Magnetism

Rocks that could a-ract or push each other were found in ancient 5mes near the Greek region of Magnesia Proper5es of magne5te ore also known to ancient Chinese Peter Peregrinus On the magnet (1269) William Gilbert De Magnete (1600) Hans Oersted demonstrates magne5sm is related to electricity (1820) James Maxwell develops electromagne5c theory
Publishes A Trea'se on Electricity and Magne'sm in 1873
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Magnetic ,ield patterns

Magne5c elds are produced by
Electric currents owing through conductors (electro-magnets) Permanent magnets

The direc5on of a magne5c eld is the direc5on of the force on a north pole if placed in the eld

Magnetic ,ield of the Earth

Tilted by 11.5 degrees from direc5on of spin axis

Note that the magne5c pole of the earth close to the geographic North Pole is actually a south magne5c pole!

Magne5c eld of the Earth varies over long 5mescales

Magnetic ,ield of the Earth

Caused by electric currents inside the molten iron core of the Earth

Magnetic ,ields from current- carrying wires

Current owing through a wire produces a magne5c eld Stronger currents produce stronger magne5c elds

Direc5on of the eld lines depends on direc5on of current ow (use right-hand corkscrew rule)

Solenoid
A solenoid is a long cylindrical coil When current ows through wire, the magne5c eld inside the solenoid is uniform Solenoid behaves like a bar-magnet The strength of the magne5c eld can be increased by increasing the current Direc5on of the eld given by right-hand rule

Magnetic ,ield strength

Magne5c eld strength (=ux density) B The force on a current-carrying wire perpendicular to the eld lines of a uniform magne5c eld is
Propor5onal to the current I Propor5onal to the length of the wire L

Deni&on: The magne5c eld strength B is the force ac5ng per unit current in a wire of unit length when the wire is perpendicular to the magne5c eld lines Unit: Tesla (T) = N m-1 A-1

Magnetic ,ield strength

F B= IL
B = magne5c eld strength (T) F = force on a wire perpendicular to the eld lines (N) I = current (A) Flemings L = length of wire (m) Le.-hand
B F L I 8

rule

F = BIL

Magnetic ,ield strength

F B= IL
B = magne5c eld strength (T) F = force on a wire perpendicular to the eld lines (N) I = current (A) L = length of wire (m)
B L I l I B I 9 B

F = BIL

F = BIL sin

F=0

Remember these points

1. When a current carrying conduc5ng wire is turned in a uniform magne5c eld of ux density B un5l no force is ac5ng on it, then the wire points in the direc5on of B 2. When a straight conduc5ng wire of length L carrying a current I is placed perpendicular to a uniform eld and a force F acts on the wire, then the magnitude B of the F magne5c eld strength (ux density) is dened as B = IL 3. B is a vector. So its component in a direc5on at an angle to B is Bcos() 4. The direc5on of the force ac5ng on the wire can be found by using Flemings Led-hand rule

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Motors
d X S N F W I Z Y F

Torque on coil (90):

C = BANI
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Motors

Torque on coil (90): Torque on coil ():

C = BANI

C = BANI cos( )

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Charged particles in magnetic ,ields

Charges moving through a magne5c eld experience a force due to the presence of the eld F
B +Q v F +Q B v

F = BvQ

F = BvQsin
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Field in a solenoid
The magne5c eld of a solenoid carrying a current is
Propor5onal to the current Propor5onal to the number of turns per meter

Magne5c eld strength given by 0 = 4x10-7 H m-1 (magne5c eld constant) Unit of 0 : Henry per meter

IN B = 0 l
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Field near a long straight wire

How does the eld strength vary with distance from the wire? Magne5c eld strength
Propor5onal to I Propor5onal to 1/r
B=

Ampere derived

0 I B= 2 r
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De,inition of the Ampere

We can now dene the Ampere Two current carrying wires placed in parallel will:
A-ract if the currents ow in the same direc5on Repel is the currents ow in opposite direc5ons

Magne5c eld strength produced by wire Y at X:

0 I y B= 2 d
Force on length L of wire X:
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0 I y I x L F = BI x L = 2 d

De,inition of the Ampere

We can now dene the Ampere Two current carrying wires placed in parallel will:
A-ract if the currents ow in the same direc5on Repel if the currents ow in opposite direc5ons

One Ampere is dened as the current in two innitely long straight wires 1m apart in a vacuum which produces a force of 2x10-7 N/m on each wire.

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To Do
Read chapter 14 from the book [p.257-p.272 Magne5c elds]
Do not read sec5on 14.6

Assignment wk3: Prac&cal this Wednesday!

Where? Physics labs (G.O. Jones 2nd oor) When? Wednesday 23rd between 1-5pm (make sure you go at the right 5me)

Hand it in no later than 4:00pm next Wednesday (30th of Jan) - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED

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