Because and Because Of

Sekilas, kata because dan because of memiliki makna yang sama yaitu karena. Namun demikian, kata because dan because of sangat sekali berbeda dalam penerapannya baik dalam bahasa Inggris lisan (spoken) maupun tertulis (written). Untuk lebih memahami, silahkan perhatikan penjelaan singkat berikut. Because adalah conjuction (kata sambung) yang berarti karena. Dalam written dan spoken English, because selalu diikuti oleh Subject + Verb. Because juga menghubungkan dua klausa (kalimat) yang memiliki bentuk tense (waktu) yang sejenis. Contoh. We decided to stay at home because the weather was bad. She was absent from class because her cold was worse. Sementara itu, because of berarti disebabkan atau dengan alasan yang fungsinya sama dengan because. Berbeda dengan because yang diikuti oleh Subjek + Verb, because of selalu diikuti oleh Noun (kata benda). Contoh. We decided to stay at home because of the weather. She was absent from class because of her cold.

Because and because of

Complete the following sentences using because or because of. 1. We stopped playing .. it rained. a) because b) because of 2. I tried to help him I liked him. a) because b) because of 3. She won the first prize . her hard work. a) because b) because of 4. They dismissed him . he was dishonest. a) because b) because of 5. We cancelled the trip the rain. a) because b) because of 6. Suman worked hard . she wanted to pass. a) because b) because of

7. I was late the traffic. a) because b) because of 8. The flight was cancelled .. bad weather. a) because b) because of 9. He cant walk .. his illness. a) because b) because of 10. He found working in China very difficult he didnt understand the language. a) because b) because of Answers 1. We stopped playing because it rained. 2. I tried to help him because I liked him. 3. She won the first prize because of her hard work. 4. They dismissed him because he was dishonest. 5. We cancelled the trip because of the rain. 6. Suman worked hard because she wanted to pass. 7. I was late because of the traffic. 8. The flight was cancelled because of bad weather. 9. He cant walk because of his illness. 10. He found working in China very difficult because he didnt understand the language.

jangan samakan antara phrasal verb dengan verb phrase. Jika verb phrase adalah frasa yang memiliki kata utama sebuah verb (kata kerja), maka berbeda dengan phrasal verb. Untuk lebih jelas tentang apa itu phrasal verb dan beberapa hal mengenai phrasal verb, kita awali saja dengan definisi phrasal verb. Definisi phrasal verb dapat kita simak dari pendapat McCarthy dan ODell (2007: 6) di bawah ini : Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a verb and a particle (a preposition or adverb) or a verb and two particles (an adverb and a preposition). Menurut mereka, Phrasal Verb adalah kata kerja yang berisikan sebuah kata kerja dan sebuah partikel. Bisa juga phrasal verb mengandung sebuah kata kerja dan dua buah partikel. Partikel disini bisa berupa preposition (kata depan) ataupun adverb (kata keterangan). Sementara itu, Wyatt (2006: 3) menjelaskan tentang definisi phrasal verb seperti di bawah ini: A phrasal verb is a verb formed from two (or sometimes three) parts: a verb and an adverb or preposition. These adverbs and prepositions are often called particles when they are used in a phrasal verb. Phrasal verb adalah sebuah kata kerja yang terbentuk dari dua (atau kadang tiga) bagian: sebuah verb dan adverb atau preposition. Adverb (kata keterangan) dan preposition (kata depan) ini sering disebut dengan particle saat digunakan dalam phrasal verb. Contoh:

Look For (Look = kata kerja, for = preposition) Wait For (Wait = kata kerja, for = preposition) Stand Up (Stand = kata kerja, up = adverbial particle) Look Forward to (Look = kata kerja, forward = adverb, to = prepositon)

Phrasal Verbs List

Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don't recognize. The examples will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. This list shows about 200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and examples. Only the most usual meanings are given. Some phrasal verbs may have additional meanings. As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs properly. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot. Review this phrasal verbs grammar from time to time so that you don't forget the rules! Verb ask someone out ask around Meaning invite on a date ask many people the same question Example Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie. I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.

add up to something

equal

Your purchases add up to $205.32. You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out. My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job. The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence. We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party. Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm. The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died. Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts. Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo. The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children. I need to break these shoes in before we run next week. The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death. My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America. The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking. The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking. I broke out in a rash after our camping trip. This sad music is bringing me down.

back something up

reverse

back someone up

support

blow up

explode

blow something up

add air

break down

stop functioning (vehicle, machine)

break down

get upset

break something down

divide into smaller parts

break in

force entry to a building

break into something

enter forcibly

break something in

wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new

break in

interrupt

break up

end a relationship

break up

start laughing (informal)

break out

escape

break out in something bring someone down bring someone up

develop a skin condition make unhappy raise a child

My grandparents brought me up after my

parents died. My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports. He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet. We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed. I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend. Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fianc. The professor called on me for question 1. We called on you last night but you weren't home. Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town. You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.

bring something up

start talking about a subject

bring something up

vomit

call around

phone many different places/people

call someone back

return a phone call

call something off

cancel

call on someone

ask for an answer or opinion

call on someone

visit someone

call someone up

phone

calm down

relax after being angry

not care for someone/something

not like (formal)

I don't care for his behaviour.

catch up

get to the same point as someone else

You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty. We will get the hotel keys when we check in. You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.

check in

arrive and register at a hotel or airport

check out

leave a hotel

check someone/something out check out someone/something cheer up cheer someone up

look at carefully, investigate

The company checks out all new employees.

look at (informal)

Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

become happier make happier

She cheered up when she heard the good news. I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.

chip in

help

If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon. Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside. I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet. The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough. My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend. The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints. The art of origami comes from Asia. I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out. Please cross out your old address and write your new one. My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods. We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm. Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.

clean something up

tidy, clean

come across something

find unexpectedly

come apart

separate

come down with something

become sick

come forward

volunteer for a task or to give evidence

come from somewhere count on someone/something

originate in

rely on

cross something out

draw a line through

cut back on something

consume less

cut something down

make something fall to the ground

cut in

interrupt

cut in

pull in too closely in front of another vehicle start operating (of an engine or electrical device)

The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.

cut in

The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22C. The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured. The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.

cut something off

remove with something sharp

cut something off

stop providing

cut someone off

take out of a will

My grandparents cut my father off when he

remarried. remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)

cut something out

I cut this ad out of the newspaper.

do someone/something over

beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)

He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang. My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic. It's time to do away with all of these old tax records. Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing! It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up. Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike. I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week. I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over. I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult. I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out. We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre. My new dress fell apart in the washing machine. The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning. The money must have fallen out of my pocket.

do something over

do again (N.Amer.)

do away with something

discard

do something up

fasten, close

dress up

wear nice clothing

drop back

move back in a position/group

drop in/by/over

come without an appointment

drop someone/something off

take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there

drop out

quit a class, school etc

eat out

eat at a restaurant

end up

eventually reach/do/decide

fall apart

break into pieces

fall down

fall to the ground

fall out

separate from an interior (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached understand, find the answer

fall out

His hair started to fall out when he was only 35.

figure something out

I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the

bookshelf in this room. Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number. The form must be filled out in capital letters. I always fill the water jug up when it is empty. We don't know where he lives. How can we find out? We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out. I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen. I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on. My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair. We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week. Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests. We got back from our vacation last week. Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate. My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat. I finally got back into my novel and finished it. We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus. I just got over the flu and now my sister has it. The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations.

fill something in

to write information in blanks (Br.E.)

fill something out fill something up

to write information in blanks (N.Amer.) fill to the top

find out

discover

find something out

discover

get something across/over

communicate, make understandable

get along/on

like each other

get around

have mobility

get away

go on a vacation

get away with something

do without being noticed or punished

get back

return

get something back

receive something you had before

get back at someone

retaliate, take revenge

get back into something

become interested in something again

get on something

step onto a vehicle

get over something

recover from an illness, loss, difficulty

get over something

overcome a problem

get round to something

finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to something) meet (usually for social reasons) get out of bed

I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards. Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend. I got up early today to study for my exam. You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.

get together get up

get up

stand

give someone away

reveal hidden information about someone take the bride to the altar

His wife gave him away to the police.

give someone away

My father gave me away at my wedding. My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident. The library was giving away old books on Friday. I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game. My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in. They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store. I am giving up smoking as of January 1st. My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up. My brother tried to go after the thief in his car. I went after my dream and now I am a published writer. We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight. Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold. I have to go back home and get my lunch.

give something away

ruin a secret

give something away

give something to someone for free

give something back

return a borrowed item

give in

reluctantly stop fighting or arguing

give something out

give to many people (usually at no cost)

give something up

quit a habit

give up

stop trying

go after someone

follow someone

go after something

try to achieve something

go against someone

compete, oppose

go ahead

start, proceed

go back

return to a place

go out

leave home to go on a social event

We're going out for dinner tonight. Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter. Please go over your answers before you submit your test. I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two. When I was young, we went without winter boots. My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools. My roses grew back this summer. When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman. Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones. This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year. I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin. I have to hand in my essay by Friday. We will hand out the invitations at the door. The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons. Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon. Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes! Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place. He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.

go out with someone

date

go over something

review

go over

visit someone nearby

go without something

suffer lack or deprivation

grow apart

stop being friends over time

grow back grow up

regrow become an adult

grow out of something

get too big for

grow into something

grow big enough to fit

hand something down

give something used to someone else

hand something in hand something out

submit to distribute to a group of people

hand something over

give (usually unwillingly)

hang in

stay positive (N.Amer., informal)

hang on

wait a short time (informal)

hang out

spend time relaxing (informal)

hang up

end a phone call

hold someone/something back

prevent from doing/going

I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park. Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral. Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department. Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside. A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning. Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil. We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.

hold something back

hide an emotion

hold on

wait a short time

hold onto someone/something hold someone/somethingup keep on doing something keep something from someone keep someone/something out

hold firmly using your hands or arms

rob

continue doing

not tell

stop from entering

Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.

keep something up

continue at the same rate

If you keep those results up you will get into a great college. I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time. Can you let the cat in before you go to school?

let someone down

fail to support or help, disappoint

let someone in look after someone/something

allow to enter

take care of

I have to look after my sick grandmother.

look down on someone

think less of, consider inferior

Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.

look for someone/something look forward to something

try to find

I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.

be excited about the future

I'm looking forward to the Christmas break. We are going to look into the price of snowboards today. Look out! That car's going to hit you!

look into something

investigate

look out

be careful, vigilant, and take notice be especially vigilant for

look out for

Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking

someone/something

trail. Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes? We can look her phone number up on the Internet. My little sister has always looked up to me. Josie made up a story about why we were late. We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast. My sisters made me up for my graduation party. I mixed up the twins' names again! His uncle passed away last night after a long illness. It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out. The professor passed the textbooks out before class. I passed up the job because I am afraid of change. Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday. That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother. I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.

look something over

check, examine

look something up

search and find information in a reference book or database have a lot of respect for invent, lie about something

look up to someone make something up

make up

forgive each other

make someone up mix something up

apply cosmetics to confuse two or more things

pass away

die

pass out

faint

pass something out

give the same thing to many people

pass something up

decline (usually something good)

pay someone back

return owed money

pay for something

be punished for doing something bad

pick something out point someone/something out

choose

indicate with your finger

I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.

put something down

put what you are holding on a surface or floor

You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter. The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.

put someone down

insult, make someone feel stupid

put something off

postpone

We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane. The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived. I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives. I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car. Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party.

put something out

extinguish

put something together

assemble

put up with someone/something

tolerate

put something on

put clothing/accessories on your body

run into someone/something run over someone/something run over/through something

meet unexpectedly

I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.

drive a vehicle over a person or thing

I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway. Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show. The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days. We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap. My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp. Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company. The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera. I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.

rehearse, review

run away

leave unexpectedly, escape

run out

have none left

send something back

return (usually by mail)

set something up

arrange, organize

set someone up

trick, trap

shop around

compare prices

show off

act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)

He always shows off on his skateboard

sleep over

stay somewhere for the night (informal)

You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.

sort something out

organize, resolve a problem

We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.

stick to something

continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing stop the energy flow, turn off

You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.

switch something off

The light's too bright. Could you switch it off. We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio. I take after my mother. We are both impatient. He took the car brakes apart and found the problem. I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work. My plane takes off in five minutes. Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake! Can you take the garbage out to the street for me? My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie. I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him. When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder. I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision. We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery. Please turn the TV down while the guests are here. I turned the job down because I don't want to move.

switch something on

start the energy flow, turn on

take after someone

resemble a family member

take something apart

purposely break into pieces

take something back

return an item

take off

start to fly

take something off

remove something (usually clothing)

take something out

remove from a place or thing

take someone out

pay for someone to go somewhere with you

tear something up

rip into pieces

think back

remember (often + to, sometimes + on)

think something over

consider

throw something away

dispose of

turn something down

decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)

turn something down

refuse

turn something off

stop the energy flow, switch off

Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner. It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on. Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song. Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood. I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit. I am going to try this new brand of detergent out. The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more. We have to wake up early for work on Monday. You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace. I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run. Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party. I work out at the gym three times a week. Our plan worked out fine. We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

turn something on

start the energy, switch on increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc)

turn something up

turn up

appear suddenly

try something on

sample clothing

try something out

test

use something up

finish the supply

wake up warm someone/something up

stop sleeping

increase the temperature

warm up

prepare body for exercise

wear off

fade away

work out work out

exercise be successful

work something out

make a calculation

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences using appropriate phrasal verbs. 1. The forest department has advised against smoking in the forest because fires can easily . a) break out b) break off

c) break down 2. I to your next visit. a) look towards b) look forward c) look at 3. Im afraid we have gas. a) run off b) run out of c) run out 4. Anns decision to . her wedding shocked her parents. b) call off b) call out c) call in 5. When asked why he was late, he a story. a) made up b) made out c) made off 6. He was . by his enthusiasm. a) carried away b) carried out c) carried off 7. She cant her mobile phone. She takes it wherever she goes. a) do without b) do with c) do away 8. He .. at the ripe old age of ninety-two. a) passed away b) passed out c) passed for Answers 1. The forest department has advised against smoking in the forest because fires can break out any time. 2. I look forward to your next visit.

3. I am afraid we have run out of gas. 4. Anns decision to call off her wedding shocked her parents. 5. When asked why he was late, he made up a story. 6. He was carried away by his enthusiasm. 7. She cant do without her mobile phone. She takes it wherever she goes. 8. He passed away at the ripe old age of ninety-two.

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences using phrasal verbs. The meaning of the phrasal verb that would correctly complete the sentence is given in the bracket. 1. .. your coat. (Remove). It is getting hot. 2. Susie has agreed to .. my babies when I am away. (take care of) 3. They have the truth. (discovered) 4. Can I .. this shirt? (see if it fits me) 5. .. (be quick). We are getting late. 6. your coat before you step out. It is very cold. (wear) 7. We will . the train at the next station. (Step out) 8. If you dont know the meaning of a word, . it . (consult a dictionary) 9. She asked me to the form. (complete) 10. The firemen couldnt .. the fire. (extinguish) Answers 1. Take off your coat. It is getting hot. 2. Susie has agreed to look after my babies when I am away. 3. They have found out the truth. 4. Can I try on this shirt? 5. Hurry up. We are getting late. 6. Put on your coat before you step out. It is very cold. 7. We will get off the train at the next station. 8. If you dont know the meaning of a word, look it up. 9. She asked me to fill in the form. 10. The firemen couldnt put out the fire.

Phrasal verbs with turn

Each sentence given below contains an incomplete phrasal verb. Fill in the blanks using an appropriate adverb particle or preposition that would complete the phrasal verb. 1. I was apprehensive about admitting Peter but he turned . to be a good boy. a) over b) out c) up 2. Turn .. the lights and fans when you are not using them. a) down b) out c) over 3. He said that he wouldnt come but eventually turned at the party. a) over b) up c) down 4. As it was getting late, we turned . and went home. a) off b) around c) in 5. Could you please turn .. the volume? I cant hear the music. a) in b) up c) over 6. Even his friends turned . him. a) against b) up c) over 7. He is an old friend. I cant turn him .. a) away b) over c) against

8. Reporters who visited the accident victim were turned a) against b) away c) off Answers 1. I was apprehensive about admitting Peter but he turned out to be a good boy. 2. Turn out the lights and fans when you are not using them. 3. He said that he wouldnt come but eventually turned up at the party. 4. As it was getting late, we turned around and went home. 5. Could you please turn up the volume? I cant hear the music. 6. Even his friends turned against him. 7. He is an old friend. I cant turn him away. 8. Reporters who visited the accident victim were turned away.

Phrasal verbs with look exercise

Complete the following sentences. Each sentence given below contains an incomplete phrasal verb. Fill in the blanks with a preposition or an adverb particle that completes the phrasal verb. This exercise is about phrasal verbs with look. 1. We looked a few apartments before we zeroed in on this one. a) at b) for c) to 2. The job of a proof reader is to look . documents for spelling and grammar mistakes. a) at b) into c) through 3. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, you must look them .. in a dictionary. a) up b) over c) through 4. I am looking forward . your reply. a) to

b) for c) through 5. Look ! We are going to crash! a) at b) out c) for 6. He said that he would like to look . the possibility of starting a business. a) up b) over c) into 7. Susie has agreed to look my kids when I am away on a business trip. a) for b) after c) at 8. She is looking . a new job. a) for b) at c) up Answers 1. We looked at a few apartments before we zeroed in on this one. 2. The job of a proofreader is to look through documents for spelling and grammar mistakes. 3. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, you must look them up in a dictionary. 4. I am looking forward to your reply. 5. Look out! We are going to crash! 6. He said that he would like to look into the possibility of starting a business. 7. Susie has agreed to look after my kids when I am away on a business trip.
8. She is looking for a new job.

Phrasal verbs with break

Phrasal verbs are made by putting a verb and an adverb particle or preposition together. They are common in all forms of English. The problem with phrasal verbs is that you cannot guess their meanings.

Phrasal verbs are common in all forms of English. Test your understanding of phrasal verbs with this grammar exercise.

Question 1 The firemen are still trying to extinguish the fire that . on the 18th floor of the 25-storey building. a) broke out b) broke up c) broke away d) broke off Question 2 Sales of his latest book have . the 10 million mark. a) broken off b) broken away c) broken through d) broken up Question 3 I was shocked to hear that Mary and James had a) broken up b) broken down c) broken off d) broken away Question 9 No one can predict when wars will .. a) break out b) break up c) break off d) break away Question 5 I was surprised to hear that Alice is seeing John. Why were you surprised? She has already with Peter. a) broken out b) broken away

c) broken off* d) broken down Answers 1. The firemen are still trying to extinguish the fire that broke out on the 18th floor of the 25-storey building. (Break out = appear suddenly) 2. Sales of his latest book have broken through the 10 million mark. (Break through = cross) 3. I was shocked to hear that Mary and James had broken up. (Break up = end a relationship) 4. No one can predict when wars will break out. (Break out = appear suddenly) 5. I was surprised to hear that Alice is seeing John. Why were you surprised? She has already broken off with Peter. (Break off = end a relationship; stop being friendly with someone)

Three-word phrasal verbs exercise

Some verbs can be used with both an adverb particle and a preposition. Examples are: get along with, keep up with etc. Three word phrasal verbs are inseparable. Complete the following sentences using three-word phrasal verbs. Choose your answers from the options given in the brackets. 1. As I was traveling I couldnt . the news. (keep up on / come up with) 2. I was up all night because I had to . some pending work. (catch up on / keep up with) 3. By taking a short break every now and then, you can .. all the stress at work. (get away from / keep up with) 4. I dont think that this is a good idea. We must . something better. (keep up with / come up with) 5. He walked so fast that I could not . him. (keep up with / get along with) 6. He doesnt . his in-laws. (get along with / keep up with) 7. If you want to lose weight, you must your intake of fatty foods. (cut down on / come down with) 8. If you think that you can cheating on the test, you are a stupid. (get away with / get along with) Answers 1. As I was traveling, I couldnt keep up on the news. (keep up on = stay up-to-date) 2. I was up all night because I had to catch up on some pending work. 3. By taking a short break every now and then, you can get away from all the stress at work. (get away from = escape) 4. I dont think that this is a good idea. We must come up with something better. (come up with = introduce)

5. He walked so fast that I could not keep up with him. (keep up with = progress at the same speed as somebody else) 6. He doesnt get along with his in-laws. (get along with = have good relationship with) 7. If you want to lose weight, you must cut down on your intake of fatty foods. (cut down on = reduce) 8. If you think that you can get away with cheating on the test, you are a stupid. (get away with = escape without punishment)

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences using appropriate phrasal verbs. 1. The terrorists who . the railway station have been caught. a) blew up b) held up c) turned down 2. It isnt easy to . half a dozen children of approximately the same age. a) bring up b) bring out c) bring about 3. He was called Christy . his uncle who died at a young age. a) after b) around c) back 4. There is not much . air-conditioners during the winter season. a) call after b) call for c) call around 5. This remarkable achievement a celebration. a) calls on b) calls in c) calls for 6. This spike in property prices forced us to buying a new apartment. a) hold off

b) hold onto c) hold out 7. Do you .. people who live together before they get married? a) hold on b) hold with c) hold out on 8. We were .. by the traffic jam. a) held on b) held out c) held up 9. She likes to .. old clothes for some strange reason. a) hold off b) hold onto c) hold out 10. . your hands. I am going to inspect your finger nails. a) hold off b) hold out c) hold on Answers 1. The terrorists who blew up the railway station have been caught. 2. It isnt easy to bring up so many children of approximately the same age. 3. He was called Christy after his uncle who died at a young age. 4. There is not much call for air-conditioners during the winter season. 5. This remarkable achievement calls for a celebration. 6. This spike in property prices forced us to hold off buying an apartment. 7. Do you hold with people who live together before they get married? 8. We were held up by the traffic jam. 9. She likes to hold onto old clothes for some strange reason. 10. Hold out your hands. Im going to inspect your fingernails.

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences using appropriate phrasal verbs. 1. He was called Christopher .. his grandfather. a) around b) after c) for

2. Would it be all right if I call . in the afternoon. a) around b) for c) after

3. I think you should call him .; he has already called twice. a) in b) back c) around

4. This victory calls a big celebration. a) for b) on c) calls out

5. The monsoon held . long enough for us to get the roof repaired. a) off b) out c) over

6. She quit the job because she didnt want to . her bosss ego. a) play up b) play with c) play along

7. Dont play . fire. a) upon b) with c) up

8. He tried to play .. his involvement in the scandal. a) down b) along c) up

9. She played .. his feelings of guilt and made him do what she wanted. a) upon b) along c) down

10. I knew that she was trying to trick me, but I played .. a) down Answers 1. He was called Christopher after his grandfather. 2. Would it be all right if I call around in the afternoon? 3. I think you should call him back; he has already called twice. 4. This victory calls for a big celebration. 5. The monsoon held off long enough for us to get the roof repaired. 6. She quit the job because she didnt want to play up her bosss ego. 7. Dont play with fire. 8. He tried to play down his involvement in the scandal. b) along c) off

9. She played upon his feelings of guilt and made him do what she wanted. 10. I knew that she was trying to trick me but I played along.

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences. 1. The prisoner escaped and got clear a) off b) away c) out

2. It took me four hours to clear things a) up b) out c) away

3. If the weather clears .., we will go out. a) out b) up c) for

4. His accurate bowling contributed . his teams victory. a) to b) for c) with

5. I cant cope .. this huge pile of documents. a) with b) to c) for

6. I dont think that we can count him. a) on b) for c) with

7. The elephant crashed .. the undergrowth. a) off c) away c) through

8. He would finish one novel and then go the next. a) on b) on to c) to

9. The naughty boy grew .. to a handsome gentleman. a) in b) up c) on

10. The mother warned the boy to keep from the fire. a) at Answers 1. The prisoner escaped and got clear away. 2. It took me four hours to clear things up. 3. If the weather clears up, we will go out. 4. His accurate bowling contributed to his teams victory. 5. I cant cope with this huge pile of documents. b) away c) down

6. I dont think that we can count on him. 7. The elephant crashed through the undergrowth. 8. He would finish one book and then go on to the next. 9. The naughty boy grew up to a handsome gentleman. 10. The mother warned the boy to keep away from the fire.

Three word phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences. 1. He dropped school at fourteen. a) out of b) out at c) on at

2. Jane has this nasty habit of breaking our conversation. a) in on b) on in c) on at

3. As I had been traveling, I couldnt catch the news around town. a) up with b) up out c) out on

4. We have employed several people to check the condition of our warehouse from time to time. a) up with b) up on c) out on

5. Can you come a better idea? a) up with b) out with c) out on

6. You must cut your intake of sugar. a) down on b) out on c) down with

7. She doesnt get her siblings. a) along with b) on with c) out with

8. We must do something to get corrupt politicians. a) off b) rid of c) rid off

9. When will you ever get that novel you have been writing for ages? a) away with b) through with c) on with

10. If you dont work hard, you wont be able to keep your peers. a) up with Answers 1. He dropped out of school at fourteen. (drop out of = leave school) 2. Jane has this nasty habit of breaking in on our conversation. (break in on = interrupt) b) through with c) out with

3. As I had been traveling, I couldnt catch up with the news around town. (catch up with = keep abreast) 4. We have employed several people to check up on the condition of our warehouse from time to time. (check up on = examine, investigate) 5. Can you come up with a better idea? (come up with = contribute) 6. You must cut down on your intake of sugar. (cut down on = reduce, curtail) 7. She doesnt get along with her siblings. (get along with = have a good relationship with) 8. We must do something to get rid of corrupt politicians. (get rid of = eliminate) 9. When will you ever get through with that novel you have been writing for ages? (get through with = finish) 10. If you dont work hard, you wont be able to keep up with your peers. (keep up with = maintain pace with)

'Such' dan 'So'

Struktur yang menggunakan 'such' dan 'so' adalah sama dalam makna, tetapi berbeda dalam konstruksi. Perbedaan utama antara dua struktur itu adalah bahwa 'such' mengambil sebuah frasa kata benda, sedangkan 'so' menagmbil kata sifat. 'Such that' 'Such that' mengambil sebuah kata benda atau kata benda yang dimodifikasi dalam sebuah frasa kata benda. 'That' dapat digunakan setelah frasa kata benda tetapi tidak dituntut. such + adjective + noun + (that) Contoh: The recording was such a disappointment that I didn't buy any more from that artist. Rekaman tersebut demikian tidak memuaskan sehingga saya tidak membeli lagi dari artis itu. It was such an expensive car that the didn't buy it. Sedemikian mahal mobil itu sehingga tidak membelinya. 'So that' 'So that' mengambil sebuah kata sifat. 'That' dapat digunakan setelah frasa kata benda tetapi tidak dituntut. So + adjective + (that) Contoh: The game was so fascinating (that) he played for hours. Permainan tersebut begitu mengagumkan (sehingga) ia bermain berjam-jam. Our vacation apartment was so luxurious (that) we didn't want to leave. Apartemen liburan kami demikian mewah (sehingga) kami tidak ingin meninggalkan.

'So' untuk Hasil 'So' juga dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sebuah hasil. Dalam kasus ini 'so' dikuti dengan sebuah anak kalimat/clause penuh: Contoh:

I had a lot of time so I visited the museum. Saya punya banyak waktu sehingga saya mengunjungi museum itu. She wasn't happy in her current position so she looked for a new job. Ia tidak berbahagia dalam posisi-nya barubaru ini sehingga ia mengunci untuk pekerjaan baru.

So and such
Complete the following sentences using so or such. 1. She is . A nice girl. 2. You are .. sweet. 3. It was .. a terrible experience. 4. There was much trouble that we had to call the police. 5. I have never seen much violence in my life. 6. I have never seen . A lovely woman. 7. I have never been under .. much pressure. 8. The news was distressing that I couldnt sleep all night. 9. I didnt buy the watch because it was expensive. 10. I took much time to finish the job. Answers 1. She is such a nice girl. 2. You are so sweet. 3. It was such a terrible experience. 4. There was so much trouble that we had to call the police. 5. I have never seen so much violence in my life. 6. I have never seen such a lovely woman. 7. I have never been under so much pressure. 8. The news was so distressing that I couldnt sleep all night. 9. I didnt buy the watch because it was so expensive. 10. I took so much time to finish the job. Notes So and such are often confused. They can both be used to mean to that extent or that much. So can be followed by an adjective (without a noun) or an adverb. So can also be used before the quantifiers much, many, few and little. We use such before adjective + noun.

Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions are used to show movement to or from a place. For example:to, through, across We use to to show movement with the aim of a specific destination. For example:I moved to Germany in 1998. He's gone to the shops. We use through to show movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other. For example: The train went through the tunnel. We use across to show movement from one side of a surface or line to another. For example: She swam across the river.

Across, over and through worksheet

Complete the following sentences using across, over or through. Hints Across is used to mean on or to the other side of a flat area or surface. Over is used to mean on or to the other side of something high. Over can also be used to talk about ages and speeds, and to mean more than. Through is used for movement in a three dimensional space. 1. The boy jumped the stream. (across / through/ either could be used here) 2. See if you can climb the wall? (across / over / either could be used here) 3. We walked the ice. (across / through / either could be used here) 4. Lets swim the river. (across / over / either could be used here) 5. We walked .. the wood. (across / through / either could be used here)

6. We drove .. the town. (across / through / either could be used here) 7. You cant watch that film if you arent .. 18. (over / through / either could be used here) Answers 1. The boy jumped across the stream. 2. See if you can climb over the wall?

3. We walked across the ice. 4. Lets swim across the river. 5. We walked through the wood. 6. We drove through the town. 7. You cant watch that film if you arent over 18.

"Still" and "Yet" "Again" and "Already" and even "always", are words which often cause trouble for students of English. So let's try and distinguish clearly between them. The problem arises because other languages do not have an equivalent choice of words, and one word covers different meanings; French encore and German noch, for example, can be either "still" or "yet" or "again", and sometimes even "always" or "already" in English. Dictionaries don't always clearly distinguish between the different uses.
1. STILL

Still implies a continuing action, and is generally used in affirmative sentences; for example: A1 The computer is still analysing the data. A2 They were still talking at midnight. The action is continuous, and the verb tense with still in this sense is usually a progressive form, except with be, have and verbs of primary perception, as in A3 I still have that picture you gave me. A4 I can still see him. or when referring to habitual action: A5 She still shops at Sainsbury's. 1b. No longer: STILL is not often found in negative sentences: to avoid confusion, it is usually replaced by no longer (or not ... any more) . Note: "no more" should not be used. The negative versions of examples A1 - A3 could be: B1 The computer is not analysing the data any more B2 They were no longer talking at midnight. B21: but not: They were no more talking at midnight.

B3 I no longer have that picture you gave me. IMPORTANT: When still is used with not, the position of still before or after the "not" is vital for determining the meaning of the sentence!! If still comes before the verb, this does not mean that an action has stopped, but that it has not yet begun. For example: B 31 I still do not have the picture means that I am waiting to receive it, I have not yet received it. However B 32 I do not still have the picture means the same as I no longer have the picture.

TIP: to avoid mistakes, do not use STILL in negative contexts! There are always alternative expressions ! 1c. STILL and ALWAYS: These words are NOT synonymous in English. By using "still", one implies that an action is not permanent, and will be terminated at some moment. By using "always", one implies that an action is permanent and is not likely to be terminated or cease. B 41 He's still waiting for the bus. B 42 He always goes home by bus.
2. YET

Yet normally accompanied by NOT, implies non-commenced action. It is most commonly found in negative statements - but it is not a simple negative equivalent of still. It does not imply discontinued action, i.e. action that has finished. For example: C1. The computer has not yet analysed the data. C4. I can't yet see him (he hasn't appeared). YET is very rare in affirmative statements. However it can be used in affirmative questions: C5 Have you yet seen the new James Bond movie ?

TIP: to avoid mistakes, do not use YET in affirmative statements. 2.1 CONFUSION between STILL and YET. Confusion is easiest in QUESTIONS: the difference between continuing action (still) and incipient (beginning) action (yet) is fundamental. When a person asks a question,

they may not know if an action is commenced, or terminated; the word "yet" leaves this option open, as in example D5. Compare: D1 He's used the new machine for a year now; can he still remember how to use the old one? D2 He's only lived here for a week: has he yet found out where the best pizzeria is? D3 Can you see anything yet? (Open question, meaning "Have you started to see something?") D4 Can you still see anything? (Question meaning: "Is it still visible?") D5 Have you yet had any rain ? (Open question implying "Maybe you have, maybe you have not".)
3 ALREADY

Already implies terminated action. In British English, already is normally used with a present perfect; American speakers often use it with a preterite. Examples; D1 I've already been to London three times. D2 We already went to Chicago twice this year.
4. AGAIN

Again always implies repeated action E1 E2 I went to Paris last week, and I went there again this week. You haven't broken your CD-player again, have you?

RECAPITULATION
Affirmative context (Non)-commenced action Continuing action Terminated action Repeated action still already again Negative context not yet no longer, (not still) no longer again Interrogative context yet still yet / already again

Already, yet and still: grammar exercise

Complete the following sentences using already or yet. 1. She has . arrived. a) already b) yet 2. I have been thinking for hours, but I am . to arrive at a decision. a) already b) yet 3. She is .. seeing Peter. a) already b) still 4. The postman hasnt come a) still b) yet 5. We have . to hear from the tax people. a) yet b) already 6. We are waiting to hear from the tax people. a) yet b) still 7. When I was twelve I .. knew that I wanted to be a doctor. a) still b) already 8. Dont eat those mangoes they arent ripe . a) still b) yet 9. I have been to Scotland. a) already b) yet 10. Have you called the doctor ..? a) yet b) already Answers 1. She has already arrived. 2. I have been thinking for hours but I am yet to arrive at a decision. 3. She is still seeing Peter. 4. The postman hasnt come yet. 5. We have yet to hear from the tax people. 6. We are still waiting to hear from the tax people. 7. When I was twelve I already knew that I wanted to be a doctor.

8. Dont eat those mangoes they arent ripe yet. 9. I have already been to Scotland. 10. Have you called the doctor yet?

Using Since and For

Use since + (a specific time) like March 31, or 9:19 a.m., or Tuesday. Examples: I have been studying English since 1993. John has helped me since 10:00 this morning. Those people have been in Europe since August. Note: Because we are talking about a time in the past until now, we have to use have/has + past participle when we use since. ****** Use for + (a length of time) like 1 day, or 3 hours, or 5 years. Examples: I have been studying English for 4 years. John has helped me for 8 hours. Those people went to Europe for 2 months. Note: It is possible to use the past tense when you use for if the action is finished.

Check Your Understanding

Choose the correct answer. Check your answers below.

1. Leslie has lived here ....... ten years. 2. I haven't seen you ....... last March. 3. We sat and talked ..... 30 minutes. 4. Young-eun studied French ...... nine years. 5. Caroline has been learning Spanish ....... March 1999. 6. We haven't had an earthquake ...... 23 years.

7. I haven't heard from you ........ Saturday. 8. Molly hasn't eaten ........ 7:00 this morning. 9. He played basketball ...... over 20 years. 10. Andre hasn't seen Becky ........ yesterday.

Since and for exercise

These prepositions are very commonly used with the present perfect continuous tense. Note that since is used to say when something started. For is used to say how long it has lasted. It has been raining since morning. (NOT It has been raining for morning.) It has been raining for two hours. (NOT It has been raining since two hours.) I have been waiting since yesterday. I have been waiting for ten hours. Exercise Complete the following sentences using appropriate present perfect continuous tense forms of the verb given in the brackets. The second sentence in each sentence has to be filled in with since or for. 1. He (work) on that computer he came here. 2. She .. (learn) the piano . two months. 3. The men (work) on this project January. 4. That boy (watch) TV .. hours. 5. Ram .. (try) to fix the machine over two hours. Answers 1. He has been working on that computer since he came here. 2. She has been learning the piano for two hours. 3. The men have been working on this project since January. 4. That boy has been watching TV for hours. 5. Ram has been trying to fix the machine for over two hours.