f t h e w a l l t h a t s u p p o r t st h e s o i l .6 i s o t h c a n g l eo f f r i c t i o n b e t w e c nt h e s o i l a n d t h c w a l l . The force triangle lor the wedgc is shown in Figure l2.z2b. From the law of sincs.we havc

s i n ( 9 0 + 0 + 6 -F + 4 t ' )

sin(B

J,,

4t')

(12.64)

P,,:

sin(B- rf') W s i n ( 9 0 + 9 + 6B + O ' ) -

(r2.6s)

The pre.ceding cquation cern written in the form be

* cos(0 B)cos(0 a)sin(Be" )tn.lcos2Flsin(B a)sin(90+ g + D *

r/') B + O'))

rt oot

where 7 : unit weight of the backfill.The valuesof y, H, 0, a,6, ,and 6 are constants. and B is the only variable. To determine the critical value of 6 for maximum p.,. we have

dP. : 0 " dp

(r2.61)

398

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb Table 12.5 Valuesof K, [Eq. (12.69)]for 0 : 0o,a : 0o
6 6eg) --+ .l- (deg) d'

10 0.3610
t r.-r-t-tJ

15

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

0.3073 0.2827 0.2596 0.2379 0.2t74 0.1 982

0.3448 0.3189 0.2945 0.21t4 0.249'7 0.2292 0.2089 0.1916

0.3330 0.3085 0.2853 0.2633 0.2426 0.2230 0.2045 0.1870

0.3257 0.3014 0.2791 0.2579 0.2379 0.2190 0.2011 0.1841

0.3203 0.2973 0.2755 0.2549 0.2354 0.2169 0.1994 0.1828

0.3186 0.2956 0.2745 0.2542 0.2350 0.2167 0.1995 0.1831

After solvingEq. (12.67),when the relationship of B is substituted into Eq. (12.66),we obtain Coulomb's active earth pressureas

Po: lKoyH2 and is givenby coefficient activecarth pressure whereK,,is Coulomb's

( 12.68)

6,:

, " o t ' ( d ' , l f ) ,, , , , , ' , - . - u ol)sin(q' t) gcos(6 0)l I * .,/sin(9-+ + 'L cos2 l' c o s ( 6+ d ) c o s ( O d ) J
\

02.69)

Note that when d - 0', g - 0", and 6 : 0", Coulomb's activeearth pressurecoeflicient becomesequal to (1 - sin rb')l(1 + sin {'), which is the same as Rankine's earth pressurecoefficientgiven earlier in this chapter. The variation of the valuesof K,, for retaining walls with a vertical back (0 0') anclhorizontal backfill (a : 0") is given in Table 12.5.From this table, note that for a given value of @', the effect of wall friction is to reduce somewhat the active earth pressure coefficient.

12.11

GraphicSolution for Coulomb'sActive Earth Pressure

An expedient method for creating a graphic solution of Coulomb's earth pressure theory was given by Culmann (1875). Culmann'ssolution canbe used for any wall friction, regardlessof irregularity of backfill and surcharges.Hence, it provides a powerful technique for estimating lateral earth pressure. The steps in Culmann's solution of active pressure with granular backfill (c' : 0) are described next, with reference to Figure I2.23a: 1. Draw the features of the retaining wall and the backfill to a convenient scale. 2. Determine the value of ry'(degrees) : 90 0 6, where 0 : the inclination of the back face of the retaining wall with the vertical, and 6 : angle of wall friction.

12.11 Graphic Solution for Coulombb Active Earth Pressure

(b)

Figure 12.23 Culmann's solution for active carth rrressure

3. Draw a line BD that makes an angle d' with the horizontal. 4. Draw a line BE that makes an angle r/ with line B D.
To consider some trial failure wedges,draw lines BCt, BC2, BC., . . ., 8C,,.

6. F i n d t h e a r e a so f A B C t , A B C 2 , A B C j , . . . , A B C , , . 7. Determine the weight of soil, w, per unit length of the retaining wall in each of
the trial failure wedgesas follows: W1: (Area of ABC,) x (7) x (1) W2: (Areaof ABC) x (7) x (1) : (Rr"u of ABC.) x (7) x (1) % W,: (Area of ABC,) x (7) x (1) 8 . A d o p t a c o n v e n i e n t o a d s c a l ea n d p l o t t h e w e i g h t sW , , W r , W 3 , . , W n d e t e r l mined from step 7 on line BD. (Note: Bc1 : W1, Bcz: W2, Bc1 : Wt, . . ., Bc,,: Wo) 9. Draw cp\, c2c'2, c{\, . . ., c,,c'nparallel the line BE. (Note: c\, c2,cj, . . . , c,,, to are located on lines BCt, BC2, BCr, . . ., BC,, respectively.) 10. Draw a smooth curve through points c1,c2,c\, . . ., c',. This curve is calleclthe Culmann line. 11. Draw a tangent B'D' to the smooth curve drawn in step I0. B,D,is parallel to

line BD. Let c'"bethe point of tangency. 12. Draw a line coc'oparallel the line BE. to 13. Determinethe activeforce per unit lengthof wall as
P, : (Lengthof coc) x (Load scale) 14. Draw aline Bc'oC,,. ABC, is the desired failure wedge.

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb drawing a number of Note that the constructionprocedure entails,in essence, flnding the maximum value of the force polygons for a number of trial wedges and active force that the wall can be subjected to. For example, Figure 12.23bshows the in force polygon for the failure wedge,4BC, (similar to that in Figure 12.22b), which l4z: P,, : F B weight of the failure wedge of soil .48C,, active force on the wall the resultant of the shear and normal forces acting along BC,, LC,,BF (the angle that the failure wedge makes with the horizontal)

is Thc force triangle (Figure 12.23b) simply rotated in Figure I2.23a and is rep, t S b r e s e n t e d y t h e t r i a n g l e B c , , c i , . i m i l a r l y , h e f o r c e t r i a n g l e sB c l c !, B c 2 c 2B c p \ , ' . . , t B c , , c ' ,c o r r e s p o n d o t h e t r i a l w e d g c sA B C t , A B C 2 , A B C ; , . . . , A B C , , . , manner only to faThe prcccding graphic pKtcedurc is given in a step-by-step These problems can be easily and cffectivelysolvedby cilitatc basic understanding. thc use ol computcr programs. Thc Culmann solution provides us with only the magnitude of the activeforce per unit length of the retaining wall - not with the point of application of the resultant. Thc analytic procedure usedto find the point of applicationof the resultantcan bc teclious.For l.hisreason.an apprcximatc method, which does not sacrif,cemuch is can be used.This n-rethod demonstratedin Figure 12.24,in whichABC accuracy, is the failurc wedge determined by Culmzrnn\ method. O is the center of gravity of the wedgeABC. lf trline OO' is drawn parallel to the surfaceof sliding,BC, the point of intersectionof this line with the back face of the wall will give the point of application of P,,.Thus, P,,actsat O' inclined at angle6 with the normal drawn to the back face o[ thc wall.

()

----/o'
p

B Figure 12.24 Approximate method for finding the point of application of the resultant active fbrce

12.11 Graphic Solution for Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure

401

12.8 Example
A 15-ft-high retaining wall with a granular soil backfill is shown in Figure 12.25. Giventhat y : 100lblft3,6' : 35',0 : 5o,and = 10'.determinethe activethrust 6 per foot lengtho[ the wall. Solution For this problem,,lt : 90 * 6 - 6 : 90o* 5" * 10" : 75'. The graphicconstruction is shownin Figure12.25. The weights the wedges of considered asfollows: are
Wedge Weight (lbl

ABCl ABC2 ABC3 ABC4 ABCs

= 3,916 '(4.38X17.S8)(100) - 6,106 + 3,e16 t; (2.36X18.56)l(100) : 8,2e5 + 6,106 l+(2.24)(1e.s4)l(100) : 10,486 + 8,29s ti Q.rr)(20.77)l(100) = 12,67 + 10,486 [, (1.e7)(22,2U](100) 5
2.s -l ri
2.s ft | 2..5 I.el<------>l li I cr tcl+ tcs

17.-5

v=90-0-6=7s"

I
Weight ( 1000lb)

I I

|-_-_1 0=5"
Fl--_-

2 3 4 (fi) Length 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 12.25 Culmanns solutionfor determining activethrust per unit lengthof wall

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

In Figure12'25 rq : z,gtota : Bc'z 6'106lb tU aq : S,Z9S Bq : 10,4861b nct : lZ,OlSrc The activethrust per unit lengthof the wall is 4,090lb.

12,12

Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces

in Coulomb's analysisfor activeforce on retaining walls discusscd Section 12.I 0 can forces.To do so, let us considera be convenicntly extendcd to include earthquarkc retaining wall of height H with a sloping grttnulur bucklillas shown in Figure 12.26a. Lct the unit weight and thc friction trngleof the granular soil retained by the wall be Also, let 6 be the anglc of friction betweenthe soil and equaf to y and$' , respectivcly. wedge.The forces acting on the wcdge are as follows: the wirll. AtlC is a trial ferilure 1 . W e i g h t o f t h e s o i l i n t h e w e d g c ,W 2. Resultant of thc shear and normal forceson the failurc surfaceBC, F

v
q 6

(a) Figure 12.26 Active force on a retaining wall with earthquake

(b) forces

12.12 Active Force on Retaining Walls with EarthquakeForces

403

3. Active force per unit length of the wall, P,,,. 4. Horizontal inertial force, k,,W
Vertical inertial force, k,,W Note that Horizontal component of earthquake acceleration g
t . -

(12.70)

Vertical component of earthquake acceleration

(t2.11)

where g : accelerationdue to gravity. The force polygon demonstrating these forces is shown in Figure 12.26b.The dynamic activeforce on the wall is the maximum value of P,,,, exerted by any wedge. This value can be exprcssedas

p,": LyHr(I * k,,)K1,

where

(t2.12)

c o s 2 g c o s B c o s +d0 + (

@')sin(@' a *

* 0 + p)cos(0

p) 'l'o t I
ot)

) I

(t2.13)
and

F:,""-'(#?)

(12.74)

Note that with no inertia forccs from earthquakes.B is equal to 0. Hence, K',,: K,, as given in Eq. (12.69).Equations (12.72) and (12.73)are generallyreferred to as the Mononobe-Okabe equation.s (Mononobe. 1929,Okabe, 1926).The variation of Kj, with 0 - 0' and k,, : 0 is given in Table 12.6. Consideringthe activeforce relation given by Eqs. (12.72)through (12.74),we find that the term sin (@' - q - B) in Eq. (12.13) has two important implications. First, if rp' B < 0 (i.e.,negative),no real solution of Ki is possible.Physically, " this implies that an equilibrium condition will nr,tterisl. Hence, for stability, the limiting slope of the backfill may be given as

cr=o'-E

(t2.ts)

Table 12.6 Valuesof rKi,[Eq. (12.73)lwith 0 : 0" and k, : g

6'@eg)
kh

6 {deg}

a (deg)

28 0.427 0.-508 0.611 0.753 1.00-5 0.451 0.-554 0.69i) 0.942 0.497 0.623 0.n56

30 0.39"7 0.473 0..569 0.697 0.890 0.423 l 0 . 54 0.635 0.825 0.457 0.570 0.74tt

35 0.328 0.396 0.478 0.581 0.'716 0.341 0.421 0.522 0.653 0.8-55 0.371 0.461 0.58-s 0.7u0 0.306 0.380 0.474 0.-599 0.771 0.326 0.4t2 0.526 0.690 0.962 0.352 0.454 0.602 0.u-57 0.306 0.3u4 0.4u6 0.622 0.819 0.327 0.4u 1 0.-541 0.722 1.034 0.3-54 0.463 0.624 0.909

40 0.268 0.382 0.400 0.488 0.-596 0.282 0.349 0.431 0.-s35 0.673 0.21)r) 0.37,5 0.4'72 0.604 0.1309 0.2.53 0.3I9 0.402 0.508 0.64u 0.26t3 0.342 0.438 0.56u 0.752 0.285 0.371 0.4tt7 0.6.56 0.944 0.256 o.326 0.416 0.-s33 0.693 0.27 | 0.35t) 0.455 0.600 0.812 0.290 0.381 0.509 0.699 t.037

45

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.-5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.-5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.-5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 2 , ;-) E 2 , ;E -) ,bl2

0.2t7 0.2'70 0.334 0.409 0.500 0.227 0.285 0.356 0.442 0.551 0.238 0.303 0.383 0.4u6 0.624 0.207 0.267 0.340 0.433 0.-552 0.2Itt 0.2n3 0.361 ('t.4'75 0.620 0.230 0.303 0.400 0.531 0.722 0.212 0.276 0.357 0.462 0.600 0.224 0.294 0.386 0.509 0.679 0.237 0.317 0.423 0.573 0.800

0.396 0.4u5 0.604 0.778 l.ll5 0.42tt 0.537 0.699 t.025 l0 0.472 0.66 I 0.90u

0.368 0.452 0.563 0.7Itr 0.912 0.396 0.491 0.640 0.881 0.433 0.562 0.7130

,bl2

tf l2

2 , ;E -')

0.393 0.486 0.612 0.t301 t.177 0.427 0.541 0.714 1.073

0.366 0.454 0.572 0.740 1.023 0.39-5 0.-501 0.6-55 0.921 0.434 0.570 0.rJ07

t0

0.472 0.625 0.942

12.12 Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces

405

For no earthquake condition. F : 0'; for stability, Eq. (12.75) gives the familiar relation

a=0' Second, horizontal for backfill, : 0', for stability, a

(12.76)

B=o'
k,, = (I k,,)tan S'

(12.77)

Because F : tan-t[kt,l(I - k,)), for stability, combining Eqs. (12.74) and (12.77) results in

(12.18a)

Hence. criticalvalueof the horizontal the acceleration be defined can as

knk : (l - k,)tan S' : where kr,(.,) critical of horizontal acceleration(Figure 12.21). Location of Line of Action of Resultant Force, Pu, Seedand Whitman (1970)proposeda simple procedure to determine the location of the line of action of the resultant, P,,".Their method is as follows: 1. Let Pur: P,,+ 4P,,,. where f, : Coulomb's active force as deterntinedfrom Eq. (12.68) LPu": additional active forcc causedby the earthquake effect 2. Calculate P,, IEq. ( l2.6lJ)]. 3. Cafculate P,,"lBcl.(12.72)1. 4. Calculate LPu"- Pu"- Pu.
0.5

(12.18b)

(12.7e)

0
S o i l f r i c t i o na n g l e , ' ( d e g ) Q

Figure 12.27 Criticalvaluesof horizontalacceleration (Eq. 12.78b)

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

ll

l I H 3 I Y

of Figure 12.28 Locati<ln thc linc of actionofP,,,, P,, 5. According to Figure 12.28. will act at a distanccof H/3 from the baseof the will zrctat a distanceof 0.6H from thc baseof the wall. wall. Also, AP,,,, as 6. Calculate thc location of P,,,,

4 , {; l

/ H \

+ 4P,,,,(0.611)
Pu"

( 12.80)

from the baseof the wall. whcrc ? - distanceof thc line of action of P,,,, will be inclined zrtan angle of 6 to the normal Note that thc line o1 action of P,,,. drawn to the back l'nccof the retaining wall. It is very important to realize that this is mcthod of determining P,,,, approximate and does not actually model the soil dynamics.

E xa mp l e1 2 .9
kN/m3,d' = 30o,6= soil For a retainingwall with a cohesionless backfill.7 = 15.-5 : 0o,rv - 0", H : 4 m, k.u: 0, and kn : 0.2.DetermineP,". Also determine 15', 0 the locationof the resultantline of actionof Po"- that is, ?. $olution To determinePn",we useEq. (12.72): p"": !ryH,(l- k,,)K'" We are giventhat $' = 30"and 5: 15",so ;i ; q

6:t

12.13

Puufor c'-cf' Soil Backfill

407

Also, 0 * 0o,d = 0o,kh: 0.2.From thesevaluesand Table 12.6,wefind that the magnitudeof Ki is equalto 0.452. Hence,

p"": i(1s.5x4),(1 0x0,4s2) 56.05 : kN/m

We now locatethe resultantline of action.From Bq. (12.68), Po* lK,,yH2 ' - 30oand 6 : 15o, : For f (Table12.5), K" 0.3014 so = 37.37 P, : +(0.3014X15.5X4)'z kNtm : = Hence,APo" 56.05- 37.3'1 18.68 kN/m. From Eq. (12.80), (37 ,"(+) + ^P,"(0.6H) . 3 7/ )a \
1 . *

[r,)

Pu"

. (18.68X2.4) - 1.69m 56.05

12.13

P",for c'-O' Soil Backfill

The Mononobe-Okabc cquation for estimating P,,,. frtr cohesionless backfill des c r i b e di n S c c t i o n 1 2 . 1 2 a na l s o b e e x t c n d e dr < 'c ' - < f 's o i l ( P r a k e r s a n d S a r a n ,1 9 6 6 ; c h t S a r a ne r n d r a k a s h ,1 9 6 1 3F . g u r e 1 2 . 2 9 h o w sa r e t a i n i n gw a l l o f h e i g h tH w i t h a h o r P )i s i z o n t a l c ' - r f' b a c k f i l l . ' l ' h ed e p t h o [ t e n s i l cc r a c k t h a t m a y d e v e l o pi n a c ' - r ! ' s c l i lw a s g i v c n i n E q . ( 1 2 . 4 4 )a s 2c'

Y\FK,
where K,, : tan2(45- ,b'l2).

T
H

:i.

I I

j .

I, l

t:'
'

'

l '{ I

Figure 12.29 Trtal failure wedge behind a retaining wall with a c'-{" backfill

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb Refering to Figure 72.29 the forces acting on the soil wedge (per unit length of wall) are as follows: the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The weight of the wedge ABCDE, W Resultant of the shear and normal forces on the failure surface CD, F Active force, P,," Horizontal inertia force, kr,W Cohesiveforce along CD, C - c(CD) Adhesive force along BC, C' - .( BC )

It is important to realize that the following two assumptionshave been made: 1. The vertical inertia force (k,,trV) has bccn takcn to be zero. 2. The unit udhesionalong the soil-wall interface (BC) has been taken to be equal to the cohesion(c) of the soil. Considering these forces,we can shclwthat P , , ,-, y ( F I - Z , , ) t N ' , , , c ' ( H where 2,,)N',,,

(12.81)

:gu_':99 r ,q4 !9!r

s i n ( a '+ 5 )
N",, in which

(12.82)

* s ,r i [ ( n + 0 . - 5 ) ( t a n 0 t a ni ) + n 2 1 a n g ] [ c o + ( l ' ) + k r , s i n (+ q 5 ' ) ] ( 12.83) s i n ( 4 ' +6 )

11'-0+i+(b'
n : 2,, H - 2.,,

(t2.84) ( 12.8s)

The values of lVj,, and Nj,, can bc dctcrmincd by optimizing each coefficientseparately. Thus, Eq. (12.81)givesthe upper bound of P,,". For the static condition, ki, : 0. Thus, P , , " : y ( H - Z , , ) t N u- c ' ( H Zu)Nu, (12.86)

The relationships for N,,. and N., can be determined by substituting k7,: 0 into E q s . ( 1 2 . 8 2 )a n d ( 1 2 . 8 3 ) . e n c e , H

1V,,- Nl,.

cos4' sec0 * cos@'secr sin(4'+ 6) + 0.5)(tan * tani) * n2tan g]cos(l @') 0 s i n ( 4 '+ 6 )

(12.81) (12.88)

/t

N,r, The variations of -Ay'o,., and tr with $' and 0 are shown in Figures 12.30 through 12.33.

12.13 Pu" c'-g, Soil Backfitt for

409

a r
'6 o

3.0

2.5

2.0

I.5

1 . 0i

20

25

30

3-5

40

15

0'(deg)

Figure 12.30 Yariation of N,,, : N i , , w i t h t [ ' a n d 0 ( b a s e c l on prakash and Saran, 1966, and Saran and Prakash, l96lt)

I.0

5 0.u a . E o 9 : (.,.t)

/ o.t: c
? d I! n ) ".4

0 ' 0

l0

|5

20 25 Q'(deg)

30

3-5

40

45

Figure 12.31 Yariation with @, and 0 (n: _o^f _{:,, and Saran and Prakash.196g)

0.2) (based on prakash and Saran, 1966,

410

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

l.(-)

; t I :

: ]

n=o

0.ti

z
'5 0.6 E

e=20'
3 0.4
E

t5' t0" 5'

0.2

-2(P

-'4

-s

r0

15

20

2.s

30

0'(dcg) Figure 12.32 Yarialion of N,,, with r!' and 0 (rr : 0) (based on Prakash and Saran, 1966, and Saran and Prakash.196iii)

2.0 t.9 Lu 1.1 1.6 l" l.s t.4 1.3 1.2 l.l
I

|0"

:'t .i
ozo { ro o. {
0.05'

20 0" /11" )'

; l (0" l

.20 '0' |0' 2f -0' 10" 20"

0 2 0 3 0 4 0 fiiction, Angleof internal $'

Figure 12.33 Yariation of tr with k,,, rf Saran and Prakash. 1968)

', and 0 (based on Prakash and Saran, 1966,and

12.14 Coulomb's PassivePressure

411

Example12.10
For a retainingwall, the following are given: H : 28 ft g - *10" 6' : 20" $olution From Eq. (12.44), c' : 21.}lblftz y:1181b/ft3 kn: 0.1

Determinethe magnitudeof the activeforce,Po".

'o:

2c'

2c

,rKo:

17 .:--?T rtan[45 T

: )

(2)(210) -/ - l r s ) t a n---70\ -s ( ( 4;

- 5'08 ft )

From Eq. (12.85), n: '" 5'08 * : o'22 - o'2 17 - zr, 28 - 5.oB

From Eqs. (12.81), (12.87), and (12.88), * P,,"* l(H * z,)2(IN,,7) c'(H - zu)Nu, For 0 : I0", O' : 20",kt, = 0.1,and n o 0.2. Nn,: 1..67 (Figure 12.30) : A4,r, 0.375 (Figure12.31) ),: Thus, p,, : (118X28 s.0S)11..170.375) (210X28 s.08X1.67) * x : 1901"60lb/ft 1.17 (Figure12.33)

12.14

Coulomb's PassivePressure
Figure 12.34a shows a retaining wall with a sloping cohensionless backfill similar to that consideredin Figure 12.22a. The force polygon for equilibrium of th ewedgeABC for the passivestate is shown in Figure 12.34b.P,, is the notation for the passiveforce. Other notations used are the same as those for the activecase (Section 12.10).In a procedure similar to the one that we followed in the activecase[Eq. (12.68)],we get Pr: \KryHz (2.8g)

412

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure:At-Rest, Rankine,and Coulomb

Y ....'

(b)

(b) pressure: trial failurewedge; force polygon (a) passive Figure 12.34 Coulomb's

where K, : Coulomb's passiveearth pressure coefficient, or

Ko=

cosz({'+ o)

(12.e0)

wall with the verticalbackfacesupportinggranularsoil backFor a frictionless frllwithahorizontalsurface(thatis,0:0o,a:0o,and5:0'),Eq.(12.90)yields Kr: l+sind' -/ d'\ : - s i n a ' t a n - [ o t* , / r

12.15 PassiveForce on Retaining Walls with EarthquakeForces Table 12.7 Valuesof Ku [Eq. 12.90] 0 : 0', a : 0' for
6 (deg) -+

413

I q5'(deg)

15

l5 20 25 30
-1f

40

1.698 2.040 2.464 3.000 3.690 4.600

1.90t)
1.,) t -)

2.rJ30 3.-506 4.39t) 5..59t)

2.130 2.636 3.286 4.143 - s . l3 0 6.946

2.405 3.030 3.85.5 4.9'77 6.8-54 8.870

2.135 3.525 4.591 6.105 8.324 rt.772

This relationship is the same as that obtained for the passiveearth pressurecoefficient in Rankine'.s case,given by Eq. (12.30). The variation of K,, with 95'ancl 6 (for 0 : 0' and a : 0") is given inTable 12.1 . We can see frclm this table that for given value of f ', the value of Kn increases with the wall friction.

12.15

PassiveForce on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces

Figurc 12.3-5 shows the failurc wedge analysisfor a passive force againsta retaining wall of height H with a granular backlill and earthquake forces.As in Figure 12.25, the failure surfaceis assumedto be a plane. P1," the passive is force. All other notations in Figure 12.35are the samc as those in Figure 12.26.Following a procedure (atLerKarrila, 1962) we obtain similar to that used in Section 12.12, Pr,,: )tH2(l - k,)K'p

(r2.e1)

el
H

Figure 12.35 Passiveforce on a retaining wall with earthquake forces

414

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

5

i z 3

0'(cleg)

Figure 12.36 Variation Ki, with kl,for ol k,, - tt : 0 : 6 - 0

where K',,:

cos2(4'+o-B)

,) sin(D+<i')sin(d' "-p) cos(6-d+B)cos(a-9)

(12.e2)
'/ k,, \ i n w h i c h B - t a n( ; - " , I l(/. / \ I
Figure 12.36shows a plot of Ki, with @' for various valuesof k, (for k,,: a = 0:6:0).

12.16

Summary and General Comments

This chapter covers the general topics of lateral earth pressure, including the following: 1". At-rest earth pressure 2. Active earth pressure- Rankine's and Coulomb's

Problems

415

3. Passiveearth pressure- Rankine's and Coulomb's 4. Pressureon retaining wall due to surcharge(basedon the theory of elasticity) 5. Active and passiveearth pressure,which includesearthquake forces.This is an extensionof Coulomb's theory For design,it is important to realize that the lateral activepressureon a retaining wall can be calculated using Rankine's theory only when the wall moves salj?ciently outward by rotation about the toe of the footing or by deflection of the wall. If sufficientwall movement cannot occur (or is not allowed to occur) then the lateral earth pressurewill be greater than the Rankine activc pressureand sometimesmay be closer to the at-rest earth pressure.Hence, proper selectionof the lateral earth pressurecoefficientis crucial for safeand proper design.It is a generalpracticeto assume a value for the soil friction angle (@') of the backfill in order to calculatethe Rankine activepressuredistribution, ignoring the contribution of the cohesion(c'). The general range of ry''uscd for the design of retaining walls is given in the followins table:
Soil type Soft clay Compacted clay Dry sand anclgravcl Silty sancl
Soil friction angle, d' (deg)

0-l-5 20-30 30-40 20-30

In Section 12.5,we saw thzrtthe lateral earth pressurc on a retaining wall is greatly increasedin the prescnceof a water table above the base of the wall. Most retaining walls are not designcdto withstand full hydrostaticpressure; hence,it is important that adequatedrainagefacilitiesare provided to ensure that thc backllll soil does not bccome fully saturated.This can be achievedby providing weepholesat regular intervals along the length of the wall.

Problems
12.7-12.6 Assuming that the wallshownin Figure12.37 restrained is from yielding,find the magnitude locationof the resultant and lateralforccper unit width of the wall.
6', 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 t2.5 12.6 10ft 12fr 18ft 3m 4.5m 5.-5 m I t0 tb/fc 98 lb/fc 100lb/ft3 17.6 kN/mr 19.95 kN/m3 17.tt kN/m3 32' 28' 40" 36' 42" 37'

72.7 Consider a 5-m-high retaining wall that has a vertical back face with a horizontal backfrll. A vertical point load of 10 kN is placed on the ground surface at a distance of 2 m from the wall. Calculate the increase in the lateral force on the wall for the section that contains the point load. Plot the variation of

416

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

Sand Unit weight = y (or dcnsily = p) H

I I

c'=0 6 (angleof wall fiiction) = $

Figure 12.37

thc pressureincreasewith depth. Use the modified equation given in Section 12.4. Assume that the retaining wall shown in Figure 12.37is frictionless. 12.8-l2,ll For each problem. determine the Rankine active force per unit length of the wall, the variation of activeearth pressurcwith depth, and the location of the resultant. Problem l2.x 12.9 12.10 l2.ll H 1 5[ l lu fl 4m 5m d'(degl .10 32 36 40 y I 0 5l b / f r l 100Ib/ftl Iu kN/rnl l7 kN/mr

12.72-12J4 A retaining wall is shown in Figure 12.38.For each problem, determine the Rankine activeforce, P,,,per unit length of the wall and the location of the resultant.
" fz (degl

o\

(deg)

+i

12.t2 12.t3 12.14

l0 ft 20 ft 6m

5fr 6ft 3m

l0-5lb/ft''

122lb ltit3

n0 rbifc
15.5 N/mr k

l26lb/fc
1 9 . 0k N / m 3

30 34 30

30 34 36

0 300rb/fc
l-5kN/m2

tffi

lffi

t r t
Qr ''' =tt

= Sttrcharge q

I Ht
V

I |

sant It :
v

Ground water table

lffi

Sand y2 (saturated unit weight) Q: c'2=0

Figure 12.38

Problems

417

12.15 A 15-ft-high retaining wall with a vertical back face retains a homogeneous saturated soft clay. The saturated unit weight of the clay is 122 lb lft3 Labora. tory testsshowedthat the undrained shear strength c,,of the clay is equal to 350 Ib/ft2. a. Make the necessary calculationsand draw the variation of Rankine'sactive pressureon the wall with depth. b. Find the depth up to which a tensile crack can occur. c. Determine the total activeforce per unit length of the wall before the tensile crack occurs. d. Determine the total activeforcc per unit length of the wall after the tensile crack occurs.Also find the location of the resultant. 1 2 . 1 6 R e d o P r o b l e m 1 2 . 1 -a s s u m i n g h a t t h e b a c k f i l l i s s u p p o r t i n ga s u r c h a r g e f 5 t o 200tbtf(. 12.17 A 5-m-high retaining wall with zrvertical back face has a r:'-{' soil for backfill. For the backfill, y : 19 kN/m3, c' - 26 kN/m2, and r/,' : 16".Considering the cxistenceof thc tcnsile crack, dctcrmine the active lorce P, on the wall for Rankineb activestatc. 12.18 For thc retaining wall shown in Figurc 12.39, deterrnir.rc activeforce P, the f o r R a n k i n e ' .s t a t e .A l s o , l i n d t h c p o s i t i o no f t h e r c s u l t a n t . s s u m c t h a t t h e s A tensile crack exists. p : 2 1 0 0 k g / m r , Q - 0 " , ( : : ( : ! t: 3 0 . 2k N / m r 1 2 . 1 9 R e p e a tP r o b l c m l 2 . l B u s i n gt h e f o l l o w i n gv a l u c s : p - 1 9 5 0k g i m 3 ,d ' - l t i " . t ' ' : 1 9 . 4 N / m : k 12.20-12.23 Assume that the rctaining wall shown in Figure 12.37is frictionless. For each problcm, cleterminethc Rankine passivcf'orceper unit length of t h e w a l l , t h e v t r r i a t i o no l l a t er a l p r c s s u r e i t h d c p t h . a n c lt h e l o c a t i o no f t h e w resultant.
Problem H d'(deg)
-l+

t2.20 t2.21 12.22 t2.23

lJlr l0 fr .5nt 4m

36 3-5 30

ll0lb/li' 105b/l'rr l l4 kN/rn' l5 kN/nr''

1 2 . 2 4 F o r t h e r e t a i n i n gw a l l d e s c r i b e d n P r o b l e m 1 2 . 1 2c l e t e r m i n e h e R a n k i n e i , t pnssivcforce per unit lcngth of the wall and the location of the resultant.

6.5rn

I I
I

Clay

= density P

( ,( a,a

Figure 12.39

418

Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb

I ' l ' r

' '

l l

t
*l

"
!* Sand

0- 10":
H

I , ',

= = Unitwcight y (ordensity p) r"=0 0' = 36' 6 (wallll'iction)

Figure 12.40 detcrmine the Rankine wall describedin Problcm 12.13, 12.25 For the reterining passiveforcc per unit lcngth of the wall and the location of the resultant. The hcight of the wall is 5 m, and 12.26 A retaining wall is shown in Figurc 12.40. u n i t w e i g h t o f t h c s a n db a c k l i l l i s l t t k N i m r . U s i n g C o u l o m b ' se q u a t i o n , the calculatc the activeforcc P,,on thc wall for the following valuesof the angle of wall lriction: a. 5 - llJ' b. 6:24" C o m m e n t o n t h e d i r e c t i o na n d l o c a t i o no f t h e r e s u l t t r n t . 12.27 Ref erring to Figure I 2.41, dctermine Coulombh activc force P,,per unit lcngth of thc wall for thc following cascs: a . I t : l - 5f t , B - [ J - 5 o ,:n l , H r - 2 0 t t . y : l 2 t { l b / f t r , q 5 '- 3 8 ' , 6 : 2 0 " . f b . H - 1 t 3t . B : 9 0 o n : 2 , H t - 2 2 l t , y : l l 6 l b l f ( , 0 ' : 3 4 ' , 5 : l J ' : - 5 . 5 r r i , p - [ J 0 " , r : l , H r : 6 . 5 m , 7 : l 6 l 3 t ) k g / m r , d ': 3 0 ' , 6 : 3 0 " c. H p U s c C u l m a n n \ g r a p h i cc o n s t r u c t i o n r o c e d u r c .

I
I * - - - - - J . t l

soil Cllhcsionless = U n i t w e i g h t- y ( r l r d e n s i t y p ) t ' =0

0'
6 ( a n g l eo f w a l l f r i c t i o n )

R z Y,/'

Figure 12.41

References

419

12.28Refer toFigure 72.26.GiventhatH - 6 m,0 - 0",a:0o, y: 15kN/mr. per 6' : 35",6 - 2136' , kn - 0.3, and ft,,: 0, determine the activeforce P,,,, unit length of the retaining wall. L2.29 Refer to Problem 12.28.Determine the location of the point of intersection of the resultant force P,,"with the back face of the retaining wall. 12.30 Repeat Problem 12.28with the following Values:H - 10 ft. f, : 10",a : 10', . 7 : 1 1 0 l b l f t 3 , O '- 3 0 ' , 6 : 1 0 " k n : 0 . 2 5 , a n d k , : 0 . 1 2 . 3 1R e f e r t o F i g u r e 1 2 . 2 9 . G i v e n t h a t L- 6 m , 0 - 1 0 " , b ': 1 5 " , c ' : 2 0 k N / m 2 , I < y : 1 9 k N i m 3 , a n d / c 7:, 0 . t 5 , u s i n gt h e m e t h o d c l e s c r i b e d S e c t i o n1 2 . 1 3 , in determine Pn,,. Assume that the depth of tcnsile crack is zero. 1 2 . 3 2R e p e a t P r o b l e m 2 . 3 1 w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g V a l u eH : l 0 f t , 0 - - 5 ' , 6 ' - 2 0 " . 1 s c' : 200lblft2, y : 100lb/ftr, anLlkr, : 0.2-5.

References
C o t . t l c l n t uC . A . ( 1 7 7 6 ) " E s s a is u r u n c A p p l i c a t i o nc l e s i g l c s d c M a x i n ' r i c t M i n i m i s a q u c l , . R s qucs Probldmesdc Statique, relatif.sa I'Architecture," Ment. Rov.das Sclcrrccs, Paris. Vol. 3. 3li. Cut.vnNN, C. ( lu75). Dic gruphischc Stutik,Meycr and Zeller. Zwich. Gr-:ntrrn, E. ( 1929).Untarstrchtmgan iiber dic Dntc'kvcrteilung int Orliclt hclustetcnSrrarl,Te chn i s c h eH o c h s c h u l eZ u r i c h . . Jnrv, J. (1944)."Thc Coefficicntol'F,arth Prcssurcat Rcsl,"./orrlrul o.lthc Stx'ictv Iltrnguro.f' iun Architet'ts und Engincers, Vol. 7. 3-5-53-5IJ. K,q,ptrn,J. P. (1962). "E,arthquake ResistarrtDesign ol Rctaining Walls." I'rocacding.t,2ntl Eurthqrutkt Symposiunt,Univcrsity ol' Roorkcc, Iloorkcc, India. Mnssnpsc'u, K. R. (1979). "Latcral Earth Prcssurein Nornrally C-\rnsoliclatccl Clay." f'rrrceadingso.f the Sevcnth Ettntpcun ()on.larcnce on Soil Mcchunit's urul fituntlution Engineering,Brighton. England. Vrl. 2. 24-5-250. M n z r N n n , q N t , z . H . . a n d c i , l N : n r - r .M . H . ( I g L ) l ) ." L a t c r a l E a r t h P r e s s u r -P r o b l e o l ' c ' s h c c m sivc Backtill with Inclined Sur[acc.",/r.rurrtul of'(icotcthnitu! untl GutcnvintnntantulEngincarinS4, ASCIE,Vol. 123,No. 2, I l0 I 12. 'l'hcory Orrrsl,, S. (1926). "General ol'E,arth Pressurc.".lournul o.f thc.lultanesaSot:ict1'o.f Civil Engineer.r', Tokyo. Vol. 12, No. l. Pnnra.su, S., and Sannr. S. (1966). "Static and Dynamic Earth Pressurc Behind Retaining Walls," Proceedings,3rdSymposiumon Earthquakc Engineering,Roorkcc. lndia. YoL1.277-288. R,,rNrtNE,W. M. J. (18-57). "On Stability on Loose Earth." Pltiktsophic'l'runsuctions of'Royul Society,London, ParI 1.9,2'/ . S R n a N ,S . ,a n d P n n r a s t l . S . ( 1 9 6 8 )" D i m c n s i o n l e s s a r a m e t e r f o r S t a t i ca n d D y n a n r i cE a r t h . P s Pressurefor Retainir.rgWalls." Indian Geotechnical.lounnl, Vol. 7. No. 3. 29-5 310. Sep.o.H. B., and WutrvRN, R. V. ( 1970)."Design of Earth Rctaining Structuresfor Dynamic Loads," Proceedings, SpecialtyConferenceon Lateral Stresses thc Ground and Dcin sign of Earth Retaining Structurcs,ASCE, 103-14'7. SHl,ntr',M. A., FnNc, Y. S., and SHERrp, I. (1984)."K,, and K,, Bchind Rotating and NonR. Yielding Walls," Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 110,No. CT1. 41--56. SeeNclr,n, M. G. (1938)."Horizontal Pressures Retaining Walls Due to ConcentratedSuron face Loads," Iowa State University Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin, No. 140.