Joanne Jelica F. Manarang Biostatistics Wednesday class Hypothesis testing: One Sample Inference A.

Genetics Ribosomal 5S RNA can be presented as a sequence of 120 nucleotides. Each nucleotide can be represented by one of four characters: A(adenine), G(guanine), C(cytosine), or U(uracil). The characters occur with different probabilities for each person. We wish to test if a new sequence is the same as ribosomal 5S RNA. For this purpose, we replicate the new sequence 100 times and find that there are 60 As in the 20th position. Use a 0.05 level of significance. 1. If the probability of an A in the 20th position is 0.79 in ribosomal 5S RNA, then test the hypothesis that the new sequence is the same as the ribosomal 5S RNA using the critical method. 2. Report a p-value corresponding to your results in problem number 2. 5-step solution 1. H0 P = 0.79 Ha P 0.79 2. Alpha level = 0.05 3. Z-test Stat = -4.66 P-value= 3.09 4. Reject the null hypothesis 5. The evidence shows that the new and original sequences are not the same

Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion Data Null Hypothesis p= Level of Significance Number of Successes Sample Size

0.79 0.05 60 100

Intermediate Calculations Sample Proportion 0.6 Standard Error 0.040730824 Z Test Statistic -4.664771853 Two-Tailed Test Lower Critical Value Upper Critical value p-Value Reject the null hypothesis

-1.959963985 1.959963985 3.0896E-06

Hypothesis Testing: Two sample Inference A. Pharmacology One method for assessing the effectiveness of a drug is to note its concentration in blood and/or urine samples at certain periods of time after giving the drug. Suppose we wish to compare the concentrations of two types of aspirin (types A and B) in urine specimens taken from the same person, 1 hour after he or she has taken the drug. Hence, a specific dosage of either type A or type B aspirin is given at one time and the 1-hour urine concentration is measured. One week later, after the first aspirin has presumably been cleared from the system, the same dosage of the other aspirin is given to the same person and the 1-hour urine concentration is noted. Because the order of giving the drugs may affect the results, a table of random numbers is used to decide which of the two types of aspirin to give first. This experiment is performed on 10 people; results are given below: PERSONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MEAN S.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. Aspirin A 1-hour concentration (mg%) 15 26 13 28 17 20 7 36 12 18 19.20 8.63 Aspirin B 1-hour concentration (mg%) 13 20 10 21 17 22 5 30 7 11 15.60 7.78

What are the appropriate hypotheses? What are the appropriate procedures to test these hypotheses? Conduct the test measure necessary for the problem mentioned. Suppose an alpha level of 0.05 is used for the test. What is the relationship between the decisions reached with the test procedure in number 3? 5. Give the inference. 5 step solution 1. H0 = Aspirin A = Aspirin B Ha = Aspirin A Aspirin B 2. Alpha level = 0.05 3. Z-test = 0.98 4. Accept the null hypothesis. 5. Evidence show that Aspirin A and Aspirin have the same concentration after 1 hour urine sample.

Aspirin A Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count 19.2 2.727636339 17.5 #N/A 8.625543461 74.4 0.173366794 0.697789911 29 7 36 192 10

Aspirin B Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count 15.6 2.459449 15 #N/A 7.77746 60.48889 -0.4336 0.406207 25 5 30 156 10

Hypothesized Difference Level of Significance Population 1 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Population 2 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom Population 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom Total Degrees of Freedom Pooled Variance Difference in Sample Means t-Test Statistic Two-Tailed Test Lower Critical Value Upper Critical Value p-Value Do not reject the null hypothesis

0 0.05 10 19.2 8.63 10 15.6 7.78

9 9 18 67.50265 3.6 0.979776665

-2.10092204 2.10092204 0.340182512

z-Test: Two Sample for Means Variable 2 15.6 60.5 10

Mean Known Variance Observations Hypothesized Mean Difference z P(Z<=z) one-tail z Critical one-tail P(Z<=z) two-tail z Critical two-tail

Variable 1 19.2 74.4 10 0 0.980158986 0.163503823 1.644853627 0.327007646 1.959963985