Interference of light Absolute refractive index =c/v where c is the speed of light in vacuum ,v is speed of light in the medium

m Optical path = refractive index X distance travelled by light in the medium

Ratio of intensities of light emitted by two sources

Where w1 and w2 are the widths of the two slits.a1 and a2 are the amplitude of two waves. In Young's double slit experiment ,

The distanceof the nth bright fringe The distance of the nth dark fringe Fringe width Angular fringe width

Where D distance between slits and screen in m d is the distance between two slits in m no of fringes observed if the wavelength is changed

In Fresnel's biprism experiment, d is the distance between two coherent sources

d by displacement method. If is the refracting angle of the biprism

1

d= 2a(-1) ,

Where "a" is the distance between the slits and the prism and the refracting angle.

Fringe width

Electromagnetic waves Maxwell's equations are

Velocity of the electromagnetic wave

Diffracion In Fraunhofer diffraction The condition for the formation of secondary minimum

For the formation of secondary maximum

semi angular width of central maximum =

GRATING (e+d) =grating element

2

e-width of each slit d-the width of opaque space between the slits. Condition for maximum intensity (e+d )sin =n

N -number of rulings per cm on the grating polarization -transverse nature of the wave ip = angle of polarization Brewster's law

n -refractive index of glass Snell's law

=sinr

tanr =sinic r = tan-1(sinic)

Refraction of light

Reversibility of light
3

Refraction through multiple media

1 2

n2 X 2n3X 3n1 =1 n3 =1n3/ 1n2

where t is the real depth/thickness of the glass

In case of more than one liquid

Prism graph between i and

i+e =A+
4

Deviation for a thin prism m =(n-1)A Refraction of light at spherical surfaces For convex surface/concave surface

Len's maker's formula

Power P = Gaussian form of lens equation

if fa and fg are the focal length of the lens in air and in liquid respectively

When two lenses of focal length f1and f2are in contact ,then their combined focal length is given by f is givenby

power p =p1 +p2 If thin lenses are placed at a distance d

power P =P1 + P2 -d P1 P2 Dispersion angular dispersion =V -R= Y For thin prism m =(n-1)A angular dispersion =V -R =(nV-nR)A Dispersive power = Dispersive power =

F -sky green C red line of hydrogen spectrum D- yellow line of sodium spectrum To reduce chromatic aberrations using two plano convex lenses the distance between the two lenses d= f1 -f2 fR -fV = X fY Condition for achromatism of the lens combination

for 2 lenses separated by a distance d d=f1 -f2 Simple Microscope

Compound Microscope Total magnification produced by the compound microscope M M=Mo X Me

For objective

in case u0 =f0 and v0 =L(length of the microscope tube)

Astronomical telescope If the final image is formed at the distance of least distinct vision

If the image is at infinity

length=Distance between 2 lenses =fo+fe