The English Verb

VERONA POPA
THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN & PRACTISE! -
CRAIOVA 2011
ISBN 978-973-0-11274-0
THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!
CONTENTS
THE INDICATIVE MOOD ............................................................................................................................................. 5 PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................................ 6
EXERCISE 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 7 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 EXERCISE 8 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 EXERCISE 9 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXERCISE 10 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXERCISE 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 EXERCISE 12 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 EXERCISE 13 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 14 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 15 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 16 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 EXERCISE 17 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 EXERCISE 18 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 EXERCISE 19 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 EXERCISE 20 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 EXERCISE 21 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 22 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 23 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 24 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 EXERCISE 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 EXERCISE 26 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 EXERCISE 27 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 28 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 29 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 30 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 EXERCISE 31 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 32 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 33 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 34 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 EXERCISE 35 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 EXERCISE 36 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 EXERCISE 37 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 EXERCISE 38 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 EXERCISE 39 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 EXERCISE 40 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 EXERCISE 41 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 EXERCISE 42 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 EXERCISE 43 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 EXERCISE 44 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 EXERCISE 45 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 EXERCISE 46 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 EXERCISE 47 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 EXERCISE 48 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 EXERCISE 49 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 EXERCISE 50 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 EXERCISE 51 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 EXERCISE 52 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 EXERCISE 53 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 EXERCISE 54 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 EXERCISE 55 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 EXERCISE 56 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 EXERCISE 57 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .............................................................................................................................. 14
VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT ..................................................................... 19 PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 20 PAST TENSE SIMPLE .................................................................................................................................................. 24
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS...................................................................................................................................... 32
PAST TENSE SIMPLE AND PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................................... 36
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ..................................................................................................................................... 39
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................................................................................................................... 44
PAST TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS ......................................................................... 48 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................................. 50
THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE! PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................. 54
EXERCISE 58 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 EXERCISE 59 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 EXERCISE 60 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 EXERCISE 61 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 EXERCISE 62 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 EXERCISE 63 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 EXERCISE 64 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 EXERCISE 65 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 EXERCISE 66 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 EXERCISE 67 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 EXERCISE 68 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 EXERCISE 69 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 EXERCISE 70 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 EXERCISE 71 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 EXERCISE 72 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 EXERCISE 73 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 EXERCISE 74 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 EXERCISE 75 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 EXERCISE 76 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 EXERCISE 77 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 EXERCISE 78 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 EXERCISE 79 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 81 EXERCISE 80 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 EXERCISE 81 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 EXERCISE 82 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 EXERCISE 83 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 EXERCISE 84 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 EXERCISE 85 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 EXERCISE 86 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 EXERCISE 87 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 100 EXERCISE 88 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 101 EXERCISE 89 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 EXERCISE 90 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 EXERCISE 91 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 103 EXERCISE 92 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 104 EXERCISE 93 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 105 EXERCISE 94 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 106 EXERCISE 95 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 107 EXERCISE 96 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 111 EXERCISE 97 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 115 EXERCISE 98 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 117 EXERCISE 99 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 120 EXERCISE 100 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121
FUTURE TIME .............................................................................................................................................................. 58 1. SIMPLE FUTURE ............................................................................................................................................... 58 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................... 59 TO BE GOING TO............................................................................................................................................... 61 FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................. 62 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................. 63 FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST ..................................................................................................................................... 64 PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................... 65 PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................................................................... 66 PRESENT PERFECT ........................................................................................................................................... 67
10. PAST TENSE SIMPLE ........................................................................................................................................ 67 11. PAST PERFECT .................................................................................................................................................. 68 12. TO BE ABOUT TO.............................................................................................................................................. 69 TO BE TO ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70 FUTURE TENSES GENERAL EXERCISES ........................................................................................................... 71 MODAL VERBS ........................................................................................................................................................... 75
THE PASSIVE VOICE.................................................................................................................................................. 87 CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)............................................................................................. 96
IF CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................................................... 98
WISHES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105 QUESTION TAGS....................................................................................................................................................... 107 INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH ........................................................................................................................... 109
INVERSIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 119 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS ................................................................................................................................. 122 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 125
THE INDICATIVE MOOD

PRESENT TENSE: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PAST TENSE: FUTURE TENSE: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS THE NEGATIVE FORM: Sb. + auxiliary/modal verb + NOT + verb THE INTERROGATIVE FORM: (Wh-word +) Auxiliary/Modal verb + Sb. + Verb ?
CONTINUOUS = TO BE (the tense is that before the word continuous) + Vb-ing.
PERFECT = TO HAVE (the tense is that before the word perfect) + f3 (past participle)
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PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

- the affirmative form: - IIIrd person sg. She dresses nicely. Sb. + vb. + S/ES Ea se mbrac frumos. He works in a big hospital. El lucreaz ntr-un spital mare. - the other persons I go to school every day. Sb. + vb. Eu merg la coal n fiecare zi. They give me good advice. Ei mi dau sfaturi bune. Note: The majority of the verbs add s in the third person singular. They receive es when they end in: a. s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch (in this case, the ending es is pronounced [iz]); to kiss he kisses to buzz it buzzes to mix she mixes to wash he washes to watch she watches b. o to go he goes [guz] to do he does [dz] c. y preceded by a consonant, -y becomes i + es. to fly he flies Note: If y is preceded by a vowel, we add s, following the general rule. to stay he stays - the negative form: - IIIrd person sg. He does not dance well. Sb.+ DOES + NOT + vb. El nu danseaz bine. Sb.+ DOESNT + vb. She doesnt like sweets. Ei nu i plac dulciurile. - the other persons Sb.+ DO + NOT + vb. Sb.+ DONT + vb. You do not swim. Tu nu noi. We dont skate well. Noi nu patinm bine.
- the interrogative form: - IIIrd person sg. Does it rain every day? DOES + Sb. + vb. Plou n fiecare zi? Yes it does. No, it doesnt. - the other persons DO + Sb. + vb. - short answers:
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Do we meet him every week? Ne ntlnim cu el spmnal? Yes, we do. No, we dont.
AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + DO/DOES NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + DONT/DOESNT Pronunciation of the (E)S ending: a. [s] if the verb ends in: [f], [k], [p], [t]; b. [iz] if the verb ends in: [s], [z], [t], [d], [z]; c. [z] after other sounds. USES: Present Tense Simple is used: 1. to express a permanent, habitual, frequent, repeated action, indicated by adverbs such as: always = ntotdeauna every day/week/month/year ... = n fiecare zi/sptman/lun/an ... generally (speaking) = n general usually = de obicei often = adeseori never = niciodat on Sundays ... = duminica (n fiecare duminic) sometimes = uneori frequently = adeseori rarely/seldom = rareori once a week ... = o dat pe sptman twice a month = de dou ori pe lun e.g. We go to church on Sundays. I usually go shopping on Friday afternoons. I live in a big city. He never gets up late. She teaches French.
2. to express general truths or characteristics: e.g. Water boils at 1000 C. A tailor makes clothes. 3. in demonstrations, sports commentaries, stage directions, proverbs/sayings, to introduce quotations. e.g. Now I put the sugar and then I add the flour. ... passes to Ronaldo and he scores another goal. (She opens the back door.) Workers continue strike. One flower doesnt make a garland. She says: I have always liked Athens. 4. to express officially planned future actions: e.g. The President visits France next week. 5. in timetables, fixed programmes: e.g. The plane takes off at 7 oclock tomorrow morning. in headlines, in
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6. in temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, till, until, before, as soon as, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. I will call you when I get home. Call me when you get home. 7. in conditional clauses (after words such as: if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. We will be late if we dont hurry. 8. instead of past tense to tell a story, in order to make it more vivid: e.g. And when I get there, what do I see?
Exercise 1 Write these verbs in the third person singular. Pay attention to their spelling and to their pronunciation. 17. dry 9. go 1. rink 18. buy 10. study 2. wash 19. kiss 11. fly 3. brush 20. mix 12. stay 4. eat 21. help 13. read 5. sleep 22. come 14. stop 6. enjoy 23. match 15. buzz 7. hurry 24. laugh 16. get 8. do
Exercise 2 How do you pronounce these verbs in the third person singular? Arrange them under the three headings. [s] [z] [iz]
Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with s or es if they are necessary. 1. I like__ coffee. 2. My sister like__ tea.
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3. We go__ to school in the afternoon. 4. My sister go__ to school in the morning. 5. The bus stop__ at the traffic lights. 6. All means of transport stop__ at the traffic lights. 7. Mark watch__ TV in the evening. 8. I dress__ before breakfast. 9. My sister dress__ after breakfast. 10. Alice do__ her homework in the evening.
Exercise 4 Give the correct form of the present tense for the verb in parentheses. 1. She (read) .......................... the newspaper every morning. 2. They (come) .......................... to work by underground. 3. I (walk) ............................ to school. 4. You and I (play) ............................. chess every Saturday afternoon. 5. Helen (work) ................................... very hard. 6. Mr. Smith (work) ........................... very hard too. 7. He always (try) ........................... to impress people. 8. She (speak) ........................... five foreign languages. 9. Pat (go) ........................ to the park twice a week. 10. He (brush) ........................... his teeth twice a day.
Exercise 5 Fill in with do or does. 1. ...... you speak English? 2. ...... Lucy clean the blackboard? 3. ...... father work in a factory? 4. ...... I go there every morning? 5. ...... we help mother at home? 6. ...... you read French books? 7. ...... children like fruit? 8. ...... you live in a village? 9. ...... the girl eat in the dining-room? 10. ...... we walk in the park?
Exercise 6 Turn the following sentences into the interrogative. 1. We live in a big flat. 2. Albert does a lot of exercises. 3. I work hard at my office. 4. You go to bed late.
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5. My new neighbour greets me in the morning. 6. We like story books. 7. You cook in the evening. 8. I know very many stories. 9. We help mother in the kitchen. 10. Susan dresses beautifully.
Exercise 7 Change the following statements to questions and give short answers as indicated. 1. Patricia goes to class twice a week. (yes) 2. They enjoy their cooking lessons. (yes) 3. It looks like rain. (no) 4. He drives to Bucharest once a week. (no) 5. He seems to be very busy. (yes) 6. This house belongs to her. (yes) 7. He likes New York. (yes) 8. You speak French well. (no) 9. He often goes out of town. (no) 10. He eats a lot of vegetables. (yes)
Exercise 8 Ask questions using WH-words so that the underlined words are the answers. 1. They live in Brasov. 2. The film begins at 8 oclock. 3. He travels to work by car. 4. Those books cost $10. 5. He visits his parents once a week.
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6. Francine wants to learn English in order to get a better job. 7. We learn ten new words every day. 8. They eat lunch in the cafeteria. 9. She teaches us English. 10. Paul gets up at 7 oclock every morning.
Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with dont or doesnt. 1. We ........................ live in a village. 2. Mother ........................ cook in the living-room. 3. You ........................ go to school in the evening. 4. We ........................ plant trees in winter. 5. I ........................ speak French. 6. Jack ........................ go to the theatre on Monday. 7. You ........................ write many letters. 8. They ........................ draw the map of England. 9. Father ........................ come home late. 10. I ........................ want to go there now.
Exercise 10 Turn the following sentences into the negative. 1. You plant trees in the front garden. 2. It rains heavily in summer. 3. I leave home very late. 4. We read many books. 5. These girls walk to school. 6. My brother speaks Chinese. 7. We quarrel with them every day. 8. I repair cars. 9. We do a lot of exercises at school. 10. Harry plays chess very well.
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Exercise 11 Make the sentences negative. 1. I speak English. (German) 2. He collects stamps. (coins) 3. I like tea. (coffee) 4. Mr. Smith teaches English. (French) 5. He understands French. (Chinese) 6. I visit my friends on Sunday. (on Saturday) 7. Paul watches films. (plays) 8. They study geography. (history) 9. He likes rock music. (pop music) 10. She writes e-mails. (letters)
Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences, turn them into the negative and the interrogative forms. Then give short affirmative and negative answers. e.g. Ei doresc s-i vorbeasc. They want to speak to you. They dont want to speak to you. Do they want to speak to you? Yes, they do. No, they dont. 1. Un autobuz trece pe lng casa mea la fiecare or.
2. Ele o ajut pe mama lor.
3. Te uii prea mult la televizor.
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4. Ea spal podeaua n fiecare zi.
5. mi place ngheata.
6. El pleac la serviciu la ora 8 dimineaa.
7. Ea se mbrac foarte bine.
8. Ei par tineri.
9. Impozitele cresc n fiecare an.
10. Cinele mnnc oase.
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PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

- the affirmative form: Sb.+ TO BE + Vb-ing Sb.+ AM/ARE/IS + Vb-ing Sb.(=pron.) + M/RE/S + Vb-ing I am eating. Eu mnnc. You are dancing. Tu dansezi. He is sleeping. El doarme. Theyre writing. Ei scriu. I am not eating. Im not eating. Eu nu mnnc. Theyre not sleeping. Ei nu dorm. He isnt drinking. El nu bea. Am I singing well? Cnt bine? Are we dreaming? Vism? Is she watching TV? Se uit la televizor?
- the negative form: Sb.+ TO BE NOT + Vb-ing Sb. + AM NOT/ARE NOT/ IS NOT + Vb-ing Sb. + M NOT/RE NOT/S NOT + Vb-ing Sb.+ -/ARENT/ISNT + Vb-ing
- the interrogative form: TO BE + Sb.+ Vb-ing AM/ARE/IS + Sb. + Vb-ing
-short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (=pronoun) + AM/IS/ARE NEG: No, Sb. (=pronoun) + M NOT/ARENT/ISNT THE ING FORM (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) 1. Verbs ending in silent e, drop final e before ing. e.g. make making take taking Note: only silent e is dropped before ing. e.g. be being see seeing agree agreeing disagree disagreeing 2. Verbs ending in ie change these letters into y before ing. e.g. die dying lie - lying
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3. Verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, double the last consonant before ing. e.g. get getting stop stopping refer referring but: enter- entering (because the stressed vowel is the first e) Note: Verbs ending in y, keep this final y before ing, whether it is preceded by a consonant or a vowel. e.g. stay staying cry crying USES: Present Tense Continuous is used: 1. to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking, indicated by words such as: now = acum right now = chiar acum just = tocmai at present = n prezent at the moment (of speaking) = n momentul vorbirii Look! = Uite! Listen! = Ascult! e.g. It is raining. I am wearing a raincoat. He is doing his homework now. Listen! The birds are singing beautifully.
2. to express a temporary/limited action or behaviour, usually indicated by adverbs such as: today = astzi this morning/week/month/year ... = n aceast diminea/ sptmn/lun/an ... e.g. He usually teaches English but this week he is teaching French. Why are you being so rude today?
3. to express personal future arrangements: e.g. My cousin is coming next week. Were going to the cinema tonight.
4. to express an annoying repeated action (indicated by: always, frequently, constantly, continually): e.g. She is always complaining about her homework. You are always beating me at chess.
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Exercise 13 Write the ing form of the following verbs. 8. travel 1. live 9. put 2. cut 10. play 3. read 11. die 4. drink 12. tie 5. stop 13. stay 6. prefer 14. fly 7. cancel
15. begin 16. omit 17. nod 18. plan 19. carry 20. make
Exercise 14 Complete the following sentences with the Present Tense Continuous form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. They (wait) .................................. for us outside the cinema. Listen! I think the telephone (ring) ............................................... I see that you (wear) ........................................... your new dress today. Look! It (begin) ........................................... to rain. Listen! Someone (knock) ............................................... at the door. Please be quiet! The baby (sleep) ................................................. John (have) ........................................ lunch now. Listen! Thats Eve who (play) ................................... the piano. All the big stores (have) ............................................... sales this month. We (write) ........................................... an exercise right now.
Exercise 15 Change the following sentences from affirmative to interrogative and negative. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The telephone is ringing. It is beginning to rain. The sky is getting very dark. She is working in her office. The maid is cleaning the room now. They are taking a walk in the park. You are having lunch outside. The children are laughing at the clown. I am taking dancing lessons.
10. The leaves are beginning to fall from the trees.

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Exercise 16 Make comments on the sentences below. What are these people doing? 1. Mother is in the kitchen. 2. Father is in the garage. 3. Grandfather is in the garden. 4. The children are in the park. 5. Jane is in her room. She is at her desk. 6. Mr. Smith is in the office. 7. The singer is on the stage. 8. Mr. Brown is in the car. 9. My brother is in bed. 10. All the family are at table.
Exercise 17 Ask questions using the words in parentheses and give short answers as indicated. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Dan is studying English. (his friends yes) Im listening to music. (you yes) Mother is washing up. (Betty no) We are playing. (they yes) Mother is cleaning the house for the holidays. (the neighbours yes) The farmer is working. (his wife yes) We are going to the cinema. (you no) Nick is watching TV. (his friend yes) John is taking a difficult exam. (Diana no)
10. John is doing his homework. (you yes)
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Exercise 18 Translate the following sentences, then turn them into the negative and the interrogative forms. Then give short affirmative and negative answers. e.g. Dl. Martin citete ziarul. Mr. Martin is reading the newspaper. Mr. Martin isnt reading the newspaper. Is Mr. Martin reading the newspaper? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. 1. Tom i Alice se uit la televizor.
2. Mama spal vasele.
3. Copiii dorm.
4. Iau cina cu Susan n seara asta.
5. Acest plan funcioneaz.
6. Margaret scrie o scrisoare.
7. Tom ntotdeauna mi d sfaturi proaste.
8. Sptmna viitoare tata se duce la Londra cu avionul.
9. Plou.
10. Spectacolul tocmai ncepe.
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VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT

1. Verbs of perception: TO SEE, TO HEAR, TO SMELL, TO TASTE, TO FEEL, TO SOUND, TO LOOK, TO APPEAR: e.g. I (can) see a bird in the sky. I (can) hear a strange noise. The verbs TO SEE and TO HEAR can be used in the Continuous Aspect if they have different meanings: e.g. I am seeing my lawyer this afternoon. (M ntlnesc cu avocatul meu ....) The judge is hearing the witnesses. (Judectorul audiaz martorii.) The verbs TO SMELL, TO TASTE and TO FEEL can be used in the Continuous Aspect if the subject performs the action deliberately: e.g. I am smelling this rose. (Miros acest trandafir.) What does this rose smell like? (Cum miroase acest trandafir?) 2. Verbs of mental activity: AGREE, BELIEVE, CONSIDER, DISAGREE, EXPECT (a crede), FORGET, FORGIVE, IMAGINE, KNOW, MATTER, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER, RESEMBLE, SEEM, SUPPOSE, THINK (a crede), UNDERSTAND, etc. e.g. I think it is going to rain. I understand now.
Note: Some of these verbs can be used in the Continuous Aspect if they have different meanings: e.g. I think you are right. (Cred c ai dreptate.) Im thinking of leaving the country. (M gndesc s plec din ar.) I imagine hes coming. (Cred c o s vin.) You are imagining things. (Ai vedenii.) 3. Verbs expressing possession: TO HAVE, TO BELONG TO, TO PERTAIN TO, TO OWE, TO OWN, TO POSSESS: e.g. He has a lovely house. This book belongs to me.
Note: The verb TO HAVE can be used in the Continuous Aspect if it has different meanings: e.g. I am having dinner with Tom tonight. (Iau cina cu Tom ...) He is having a bath. (Face baie.) They are having a wonderful time. (Se distreaz de minune.) 4. Verbs expressing feelings: TO LOVE, TO HATE, TO LIKE, TO DISLIKE, TO WANT, TO WISH, TO PREFER, TO REGRET, etc. e.g. I love icecream. I want to go home now. I regret telling you that. I prefer fruit to cakes.
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PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS
Exercise 19 Put the verbs in brackets into the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense. 1. 2. 3. 4. They (want) .............................. to talk to you for a minute. He (walk) .............................. to work every day, but today he (ride) .............................. his new bike. She (move) .............................. her dishes into her new cupboard. Sam usually (speak) .............................. his mother tongue, but today he (speak) .............................. French because he (translate) .............................. for some foreign tourists. These tourists (come) .............................. from Switzerland and they (speak) .............................. French and German, but Sam (not know) .............................. German. (you, drink) .............................. tea with milk in your country? (you, understand) .............................. the present tenses in English? Yes, I (understand) .............................. them quite well now, thank you. Listen! Jack (play) .............................. the piano. Yes, I (love) .............................. it; he (play) ........................... the piano like a professional musician. You can't speak to Mary now; she (have) .............................. a bath and she (not like) .............................. to be disturbed. I (not hear) .............................. what you (say) ..............................; speak louder. I (wear) .............................. a raincoat because it (rain) .............................. We (spend) .............................. next week with our friends from Brasov; we (climb) .............................. the mountains with them. (you, go) .............................. to town this afternoon? Yes, I (meet) .............................. my friends. I am your sister, you never (spend) .............................. time with me at the weekend! You always (meet) .......................... your friends! My cousin from Cluj (come) .............................. to see us next month. Why (you, be) .............................. so rude? You (usually, not behave) .............................. like that. She (always, complain) .............................. about something or somebody! I (go) .............................. out to get the evening paper. (you, come) .............................. with me? (this bag, belong) .............................. to you? Yes, I (own) .............................. it. You (always, beat) .............................. me at chess! I must go, my friends (wait) .............................. for me. I (feel) .............................. this material to see if it silk or not. What (it, feel) ..............................? It (feel) .............................. like lace. I (have) .............................. my house painted. I (have) .............................. my house painted every two years. (you, come) .............................. to the party? I (depend) .............................. on you. I (not know) .............................. It (depend) .............................. on my schedule.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24. He usually (drink) .............................. tea but today he (drink) .............................. coffee because he (feel) .............................. really tired. 25. What (she, do) .............................. in the evenings? She usually (read) .............................. a book or (watch) .............................. films on TV. 26. What (she, do) .............................. this evening? She (prepare) .............................. for a very important examination. 27. I wont go out now as it (rain) .............................. and I (not have) .............................. an umbrella. 28. The last bus (leave) .............................. at midnight. 29. He usually (speak) .............................. so quickly that I (not understand) .............................. him. But today he (speak) .............................. loudly and clearly. 30. What (you, look) .............................. at? I (look) .............................. at that flower. It (look) .............................. so nice! 31. What (you, do) .............................. now? I (smell) .............................. that flower. It (smell) .............................. nice too. 32. Ann (make) .............................. a cake at the moment. She (make) .............................. a cake every Friday afternoon. 33. I (wear) .............................. a hat today because the sun (shine) .............................. very brightly. It always (shine) .............................. brightly in July. 34. Tim cant have the newspaper now because his sister (read) .............................. it. 35. Im busy at the moment. I (redecorate) .............................. the sitting-room. 36. The water (boil) .............................. now. Water (boil) .............................. at 1000C. 37. How (you, get) .............................. to school as a rule? I usually (go) .............................. by car but tomorrow I (go) .............................. by bus because I (have) .............................. my car repaired. 38. How much (this house, cost) ..............................? It (cost) .............................. 80,000. Thats a lot. Houses (cost) .............................. more and more every year. 39. He (admit) .............................. that I may have a point but he still (not agree) .............................. with me. 40. Chris and Jake (have) .............................. a heated debate. I (wonder) .............................. what they (argue) .............................. about. 41. You should exercise more. You (get) .............................. fat. 42. The train that you (look) .............................. at (just, leave) .............................. the station. 43. Who (this car, belong to) ..............................? It (belong) .............................. to my new neighbour but I (not remember) .............................. his name. In fact I think I (not even recognize) .............................. him. Then how (you know) .............................. this (be) .............................. his car? I (not know) .............................. ; I (just kid) .............................. 44. (you, mind) .............................. if I ask you for a loan? The (depend) .............................. on the sum. Dont let me down. I (depend) .............................. on you. 45. The children are in the kitchen; they (eat) .............................. icecream because they (like) .............................. icecream very much.
Exercise 20 Translate into English. 1. Ce prere ai de noul lui roman? Cred c este destul de bun. Sunt de acord cu tine, dar sper c romanul pe care l scrie acum este mai bun.
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2. 3.
Ct cost acest calculator? Cost 100. l cumpr. Auzi picturile de ploaie cum bat la geam? Bate vntul, nu plou.
4. Niciodat nu eti atent la ceea ce spun eu. ntotdeauna te gndeti la altceva n timp ce eu vorbesc.
5. Ce faci? M uit la un film. Despre ce este? Despre un brbat care i prsete familia i locuiete pe o insul pustie.
6. Profesorul explic lecia nou, dar niciun elev nu nelege despre ce vorbete. John se uit pe fereastr, Mary deseneaz, iar restul elevilor se prefac doar c ascult.
7. La ce or iei micul dejun? De obicei mnnc la ora apte, dar sptmna asta iau micul dejun la opt pentru c ncep serviciul la ora nou.
8. Cnd cortina se ridic vedem un grup de femei. Un brbat deschide ua din dreapta i apare pe scen. 9. De ce vorbeti aa de repede? Nu neleg nimic din ce spui.
10. Cinele d din coad. Cred c vrea afar. l scoi tu? 11. Sunt groaznic de rcit: tuesc, strnut i mi curge nasul. Trebuie s mergi la doctor. M programez n dup-amiaza asta.
12. O recunoti pe femeia aceea care poart o rochie roie? Da, locuiete pe strada mea. Ci ani are? Are 50 de ani, dar arat mult mai tnr, nu-i aa?
13. De ce calci pe iarba, nu vezi pancarta? Ba da, o vd, dar nu pot s citesc pentru c nu port ochelarii. Ce spune? Zice: Nu clcai pe iarb.
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14. Tom niciodat nu face nicio treab n cas, ntotdeauna repar maina. M ntreb ce face acum. Cred c o lustruiete.
15. Ai nevoie de un alt pulover sau i este destul de cald? Nu, nu mi este cald. De fapt, nghe. 16. Te superi dac i pun o ntrebare? Depinde de ntrebare. Are legtur cu salariul tu. Refuz s rspund la orice ntrebare despre salariul meu.
17. mi place la nebuie fiecare clip a acestei vacane! 18. ntotdeaun mprumut bani de la mine, dar tot timpul uit s mi-i napoieze! 19. Ct timp scuteti dac o iei pe aceast scurttur? Nu conteaz foarte mult ce drum alegi. 20. Strng nite bani pentru c vreau s mi petrec vacana de var n Corfu. 21. Am programare la dentist mine. Ursc s merg la dentist. 22. De ce ari att de deprimat? Mi-am pierdut slujba i acum sunt n somaj. 23. De ce nu ncepe spectacolul? ncep s-mi pierd rbdarea. 24. Iat itinerariul nostru: plecm pe data de 10, ajungem n Londra pe 11, stm acolo trei zile, apoi pornim spre Paris. Ne ntoarcem pe data de 15. Sun foarte interesant.
25. Aceast poveste este despre o fat care se rtcete n pdure. Trei uri o gsesc, dar fata se sperie i fuge. Din fericire, ea reueste s gseasc drumul spre cas. Mama ei este foarte fericit cnd o vede din nou.
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PAST TENSE SIMPLE

- the affirmative form: regular verbs: Vb. + ED irregular verbs: a specific form - the negative form: Sb. + DID NOT + vb. (inf.) Sb. + DIDNT + vb. (inf.) - the interrogative form: DID + Sb. + vb. (inf.) I worked hard yesterday. Am muncit mult ieri. We gave him a book. I-am dat o carte. They did not visit us. Nu ne-au vizitat. He didnt see us. Nu ne-a vzut. Did he tell you the truth? i-a spus adevrul?
- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + DID NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + DIDNT REGULAR VERBS: 1. Verbs ending in e add only d. e.g arrive arrived hope hoped 2. Verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant change y into i before ed. (if y is preceded by a vowel, we just add ed). e.g. cry cried try tried but: stay stayed enjoy enjoyed 3. Verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, double the last consonant before ed. e.g. to stop stopped to prefer preferred Note: The final consonant is not doubled if the preceding vowel is not stressed). to listen listened Exceptions: to kidnap kidnapped to handicap handicapped 4. Verbs ending in c, add k before ed. to panic panicked to picnic picnicked
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PRONUNCIATION OF THE ED ENDING: a. [id] when the verb ends in: [t] or [d]; e.g. wanted, needed b. [t] when the verb ends in [k], [s], [t], [], [f], [p]; e.g. hoped, asked, washed c. [d] after other sounds e.g. arrived, stayed
IRREGULAR VERBS: see the list of irregular verbs (Annex 1) USES: Past Tense Simple is used: 1. for actions completed in the past at a definite time (whether the time is mentioned/asked about or not mentioned but understood from the context): e.g. Lucy arrived at 6 oclock. What did Shakespeare write? He wrote plays and sonnets. When I lived in France, I worked in a restaurant. 2. when there is a sequence of past events (narrative use): e.g. The man entered the room, turned on the TV and watched TV for a few hours. 3. to continue a piece of news/answer a question in the present perfect: e.g. A lion has escaped from the zoo. The search team found it in a park nearby. Fortunately, no one was injured. Have you found the letter? Yes, I found it in the drawer of my desk. 4. after: the verb WISH, ITS (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME, I WOULD (ID) RATHER (with two different subjects), IF ONLY, AS IF/THOUGH to express a regret/desire about the present or the future. Note: With the verb TO BE, we use the form WERE for all the persons. e.g. I wish he were here. Id rather go home. (one subject) Id rather you went home. (two subjects)
5. to express a past habit or a repeated action in the past: e.g. Grandmother told the children a story every night. 6. In Indirect Speech to replace a Present Tense from Direct Speech: e.g. We like English very much, the children said. The children said that they liked English very much.
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7. In Conditional Clauses (IInd type): e.g. I would help you if I knew how. 8. To express a future action, in a time clause, which is simultaneous with another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me when he had the time. PAST HABITS USED TO / WOULD to describe past habits that no longer happen in the present or now happen with more or less frequency. e.g. I used to walk to work, now I drive. I would walk to work, now I drive. Notes: 1. The negative of USED TO is: DIDNT USE TO. e.g. Supermarkets didnt use to be open at night. 2. The interrogative of DIDN USE TO is DID + SB + USE TO ? e.g. How did you use to go to school? 3. USED TO can be used with both action and state verbs, whereas WOULD is used only with action verbs. e.g. I used to love being a doctor. * I would love being a doctor. * (incorrect) I used to run every day. I would run every day. 4. Dont confuse USED TO + infinitive (which expresses a past habit) with BE/GET USED TO + VB + ING which means be/become accustomed to e.g. I used to walk to work. (There was a time when I went to work on foot.) I am not used to walking to work. (I am not accustomed to it.)
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Exercise 21 Write the past tense form of the following regular verbs. Put them in the correct column and read them out. want stop look stay enjoy visit add skate change snow walk drop try play attend travel finish decide object finish laugh [t] [d] [id]
Exercise 22 Write the past tense form of the following irregular verbs. sleep make read see hurt bring catch lie lay rise buy feed grow swim think ring write wear break pay
Exercise 23 Make the sentences negative using the clues between parentheses. 1. They ate chicken for dinner. (turkey) 2. He put the books on the table. (the schoolbag)
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3. Mark did his translation very well. (Mary) 4. The meeting began at 8 oclock. (seven) 5. The book cost $3.95. ($5) 6. This woman worked in a hospital. (a school) 7. I knew him very well. (her) 8. They sold their home. (car) 9. I spoke with George about my problems. (Helen) 10. She came to the meeting alone. (her brother)
Exercise 24 Make these sentences interrogative. 1. She lived in France for five years. 2. They stayed in Greece all summer. 3. He gave his fiance a lot of presents. 4. Mother told the children about the trip. 5. You moved here in February. 6. We went home after the party. 7. They came to the party together. 8. He worked in that firm for many years. 9. The meeting began on time. 10. He gave me his new telephone number.
Exercise 25 Write questions to which the underline words are the answers. 1. Mary arrived at nine oclock. 2. They sold their home last week.
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3. The books cost ten dollars. 4. He paid for the car in cash. 5. He spoke to them in French. 6. The meeting lasted two hours. 7. He went to London to see some old friends. 8. He telephoned her 3 or 4 times. 9. They ate lunch in the park. 10. I borrowed mums car.
Exercise 26 Ask questions and answer them negatively. Model: I visited Paris last year. Did you visit Paris last year? No, I didnt visit Paris last year. 1. She talked to her best friend yesterday. 2. The man took a taxi home. 3. The meeting lasted about two hours. 4. The weather was fine yesterday. 5. We ate on the porch. 6. This jacket cost 25. 7. The sun rose at 6.25 this morning. 8. My brother fed the cats. 9. Mother made a cake yesterday. 10. The English teacher taught us the Past Tense Simple last week.
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Exercise 27 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE. Catching Dwarfs Several thousand Dwarfs (dwell) . in the caves of the Hartz mountains. They (be) . a great trouble to the farmers, for at harvest-time used to go into the fields and steal the corn. No one ever (see) . them, because they (be) . able to make themselves invisible, by means of their magic caps. One farmer (lose) . so much corn that he (make) . up his mind to catch the thieving Dwarfs. He (place) . a rope all around his cornfield, resting it on pegs about three feet above the ground. Then he (wait) . and (watch) . carefully. After a while, what should he see but a company of little men dancing about in the cornfield. When they (creep) . under the rope, it had knocked off their magic caps and so they (be) . no longer invisible. The farmer (catch) . hold of several of the Dwarfs, and they (promise) . that if he would let them go, they would give him a peck of gold from their treasure store.
Exercise 28 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE. Poor Thumbelina All that summer Thumbelina (live) . alone in the big wood. She (make) . a bed from blades of grass and (hang) . it up under a big leaf, which (keep) . off the rain. She (eat) . honey from the flowers and (drink) . the dew which she (find) . every morning on their petals. So summer and autumn (pass) . by and winter (come) . the long, cold winter. All the birds which had sung so sweetly (fly) . away. The big leaf which she had been living under (shrivel0 . up into a dead yellow stalk. She (feel) . dreadfully cold. All her clothes (be) . torn. Poor little Thumbelina, she (be) . tiny and delicate that she nearly (freeze) . Then it (begin) . to snow. Every snowflake on her (be) . like a whole shovelful on us, for we are big but she (be) . no bigger than your thumb. She (wrap) . herself in a dead leaf but it (not warm) . her. She (shiver) . with cold.
Exercise 29 Find an ending to the story Poor Thumbelina.

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Exercise 30 Translate into English. 1. Noi amndoi am nvat s notm acum 10 ani. 2. Am vorbit cu mama ieri la telefon; mi-a spus c totul era n regul. 3. ntlnirea a nceput la ora 9 i s-a terminat la ora 11. Toat lumea a fost prezent. 4. N-am cumprat cartea pentru c era prea scump. 5. Am luat masa de prnz la cantina colii n fiecare zi sptmna trecut. 6. Te-am vzut ieri pe strad; erai cu fratele tu. 7. I-am dat cadoul lui Jane i i-am urat La muli ani!. 8. Ieri, Kim s-a simit mai ru dect astzi. 9. Ieri a plouat mai mult dect astzi. 10. Fratele meu l tia pe Mark nainte ca el s se mute n acest ora. 11. Camera de hotel era foarte drgu, dar am decis s nu rmnem. 12. Ieri, dl. Martin a avut o zi foarte grea. 13. S-a grbit s ajung la magazin s cumpere nite cafea, dar, din nefericire, nu mai aveau cafea. 14. Chelneria ne-a spus s ne ntoarcem peste dou ore. 15. Asear am avut piyya la cin. 16. Ce-ai pit la picior? Am czut acum doua zile i l-am luxat. 17. Ce ai mncat ieri la prnz? 18. Anul trecut ne-am petrecut vacana n Irlanda. tiai c se numete ara de smarald? 19. Am avut noroc cu vremea. N-a plouat deloc ct am stat noi acolo. 20. Seara mergeam de obicei la o crciumioar. Intr-o sear, chiar am nvat un dans irlandez tradiional.
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PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

- affirmative form: S. + TO BE + V-ing S. + WAS/WERE + V-ing - negative form: S. + TO BE NOT + V-ing S. + WASNT/WERENT + V-ing - interrogative form: TO BE + S.+ V-ing WAS/WERE + S.+ V-ing He was singing. El cnta. They were talking. Vorbeau. She wasnt playing. Nu se jucau. We werent arguing. Nu se certau. Was it raining? Ploua? Were you sleeping? Dormeai?
- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WAS/WERE NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WASNT/WERENT USES: Past Tense Continuous is used: 1. To express an action in progress in the past (it corresponds to the Romanian tense imperfect): e.g. At 8 oclock yesterday, I was watching TV. 2. To express the background action for a Past Tense Simple: e.g. When mother came back home, I was reading. 3. To express two or more parallel past actions, usually connected by while: e.g. I was reading, mother was ironing while my sister was playing. 4. In Indirect Speech, to express a Present Tense Continuous: e.g. I am cooking, Mary said. Mary said that she was cooking. 5. With adverbs such as: always, constantly, forever to express irritation, annoyance: e.g. She was always asking me to lend her money. 6. To express a future arrangement seen from the past: e.g. She told me that she was flying to New York the next day.
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Exercise 31 Write the Past Tense Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1. They (eat) in the restaurant on the corner when I saw them. 2. It (rain) when I left home. 3. When you telephoned, I (have) dinner. 4. The baby (sleep) soundly when I got home. 5. He (drive) when he heard the news on the radio. 6. When I entered the diner, he (order) breakfast. 7. They (travel) to Spain when they had that terrible accident. 8. He (sleep) when you called. 9. I (study) when you called me. 10. When I left the house this morning, the wind (blow) hard.
Exercise 32 Change each of the following sentences from the past tense to the past continuous tense. Add any words, phrases or clauses which you may need in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. e.g. I studied my English lesson last night. (I was studying my English lesson last night when my friend called me.) 1. I talked to Alice this morning. 2. I walked home from work last yesterday. 3. She ate her lunch at home. 4. John wrote his homework. 5. Alice watched a film on TV. 6. Mark lived in Paris. 7. Larry spoke to his mother on the phone. 8. Helen wrote an e-mail to her friend, Jennifer. 9. Chris left home at eight oclock this morning. 10. The baby slept soundly.
Exercise 33 Make up sentences according to the model. I/read/newspaper/telephone/rang I was reading a newspaper when the telephone rang. 1. Martha/cook/dinner/husband/come home
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2. nurse/give/injection/needle/break 3. boys/fly/kite/mother/call in 4. Jane/play tennis/racket/wrist 5. They/pick/mushrooms/little John/get lost 6. secretary/type/letters/boss/call 7. teacher/talk/students/write 8. reporter/take/pictures/some people/attack 9. lights/go out/mother/make a cake 10. Alice/play/sister/read
Exercise 34 Write questions, then give short answers, as indicated. 1. She was cutting the cake when the phone rang. (yes) 2. Mary was talking to Mark when they heard the car alarm. (no) 3. Tony was walking home at 12 oclock yesterday. (no) 4. The children were writing their homework when mother came back home. (yes) 5. I was writing an e-mail while watching TV. (yes) 6. Chris was leaving when I arrived. (no) 7. Mary was sleeping when I got to her house. (no) 8. We were waiting on the platform when the train arrived. (yes) 9. He was going to hospital when I met him. (no) 10. Mary was crossing the street when Harry saw her. (yes)
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Exercise 35 Write questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. He was going to school when I met him. 2. She was cutting the cake when the phone rang. 3. Mary was talking to Mark when they heard that loud noise. 4. Tony was walking home at 12 oclock yesterday. 5. The boys were writing their homework when mother came back home. 6. I was writing the last invitation when you called me. 7. Chris was leaving when I arrived. 8. Mary was sleeping like a log when I got to her house. 9. He was living in Africa when we met. 10. She was lying in bed because she was tired.
Exercise 36 Correct the following sentences. 1. While I was working in my office, yesterday, my mum stoped by to see me. 2. She did bought me something to eat. 3. Yesterday, my grandpa went fishing and he catched two big fish. 4. She not listened to me at all. 5. What did you wore at the party? 6. I said I am going outside. 7. Although he arriveed late he did not apologized. 8. My friends and I were swimming in the pool when it begun to thunder. 9. It rainned all day yesterday. 10. The clouds moved away and the sun shined through.
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PAST TENSE SIMPLE AND PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS
Exercise 37 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE or THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS. 1. While I (wait) for the train, it (begin) to rain. 2. When I (meet) my best friend, she (live) in the country. 3. Al the pupils (write) in their notebooks while the teacher (explain) the new lesson. 4. We (talk) about her when she (come) into the room. As soon as we (see) her, we stopped. 5. While Martha (watch) TV, the milk (boil) over. 6. As I (cross) the road, a car (knock) me down and (break) my leg. I (have to) stay in hospital for two weeks. 7. Father (sit) in the garden while mother (cook) dinner. Then he (go) into the house and (have) dinner together. 8. I (cook ) a cake when the light (go) out. 9. I (not want) to talk to Mark so when he (enter) the room I (leave) 10. Unfortunately Mary and I (not have) time to talk because she (just, leave) when I (arrive) 11. The children (sit) on the grass, they (watch) the sky and (listen) to the songs of the birds. 12. What (you, think) of his last book? Im sorry, but last weekend I (not have) time to read it. 13. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 14. When we (return) to our hotel room, the maid (make) the bed. 15. My cousin (be) very excited because she (travel) to Egypt. She (wanted) to see the famous Pyramids. 16. When father (get) home, I (still, repair) the car. 17. When I (wake up) yesterday morning the sun (shine) brightly in the sky. But in the afternoon when I (go out) the wind (blow) really hard. 18. (you, see) the film on channel 4 last night? No, I (not have) time to watch TV. I (write) my homework and then I (help) mother in the kitchen. 19. Ted wears glasses now but 10 years ago he (not wear) glasses. 20. Mr. Smith (still, work) in his office when his wife (call) to remind him that they (have) guests over for dinner. 21. Whenever I (visit) them they (always, quarrel)
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22. He (sit) on a bench in the park when a big dog (attack) him. An ambulance (come) and (take) him to hospital. 23. He (not hear) the bell because the radio (play) 24. When I (get) home everybody (have) dinner. 25. Tim (hit) another car because he (drive) too fast.
Exercise 38 Translate into English. 1. 2. Am gsit aceast moned pe cnd spam n grdin. Cnd am vzut-o ultima oar, mi-a spus c se grbea spre coal. Nu cred c mi-a spus adevrul pentru c era smbt. Michael repara maina n garaj cnd a venit mama lui i i-a spus c exagereaz. Ea susinea c el muncea prea mult. Directorul i-a vzut pe elevii care se bteau n curtea colii i i-a chemat la el n cabinet. Toi am fost indui n eroare de hainele lui scumpe i de vorbele lui frumoase, dar s-a dovedit a fi un impostor. Toat lumea i fcea treaba cnd a sosit patronul restaurantului: buctarul gtea, osptarii serveau clienii, civa angajai splau vasele.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
Cnd am fost n Turcia am mncat fructe de mare. Mi-au plcut foarte mult. Crainica a anunat c un alt cutremur a lovit nord-vestul Turciei i c a provocat alte pagube zonei care mai suferea nc de pe urma cutremurului din august.
9.
Ei traversau podul cnd i-a lovit fulgerul. Din fericire, ei n-au pit nimic, dar maina este grav avariat.
10. Trebuia s ne instalm aer condiionat. Devenea din ce in ce mai cald. 11. La miezul nopii, dl. Martin a urcat scrile i s-a dus n camera sa. A aprins veioza i a nceput s citeasc deoarece nu putea s doarm.
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12. tefan cel Mare a domnit 47 de ani. El a fost un domnitor foarte viteaz i a ctigat multe btlii. 13. Am intrat, m-am aezat confortabil pe canapea i am ateptat rbdtor s termine scrisoarea pe care o scria. 14. Decoratorul mi-a cerut banii pe care i datoram. n timp ce noi negociam termenul limit, ceilali muncitori zugrveau tavanele.
15. Cnd m-am uitat la norii aceia negri, mi-am dat seama imediat c o s plou.
Exercise 39 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE or THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS. What Did People Do? by M. Stanley Bubien Our baby (still, cry) as I (work) him into his car seat. "Honey! Let's go!" I called to my wife who'd disappeared in search of some forgotten, last minute - and did I mention unnecessary? - item. "Be right down!" Michael's howls (drown) my reply, and I (glance) at my watch impatiently: 9:15 pm! "What (people, do) before cars?" I (mumble) to myself. Aloud I blurted, "Hurry up! It's late!" as I wrestled Michael's kicking feet into a blanket. "I'm right here," Lydia responded at my side. Rolling my eyes, I (yank) Michael's seat from the floor, causing a brief pause in his screams, and (charge) for the garage. Buckling car seat, cranking over engine, and speeding away - the elapsed time barely registered in seconds. Michael had returned to his cries, but as we (wind) the onramp onto the highway, he (snuffle) I (cling) the wheel as I (accelerate) to a constant - and slightly illegal - 75 mph., but I (begin) to notice that the rhythmic thrum of the engine. Michael (obviously, fade) , and after a few more whimpers on his part, finally, silence (set in) . My grip (loosen) on the steering wheel. "He asleep?" I asked Lydia. She (lean) her chair back and (adjust) his blanket. Righting herself, she (sigh) relief, but said, "drive a little longer - to be sure." I (let) my ears take in the quiet like breathing fresh air. After a respite, I asked, "what (people, do) before cars?" My wife (glance) back at Michael, (shake) her head and (chuckle) . "Suffered, I guess."
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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

- affirmative form: Sb.+ HAVE/HAS + Past Participle/IIIrd form I have seen this film. Am vzut acest film. He has come. A venit. You havent eaten all. N-ai mncat tot. She hasnt arrived yet. N-a sosit nc. Have they heard the news? Au aflat tirile? Has it rained? A plouat?
- negative form: Sb.+ HAVENT/HAST + IIIrd form
- interrogative form: HAVE/HAS + Sb.+ IIIrd form
- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVE/HAS NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVENT/HASNT - IIIrd form (past Participle): Regular verbs = Verb + ED Irregular verbs = the third column in the list of Irregular Verbs (Annex 1) Uses: 1. To express an action which began in the past but whose time is not mentioned (if we mention the time, we must use Past Tense Simple): e.g. I have seen this film. I saw this film last week. 2. To express an action which began in the past, continues in the present and maybe in the future as well. e.g. Many students have learnt in this school. Millions of people have visited London. 3. To express an action which happened in the past, but whose effect/result can be seen in the present. (the result is more important than the time when the action took place): e.g. I cant get into the house because I have lost my keys. 4. With adverbs of frequency: always, sometimes, often, ever/never (before), seldom, rarely, frequently, etc.: e.g. I have always wanted to become a pilot. They have rarely behaved like that.
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5. With the adverbs: since (din, de la), which indicates the starting point of an action and for (de) which indicates the whole period: e.g. I have known George since 1990. I have known George for 20 years. 6. With How long: e.g. How long have you known George? 7. With the adverbs: already (deja), which is preferred in affirmative contexts and it is placed between the auxiliary and the Past Participle and yet (nc), which is placed at the end of a negative sentence: e.g. I have already done my homework. I havent done my homework yet. 8. With adverbs that indicate an incomplete period of time: since then, so far, up to now: e.g. I have written four letters so far. 9. With adverbs that indicate a recently finished action: just, lately, recently: e.g. I havent seen George lately. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PAST TENSE AND PRESENT PERFECT PAST TENSE PRESENT PERFECT A complete action, an action An incomplete action. finished in the past. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. Mircea Dinescu has written many poems. An action whose time is An action whose time is not mentioned or understood mentioned (the action is more important than the time/ the from the context. action is connected to both present and past) When I was a child I had I have bought a new TV set. I have had this house for many toys. many years.
Exercise 40 Supply the present perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. I (speak) to him about it but so far he (refuse) to help me. We (be) to go out because we (finish) all our homework. They (work) very hard lately. He (visit) us many times lately. She (return) my CD at last. I am afraid that I (lose) my keys, I cant get into the house. You (fly) many times.
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8. It (rain) a lot this year but it (not be) very cold. 9. We (learn) many new things in this course. 10. They (read) that story before. Exercise 41 Ask questions to which the underlined parts of the following sentences are the answers. 1. Sarah and Mark have been married for twenty years. 2. Someone has opened the door. 3. Paul has written a short story and a novel. 4. The first act has just finished. 5. I've borrowed my father's car. 6. I have spent $100 yesterday. 7. The boss has called his secretary. 8. He has been accused of stealing. 9. The children have broken the window. 10. I have known Alice for 10 years.
Exercise 42 Make the following sentences negative. 1. He/hurt / any animals. 2. My brother / never fly 3. You / ride a bike / 13 years old 4. Mother / make a cake / last Sunday 5. Sarah / skate / five years 6. Jim / take a good picture 7. they / play golf / they left America 8. Tim / paint a portrait / left art school 9. his grandfather / speak Japanese / the war ended 10. you / drive a car / the accident
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Exercise 43 Fill in the blanks with for or since. 1. Weve been reading ......................... two hours. 2. Ive been working in this office ......................... a month. 3. Theyve been living in Craiova ......................... 1998. 4. That man has been standing here ......................... six oclock. 5. The town has changed a lot ......................... I was a girl. 6. The central heating has been on ......................... October. 7. He has been very ill ......................... the last month. 8. He hasnt been to the doctor ......................... last month. 9. It has been very cold ......................... early morning. 10. He has been waiting for her ......................... 20 minutes.
Exercise 44 Translate into English. 1. Ai mncat vreodat icre negre? 2. Unde ai fost? Te-am sunat de 10 ori. 3. Nu am mai vorbit cu Mark de cnd ne-am certat. 4. Ai clrit vreodat? 5. De ct timp l cunoti pe prietenul tu? 6. Ci bani ai cheltuit pn acum? 7. Telefonul sun din nou. A sunat de patru ori pn acum. 8. Dintotdeauna mi-am dorit s devin actor. 9. Am pierdut autobuzul. Acum va trebui s mergem pe jos. 10. De curnd am citit o carte foarte bun. 11. Familia mea locuiete n aceast ar din 1990. 12. Acest canal a difuzat cteva documentare foarte bune. 13. Noi am vzut acest film, dar ea nu l-a vzut nc. 14. Vom merge la plimbare de ndat ce ploaia se va opri. 15. N-am vzut niciodat o pies mai bun ca asta!
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Exercise 45 Supply either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense form as required by the meaning. 1. I (live) ............................................. in this house since 1970. 2. He (live) ............................................. in Craiova for two years and then he (go) .................................................. to Bucharest. 3. When I (leave) ............................................ school I (cut) ....................................... my hair and (wear) ............................................. it short ever since. 4. Shakespeare (write) ............................................... a lot of plays. 5. Mircea Dinescu (write) ............................................. many poems. 6. I (fly) ............................... to New York last week. (you, like) .......................................... ? 7. I (not, see) .................................... him since he (move) ..................................... to Brasov. 8. Father (not smoke) .............................................. for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. 9. Chopin (compose) .................................................... beautiful music. 10. When (he, arrive) ...........................................? - He (arrive) .................................. at 2:00. 11. (you, turn off) ............................................................ the TV before you left the house? 12. I cant go out because I (not clean) ...................................... my room. 13. I (never, eat) .............................................. caviar. - Well, have some now. 14. Here are your shirts; I (just, wash) .................................... and (iron) ........................ them. 15. He (just, go) ......................................... out; in fact he (go) .......................................... out ten minutes ago. 16. (you, have) .................................... lunch yet? - Yes, I (have) ...... it at 2:00. 17. I first (meet) ................................................ him at Kims party. 18. I (be) ............................................... a member of that club for more than 10 years. 19. Why are they smiling? They (just, receive) ........................................ their exam results. 20. The film (begin) ..................................... at 8:30 and (last) ...... for two hours. 21. The play (just, begin) .................................................... . You are a little late. 22. (the newspaper, come) ...........? - Yes, Ann is reading it. 23. Agatha Christie (write) ...................................................... a huge number of thrillers. 24. We (miss) ........................................................ the train. What are we going to do now? 25. Mark (live) ..................................... in London all his life. His parents (come) ........................................ here when they were very young. 26. Unfortunately, there (be) ............................................... a serious decline in the living standard. 27. (this lawyer, increase) ............................................... his fees lately? 28. I (just, make) ............................................... some tea. Would you like some? No, thanks, I (have) ............................................... some half an hour ago. 29. I (never, visit) ........................................ London. I (go) ......................................... there on business last year; I (not have) ......................................... much time to go sightseeing. 30. Mr. Martin (teach) ............................................... English for 10 years; in fact since he (graduate) ............................................... 31. We (have) .......................................... a test almost every day this week. We (have) ................................... the first test on Monday morning. 32. I (read) ........................................................ many books on cooking and now I can cook a lot of dishes. Yesterday, I (cook) ............................................... sea food spaghetti. 33. (you, meet) ........................................................ Ann? Yes, we (meet) ........................................................ at the cinema two weeks ago. 34. This famous writer (write) ........................................................ several novels and last year he (write) ......................................................... a successful play. 35. The guests (have) ........................................................ a good time ever since their arrival. They (arrive) ........................................................ by plane three days ago. 36. The shops (not start) ............................................... the summer sales yet.
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

- affirmative form: Sb.+ HAVE/HAS BEEN + V-ing
Mary has been watering the flowers for half an hour. Mary ud florile de 1/2h. John hasnt been living here since 1996. John nu locuiete aici din 1996. How long have you been sleeping? De ct timp dormi?
- negative form: Sb.+ HAVENT/HASNT + BEEN + V-ing - interrogative form: HAVE/HAS + Sb. + BEEN + V-ing - short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVE/HAS NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVENT/HASNT
USES: 1. To emphasise the duration of an action which began in the past, continues in the present and maybe in the future as well: e.g. I have been reading since 10 oclock. Note: If we mention how many times the action took place or a number connected with the action, we must use Present Perfect Simple: e.g. I have read 50 pages so far. 2. To express the cause of a present action: e.g. My eyes are red because I have been cutting onion. Note: The verbs TO LIVE and TO STUDY can be used either in the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous without any difference in meaning: e.g. I have lived in Craiova since 1990. I have been living in Craiova since 1990.
Exercise 46 Put the verbs in parentheses into the Present Perfect Continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4. Theres no answer. I (phone) ............................................... this number for two hours. Wheres my red bag? I (look) ............................................... for it all day. I (live) ............................................... here all my life. Look at that man! He (follow) ............................................ us for the past twenty minutes.
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5. My hands are dirty because I (fix) ............................................... the car. 6. Susan deserves a break now. She (read) ............................................... since 8 o'clock. 7. Let's stop for a while! We (walk) ............................................. too fast. Im out of breath. 8. The policeman thinks you (drink) ............................................... 9. Your eyes are quite red. (you, cry) ...............................................? 10. Tom (sit) ............................................... in the bathroom for half an hour.
Exercise 47 Change these present perfect tense verbs from the simple to the continuous form. 1. He has worked in that firm for many years. 2. They have talked for more than an hour. 3. I have travelled all over Europe. 4. He has slept for more than ten hours. 5. It has rained all day long. 6. He has studied English for many years. 7. We have used this textbook since January. 8. She has taught English for ten years. 9. They have lived in Craiova since 1978. 10. They have looked everywhere for their socks.
Exercise 48 Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. 1. You have been working very hard. 2. It has been snowing for 3 hours. 3. I have been speaking to Mr. Martin. 4. You have been studying computer science. 5. She has been taking music lessons. 6. We have been discussing the matter all day long. 7. She has been telling me some jokes.
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8. Gary has been planning to leave San Francisco. 9. They have been having trouble with their new car. 10. He has been feeling well recently.
Exercise 49 Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. Susan has been working very hard. 2. It has been snowing for 3 hours. 3. I have been speaking to Mr. Martin. 4. You have been studying computer science. 5. She has been taking music lessons. 6. We have been discussing the matter all day long. 7. She has been telling me some jokes. 8. Gary has been planning to leave San Francisco. 9. They have been having trouble with their new car. 10. He has been feeling well recently.
Exercise 50 Translate into English. 1. Lucreaz n acea companie de mai bine de 10 ani. 2. Locuiesc n aceeai cas de 25 de ani. 3. Studiaz engleza de 5 ani. 4. Se ceart de mai bine de o or. 5. Dl. Brown pred istoria de cnd a terminat facultatea. 6. Plou de 2 ore. 7. Lucreaz ntr-un spital de 2 ani.
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8. Mark conduce aceeai main de cnd l cunosc. 9. Cinele doarme de azi-diminea. 10. Susan ateapt la coad de 30 de minute.
Exercise 51 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. (In some cases either could be used.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. We (walk) ............................................... ten kilometres. We (walk) ............................................... for three hours. You (walk) ............................................... too fast. That's why you are out of breath. I (make) ............................................... pancakes all the morning. How many (you, make) ............................................... so far? ~ I (make) ............................................... 20. That boy (eat) ............................................... three hamburgers. I (lose) ............................................... my key and I cant get into the house. What (you, do) ........................................ ? ~ We (pick) .......................................... plums. How many you (pick) ...............................................? ~ We (pick) ............................................... ten kilos. I (sleep) ........................................ on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them. He (sleep) ............................................... since ten o'clock. It's time he woke up. What a lovely smell! - Mary (make) ............................................... jam. The students (work) ............................................... very well this term. (the term is over) The students (work) ...................................... very well this term. (the term is not over yet) I (fix) ............................................... my car. That's why my hands are so dirty. This is the second time I (fix) ............................................... it. I (clean) ............................................... the house all the morning. He (teach) ............................................... in this school for five years. He (teach) ............................................... hundreds of students. I (learn) ............................................... how to play chess. (I can play chess now.) I (learn) ............................................... how to play chess. (Im still learning.) I (look) ............................................... for my car keys everywhere but I (not find) ............................................... them yet. I (try) ............................................... to finish this letter for the last half-hour. The driver of that car (sound) ............................................... his horn for the last ten minutes. It (rain) ............................................... for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) ............................................... postponed. I (do) ............................................... my homework. Here it is! I (do) ............................................... my homework all afternoon. Im tired. She (read) ............................................... many books on cooking and now she can cook quite well. Her hands are all covered with flour because she (make) .......................................... cakes. The phone (ring) ............................................... several times; in fact it (ring) ............................................... for 5 minutes. He looks tired because he (overwork) ............................................... How long (you, wear) ............................................... glasses?
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PAST TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS
Exercise 52 Put the verbs in brackets into the past tense simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Since Michael (visit) .................................. me, he (be) ............................. to many places. Dan (wait) ........................................... for Henry since 8 oclock. Its now half past eight, but Henry (not arrive) ............................................. yet. Where (you, be) ................................................... all this morning? Its nearly noon now. Where (Paul, be) ....................................... this morning? I rang him up several times before noon. I (never, read) ............................................ such a good book as this. (you, ever, see) ................................................................ any bears? As soon as I (do) ............................................ my homework, Ill watch TV. I (know) .............................................. Peter for years; as a matter of fact I (know) ............................................ him since I (be) .......................................... a little child. Please, excuse the disorder in the house. I (move) ...................................... the furniture. I still (not mend) ........................................ the dress I (tear) ............................... last night. I (phone) .............................. you for two hours. Where (you, be) .....................................? (you, meet) .......................................... Doris on Monday? Yes, but I (not meet) ........................................... her since. What (you, do) .................................... with my handbag? It (be) ................. here a moment ago. Jim (always, try) .............................................. to keep up with his friends. Mr. Brown (work) .................................... on his report since he (come) ................................ back from work. Columbus (discover) .............................................. America in 1492. I (read) ...................................... the poem ten times so I know it by heart now. I (learn) ............................................ it for 15 minutes. You look very happy. I (find) ............................................ some money. You look exhausted. I (wash) ............................................ the clothes. And I (not finish) ........................................... yet. Today I (work) .................................... since breakfast and I (not have) ......................... lunch yet. Anna (bring) .............................................. me a sandwich an hour ago but so far I (not have) ............................................ to eat. I (have) ............................................ a lot of problems with my computer recently. This morning I (get) ............................................ a technician to come and have a look at it. When I (walk) ................................ past last night, your light (be) ............................... on. Julie (be) ............................................ anxious to speak to you since she (hear) ............................................ about the accident. My brother and I (never, be allowed) ............................................ to chew gum when we (be) ............................................ young. The hotel (have) ............................. a pool so we (swim) .................................. every day.
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26. You (see) ............................................ your friends quite a lot recently. 27. The 19th century (see) ............................................ many technological advances but there (be) ............................................ many technological advances in recent years, too. 28. They (award) ............................................ her a scholarship. 29. (you, find) ............................................ the answer yet? 30. I (write) ............................................ two essays this week. Exercise 53 Translate into English. 1. Unde este Tom? Nu l-am vzut astzi. 2. Am cumprat aceast brar din Bond Steet. Ct ai pltit pentru ea? - 10. 3. Unde ai gsit acest cuit? L-am gsit n grdin. De ce nu l-ai lsat acolo? 4. Mi-am pierdut mnuile negre de piele. Le-ai vzut undeva? M tem c nu le-am vazut. 5. Poate le-ai lsat n torpedou. 6. Susan a plecat de acas la ora 8 i nu am mai vorbit cu ea de atunci.
7. Studiaz rusa de un an i nu a nvat nici mcar alfabetul pn acum. 8. De ct timp m atepi? Te atept de 20 de minute. 9. De ce ai fost concediat? Pentru c m-am certat certat cu patronul ieri. 10. Ce prere ai avut de speech-ul pe care l-a inut asear la radio? Mi-a plcut. 11. Cred c ar trebui s mai conduc i eu pentru c tu ai condus toat ziua. 12. Ai citit ziarul astzi? Nu. S-a ntmplat ceva interesant? 13. A hrnit Mary pisica? Da, i-a dat s mnnce nainte de prnz. 14. Mi-am fcut baie, de-asta am prul ud. 15. De ct timp pori ochelari? 16. Ai mai vazut-o pe mtua ta? Nu, n-a mai ieit din cas de cnd i-a cumprat noul televizor. 17. Ai vzut Rzboi i Pace? Nu, dar am citi cartea. Am citit-o cnd eram n liceu i mi-a plcut foarte mult. 18. Tocmai am primit o ntiinare c nu am pltit factura la curent. Nu i-am dat banii sptmna trecut? Ba da, dar m tem c i-am cheltuit pe altceva. 19. De ce are Mary ochii roii? A plns? Nu, a curat ceap. 20. Cineva mi-a folosit bicicleta. I-a czut lanul.
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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

- affirmative form: Sb.+ HAD + IIIrd form - negative form: Sb.+ HADNT + IIIrd form - interrogative form: HAD + Sb.+ IIIrd form - short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAD NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HADNT USES: 1. To express a past action which is completed before another past action or past moment. e.g. When mother came back home, I had finished my homework. By 5 oclock yesterday, they had already handed in the project. 2. To express the cause of a past action. e.g. My hands were dirty because I had been fixing the car. 3. To replace Present Perfect and Past Tense from Direct Speech in Indirect Speech. e.g. I saw this film last night, Mike told me. Mike told me that he had seen that film the night before. The actors have arrived, he informed us. He informed us that the actors had arrived. 4. After: the verb WISH, ITS (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME, I WOULD (ID) RATHER (with two different subjects), IF ONLY, AS IF/THOUGH to express a regret/desire about the past. e.g. I wish he had been here last night. Id rather you hadnt done that. 5. In Conditional Clauses (IIIrd type): e.g. I would have helped you if I had known how. 6. To express a future action, in a time clause, which is prior to another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me after he had finished his work. 7. With words such as: ALREADY, JUST, SINCE, FOR, AFTER, BEFORE, THEN. e.g. He had already eaten when I got home. I ate before my parents had arrived.
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Jane told us that her brother had left. Jane ne-a spus c fratele ei plecase. Nick said that he hadnt seen that film before. Nick a spus c el nu vzuse acel film. Had you done many exercises? Fcusei multe exerciii?
8. With verbs such as: HOPE, EXPECT, WANT, PLAN, THINK ABOUT, WISH to describe past intentions which were unfulfilled. e.g. We had hoped to get there by sundown. 9. With HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY ... WHEN, NO SOONER THAN. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had + SB. + F3 when + SB. + Past Tense No sooner + SB. + F3 than + SB. + Past Tense e.g. Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang. No sooner had we heard then alarm than we called the police.
Exercise 54 Put the verbs below in the past perfect tense simple to say what HAD HAPPENED before yesterday. 1. the pupils return to school 2. we see that film 3. the guests arrive 4. he buy the tickets 5. she make a dress 6. the conference begin 7. I decide to leave the country 8. they paint our house 9. the car break down 10. Helen win a prize
Exercise 55 Answer these questions. Make sure to use a Past Perfect Simple. 1. Why were you so hungry at lunchtime? 2. Why were you late for school yesterday? 3. When did you do your homework? 4. When did the driver stop his car? 5. When did you phone your friend?
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6. Why didnt you buy some more books? 7. Why did the policeman stop that car? 8. Did you do your homework when the teacher was in the classroom? 9. Why was the match postponed? 10. When did the meeting begin?
Exercise 56 Translate into English: 1. Nici n-am apucat s m mic c s-a i trezit. 2. Oaspeii sosiser deja cnd am venit eu de la coal. 3. Nici n-am apucat s nchid bine ua c am i auzit pe cineva sunnd. 4. Era n magazin de o jumtate de or cnd i-a dat seama c i-a lsat portofelul acas. 5. Cnd am ajuns noi acas bona plecase. 6. Mi-a spus c se plictisise s se tot uite la televizor. 7. La sfritul celei de-a patra zi terminasem toate proviziile. 8. L-a concediat nainte ca el s aib vreo sans s-i explice comportamentul. 9. Cnd i-am auzit numele mi-am dat seama c ne mai ntlnisem. 10. Nu o mai vzusem pe Maria de cnd am terminat liceul. Am ntlnit-o sptmna trecut i mi-a spus c a cltorit n toat lumea. 11. Pamela a locuit n Londra nainte de a se muta la Roma. 12. Dup ce i-a petrecut vacana n Roma, Paul a dorit s nvee limba italian. 13. Julia a dat drumul la televizor dup ce a splat vasele. 14. Cnd a ajuns la stadion, meciul deja ncepuse. 15. Maria a vizionat un film dup ce s-au culcat copiii.
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Exercise 57 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple past or past perfect. 1. Michael (tell) ...................................... me that he (never, meet) ...................................... you. 2. Mary (do) ...................................... her homework before she (watch) ...................................... TV. 3. The lights (go out) ...................................... the moment he (enter) ...................................... the house. 4. Alice (already, join) ...................................... the tennis club when she (turn) ...................................... six. 5. Hardly (the holiday, begin) ...................................... when they (go) ...................................... to the seaside. 6. The boys (be) ...................................... out for an hour when it (start) ...................................... to rain. 7. The house (burn) ...................................... to the ground by the time the firemen (arrive) ...................................... 8. Mark (be) ...................................... very tired as he (do) ...................................... a lot of work that day. 9. I (already, hear) ...................................... the news when you (tell) ...................................... me about it. 10. I (cannot) ...................................... talk to him because unfortunately he (leave) ...................................... when I arrived. 11. My friend (tell) ...................................... me that he (not want) ...................................... to go to the cinema with me as he (already, see) ...................................... that film. 12. After I (finish) ...................................... breakfast, I (get) ...................................... dressed. 13. When we (go) ...................................... out, the rain (stop) ...................................... 14. Before Richard (mention) ...................................... his name, I (never, hear) ...................................... of that poet. 15. When the policeman (blow) ...................................... his whistle, the driver (stop) ...................................... his car. 16. No sooner (the news, finish) ...................................... than he (go) ...................................... to bed. 17. Yesterday afternoon, Monica (go) ...................................... to the library and (return) ................................... the books she (borrow) ..................................... two weeks before. 18. She (just, turn off) ...................................... the TV when the telephone (ring) ...................................... 19. Mrs. Brown (wonder) ...................................... whether she (forget) ...................................... her wallet at home. 20. The teacher (ask) ....................................... the boy why he (not do) ...................................... his homework. 21. The car (hardly, go) ...................................... a mile when it (have) ...................................... a tyre flat. 22. The weather (be) ...................................... worse than we (expect) ...................................... 23. They (be) ...................................... married for five years when they (decide) ...................................... to get a divorce. 24. They (no sooner, sell) ...................................... their car then they (regret) ...................................... having done so. 25. When she (finish) ...................................... her work, she (go) ...................................... to the cinema.
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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

- affirmative form: Sb. + HAD BEEN + V-ing The students had been reading for 5 when the teacher came in. Elevii citeau de 5 min. cnd a intrat profesorul. Your friend hadnt been waiting for an hour when you came in. Prietenul tu nu atepta de o or cnd ai venit. Had the pupils been reading for 5 min. when the teacher came in? Citeau elevii de 5 min. cnd a intrat profesorul?
- negative form: Sb. + HADNT BEEN + V-ing
- interrogative form: HAD + Sb. + BEEN + V-ing
- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAD NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HADNT
USES: 1. To emphasize the duration of an action that began in the past, continues up to a past moment or a past action and maybe after it as well. e.g. He had been reading for five hours when I got back home. Note: If we mention how many times the action took place or a number connected with the action, we must use Past Perfect Simple: e.g. I had read 50 pages by the time mother got back home. 2. To express the cause of a past action. e.g. My eyes were red because I had been cutting onion. 3. To replace Present Perfect Continuous and Past Tense Continuous from Direct Speech in Indirect Speech. e.g. I was watching a film at that moment, Mike told me. Mike told me that he had been watching a film at that moment. The actors have been rehearsing since early morning. he informed us. He informed us that the actors had been rehearsing since early morning.
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Exercise 58 Change the verbs to the Past Perfect Continuous, wherever possible. 1. Daniel said he had studied for several hours. 2. The children had ridden their bikes. 3. She had sung that song before. 4. We had just sat down to dinner when the doorbell rang. 5. The children fought for some time before their mother heard them. 6. Michael had fed the cat before he left the house. 7. Michael said that he had tried to reach us by phone all day long. 8. They had lived in Bucharest for several years before they moved to Cluj. 9. Mike phoned his friend after he had done his homework. 10. The Bartons had planned for a long time to move to the country.
Exercise 59 Ask questions using Past Perfect Simple (How many ?) and Continuous (How long ?). 1. Monica / watch TV / for 3 hours / 2 films How long ? How many programmes .? 2. Mark /read poems / for ten minutes / 4 poems
3. the secretary / type letters / for one hour / 6 letters
4. George / learn new words / for 1 hour / 50 new words
5. Mrs. Grant / wash dishes / half an hour / 50 plates
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Exercise 60 Translate into English. 1. Strzile erau blocate pentru c ninsese toat noaptea. 2. Am fcut bagajele i apoi am chemat un taxi. 3. Am chemat un taxi dup ce am fcut bagajele. 4. Eram suprat pe el pentru c uitase s duc scrisoarea la pot. 5. Au ajuns la mare dup ce au condus ore n ir. 6. Mi-era foarte foame pentru c nu mncasem nimic toat ziua. 7. Engleza ei era perfect. nva limba englez de cnd a nceput coala. 8. Cnd intr n cas i ddu seama c uitase s ncuie maina. 9. Fetia se juca de cnd prinii ei plecaser de acas. 10. Ploua de ore ntregi cnd ne-am hotrt s ieim. 11. Mary voia s tie de ce suferise unchiul meu. 12. S-l fi salutat Emma cnd a intrat n camer, el ar fi fost foarte fericit. 13. Anne i Mark erau cstorii de zece ani cnd n sfrit s-au hotart s aib un copil. 14. Steve dormea de cteva ore cnd a venit mama s-l trezeasc. 15. Potaul ducea scrisori de o zi ntreag cnd un domn l ntreb de ce nu i primise nc ziarul. 16. Vntorii vnaser ursoaica pentru blana ei frumoas. 17. tia c eful lui nu observase c nu terminase de dactiligrafiat scrisoarea. 18. A venit trziu acas i a mrturisit c petrecuse toat seara cu prietenii n club. 19. Cnd ne-am ntlnit ultima oar, Mike mi-a spus c locuia n Australia de 10 ani. Plecase din ar dup ce a absolvit liceul. 20. Prea s fie o greeal la mijloc, dar nimini nu-i ddea seama ce se ntmplase.
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Exercise 61 Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense simple, past perfect simple or continuous, as appropriate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. By the time Helen (reach) ...................................... the store, she (forget) ...................................... what she wanted to buy. The ground (be) ...................................... wet because it (rain) ...................................... for five days. Jean (decide) ...................................... to go to the doctors because she (feel) ...................................... rather unwell for the past week. By the end of last year they (study) ...................................... English for 6 years. In the end, Mary (tell) ...................................... her mother that she (buy) ...................................... a beautiful but expensive dress. I (never, see) ...................................... such a beautiful place before I (go) ...................................... to Nepal. Tom (feel) ...................................... happier than he (ever, feel) ...................................... before. He (pass) ...................................... the exam for which he (study) ...................................... for so long. Bill (go) ...................................... to the police station with a wallet he (find) ...................................... on the pavement. We (wait) ...................................... for Mary for more than half an hour but she (not arrive) ...................................... . When we (call) ...................................... , her mother (tell) ...................................... that she (sleep) ...................................... for an hour. When I (phone) ...................................... Gerald, he (not finish) ...................................... his homework yet. He (write) ...................................... to say that he (just, move) ...................................... house. After they (play) ...................................... music for an hour they (go out) ...................................... for a walk. We (not be able) ...................................... to find a hotel room because we (not book) ...................................... in advance. She (understand) ...................................... the film because she (read) ...................................... the book. Alice (tell) ...................................... me she (just, come) ...................................... back from her summer holiday. The telephone (ring) ...................................... for 2 minutes when George finally (answer) ...................................... it. Mike (want) ...................................... to sit down because he (stand) ...................................... all day at work. By the time we (get) ...................................... to the cinema, the film (already, begin) ...................................... Jake (be) ...................................... tired because he (run) ...................................... . Alice was reading when her parents (come) ...................................... home from work. She (read) ...................................... for half an hour. She (read) ...................................... forty pages.
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FUTURE TIME
1. SIMPLE FUTURE
- affirmative form: - first person sg. & pl. Sb.+ SHALL/LL + short inf. - all the persons: Sb.+WILL/LL + short inf. I/We shall help him. Eu/Noi l voi/vom ajuta. He will be here in time. El va ajunge aici la timp. We/They will be ready in time. Noi vom / Ei vor fi gata la timp. She will not come with me. Ea nu va veni cu mine. They wont buy that house. Ei nu vor cumpra acea cas. Will they come? Vor veni ei?
- negative form: Sb.+SHALL NOT/WILL NOT + inf. Sb.+SHANT/WONT+ short inf. - interrogatve form: SHALL/WILL+ Sb.+ short inf. - short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WILL NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WONT
Uses: 1. To express an action that will happen in the future (or what we suppose is true) indicated by adverbs such as: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year , in 2050, etc. e.g. She will get to New York at 5 oclock tomorrow afternoon. Ill be late tonight. 2. To express a (general) prediction about a future action. e.g. In the future, people will travel to other planets. 3. To express a voluntary action. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. e.g. The phone is ringing. Ill get it. 4. To express a promise. e.g. I will call you when I get home. 5. To express an assumption. e.g. That will be Jim at the door. (I suppose it is Jim.)
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Exercise 62 Translate into English. 1. Anul viitor voi fi n clasa a IX-a. 2. Voi nva dimineaa. 3. Voi merge la coala cu autobuzul. 4. mi voi petrece vacana de var la ar la bunici. 5. n vacana de iarn voi merge la schi n Austria. 6. Anul viitor voi avea 4 ore de englez pe sptmn. 7. Voi participa la foarte multe activiti extracolare. 8. Anul viitor voi studia limba spaniol. 9. Voi lua masa de prnz la cantina colii. 10. n weekend voi merge n club cu prietenii mei.
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
- affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL/LL + BE + V-ing - negative form: Sb. + SHANT/WONT + BE + V-ing - interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb. + BE + V-ing Lucy will be writing letters all day long. Lucy va scrie scrisori toat ziua. This time tomorrow we shant be watching TV. Mine pe vremea asta nu ne vom uita la televizor. Shall we be spending our next holiday in the mountains? Ne vom petrece urmtoarea vacan la munte?
- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WILL NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WONT
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USES: Future Tense Continuous is used: 1. To describe an activity that will occur in the future and continue for a certain period of time. We can specify the time when the activity is going to take place: e.g. Tom will be attending a conference next month. 2. When we talk about an activity that will continue over a period of time from now into the future (an activity in progress that started at the present moment or at some time around the present moment): e.g. They'll be studying until 5 o'clock. 3. To indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future (in this case the shorter action in the future is expressed with Present Simple): e.g. I'll be making dinner when he arrives tonight. 4. To talk about what we believe or guess is happening at the moment of speaking or will be happening at a particular time in the future: e.g. Don't call him now, he'll be doing his homework. Please, don't come at 9 o'clock. She'll be sleeping at that time. 5. To talk about things that we expect to happen in the usual course of events (the event is certain and will happen naturally): e.g. I will be seeing Ann tomorrow at the office. (We work together) 6. For predictions or expected trends in the future: e.g. By 2030, most people in Africa will be living in urban areas. 7. To make polite enquiries, when we wish to know what somebody's plans are: e.g. Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight?
Exercise 63 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sunt sigur c la ora aceea fraii ti vor dormi. Probabil c elevii vor scrie nc exerciiile cnd va suna clopoelul. Mine pe vremea asta sora mea va cnta la pian. Voi v vei juca n grdin toat dimineaa. Aproape c nu-mi vine s cred c vinerea viitoare ne vom plimba pe malul Tamisei. l voi anuna pe Tom de invitaia voastr deoarece l voi vedea la teatru n seara aceasta.
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7. 8. 9.
Sptmna viitoare pe vremea asta vom cltori la Los Angeles. Probabil va ninge cnd se vor ntoarce. Dac vii nainte de 7 vom munci n grdin.
10. Mine pe vremea asta te voi atepta n parc.
3. TO BE GOING TO
The future tense with "going to" is used: 1. When a future event has been planned before the time of speaking. e.g. We are not going to work next week. 2. To make a future prediction based on facts. e.g. There is going to be a really big storm in a few hours. 3. To state the something that is intended to take place in the future, in informal conversations. e.g. I am going to be a rich person someday.
Exercise 64 Put the verbs in brackets in the Simple Future or in the be going to form according to the meaning. 1. 2. 3. 4. Why are holding that pen in your hand? I (write) ......................... a letter to my cousin. If you take a taxi, you (get) .................................... to the station in less than ten minutes. I wonder when this storm (end) .......... Why has mother gone to the kitchen? She (make) ..................................... a birthday cake for our sister. 5. I am sure she (recognize) ........................................... you. 6. Why is Bob carrying that hammer? He (hammer) ......................................... a nail. 7. What (your mother, say) ....................................... when she sees you dressed like that? 8. I hope the train (arrive) ............................................ here on time. 9. (you, help) ......................................... me with my homework? 10. I (help) ........................................... to help my brother with his homework because he wants to get a good grade.
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4. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

- affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + IIIrd form - negative form: Sb. + SHANT/WONT + HAVE + IIIrd form By 12, he will have come back. Pn la 12, se va fi ntors. Before she leaves, she wont have visited every museum. nainte de a pleca, nu va fi vizitat toate muzeele. Will he have come back by 12? Se va fi ntors pn la ora 12?
- interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb. + HAVE + IIIrd form
USES: Future Perfect Simple is used: 1. to express an action that will be completed in the future (usually before another action or event in the future expressed by a present tense) e.g. She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repairs the car. 2. to say that an action will be completed before a specific time in the future e.g. By 10 o'clock I will have finished the translation. 3. to express what we thing or guess has probably happened in the recent past e.g. Why dont you visit them? They will probably have returned from their vacation. Note: The Future Perfect Tense is often used with expressions like by the time, by next week, by then, by next year, by the year 2020, etc.).
Exercise 65 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pn la sfritul semestrului vom fi nvat corespondena timpurilor n limba englez. Piesa va fi nceput nainte de a ajunge noi la teatru. Pn la ora 5 Mary va fi scris toate scrisorile. Sper ca pn mine diminea s se opreasc ploaia. M tem c toate magazinele se vor nchide nainte ca eu s plec de la birou.
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Dac nu v grbii, avionul va fi decolat cnd vei ajunge la aeroport. Sunt sigur c aceste cri se vor vinde pn sptmna viitoare. Vei fi auzit de ultimul roman al acestui mare scriitor. nainte de a pleca, va fi vizitat toate muzeele din ora. Pn la sfritul lui iunie, tata va fi reparat acoperiul casei noastre.
5. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

- affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL + HAVE BEEN + V-ing At 6 oclock your sister will have been sleeping for an hour. La ora 6 sora ta va dormi de o or. By the time I get home, she wont have been cleaning the house for an hour. Pn cnd voi ajunge eu acas, ea nu va face curenie de o or. How long will you have been working in this office by the time you retire? De ct timp vei lucra n acest birou pn cnd te vei pensiona?
- negative form: Sb.+ SHANT/WONT + HAVE BEEN + V-ing
- interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb.+ HAVE BEEN + V-ing
USES: Future Perfect Continuous is used: 1. to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. It is important that we expect these situations to last longer. e.g. Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5 hours. 2. to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. e.g. By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be very tired.
Exercise 66 Translate into English. 1. 2. De ct timp vei lucra n acest birou cnd vei iei la pensie? La sfritul acestui an colar fiica mea va nva englezete de 4 ani.
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
n septembrie John va locui n aceast cas de 7 ani. Pe la sfritul acestei sptmni voi atepta de dou luni s mi se repare maina. Mine pe la ora 11 ne vom plimba prin acest parc frumos de cel puin o or. Prietenii notri vor fi cltorind de trei luni nainte de a ajunge n Australia. Pn la ora 10 fratele meu va fi scris scrisori de o or. Vei fi studiat engleza de 10 ani cnd vei termina aceast coal. Pn n septembrie voi fi predat n aceast coal de 20 de ani.
6. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
- affirmative form: Sb. + SHOULD/WOULD + short inf. - negative form: Sb. + SHOULDNT/WOULDNT + short inf. She told me that she would go there soon. Mi-a spus c se va duce acolo curnd. He told me he wouldnt come to the party. Mi-a spus c nu va veni la petrecere.
Note: In the interrogative, we use the interrogative form of Past Tense: e.g. Did she tell you she would come to the party? USES: Future-in-the-Past is used to express a future action seen from the past. e.g. I knew Julie would come to the party. Note: Future-in-the-past can also be expressed with WAS/WERE GOING TO + inf. to express an action that was planned but didnt take place. e.g. He told me that they were to fly to New York last week. (but they didnt)
Exercise 67 Translate into English. 1. 2. John spera c toi prietenii lui vor veni la petrecere. Paula ne-a anunat c trenul va veni n 10 minute.
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Eram sigur c o vei gsi acas. Thomas mi-a promis c mi va mprumuta cartea aceea a doua zi. Unde ai spus c i vor petrece ei vacana de iarn? Am neles atunci c vei ncerca s o ajui. Elevul a promis c va veni la coal la timp. Nu tiam c vei pleca att de repede. Mi-ai spus c ea va nelege mai trziu.
10. I-am asigurat c i vom ajuta.
7. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

When it refers to future time, Present Tense Simple is used: 1. To express officially planned future actions: e.g. The President visits France next week. 2. In timetables, fixed programmes: e.g. The plane takes off at 7 oclock tomorrow morning. 3. In temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, till, until, before, as soon as, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. I will call you when I get home. Call me when you get home! 4. In conditional clauses (after words such as: if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. We will be late if we dont hurry.
Exercise 68 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. Va fi foarte surprins cnd va vedea aceste tablouri. Vom termina toate exerciiile dac ea ne va ajuta. Voi trece pe la tine de ndat ce voi ti rezultatele examenului.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Sunt sigur c te va recunoate cnd te va ntlni. Dac vei citi aceast scrisoare, vei nelege de ce este att de trist. Voi atepta aici pn cnd va suna telefonul. Avionul nostru va pleca la ora 10. Turitii vor sosi n Londra la ora 3. Dac i vei termina temele, vei putea iei afar.
10. Cnd l vei vedea, i vei aminti numele lui.
8. PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

When it refers to future time, Present Tense Continuous is used to express personal future arrangements: e.g. My cousin is coming next week. Were going to the cinema tonight.
Exercise 69 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Unde mergei n dup-amiaza aceasta? La ce or plecm mine diminea? Cte exerciii facei astzi? Cnd v reparai maina? Unde dormim la noapte? Cine altcineva mai vine la petrecerea noastr? Unde va petrece Peter acest week-end? Ce faci mine? Ce mncm n seara aceasta?
10. Ce cni mine sear?

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9. PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect Simple (action no. 1) is used in temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, after, once, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause (action no. 2) to emphasise the completion of action no. 1 before action no. 2. e.g. The children will be allowed to go out after they have finished their homework.
Exercise 70 Translate into English. 1. Voi pleca n excursie dup ce mi voi termina examenele. 2. Dup ce mama va spla vasele, ea va face o prjitur bun. 3. Dup ce va termina de gtit, Sandra va pleca la cumprturi. 4. Ei vor nelege filmul dup ce vor citi cartea. 5. Te vei duce la bibliotec dup ce se va termina ora de englez. 6. Vei expedia mail-ul dup ce l vei verifica. 7. Copiii vor merge la coal dup ce vor lua micul dejun. 8. Profesorul ne va da lucrrile dup ce le va corecta. 9. Vor pleca din laborator dup ce vor termina experimentul. 10. Ne va povesti cartea dup ce o va citi.
10.
PAST TENSE SIMPLE
Past Tense Simple is used to express a future action, in a time clause, which is simultaneous with another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me when he had the time.
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Exercise 71 Translate into English. 1. Mi-a explicat c va fi prietenul meu cnd l voi ajuta. 2. tiam c va fi surprins cnd ne va vedea acolo. 3. L-am asigurat c nu vom spune nimic pn cnd nu vom afla adevrul. 4. Speram c nu va trece mult timp pn cnd voi putea vorbi englezete. 5. Eram sigur c ne va vizita din nou cnd va fi n vacan. 6. Sarah a explicat c va spune adevrul cnd l va afla. 7. i-am explicat c ne va suna cnd va avea timp. 8. Julie mi-a spus c va pregti cina cnd va ajunge acas. 9. A promis c va trimite un mesaj cnd va ajunge la Londra. 10. Am promis c vom cina la restaurant cand va ajunge Sarah.
11.
PAST PERFECT
Past Perfect Simple is used to express a future action, in a time clause, which is prior to another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me after he had finished his work.
Exercise 72 Translate into English. 1. Bnuiam c ne vor suna dup ce vor afla vestea. 2. Eram sigur c fiica meu mi va pune o mulime de ntrebri dup ce va vedea acest film. 3. tiam c Mark se va duce direct acas dup ce se va termina filmul. 4. Ea mi-a explicat c va vorbi cu el numai dup ce el i va cere scuze. 5. Am sperat c ne vei nelege dup ce vei citi scrisoarea noastr.
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6. A explicat c va merge la plimbare dup ce se va opri ploaia. 7. Am promis c l voi lsa s se joace dup ce i va termina temele. 8. Jane mi-a spus c va merge acas dup ce i va cumpra o rochie pentru petrecere. 9. tiam c l vei ajuta dup ce i vei termina treaba. 10. Eram sigur c se va apuca de teme dup ce se va trezi.
12.
TO BE ABOUT TO
It is used to express actions happening in the near future. Related structures: BE ON THE EDGE / VERGE/ POINT OF for actions happening in the next moment. e.g. The managers of the company have denied reports that they are on the verge of a financial crisis. BE DUE TO for actions happening at scheduled times. e.g. The film is due to start in two minutes.
Exercise 73 Translate into English. 1. Lui Jane i vine s strnute. 2. Grbete-te! Ceremonia e pe punctul de a ncepe. 3. Pacientul e aproape s leine. 4. Avionul e programat s decoleze la ora 6. 5. Ei sunt pe cale s fac o mare greeal dac nu ne ascult. 6. Fetia e pe punctul de a izbucni n lacrimi. 7. Bebeluul este pe punctul de a adormi. 8. Trenul e pe punctul de a pleca din gar. 9. Jumtate dintre angajaii notri urmeaz s se pensioneze n 5 ani. 10. Bieii sunt foarte tensionai; sunt pe punctul de a se certa.
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TO BE TO
It is used to express: 1. A doubtful uncertain state or activity (it can also be used in conditional sentences): e.g. If I were to meet her, I would not recognize her. 2. An obligation or constraint: e.g. John, you are to come here right now. 3. A formal arrangement or appointment: e.g. The President is to give a speech tomorrow. 4. Rules, regulations: e.g. Everybody is to come to work on time.
Exercise 74 Translate into English. 1. Margaret urmeaz s devin soia unui scriitor renumit. 2. Dac vrei s reueti, va trebui s munceti mult. 3. Ce o s fac dac el continu s ntrzie? 4. Elevii trebuie s predea lucrrile peste o or. 5. Nimeni nu pleac fr permisiunea mea. 6. Dac vrea s fie n form, va trebui s fac mai multe exerciii. 7. Guvernul urmeaz s mreasc din nou taxele. 8. Preedintele urmeaz s viziteze coala noastr peste o sptmn. 9. Trebuie s-o ntlneti la aeroport. 10. John spune c Jane trebuie s se ntoarc nainte de lsarea ntunericului.
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FUTURE TENSES GENERAL EXERCISES
Exercise 75 Put the verbs in brackets into the most suitable form. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Why are you putting on your overalls? Because I (fix) the car. I have no idea how to use the vacuum cleaner. I (show) you. I (see Jane off) at the airport tonight. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Vegas. You (wait) for John at the airport! Where are you taking the children? We (go) to the theatre. The phone's ringing. I (get) it. Why (you take off) the curtains? I (wash) the windows. 9. Jimmy (take) swimming lessons this year. I hope he (learn) to swim by next summer. 10. I'm tired of living in the city. By February we (live) here for 25 years. Fortunately, we (move) out to the country in summer. 11. I hope they (come) on time. 12. I hoped they (come) on time. 13. (you, go) to Spain this summer? 14. We (go) out for a walk as soon as I (read) my newspaper. 15. I'm sure Jessica (lend) Tom some money if he (ask) her. 16. I was sure Jessica (lend) Tom some money if he (ask) her. 17. They started work at 8 oclock in the morning. I expect they (write) the report by noon. 18. Jim and Claire are wonderful dancers. By next Monday they (dance) together for ten years. 19. I haven't seen aunt Doris for 20 years. I'm not sure if I (recognize) when I (meet) her. 20. Come back in half an hour. By then I (finish) my homework. 21. Next month I (learn) Spanish for three years and I don't think I (can) communicate successfully when I (go) to Spain this summer. 22. The guests are at the door, they (leave) 23. What (you, do) when you (graduate) .? 24. By next December, Henry (work) .. in this factory for two years and he (learn) . a lot of usual things. 25. Mr. Brown (fly) . to America tomorrow. He (eat) .. his lunch while he (fly) .. over the ocean. 26. Mrs. Barton (wait) in the car while her husband (do) .. some shopping.
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27. Next week my friends (lie) on the beach while I (study) for my exams. I (work) hard for a month; when I (finish) them, I (be) exhausted 28. I (already, have) lunch by the time you (arrive) I (go) to bed after I (finish) my work. 29. I (just, come) back from school by seven o'clock tomorrow. 30. When I (live) in this district for a few months, I (know) the names of all the streets. 31. In a minute I (wait) here for two hours! 32. You (smile) when you (hear) her story. 33. Hurry up, they (eat) everything by the time we (arrive) at the party. 34. I wonder what he (do) in ten years' time. 35. If you invite Susan I'm sure she (be) .. happy to come. 36. I'm tired of fast food. I (cook) something special today. 37. This suitcase is too heavy for me to carry. (you, give) me a hand? 38. We (not go) away for the weekend. 39. You (go) to the cinema tonight? No, Sean (take) me to the opera this time. 40. I'm sure this tree (stand) here in the year 2020. 41. The price of petrol has gone up again. People (ride) their bicycles soon. 42. Put on something nice for the party. The boys (take) pictures. 43. I was sure they (win) the match. 44. By next month, they (be married) for 25 years. 45. They (go) fishing after the sun (rise) 46. Lets listen; he (say) something. 47. Everything is ready, we (leave) 48. The plane (take) off at 7 oclock tomorrow morning. 49. Next year, school (start) on the 12th of September. 50. I was sure he (call) me after he (finish) his work.
Exercise 76 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Copiii se vor trezi la ora 8. Pn cnd se vor trezi copiii, mama le va fi pregtit deja micul dejun. Unde vor merge copiii dup lecii? Compania noastr o s deschid mai multe filiale. i vei face temele mine pe vremea asta?
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6. 7. 8. 9.
Eram sigur c va fi ncntat cnd va auzi asta. Am s dau drumul la televizor cnd va ncepe filmul. O s v plac acest joc dup ce vei nva foarte bine regulile. Cnd n-o s fiu aa de ocupat, o s-i fac o vizit.
10. Te rog, sun-m cnd te vei fi hotrt ce vrei s faci. 11. Mama va gti cina n timp ce tata va repara maina. 12. Mama va fi gtit cina pn cnd copiii se vor ntoarce de la coal. 13. Eliza a spus c va schia la Predeal sptmna viitoare pe vremea asta. 14. Dac Peter tie lecia bine, va lua o not mare. 15. Ei urmeaz s se cstoreasc curnd. 16. Mine pe vremea asta, veriorul nostru va cltori de trei ore. 17. Bnuiam c se vor supra dup ce le voi spune adevrul. 18. Nu te culca nainte de a-i lua medicamentul. 19. Cnd se va pensiona, va fi lucrat n acest coal de 20 de ani. 20. Actorul meu preferat urmeaz s apar ntr-un film nou. 21. Am asigurat-o pe mama c nu voi ntrzia la coal. 22. Dac June are bani suficieni va cumpra cartea. 23. Prietenii notri sunt pe punctul de a pleca. 24. Orchestra va repeta de dou ore cnd solistul va ajunge la oper. 25. Prietenii notri au de gnd s-i cumpere o main nou. 26. Unde mncm n seara aceasta? 27. Sunt sigur c mine Peter i va face toate temele. 28. Eram sigur c a doua zi Peter o s-i fac toate temele. 29. Acest autor intenioneaz s publice o carte nou anul viitor. 30. Sandra i va cumpra probabil haine noi pentru vacan.
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31. Prietenii notri intenioneaz s-i petreac vacana la noi. 32. M tem c nu vor ajunge la timp la gar. 33. Probabil c vor reui s gseasc un taxi. 34. Vrei s mergi cu noi la cinema? 35. i voi scrie de ndat ce voi ajunge acolo. 36. Vor pleca la pescuit dup ce va rsri soarele. 37. La var pe vremea asta eu voi vizita mnstirile din Nordul Moldovei. 38. n timpul vacanei de var ei vor nota toat ziua la mare. 39. Am s dau drumul la televizor cnd va ncepe programul. 40. Cnd vom ajunge la munte n vacana de iarn, prietenii notri vor fi deja acolo de dou zile. 41. Pn la sfritul secolului, oamenii de tiin vor fi descoperit deja noi surse de energie. 42. Se vor vinde de dou ore biletele cnd vei ajunge voi la cas. 43. Pn la 5 dup-amiaza nu-mi voi fi terminat deja leciile. 44. N-o mai tachina; fetia e pe punctul de a izbucni n lacrimi. 45. Tu trebuie s-i atepi la aeroport. 46. Unchiul Sam are de gnd s planteze foarte muli copaci n primvara aceasta. 47. Peste cteva zile este ziua prietenei mele i d o mare petrecere. 48. Doctorul i va da seama ce ai cnd te va consulta. 49. Urmeaz s se cstoreasc cu un mare actor. 50. Nu vei gsi un taxi la ora asta, te conduc eu.
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MODAL VERBS
The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must (have to), shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, used to. They are sometimes called 'nude' or 'bare' verbs. They are more commonly known as modal auxiliary verbs because they 'help' another verb. For example: I can swim; Do you think I should go? Modal Forms Simple Modal I could swim at the beach. Continuous Modal I could be swimming at the beach right now. Perfect Modal I could have swum at the beach yesterday. Perfect Continuous Modal I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office. Modal verbs exhibit the following features: they do not take s on the third person singular, present tense, e.g. *he cans/mays/musts/wills, etc. they do not have non-finite form, e.g. *to can, to may, to must, or *canning, maying, musting, woulding, etc. they do not combine internally, e.g. they do not co-occur in constructions like: *must can, *will can/must, etc. they do not allow do support, e.g. *do you can come to the party?, *you do not can go, they invert with the subject in interrogation, e.g. Can you come to the party?, Must he leave so soon?, they can be directly negated by not, e.g. I/we/he/they cant come to your party., they are complemented by a verb in the infinitival form. Modal Can Uses Ability (to be able to) (general or during a specific event) Possibility Inability Impossibility Asking for permission Request Continuity with verbs of perception Example They can swim. When he was four he could read. Next year I will be able to swim. With a bit of effort, he can lift that table. When he visits his grandparents, he can swim in the river behind the house. He cant do that job. It cant be that far. Can I come in? Can you help me? I can hear a strange noise. I can see a bird in the sky. Passive Simple Modal The room should be cleaned once a day. Passive Continuous Modal The room should be being cleaned now. Passive Perfect Modal The room should have been cleaned yesterday. Passive Perfect Continuous Modal The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)
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Modal Could
Uses Possibility Asking for permission (slightly more formal, polite than can) Request (more formal, polite or indirect than can) Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past Conditional Clauses
Example Sam could be the one who told her the news. Could I borrow your dictionary?
Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. When he was younger, he could run faster. If I needed more money, I could take a second job. Impossibility (cant/couldnt + The children were out all day long. They perfect infinitive) couldnt have broken the window. Reproach; irritation (could + You could have asked me for money. Why perfect infinitive) didnt you? May Permission You may go out now. Request May I have another cup of coffee? Possibility China may become a major economic power. Might Possibility (slighter than may) They might give us a 10% discount. If I entered the competition, I might win. Conditional Clauses Reproach (+ perfect infinitive) You might have told me. We must say good-bye now. Must Necessity / Obligation They mustnt disrupt the work more than Prohibition (in the negative) necessary. That must be Jane. Certainty Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall Offer (more common in Suggestion Shall we say 2.30 then? the UK than the Asking what to do Shall I do that or will you?
US)
Should
Will
Would
Recommendation Advisability Uncertain prediction Assumption/expectation Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction Conditional Clauses Asking for permission Request Making arrangements Invitation Preferences Past Habit (only for action verbs)
We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. Susan should be home by now. I cant see any taxis so Ill walk. I'll do that for you if you like. Ill get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year. If I were rich, I would travel around the world. Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? "Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea please." When I was a kid, I would always swim in that river.
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Modal
Uses
Example
Recommendation/Advisability Mary ought to work harder if she wants to be Ought to the best. A.E. prefers She ought to have the dress ready by now. Assumption/Expectation should Children ought to listen to their parents. Moral duty You neednt wear gloves. Need Suggestion I need hardly say / neednt say how sorry we with hardly, scarcely, only are. You neednt do it alone. I can help you. the speakers authority or advice Used to Past habit (with both action and He used to be a very good doctor. state verbs) He used to run every morning. Notes: Could and was able for past ability: 1. For ability, only, either can be used: e.g. When I was young I could/was able to swim very fast. 2. For ability + particular action, use was able: e.g. Although the driver was really shocked he was able to explain what had happened. (He could and did explain.) This rule, however, is relaxed in the negative when the action did not take place, and with verbs of the senses: e.g. He read the book but he couldnt/wasnt able to understand it. I could/was able to see him through the window. Must 1. Must for strong recommendation A.E. prefers the form should. e.g. You look tired. You must/should take a day off. 2. Must for necessity A.E. prefers the form have to. e.g. In some countries, you must have/have to have a licence to ride a scooter. 3. Must expresses internal obligation while have to/has to expresses external obligation. (for past tense, we use the form had to). e.g. I must go home. (I feel it is time for me to go home.) I have to go to work or Ill be late. 4. In the negative, must and have to express different concepts: must interdiction, prohibition e.g. You mustnt cross the street when the traffic light is red. logical deduction (the opposite of cant/couldnt in the negative); e.g. The light is on, she must be at home. dont/doesnt/didnt have to absence of obligation e.g. You dont have to wash the dishes now, I can do it later.
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Dare 1. In the affirmative dare is conjugated like an ordinary verb, i.e. dare/dares in the present, dared in the past. But in the negative and interrogative it can be conjugated either like an ordinary verb or like an auxiliary, i.e. it is a semi-modal. However, the ordinary verb construction is more commonly used. Negative present Do/does not dare Dare not past Did not dare Dared not Interrogative present Do you / does he dare? Dare you/he? past Did you / did he dare? Dared you/he? 2. Infinitives after dare Negatives and interrogative forms with do/did are in theory followed by the infinitive with to, but in practice the to is often omitted: e.g. He doesnt dare (to) say anything. Did he dare (to) criticize me? Dare I/he/you? etc. and dare not forms take the infinitive without to: e.g. Dare we come in? They dared not say anything. When dare is preceded by nobody, anybody, etc. the to is optional: e.g. Nobody dared (to) speak. 3. dare is not much used in the affirmative except in the expression I daresay (or I dare say) which has two idiomatic meanings: a) I suppose: e.g. I daresay therell be a restaurant car on the train. b) I accept what you say (but it doesnt make any difference): e.g. The teacher said the test was optional. I daresay it was but youll have to tell me your mark all the same. 4. How dare(d) you? How dare(d) he/they? can express indignation: e.g. How dare you open my letters? (I am angry with you for opening them.) How dared he complain? (I am indignant because he complained.) 5. dare is also an ordinary transitive verb meaning challenge (but only to deeds requiring courage). It is followed by object + full infinitive: e.g. I dare you to swim to that rock. Need Need can be both an auxiliary and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a semi-modal, i.e. it has both modal and ordinary verb forms. As a modal, its forms are need or need not/neednt for all persons in the present and future and in indirect speech; interrogative: Need + subject?; negative interrogative: need + subject + not? / neednt + subject? Need conjugated as above takes the bare infinitive. As an auxiliary it is seldom used in the affirmative except when a negative or interrogative sentence is preceded by an expression which changes the negative or interrogative verb into an affirmative): e.g. I dont think I need wear gloves.
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Neednt have (done) vs. didnt have/need (to do) 1. neednt have done: no obligation but action performed (unnecessarily): e.g. You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. (You wasted your time.) 2. didnt have/need to do: no obligation, and normally no action: e.g. I didnt have to translate it for him for he understands German. neednt, could and should + perfect infinitive 1. neednt + perfect infinitive is often combined with could + perfect infinitive: e.g. I wanted an umbrella so I bought one. You neednt have bought a new one. You could have borrowed mine. 2. neednt have and should have shouldnt have (done) implies criticism neednt have (done) does not imply criticism e.g. She shouldnt have bought that new stereo. (It was wrong or foolish of her to buy it.) She neednt have bought that new stereo. We have one. (It was not necessary to do this, but she did it.)
Exercise 77 Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Use modal verbs and modal expressions. 1. Perhaps he is at home. He . 2. Perhaps he is sleeping. He . 3. Perhaps she finished her homework. She . 4. Perhaps she was reading. She. 5. It isnt necessary for you to write the essay today. You . 6. It is advisable to talk to your parents about it. You . 7. I am sure he is at home. He . 8. I am sure he is not at home. He . 9. I am sure he is lying. He . 10. I am sure he isnt lying. He .
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11. I am sure he has left France. He . 12. I am sure he hasnt left France. He . 13. It is important for you to study hard for this exam. You . 14. It is forbidden to take photos in this museum. Under no . 15. It wasnt necessary for you to buy so many flowers. Why did you? You . 16. It wasnt necessary for you to buy so many flowers. I am glad you didnt. You . 17. I promise to give you the book next week. I . 18. At the age of eight, he still didnt know how to write. At the age of eight, he . 19. Its essential that we read the instructions. We . 20. Its not a good idea for you to work so hard. You . 21. You are not allowed to smoke in here. You . 22. You are given permission to leave. You . 23. This table is too heavy for me to lift. I . 24. Her parents refused to let her come to the movies with us. Her parents . 25. I advise you to obey your parents. You . 26. He had the habit of spending his weekends in the mountains. He . 27. When I was younger, I did a lot of jogging. I . 28. It is compulsory to return the books in due time. Books . 29. I tried to make him understand, but in vain. Try . 30. I wish you hadnt told anyone about it. You .
Exercise 78 Each of the following sentences contains an error. Identify the errors and write the correct sentences. 1. He may works as a teacher. 2. He cant won.
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3. He cant have be studying hard. 4. He cant have break the kitchen window. 5. You can not eat in this room. 6. Need I to sign this form? 7. I ought visit my grandparents more often. 8. Youre freezing; you may have dressed more warmly. 9. You dont must start writing before the test starts. 10. Bill is still in Paris; you mustnt have seen him at the library. 11. She is very likely that she gets the scholarship. 12. These keys are Marys; she must be forget them. 13. How dare you to speak to me like that? 14. Under no circumstances you can call her in the middle of the night. 15. He would be quite a famous doctor. 16. I would rather she not talk so much. 17. I would prefer her to not talk so much. 18. They cant work now; its impossible. 19. I asked her to help me but she wont. 20. My grandfather was used to smoke his pipe every afternoon.
Exercise 79 Finish the following sentences using or paying attention to modal verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. He may The children couldnt Pupils should My parents used The girl wouldnt I can hardly Could you ? Id rather I insist that
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10. You neednt 11. I suggest that 12. I could do with 13. I cant do without 14. He will surely 15. I cant put up with 16. We cant prevent him 17. Is it likely that they 18. At no time will she 19. Try as I may 20. Try as I might
Exercise 80 Fill in the blanks. Use modal verbs or modal expressions and suitable verbs. 1. After passing your exams, you on a holiday abroad, mother promised her children. 2. Mother promised her children that after passing their exams, they on a holiday abroad. 3. I think you studying, since it is very late. 4. Jane is going to the doctors tomorrow afternoon; she very well. 5. Jane is going to the doctors tomorrow afternoon; she sick. 6. I am the boss, you as I tell you. 7. We any noise because the children are still sleeping. 8. You . to her so rudely, now she is upset. 9. We have missed the bus, now we home on foot. 10. I the speech anymore, which was a great comfort. 11. They that heavy box upstairs, which was really exhausting. 12. They that heavy box upstairs because it was there already. 13. They that heavy box upstairs; they have no choice but to bring it back. 14. Candidates in ink. 15. I when I was younger, but I dont anymore because cigarettes are bad to my health. 16. I this seat? 17. Please, speak louder. I what you are saying. 18. That awful stain on my shirt out. 19. Who do you think you are? How you to me like that? 20. We through the window because we the door. 21. We through the window because the door 22. I asleep, I didnt hear the doorbell. 23. There is no cheese left, my brother it. 24. He all the cheese; thats impossible. 25. Children with knives. 26. Do you think you this text from English into Romanian? 27. Her mother looked so young. She over forty. 28. He with his car because a mechanic was sent there immediately. 29. He any more flowers. There are too many now. 30. When I have passed all my exams, I a trip to the mountains.
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Exercise 81 Translate into English using modal verbs and modal expressions. 1. Este interzis s faci poze n acest muzeu. 2. Nu era nevoie s mi aduci flori, dar i mulumesc oricum. 3. Sunt sigur c el doarme acum. 4. Este posibil s i se ofere acea slujb. 5. Probabil c a trecut testul de conducere din moment ce l-am vzut conducnd maina tatlui su. 6. E posibil ca zborul s fi fost anulat din cauza ceei. 7. Zborul a fost cu siguran anulat din cauza ceei. 8. Profesorul nostru de geografie obinuia s fie foarte dur cu noi uneori. 9. A dori ca oamenii s se tolereze reciproc. 10. S-i spun eu c aceasta este o zon pentru nefumtori? 11. Ne-a spus c e posibil s vin cu noi n excursie. 12. Puteai s-mi fi spus i mie c nu te vei ntoarce pn n zori. 13. O fi regizat el cteva filme, dar asta n nseamn c este un regizor foarte bun. 14. Vrei s fii drgu s dai muzica mai ncet? Nu m pot concentra. 15. Candidaii trebuie s scrie cu stiloul. 16. Profesorul mi-a spus c trebuie s exersez la pian n fiecare zi dac vreau s am succes. 17. Nu trebuia s fi menionat asemenea lucruri n prezena copiilor. 18. Nu avea chef s gteasc, aa c am sugerat s mncm n ora. 19. S-ar cuveni s fii mai atent la ceea ce i se spune. 20. Nu e nevoie s aducei crile mine, vom viziona un film.
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Exercise 82 Choose the most suitable option: 1. You here; its Marys seat. A. shouldnt be sitting C. shouldnt sit B. couldnt be sitting D. wouldnt sit 2. Thank you for your kind offer but I possibly accept. A. wouldnt C. cant B. couldnt D. wont 3. Dont worry that Mike is late, he the bus. A. will have missed C. might have missed B. should have missed D. might miss 4. This was supposed to be a secret. You have told her. A. shouldnt C. might not B. couldnt D. must not 5. I dont believe it. You your keys again. A. cant lose C. must have lost B. cant have lost D. may have lost 6. One drive a car without a drivers licence. A. will never C. ought to never B. may never D. must never 7. Its cold outside. Be sure to wear an overcoat so you a cold. A. mustnt catch C. wont catch B. cant catch D. must never 8. You cant skate, ? A. can you C. do you B. cant you D. don you 9. On no account to strangers. A. you must talk C. you can talk B. shall you talk D. must you talk 10. Only when you have turned eighteen drive a car. A. you will be able to C. will you be able to B. will you be able to D. you can 11. In no way that she has made a terrible mistake. A. she will admit C. will she admit B. she must admit D. must she admit 12. him tonight? A. shall you see C. will you be seeing B. will you have seen D. can you see 13. The telephone out of order. We have just had fixed. A. must be C. may not be B. mustnt be D. cant be 14. please pour me some coffee? A. May you C. Will you B. Should you D. Shall you 15. You all the money at once. Im glad you didnt. A. neednt have paid C. didnt need paying B. didnt have to pay D. neednt have to pay 16. You all the money at once. Why did you? A. neednt have paid C. didnt have to pay B. didnt need to pay D. didnt need paying
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17. my weekends in the countryside. A. am used to spend C. used to spend B. use to spend D. used spending 18. I my weekends in the mountains. Now I love hiking. A. didnt used to spend C. usednt spend B. didnt use to spend D. usednt to spend 19. He quite a famous painter. A. would be C. used to have been B. used being D. used to be 20. The girl was so stubborn that she anyone. A. wouldnt listen C. wont listen B. wouldnt listen to D. wont listen to 21. Will you go to the supermarket later? No, I A. wont C. wouldnt B. cant D. may not 22. Where meet? A. will we C. shall we B. can we D. may we 23. You at the office an hour ago. A. ought to arrive C. must have arrived B. shall have arrived D. ought to have arrived 24. All the participants their names in this register. A. will sign C. can sign B. shall sign D. may sign 25. People obey the law. A. should C. have to B. can D. ought to 26. You there since you know so many details. A. might have been C. must have been B. should have been D. cant have been 27. You at the meeting, you know very little about the decisions taken there. A. might have been C. must have been B. should have been D. cant have been 28. Try as they they find a solution to that problem. A. may / couldnt C. would / cant B. might / couldnt D. might / wont 29. You take photos in here; its too dark. A. wont C. cant B. couldnt D. may not 30. People treat animals more kindly but they dont always do so. A. ought to C. have to B. must D. can 31. I had a visa so I cross the border. A. could C. was allowed to B. can D. am allowed to 32. Next year when I am 18, I drive a car. A. can C. could B. will be able to D. am able to 33. He for his exam instead of spending all his free time at the swimming pool. A. ought to study C. should study B. ought to be studying D. might be studying
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34. Its no use waiting for Jane; she come. A. cant C. wont B. may not D. might not 35. He know the results, I expect he knows them. A. should C. can B. will D. could 36. He know the results, Im sure he knows them. A. should C. can B. will D. could 37. I eat a lot of meat; now Im a vegetarian. A. use to C. could B. will D. used to 38. She like Tom but now she hates him. A. could C. would B. used to D. will 39. In the past, I in a noisy room and I didnt like it. A. used to working C. used to work B. was used to work D. am used to working 40. Strange as it may seem, now I in a noisy room. A. used to working C. used to work B. was used to work D. am used to working 41. You eat so much; you are getting fat. A. mustnt C. shouldnt B. arent allowed to D. neednt 42. She said she her parents. A. must have called C. had had to call B. had to call D. must call 43. Your grandma a doctor a long time ago. A. ought to see C. ought to be seen B. should see D. should have seen 44. Your grandma to a hospital a long time ago. A. should be taken C. ought to be taken B. should have been taken D. should have taken 45. The government a new law regarding the speed limits. A. is to introduce C. have to introduce B. will have to introduce D. are to have introduced 46. As a child, John afraid of the dark. A. used to be C. was used to being B. was used to D. used to have been 47. Now, John is a DJ. He at night. A. got used to work C. got used to working B. is used to work D. used to working 48. Im afraid I the lecture next week. A. wont be able to attend C. cant attend B. am not able to attend D. couldnt attend 49. Somebody all the pie. Theres nothing left. A. may have eaten C. might have eaten B. must have eaten D. could have eaten 50. Why isnt John answering the phone? He at this time of the day! A. cant sleep C. may not be sleeping B. cant be sleeping D. must not be sleeping
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THE PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE: Sb. + vb. + Direct/Indirect Object PASSIVE VOICE: Sb. + TO BE + F3 (+ by Agent) Present Tense Simple: Sb. + am/is/are + F3 (+by A.) e.g. Mother waters the flowers every day. The flowers are watered (by mother) every day. Present Tense Continuous: Sb. + am/is/are being + F3 (+by A.) e.g. Mother is watering the flowers. The flowers are being watered. Past Tense Simple: Sb. + was/were + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother watered the flowers yesterday. The flowers were watered yesterday. Past Tense Continuous: Sb. + was/were being + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. When I got home, mother was watering the flowers. When I got home, the flowers were being watered. Present Perfect Simple: Sb. + have/has been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother has watered the flowers. The flowers have been watered. Past Perfect Simple: Sb. + had been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. When I got home, mother had watered the flowers. When I got home, the flowers had been watered. Future Tense Simple: Sb. + will be + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother will water the flowers tomorrow. The flowers will be watered tomorrow. Future Perfect Tense: Sb. + will have been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. By the time I get home, mother will have watered the flowers. By the time I get home, the flowers will have been watered. Modal verbs (MV) followed by: Present Infinitive Sb. + MV + BE + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother should water the flowers. The flowers should be watered. Perfect Infinitive: Sb. + MV + HAVE BEEN + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother should have watered the flowers yesterday. The flowers should have been watered yesterday.
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Notes: 1. When there are two objects in the active sentences, there are two possible passive sentences: e.g. The children gave mother some flowers. Some flowers were given to mother by the children. Mother was given some flowers by the children. (the more natural choice) 2. If the verb is followed by a preposition in the active sentence, the preposition remains immediately after the verb in the passive sentence. e.g. The children were laughing at the clown. The clown was being laughed at. 3. Impersonal passive: It is said/claimed/rumoured/thought/believed that e.g. They/People say the Mike will leave the country. It is said that Like will leave the country. Mike is said to leave the country.
Exercise 83 Turn the following sentences into the passive voice. A) Present Tense 1. We form the passive voice with the help of the auxiliary verb to be. 2. We turn on the light when it is dark. 3. People speak English in many different parts of the world. 4. We set the table for dinner at 7 oclock every evening. 5. Police officers catch thieves. 6. Mum picks me up from school every day. 7. They make sports cars in this factory. 8. Many people read his books. 9. Mrs. Smith does the cooking in our house. 10. The secretary types the letters. B) Present Continuous 1. Paul is reading a detective story.
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2. The dentist is filling his tooth. 3. Mother is drinking a cup of tea. 4. The firemen are putting the fire out. 5. They are still asking questions about it. 6. My sister is wrapping the present. 7. Mark is writing a poem. 8. They are selling oranges. 9. Father is washing the car. 10. They are cleaning the rooms.
C) Past Tense 1. They built this school ten years ago. 2. The waiter brought in the food. 3. They didnt invite us to the party. 4. A thief stole my bike. 5. I didnt tell them your secret. 6. The boys ate up all the cakes yesterday. 7. Mary didnt win the prize. 8. They hid the jewels in an old trunk in the attic. 9. They didnt object to my proposal. 10. They sold the computer for 100.
D) Past Continuous 1. When we returned, they were tidying up the house. 2. When I left the meeting, people were still asking questions. 3. They were talking about Jane.
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4. When we visited Paris, they were building a new entertainment hall. 5. When I called on them, John was watching a documentary. 6. They were shaking the carpets. 7. They were painting the walls. 8. Mrs. Smith was teaching the students English. 9. She was washing the baby. 10. Father was repairing the car.
E) Future Tense 1. They will meet you at the station. 2. I shall send Jane the letter in a week. 3. People will forget it soon. 4. They will tell you when to come. 5. Where will they build a new school? 6. The children will look after the dog. 7. Mary will take the photos. 8. They will paint this door green. 9. The children will use a dictionary to translate the lesson. 10. The girls will sing two sings.
F) Present Perfect 1. Someone has opened the window. 2. Mary has ironed the dress? 3. I have opened all the presents. 4. The students have translated the lesson without mistakes.
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5. They have done all the exercises. 6. No one has seen her anywhere today. 7. The children have made a snowman. 8. You havent sent the parcel. 9. They have brought up their children very well. 10. Bad weather has put off out trip.
G) Past Perfect 1. She had baked the cakes by dinner-time. 2. Joe had cleared away the dishes. 3. She had ironed her dress before her mother came home. 4. He had sent the e-mail before she called him. 5. They had bought the paper before I did. 6. We had closed all the windows before the storm broke out. 7. He had painted the room by the time we came back. 8. He had whitewashed the living-room before you returned. 9. I couldnt enter the house as they had locked it. 10. I heard that they had given her the first prize.
H) Future Perfect 1. They will have read the book by then. 2. William will have repaired the car by the time we come back. 3. They will have settled the matter by that time. 4. They will have packed all the things by 5 oclock. 5. The teacher will have marked our papers by then. 6. Mum will have fed the dog by the time we come home.
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7. The secretary will have finished the report by noon. 8. They will have done up all the rooms by September. 9. She will have read all the poems by tomorrow. 10. He will have mended the car by tomorrow.
I) Modal/Auxiliary Verbs 1. You must fill in this form. 2. She shouldnt have opened the door. 3. I cant answer this question. 4. You have to clean the house. 5. You cant have broken that window; you werent here. 6. I might use the pen. 7. She must have tidied the room; its very clean. 8. Its stuffy in here; you must air the room. 9. You should renovate the house. 10. He used to help her all the time.
J) Sentences with Two Objects. 1. Jane will give you some advice. 2. I have sent him the letter. 3. We are asking him some questions. 4. Nobody offered the girl a seat. 5. He told me a lie.
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6. The waiter is bringing us the coffee. 7. These children often give their mother beautiful flowers. 8. Father gave her some money. 9. The teacher explained the exercise to the students. 10. They offered her a great sum of money.
K) All Tenses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The French offered the Statue of Liberty to the United States. You should open the wine three hours before you use it. Scientists had done research in this field before. Somebody has cleaned my shoes. We use the video camera on special occasions. You must not leave the room without permission. Someone switched on a light. They are pulling down the old theatre. They are building a new one instead.
10. Why didnt they fix the car? 11. Someone will serve refreshments. 12. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 13. Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 14. Many people visit The Eiffel Tower every year. 15. No one can do anything. 16. It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.
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17. A thief stole my car. 18. They make these artificial flowers of silk. 19. They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day. 20. He expected us to help him. 21. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 22. The lawyer gave him all the details. 23. The students are translating a text. 24. Children couldnt have broken the windows. 25. An Art Gallery is to exhibit her paintings next month. 26. A mystery is something that you cant explain. 27. The boys were flying kites while the girls were making sand castles. 28. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 29. Her rude manners irritate me. 30. The police officer asked me my name. 31. His arrogant attitude shocked everyone. 32. Tom is writing a letter. 33. Jane has written two letters already. 34. Mark will write a letter later. 35. Would they decorate the room in time for the party? 36. Will they have paid the bill? 37. Was she reading these lines? 38. I think someone is following us. 39. They have restored the church tower. 40. She might throw these clothes away.
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Exercise 84 Translate into English. 1. Toate lucrrile au fost predate de ctre elevi. 2. Poezia va fi nvat mine. 3. Meciul fusese pierdut. 4. Fereastra va fi deschis de ctre professor. 5. Cuvintele noi sunt explicate foarte clar de ctre professor. 6. O scrisoare a fost deja trimis. 7. Aceast main este prea veche pentru a fi furat. 8. Vasele nu au fost splate de ctre sora mea. 9. Cutia cea neagr nu poate fi ridicat; este mult prea grea. 10. A fost invitat la o petrecere ieri. 11. Prietenului meu i-a fost returnat cartea ieri. 12. Noul restaurant va fi deschis mine. 13. Nu se vorbete engleza n aceast ar. 14. Pisica va fi ngrijit de Mary. 15. Casa noastr a fost spart sptmna trecut. 16. Nu mi s-a trimis niciun mesaj. 17. Ni s-au spus multe glume la acea petrecere. 18. Multe case au fost distruse de cutremur. 19. Gardul trebuie vopsit. 20. Aceste maini sunt fabricate n Japonia.
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CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)

Sb. + HAVE + Object + Past Participle Get can be used instead of HAVE in Spoken English. Present Simple: She tidies her room. She has her room tidied.
Present Continuous: She is tidying her room. She is having her room tidied. Past Simple: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Future Simple: Future Perfect: Infinitive: Gerund: She tidied her room. She had her room tidied. She was tidying her room. She was having her room tidied. She has tidied her room. She has had her room tidied. She had tidied her room. She had had her room tidied. She will tidy her room. She will have her room tidied. She will have tidied her room. She will have had her room tidied. She must tidy her room. She must have her room tidied. She likes tidying her room. She like having her room tidied.
Exercise 85 Turn the following sentences into the passive voice. Use Causative forms. 1. I painted my room last week.
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2. I make my own clothes. 3. Right now I am making a dress. 4. Dad is fixing the car. 5. My brother has cleaned his shoes. 6. By the time I came back home, Alice had done the cleaning. 7. She will decorate the living-room. 8. They mowed the lawn yesterday. 9. Jack is cleaning the pool. 10. Our house needs to be painted. 11. Mum will shorten her dress. 12. A plumber has repaired the sink. 13. You should ask the maid to clean your room. 14. You must clean the room. 15. Marys hair has just been cut. 16. The dentist used to polish my teeth every six months. 17. Are you going to repair your bike? 18. I should repair my watch. 19. I like repairing things. 20. Toms tooth needs filling.
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IF CLAUSES
TYPE I Main clause Future (real present, likely to happen in the present or future) If-Clause Future Present (for general truths) Imperative Modal Verb + Bare infinitive e.g. He will catch the train if he leaves earlier. If he leaves earlier, he will catch the train. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. Leave early if you want to catch the train. The flight may be cancelled if the fog persists. (unreal present, unlikely to happen in the present or future; also used to give advice) Past tense Conditional optativ prezent Romanian Prezent/ Viitor
TYPE II
Present conditional (would + bare infinitive) might/could + bare infinitive e.g.
He would catch the train if he left earlier. If he left earlier, he would catch the train. If he left now, he might catch the train. (unreal past, unreal situation in the past; also used to express regrets and criticism) Past Perfect (had + past participle) Conditional optativ perfect
TYPE III
Conditional Perfect (would have + past participle) might/could + past participle e.g
He would have caught the train if he had left earlier. If he had left earlier, he would have caught the train. If he had left earlier, he might have caught the train.
Notes: 1. When the main clause precedes the if-clause, they are separated by a comma. e.g. If it sunny, we will go for a walk. 2. We can use will/would in Type 1 Conditionals to express a request, insistence or annoyance. e.g. If you will help me, I can finish earlier. (Please, help me so that I can finish earlier.) 3. We can use should in Type 1 Conditionals to express a slight possibility. e.g. If he should come, tell him to wait for me.
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4. We can use was or were in all persons after IF; was is used in informal English. e.g. If I was/were you, I would study harder. 5. Unless = if not is followed by a positive verb but the meaning of the sentence is negative. e.g. Unless the weather is fine, we wont go out. If the weather is not fine, we wont go out. 6. As/So long as, providing/provided (that), on condition that (to emphasize condition), in case (to express precautions), suppose/supposing (that) (imagine) can be used instead of IF. e.g. In case he comes, tell him to wait for me. Ill let you go to the party as long as you promise to be back by midnight. Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do with it? 7. But for = if it werent for/if it hadnt been for e.g. But for the rain, we would go to the park. (Type II) But for the rain, we would have gone to the park yesterday. (Type III) Inversion and omission of IF: 1. Type I with should: e.g. If you should see Tom, tell him to call me. Should you see Tom, tell him to call me. 2. Type II with were: e.g. If I were you, Id help him. Were I you, Id help him. 3. Type III with had: e.g. If he had come, he would have had a lot of fun. Had he come, he would have had a lot of fun. Mixed Conditionals Mixed Conditionals are a mixture of 2nd and 3rd conditional. e.g. If I didnt have an exam tomorrow, I would have gone to the party. If he hadnt driven so fast, he wouldnt be in hospital now.
Exercise 86 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 1 1. 2. 3. 4. If I (see) . him I (tell) . him the news. If he (eat) . all the cake he (certainly, feel) . sick. The police (arrest) . the thief if they (catch) . him. If he (read) . in bad light he (ruin) . his eyes.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
What (happen) . if she (miss) . the train? If he (help) . me I (give) . him 10. If you (not leave) . me alone I (tell) . it to the teacher. I (not talk) . to him anymore if he (keep) . making so many mistakes. She (be) . furious if she (hear) . the news. If he (go) . on telling lies nobody (believe) . a word he says. Unless he (learn) . more he (not pass) . the exam. Ice (turn) . to water if you (heat) . it. If I (not like) . this phone (you, bring) . me another one? Unless you (be) . more careful you (have) . a bad accident. (tell) . him to call me if you (see) . him. If the fog doesnt clear, the plane (be cancelled) . Unless I (have) . more time I (not be able) . to prepare for the exam.
Exercise 87 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. If I (have) . a dictionary, I (translate) . the text myself. If I (know) . his phone number I (give) . it to you. He (look) . a lot better if he (take) . more care of himself. If he (drive) . more slowly he (not have) .. his car serviced so often. I (not talk) . to her so rudely if I (be) . you. If I (need) . you, (you, help) . me? If you (be offered) . a new job, (you, accept) . it? If she (be) . better organized, she (be) . more efficient. I (buy) . that house if I (have) . the money. If I (win) . a big prize in a lottery, I (travel) . all over the world. What (you, do) . if your house (be) . broken into? I (tell) . you what this means if I (know) . German. He (get) . thinner if he (keep) . a diet. If he (know) . that it was dangerous he (not come) . . If he (be) . younger, he (be able) . to train harder. If there (not be) . any mosquitoes, there (be) . no malaria.
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17. If we (can) . afford it. We (stay) . in a fivestar hotel. 18. If you (see) . someone drowning what (you, do) .? 19. If the weather (be) . better, we (go) . to the park. 20. I (give) . her a diamond ring if I (can) .
Exercise 88 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. If I (know) . that you were in town I (visit) . you. If it (not rain) . all night, the match (not be0 . postponed. If you (arrive) . ten minutes earlier you (not miss) . the beginning of the play. But for his quickness I (not succeed) . . I (not believe) . you if I (not see) . it with my own eyes. If he (ask) . you to help him, (you, say) . yes? If I (have) . a map, I (not get) . lost. If I (know) . that you were coming I (prepare) . something special. If I (realize) . that the traffic lights were red I (stop) .. But for the fog we (reach) . Predeal hours ago. If you (tell) . me that you needed some money, I (lend) you some . If you (put) . some more salt in the soup, it (taste) . better. If you (speak) . more slowly the students (be able) . to take notes. He (be) . extremely angry, if he (find out) . the truth. You (not get) . into trouble if you (listen) . to my advice. If she (not have) . a headache, she (come) . with us. If you (not be) . in such a hurry, you (not forget) . your wallet at home. He (take) . a taxi if he (be) . late. If I (know) . how difficult the job was going to be, I (not accept) .it. If he (not turn on) . the light, he (fall) . down the stairs.
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Exercise 89 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: MIXED TYPES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. If my brother (go) . to Bucharest, he (visit) . Grigore Antipa Museum. Tom (learn) . more if only he (have) . the time. If he (know) . how to help you, he (do) . it. What (she, do) . if she (find out) . the truth? Grannie (not be able) . to read if she (not find) . her spectacles. Mary (pass) . the examination if she (work) . hard. If he (understand) . the rules, he (not make) . so many mistakes. If my brother (graduate) . from college, he (not work) . as a mechanic now. If she (say) . yes, I (marry) . Her. If you (can) . go anywhere in the world, where (you, go) .? Someone (steal) . your car if you (leave) . it unlocked. The room (smell) . nicer if you (air) . it more often. If I (be) . you, I (accept) . that job. If only she (tell) . what she needed, we (help) . her. In case George (arrive) . here sooner, (ask) . him to wait for us. If you (be) . on holiday, (you, go) . to Paris? What (you, do) . if someone (attack) . you on the street? She (be) . more attentive in class if she (not talk) . so much. If (not talk) . so much in class, she (not get) . that poor mark. Unless she (change) . her wet clothes, she (get) . pneumonia.
Exercise 90 Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If he had taken my advice .. If you ate less ... Well send for the doctor if ... If she learnt more ... If you are thirsty ...
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Try on the blue dress if ... If the windows were opened ... If we leave now ... The grass would look better if ... Unless the weather improves ... He would have lent you some money if ... If your mother sees you wearing that hat ... Id have bought some bread ... You would have been angry if ... If you leave the door open ...
Exercise 91 Rephrase the following sentences so that the meaning stays the same. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. In your position I would reject the offer. If I .......................................................................... Thank you so much. I couldnt have done it without your help. If you ....................................................................... Id rather you didnt go to that party tonight. Id be ........................................................................ If he happens to come any time today, please give him this parcel. Should he ................................................................ I damaged my car because I was driving too fast. If I .......................................................................... He might have escaped if it hadnt been for the old tyres. But for ..................................................................... I prefer eating apples to eating oranges. Id rather ................................................................. Im sorry I failed the exam. I wish I had studied harder. If I .......................................................................... You had better see a doctor. If I .......................................................................... You feel so weak because you dont get enough exercise. You wouldnt ............................................................ We would never have found the way without the old mans help. If the old man ............................................................ You will never pass the exam if you dont work much harder. Unless you ................................................................. She went home early because she was exhausted. If she .......................................................................... I wish I had a sports car. That would make me happy. I would ....................................................................... We should have moved to Bucharest years ago. If only .......................................................................... She cant go out if she doesnt promise to be back early. Unless she .................................................................... I stayed at home because I had a cold. If I ............................................................................... If they had asked me, I would have told them the truth. Had I ..........................................................................
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19. He wont help you if you dont ask him. Unless ........................................................................ 20. In case of failure, you should try the exam again. Should .........................................................................
Exercise 92 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Dac a fi pianist, a cnta la pian toat ziua. George ar fi acceptat acea slujb dac i s-ar fi oferit. Maria ar fi neles situaia dac i s-ar fi explicat. Ce vei face dac i va cere mai muli bani? Dac i-ai permite s cumperi unul din acele inele, pe care l-ai alege? Te-a fi votat dac a fi avut drept de vot atunci. Zborul va fi amnat dac ceaa se va ndesi. Zborul ar putea fi anulat dac ceaa se va ndesi. Cineva va sta pe ochelarii ti dac i lai pe scaunul acela.
10. Dac ai fi nvat mai mult, ai fi putut rspunde la toate ntrebrile. 11. Vom avea mult de mers pe jos, dac rmnem fr benzin. 12. Dac ai fi dat afar, ce ai face? 13. M-a rtci dac nu ai veni cu mine. 14. M-a fi rtcit dac nu a fi avut harta. 15. Dac ar fi fost acas, ar fi rspuns la telefon. 16. Nu ti-a fi luat umbrela dac a fi tiut c era singura pe care o aveai. 17. Vaporul s-ar fi scufundat dac ar fi fcut vreo greeal cpitanul. 18. Te voi angaja dac vei nva s dactilografiezi. 19. Ar putea merge mai repede dac nu ar avea tocuri att de nalte. 20. Dac las petele pe mas, pisica l va mnca.
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WISHES
Wish/If only + Past Tense = wish/regret about the present e.g. I wish I knew the truth. (I am sorry I dont know the truth.) Wish/If only + Past Perfect = regret about the past e.g. I wish I had gone to the party. (I am sorry I didnt go to the party.) Wish/If only + SB. + WOULD + inf. = to express dissatisfaction or wish for a future change unlikely to happen e.g. I wish you would stop talking. (Its annoying but I dont think that will happen.) Notes: 1. wish and would are used with different subjects. e.g. * I wish I would (incorrect) 2. After wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. e.g. I wish I was/were taller. 3. If only means the same thing as I wish but it is more dramatic. e.g. If only I was/were taller.
Exercise 93 Read what Mark says then write what he wishes. e.g. I moved to this place but it was a mistake. I wish I hadnt moved to this place. 1. There are not many people of my age here. 2. None of my friends moved here. 3. I dont have friends around here. 4. There are not many shops around here. 5. I cant afford to move back to town. 6. I have sold my old apartment. 7. It rains a lot so I cant walk for long walks in the fields.
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8. Maybe things will get better. 9. I am not patient any more. 10. I dont have a more positive attitude.
Exercise 94 Translate into English. 1. A vrea s pot merge la concert. 2. A vrea ca ea s-mi fi acceptat ajutorul. 3. Familia Barnes i-ar dori s aib un copil. 4. Ce pcat c nu m-a ascultat! 5. Ce bine ar fi dac ar avea un fax! 6. A vrea s-i pot spune adevrul. 7. A vrea s nu mai plou tot timpul. 8. A vrea s fi vzut filmul acela! 9. Ce bine ar fi s locuiesc aproape de birou! 10. Ce bine ar fi fost s fi mers la ntlnire! 11. A vrea s fiu mai nalt! 12. De-a putea schimba lumea! A face ca oamenii s fie mai buni. 13. De-a ti s folosesc un calculator! Mi-a face munca mult mai uoar. 14. De m-a fi trezit mai devreme! N-a fi pierdut autobuzul. 15. A vrea s nu fi sosit att de trziu! 16. A vrea s am o main mai mare i mai rapid! 17. A vrea s tiu italiana! 18. A vrea s nu plou! 19. A vrea ca tu s nu pleci mine. 20. A vrea ca ei s fi venit cu noi n vacan.
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QUESTION TAGS
Sb. + Vb. .., aux./MV + Sb. (pronoun)? Aff.., neg. (If the sentence is affirmative, the auxiliary or the modal verb in the question tag is negative) Neg. ..., aff. (If the sentence is negative, the auxiliary or the modal verb in the question tag is affirmative) Examples and exceptions: 1. You love me, dont you? 2. You dont like it, do you? 3. I am pretty, arent I? 4. Jack could do better, couldnt he? 5. Mary arrived yesterday, didnt she? 6. The kids didnt call you, did they? 7. Jenny never listens to you, does she? 8. Somebody has come, havent they? 9. Nobody has come, have they? 10. You can hardly walk, can you? 11. Lets go, shall we? 12. Close the door, will you? 13. Dont do that, will you? 14. You have a car, havent you? 15. You have breakfast every morning, dont you? 16. Hes come, hasnt he? 17. Hes writing, isnt he? 18. Youd done it, hadnt you? 19. Youd help me, wouldnt you? 20. There are two chairs, arent there?
Exercise 95 Add question tags to the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. You are tired, ..? You can speak English, ? You will help me, ? He doesnt work hard enough, ? He is reading a newspaper now, ? He hasnt met her for a long time, ? You have never been in love, ? He hardly believes it, ? I have been waiting for an hour, ? I am sure he will not deny anything, ?
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
They always have lunch at the restaurant, ? There should be a lot of people, ? You couldnt do it by yourself, ? She likes it, ? I look horrible in this dress, ? You know where she lives, ? She never drinks brandy, ? He plays tennis very well, ? They usually have lunch at one o'clock, ? He doesn't employ foreigners, ? I think I'm the right person for this job, ? This book belongs to Martha, ? I'm sure you know who sings that song, ? You're not a student, ? She thinks we are very rude, ? The police never catch any thieves, ? They say she wears a wig, ? We still have a lot of time, ? He has to work rather hard, ? You take sugar in tea, ? But you dont take it in coffee, ? The lift isnt working today, ? It never works very well, ? The area was evacuated at once, ? There was no panic, ? Though everybody realized the danger, ? There was a lot of noise, ? But nobody complained, ? Mary hardly ever cooks, ? Shed save money if she bought fresh food, ? Your mother helps you a lot, ? Your parents work hard, ? Come here, ? Dont open the window, ? I should see a doctor, ? They must be honest, ? I have a nice house, ? You always have lunch at 1 oclock, ? He has to be here by thee, ? Lets watch a movie, ?
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INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech. Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Reporting what someone has said is called indirect speech (also called reported speech). When using indirect speech several types of changes occur: a) Changes of pronouns: I he/she me him/her my his/her mine his/hers we they us them our their ours theirs this that these those b) Changes of adverbs: today that day tomorrow the next day / the following day yesterday the day before / the previous day ago before next the next now then here there c) Changes of tenses: 1. If the reporting verb (RV) is a present tense, there are no changes of tenses in Indirect Speech: e.g. I am tired, she says. She says that she is tired. We will always help you. they promise. They promise that they will always help us. 2. If the reporting verb is a paste tense then the following changes occur: Present tense Past tense Present perfect Past perfect Past tense Past perfect, Past tense Future Future-in-the-Past
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A. Indirect Speech Statements The most frequent reporting verbs are: to tell (to tell someone something), to say (to say something), but depending on the situation, we can also use: to advise, to complain, to promise, to threaten, to agree, to explain, etc. e.g. My mother works in a school, the new classmate told us. The new classmate told us that his mother worked in a school. I saw a good film last night, Mary told me. Mary told me that she had seen a good film the night before. I have been working all day long, the new employee complained. The new employee complained that he had been working all day long. We will come to the party, the children promised. The children promised that they would come to the party. B. Indirect Speech Questions The most frequent reporting verbs are: to ask, to want to know, to inquire. A) Yes/No questions: Sb. + RV + IF + SB. + VB. + e.g. Do you like oranges? she asked me. She asked me if I liked oranges.
B) WH-questions (questions beginning with WH-words: who, what, where, when, why, how, how much/many, whose, etc.) SB. + RV + WH-word + SB. + VB. + e.g. Where are you from? she asked me. She asked me where I was from. C. Indirect Speech Commands Affirmative: long infinitive e.g. Close the window! she asked me. She asked me to close the window. Negative: not + long infinitive e.g. Dont open the book yet! the teacher told the students. The teacher told the students not to open the books yet.
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D. Indirect Speech If-clause Type I Type II e.g. If I have the time, I will help you. She promised. She promised that she would help me if she had the time. Type II Type II e.g. If I knew more foreign languages, I could get a better job, she said. She said that she could get a better job if she knew more foreign languages. Type III Type III e.g. I would have got a better mark if I had known the answers, the boy told his mother. The boy told his mother that he would have got a better mark if he had known the answers. E. Indirect Speech Modal Verbs can could may might must must (logical deduction) had to (obligation) shall should will would
Exercise 96 Turn the following sentences into Indirect Speech. Add your own reporting verbs. A. Indirect Speech Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I have lost my keys. I have not seen Kate for three months. I last saw her two days ago. We met Tom yesterday. We will find out the results in a week. My parents will get home at five oclock. The baby has been sleeping for three hours. Peter didnt mention anything about this matter.
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They will never guess why I have come here today. 10. We wrote these e-mails two days ago. 11. I have something to show you. 12. I have lost my keys. 13. I last saw her two days ago. 14. We met Tom yesterday. 15. Im going away tomorrow, mother. 16. Ive been in London twice but I havent visited the Tower yet. 17. It isnt so cold today as it was yesterday. 18. We have a lift but very often it doesnt work. 19. Ill come with you as soon as I am ready. 20. We like working on Sundays because we get double pay. 21. I can clean the house but I cant cook. 22. Im going fishing next weekend. 23. I didnt have time to do my homework. 24. The boss must sign this letter now. 25. They went to the supermarket an hour ago. 26. I have spent all my pocket money. 27. Jack will celebrate his birthday tomorrow. 28. I know exactly what they said because I overheard their conversation. 29. I was watching TV when you called. 30. If you answer the questions correctly you may win 100. B. Indirect Speech Commands 1. 2. Switch off the TV. Dont drive too fast.
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9.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Shut the door. Lend me your pen for a moment. Come to the theatre with me. Dont let your child watch horror movies. Cook the mushrooms in butter because they taste better. Dont believe everything you hear. Dont touch the window. Please sign your name here. Dont contradict me. Dont hurry. Call me when you get home. Dont touch that wire. Get some rest. Open the window to air the room. Dont forget to do your homework. Dance with me. Do whatever you like. Dont eat too much if you want to lose weight. C. Indirect Speech Questions
1. When did you come? 2. What happened to you? 3. Which of his sons takes after him? 4. Who is going to live in the big house? 5. Did you watch any films last night?
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Can I help you? Who is this child? Do you smoke? Must we leave now? Where does Mary live? Are you going to have lunch with John? When does the train arrive? Did anyone call me? How much does this book cost? What country do you come from? How long have you been here? What are you doing here? Do you ever buy any second-hand books? How are you? Do I have to come with you? Who speaks English? Did you play for your school team? Are you interested in painting? Do you know when this actor lived? What do you think of this writer? Who put salt in my coffee? Whose car did you borrow last night? What was she wearing when you saw her last? Who owns this car? What else did you see?
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Exercise 97 Read the following abridged interview (by Norbert Krzdrfer) with Brad Pitt. Then report the interview. Superstar Brad Pitt is on his way to Berlin for the premiere of Tarantinos Hitler action comedy Inglourious Basterds. But BILD managed to first catch up with him in a tucked-away Hotel bar in southern France guarded by two bodyguards in Hawaiian shirts. BILD: How would you rate your film if you were a critic? Brad Pitt: Lots of fun! Im happy with it, because all the actors are great. Each one is a mini star! BILD: What does your wife Angelina Jolie think? Brad Pitt: She really likes it. She laughed a lot. BILD: You play an American soldier who scalps Nazis in a hit team and finally kills Hitler. Brad Pitt: Yes theres a lot going on in the movie, we had lots of fun. You have some great actors in Germany. BILD: Who is the real Brad Pitt? Brad Pitt: He is sitting right in front of you. Theres nothing else. BILD: Are you still a big kid? Brad Pitt: No Im not a kid anymore I have six children. BILD: Have you found happiness in life? Brad Pitt (nodding): Hm yes. I am on the path I want to be on. BILD: Are you scared of ageing? Brad Pitt (smirking): The grey hairs on his beard glisten: No, I like it. I think its good. BILD: What is your typical day as a dad? Brad Pitt: I get going early, make breakfast, get the kids dressed, brush their teeth and take them to school. Angelina is working at the moment. We take turns. BILD: What car do you drive? Brad Pitt: Im not a car person. I like motorbikes. BILD: How many motorbikes do you have? Brad Pitt: Sorry, but Ive got a problem with that one. He smiles sheepishly. BILD: Has money changed you? Brad Pitt: It makes everything easier, but money can also be a burden. BILD: Do your rings have a story? Brad Pitt: No I just like them. BILD: What is your most important possession? Brad Pitt: My family - and yes a couple of my motorbikes.
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Now report the interview.
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Exercise 98 Work in pairs. Choose a favourite actor/actress/singer and write an interview. A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:
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Now report your interview.
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INVERSIONS
We invert the subject and the auxiliary verb (apart from questions) in sentences to give emphasis. This happens: a. After certain negative or restrictive adverbs/expressions placed in initial position: Barely when Hardly (ever) when In no way Little Never Never before No sooner than No sooner than e.g. Nor / Neither Not even once Not only but also Not since Not till / until Nowhere On no account On no occasion Only by Only if Only in this way Only then Rarely Scarcely (ever) when Seldom Under no circumstances
Hardly anyone wears a hat nowadays. Rarely do we visit them.
Notes: 1. For Barely/Hardly/Scarcely when and No sooner than (see also PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, page 51). e.g. Hardly had I unlocked the door when the phone rang. 2. When the following expressions begin a sentence, the inversion occurs in the main clause: only after, only by, only if, only then, not till / until, not since. e.g. Only when I saw her, did I remember her name. b. After: so, such placed in initial position: e.g. So pleasant is she that everyone likes her. Such a pleasant girl is she that everyone likes her. c. With: should, were, had in conditional clause (see also If-Clauses, page 99). 1. Type I with should: e.g. Should you see Tom, tell him to call me. 2. Type II with were: e.g. Were I you, Id help him. 3. Type III with had: e.g. Had he come, he would have had a lot of fun. d. After: so, neither/nor, as when expressing agreement: e.g. I have been to Paris. So have I. I have never been to London. Neither have I. e. After adverbs of place when they are at the beginning of a sentence. e.g. Here comes the bus! f. In Direct Speech when the reporting verb comes after the quote and the subject is a noun. e.g. I will never forgive him! said Jane.
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Exercise 99 Rewrite the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 1. I had hardly begun to apologise when she hung up on me. Hardly .. 2. She cried so much that her eyes were red. So much .. 3. I have never heard a more talented singer. Never .. 4. She wasnt pretty; she wasnt kind either. She wasnt pretty nor . 5. This hotel does not accept animals under any circumstances. Under no circumstances . 6. He felt so depressed that he locked himself in his room. So depressed .. 7. Dont skip classes on any account. On no account .. 8. If he had apologized, I would have forgiven him. Had he . 9. Jane had no idea that she had been late. Little 10. He had to break the window to get into the house. Only by 11. Jack was so tired that he slept for ten hours. So tired 12. Mary was so frightened that she cried. So frightened .. 13. The balloon went up. Up 14. If I were you, I would listen to my parents. Were I . 15. You will pass the exam if you work hard. Only if .
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16. I forgot my wallet and I also lost my keys. Not only . 17. I have never seen Chris yelling at his mother. On no occasion .. 18. You should never lend Bill any money; he wont give it back. Under no circumstances . 19. She didnt see the traffic light until it was too late. Not until it .. 20. The cheese was so good that she bought 3 kilos. So good .. Exercise 100 Translate into English. Use inversions. 1. Nu doar bijuteriile, ci i banii i fuseser furai n noaptea dinaintea petrecerii. 2. Dac l ntlnet cumva pe Jack, ai putea s-i spui s m sune? 3. Niciodat nu mai vzusem o pies de teatru att de bun! 4. Nicieri n-am mai ntlnit oameni att de primitori! 5. Nici nu s-a alturat bine Mark echipei c a i ctigat un meci. 6. mi place tortul de ciocolat. i mie. 7. Dar nu mi place ngheata. Ce coinciden! Nici mie. 8. Doar asftel i vei putea repara greeala. 9. Nici mcar o dat n-o s te mai ascult, indiferent ce se va ntmpla. 10. Anul trecut ne-am petrecut vacana n Corfu. i noi la fel. 11. Adevrul nu a ieit la iveal dect dup muli ani. 12. Numai dac ai 18 ani poi participa la examenul auto. 13. Numai cnd vei avea o familie vei fi cu adevrat fericit. 14. Nici n-au ajuns bine pompierii la locul incendiului c l-au i stins. 15. i amintea foarte bine momentul n care o cunoscuse pe soia lui.
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Annex 1
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Nr. crt.
Infinitive to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bear to bet to bind to bite to bleed to blow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to burn to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
Past tense F2 arose awoke; awaked was, were bore beat became began bent bore bet bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought cast caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought
Past participle F3 arisen awoken; awaked been born beaten become begun bent born bet bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought cast caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought
Translation a se ridica, a se nla a se trezi a fi a se nate, a purta, a suporta a bate a deveni a ncepe a ndoi, a curba a se nate a paria a lega a muca a sngera a sufla a sparge a crete a aduce a transmite, a difuza a arde a izbucni a cumpra a arunca a prinde a alege a veni a costa a se tr a taia a se ocupa, a face afaceri a spa a face a desena a visa a bea a conduce maina a locui a mnca a cdea a hrni a simi a (se) lupta, a se certa
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THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE! Nr. crt.
Infinitive to find to fly to forbid to forecast to foresee to foretell to forget to forgive to freeze to get to give to go to grind to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to knit to know to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see
42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88.
Past tense F2 found flew forbade forecast foresaw foretold forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant learnt (learned) left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw
Past participle F3 found flown forbidden forecast foreseen foretold forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leant learnt (learned) left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen
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Translation a gsi a zbura a interzice a anticipa, a prognostica a prevedea a prezice a uita a ierta a nghea a primi a da a merge a mcina a crete a aga/a (se) spnzura, a avea a auzi a ascunde a lovi a ine a rni a pstra a ngenunchia a tricota a ti, a cunoate a pune, a aeza a conduce la a se sprijini de a nva a prsi a da cu mprumut a permite a sta culcat, a zcea a aprinde a pierde a face a nsemna a ntlni a plti a pune a citi a clri a suna a se ridica a alerga a spune a vedea
THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE! Nr. crt.
Infinitive to sell to send to set to shake to shine to shoot to show to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to smell to speak to speed to spell to spend to spill to spoil to spread to stand to steal to stick to sting to strike to swear to sweep to swim to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to understand to wake to wear to win to write
89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127.
Past tense F2 sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelt (smelled) spoke sped spelt (spelled) spent spilt spoilt spread stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
Past participle F3 sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept smelt (smelled) spoken sped spelt (spelled) spent spilt spoilt spread stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written
Translation a vinde a trimite a regla, a fixa a scutura, a cltina a strluci a mpuca a arta a nchide a cnta a se scufunda a sta (pe ceva) a dormi a mirosi a vorbi a accelera a pronuna liter cu liter a cheltui a vrsa a strica, a rsfa a ntinde a sta n picioare a fura a nfige, a se lipi a ntepa a lovi a jura a mtura a nota a lua a nva, a preda a rupe, a sfia a spune a gndi, a crede a arunca a nelge a se trezi a purta a ctiga a scrie
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REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Budai, L. Gramatica englez. Teorie si exerciii, Bucuresti, Teora, 1997. Chilrescu, M. & Paidos, C. Profieciency in English Ed. Institutul European, Iai. Dixson, R.J. Graded Exercises in English Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1994. Evans, V. 2003 Round Up, London, Longman, 1996. Gleanu-Frnoag, G. Exerciii de gramatic englez, Bucureti, Omegapres, 1994. Gleanu-Frnoag, G. Sinteze de gramatic englez, Bucureti, Ed. Cruso, 1995. Leech, G. Meaning and the English Verb, London, Longman, 2009. Levichi, L. Limba englez morfologie, Bucureti, EDP, 1970. Paidos, C. English Grammar: Theory and Practice, Editura Polirom, Iai, 2011.
10. Pawlowska, B. & Kempinski, Z. Teste de limba englez Teora, Bucureti, 1996. 11. Prodromou, L. First Certificate Star, Oxford, Macmillan Heinemann, 1998. 12. Quirk, R. A Comprehensive Grammar of English, London, Longman, 1985. 13. Scuiu, C. English for Advanced Learners Arcadia Press, Bucureti, 2005. 14. Susan, A.L. Limba englez Corint, Bucureti, 2003. 15. Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar, London, OUP, 1984. 16. Vince, M. First Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan, 2003. 17. Vince, M. Advanced Language Practice, Macmillan, 2003. 18. www.englishpage.com 19. www.bild.de/news/bild-english/news/inglourious 20. XXX Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. London, Longman, 2003.
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The English Verb

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VERONA POPA

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN & PRACTISE! -

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .............................................................................................................................. 14

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS...................................................................................................................................... 32

PAST TENSE SIMPLE AND PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................................... 36

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ..................................................................................................................................... 39

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................................................................................................................... 44

THE PASSIVE VOICE.................................................................................................................................................. 87 CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)............................................................................................. 96

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE INDICATIVE MOOD

PRESENT PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

CONTINUOUS = TO BE (the tense is that before the word continuous) + Vb-ing.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

2. Ele o ajut pe mama lor.

3. Te uii prea mult la televizor.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

4. Ea spal podeaua n fiecare zi.

6. El pleac la serviciu la ora 8 dimineaa.

7. Ea se mbrac foarte bine.

9. Impozitele cresc n fiecare an.

10. Cinele mnnc oase.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

- the interrogative form: TO BE + Sb.+ Vb-ing AM/ARE/IS + Sb. + Vb-ing

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

10. The leaves are beginning to fall from the trees.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

10. John is doing his homework. (you yes)

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

2. Mama spal vasele.

4. Iau cina cu Susan n seara asta.

5. Acest plan funcioneaz.

6. Margaret scrie o scrisoare.

7. Tom ntotdeauna mi d sfaturi proaste.

8. Sptmna viitoare tata se duce la Londra cu avionul.

10. Spectacolul tocmai ncepe.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

Exercise 29 Find an ending to the story Poor Thumbelina.

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

THE ENGLISH VERB LEARN AND PRACTISE!

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS