Multiple Input Multiple Output Technology

Vikram R. Ugwekar Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication SGGS IE & T Nanded, Maharashtra Email: vikramugwekar@gmail.com ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Multiple Input Multiple Outputs, a wireless or radio communications technology normally used with OFDM for many wireless and radio communications. Multiple-input multiple-output, or MIMO, is a radio communications technology or RF technology that is being mentioned and used in many new technologies these days. Wi-Fi, LTE (3G long term evolution) and many other radio, wireless and RF technologies are using the new MIMO wireless technology to provide increased link capacity and spectral efficiency combined with improved link reliability using what were previously seen as interference paths. Even now many there are many MIMO wireless routers on the market, and as this RF technology is becoming more widespread, more MIMO routers and other items of wireless MIMO equipment will be seen. The 11n standard is based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which is also used in the 802.11a/g standards. It's a proven way to extend range and data rate in multipath environments. Adding a technology known as multipleinput/multiple-output (MIMO) to OFDM creates a nearly bulletproof multiple antenna/transceiver technology that not only substantially boosts speed but also increases range and link robustness in mulitpath environments. One form of MIMO involves diversity reception, an ancient radio technique that uses multiple antennas spaced several wavelengths apart. The antenna with the strongest signal is switched to the receiver for optimum reception. While some designers consider diversity to be a form of MIMO, chip makers aren't going in that direction. In the basic MIMO concept implemented for 11n, the data to be transmitted is scrambled, encoded, and interleaved (see the fig.1). It's then divided up into parallel data streams, each of which modulates a separate transmitter (TX). Modulation is OFDM using binary phaseshift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), or 64QAM, depending on the data rate. Both transmitters operate in the same 20-MHz band. Transmitting two different data streams in the same bandwidth doubles the throughput. Throughput scales linearly with the number of transmitters. The multiple signals arrive at the receivers at different times in different phases, depending on the different paths they take. Some signals will be direct, others via multiple different paths. Each signal is unique as defined by the characteristics of

the path it takes. Such a technique is referred to as spatial multiplexing. The unique signatures produced by each signal over the multiple paths allow the receivers to sort out the individual signals using special algorithms implemented with DSP techniques. The same signals from different antennas then can be combined to reinforce one another, improving signal-tonoise ratio and, therefore, the reliability and range.

channel, which can provide even higher data rates. With this channel bonding and four streams, a maximum potential data rate of 600 Mbits/s is achievable. Though it's not clear who needs that kind of speed, a data rate of over 100 Mbits/s can be sustained easily over a 100-m range in a rather hostile environment. Perhaps the greater benefit of MIMO is the transmission's increased range and robustness. The spatial multiplexing mitigates the multipath problem experienced by most microwave transmissions. MIMO techniques do permit multiple streams, but that helps improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the reliability significantly over other versions of the standard. There's no doubt that MIMO will make its major debut in Wi-Fi products. However, it's also expected to show up in future OFDM wireless systems like WiMAX and 4G cell phones. MIMO communication can be used to: 1. Increase the system reliability (decrease the bit or packet error rate). 2. Increase the achievable data rate and hence system capacity. 3. Increase the coverage area. 4. Decreases the required transmit power. Shannon's Law and MIMO As with many areas of science, there a theoretical boundary, beyond which it is not possible to proceed. This is true for the amount of data that can be passed along a specific channel in the presence of noise. The law that governs this is called Shannon's Law, named after the man who formulated it. This is particularly important because MIMO wireless technology provides a

Fig.1 While many systems will stick with two transmitters and receivers, the standard provides for other versions using different numbers of transmitters and receivers. Other possibilities include 2 by 3 (number of transmitters by number of receivers), 3 by 2, 3 by 3, 3 by 4, 4 by 3, and 4 by 4. Beyond the 4-by-4 configuration, very little additional gain is achieved. So far, a 2-by-3 arrangement seems to be the most popular. Transmitting two or more data streams in the same bandwidth multiplies the data rate by the number of streams used. In addition, MIMO in the 11n standard permits two signal-free adjacent 20-MHz channels to be bonded together into a single 40-MHz+

method not of breaking the law, but increasing data rates beyond those possible on a single channel without its use. Shannon's law defines the maximum rate at which error free data can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is usually expressed in the form: C = W log2 (1 + S/N) Where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, W is the bandwidth in Hertz, and S/N is the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). From this it can be seen that there is an ultimate limit on the capacity of a channel with a given bandwidth. However before this point is reached, the capacity is also limited by the signal to noise ratio of the received signal. Functions of MIMO: MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, 1. Precoding 2. Spatial multiplexing or SM, 3. Diversity coding.

study, both antennas and propagation channel have to be treated together and described statistically to take many channel realizations of a propagation environment into account. Correlations among channel coefficients are influenced by the antenna properties. As the antennas are collocated in a MIMO array, mutual coupling effects may occur. All these effects should be considered when designing an antenna array for MIMO Systems. In this contribution, a method will be presented for accurately modeling both antennas and the propagation channel. A major concern in MIMO systems is the integration of several antennas into small handheld devices. Finding feasible antenna configurations is an integral part of enabling the MIMO technology. Design rules will be given in the presentation, and different antenna configurations will be compared. Several examples will demonstrate how compact MIMO antenna arrays can be integrated into handsets, see Fig.2 The user Employing the MIMO handset has an impact on the MIMO performance, too. The influence of the users Head and hand will be investigated, see Fig.3

MIMO ANTENNA ASPECTS The challenge for RF engineers is mainly to understand the complex systems starting with the transmitter and ending with the receiver. It is not enough to investigate only single components of the communications link. The antennas are an integral part of the MIMO system. MIMO systems exploit the multipath structure of the propagation channel. The antennas are adapted to the propagation channel. For a comprehensive

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