DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA
A,

CONDUCTOR SIZE
ts,d,Io

TOUCH & STEP CRITERIA
Etouch70, Estep70

INITIAL DESIGN
D,n,LT,h

GRID RESISTANCE
Rg,LT

GRID CURRENT
IG

GPR < Etouch

MESH & STEP VOLTAGES
Em,Es,Km,Ks,Ki,Kii

Es<Estep

Em<Etouch

DETAIL
DESIGN

MODIFY DESIGN
D,n,LT,LR
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
EARTHING CALCULATION
A GENERAL DESIGN DATA
1 Soil Resistivity, : 2.06 Ohm-M
2 Gravel Resistivity, : 50 Ohm-M
3 Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, Iefs : 2733 A
4 Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts : 0.5 Sec
5 Maximum Allowable Conductor Temp. : 700 C
6 Design Ambient Temperature : 40 C
7 Thickness of Crushed Gravel, : 0.3 mtr.
8 Depth of Earth Grid, h : 0.6 mtr.
9 Reference depth of the Grid, h o 1 mtr.
STANDARDS USED
IEEE Gude for Safety in AC Substation
Grounding IEEE - 80 2000
B SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR :
Eqn.: 40 Page : 43
IEEE Std. 80 - 2000
Where
Material Proposed
= Resistivity of Conductor Material 0.00381 Ohm - M
= Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature Tr in 1/C1.78
Tm = Max. allowable temperature in C 1084 C
Ta = Ambient temperature in C 40 C
Ko = 1/o0 or 1/or - Tr in C 242
Iefs = rms current in Ka 2.733 KA
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

a
m
r r c
T K
T K
t
TCAP
I
Amm
0
0
4
2
ln
10
o
r

r
o
s

hs
EARTHING CALCULATION
t c = Duration of Current in s 0.5 Sec.
TCAP = thermal capacity per unit volume from Table 1 3.42 J/(cmC)
Amm = Conductor cross section in mm 6.92 mm
= 13.65 kcmil
Amm = 6.92 mm
THE SIZE OF CONDUCTOR SELECTED = 67.4 mm
Diameter of the Grid Conductor ,d = 0.06744 mtr.
Rounded of = 0.07 mtr.
Eqn. 21, Page 21, IEEE 80 2000
Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2000
= Reflection factor between different material resistivities
= Resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in O.m
= Surface material resistivity in O.m
= Thickness of the surface material in m
= Surface layer derating factor
= -0.92
= 0.87
Eqn. 30, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000
Where
= Step Voltage for body weight of 70 kg
= 280.31 Volts
TOUCH & STEP CRITERIA
kcmil
A
s
s
K


+

=
K

K
09 . 0 2
1 09 . 0
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
hs
C
s
s

s
C
hs
s
C
s
s s step
t
C E
157 . 0
) 6 1000 (
70
+ =
70 step
E
70 step
E
s
s s touch
t
C E
157 . 0
) 5 . 1 1000 (
70
+ =
EARTHING CALCULATION
Eqn. 33, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000
Where
= Touch Voltage for body weight of 70 kg
= 236.60 Volts
C INITIAL DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
Length Breadth
Preliminary Layout of Grid = 3 3
n = Number of parallel conductors = 2
D = Conductor Spacing = 4 m
h = Depth of grid burial = 0.6 m
Lp = Length of the conductor across perimeter = 13.69 m
Nr = No. of Ground Rods = 3
Lr = Length of Ground Rods = 2.4 m
LR = Total length of Ground Rods = 7.2 m
LT1 = Total length of buried conductor = 10.5 m
LT = Total length of buried conductors & rods = 17.7 m
Lx = Maximum length of conductor in X-Axis = 3
Ly = Maximum length of conductor in Y-Axis = 3
D GRID RESISTANCE
Where
A = Area of the Grid = 9 m
= Grid Resistance
= 0.35 O
E MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT
s
s s touch
t
C E
157 . 0
) 5 . 1 1000 (
70
+ =
70 touch
E
70 touch
E
L Na L
T
= 2
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + =
A h A L
R
T
g
/ 20 1
1
1
20
1 1

g
R
g
R
EARTHING CALCULATION
Where
= Maximum grid current in A 2733 A
= Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault, given in s 0.7
= 1913.1 A
F GROUND POTENTIAL RISE
= 671.5 V
The safety to personnel is specified by IEEE 80, which requires to limit the development of
electrical potential to dangerous value during earth fault current.
The regulation stipulates the following parameters to be within the permissible limit
a) Step Voltage (Foot to Foot Contact)
b) Touch Voltage(Hand to Foot Contact)
A Mesh Voltage

Eqn. 80, Page 91,
IEEE 80, 2000
= Corrective factor for current irregu-
larity
Where
= 1.5

= 1 for square grids = 1
CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE
VERIFICATION FOR HUMAN SAFETY
g f G
I D I =
R
Ly x
r
C
i m G
L
l L
L
L
K K I
Design Emesh

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +

=
2 2
22 . 1 55 . 1
) (

Ki
g
I
f
D
G
I
g G
R I GPR =
GPR
n K
i
148 . 0 644 . 0 + =
d c b a
n n n n n =
P
T
a
L
L
n

=
2
a
n
b
n
c
n
EARTHING CALCULATION
= 1 for square and rectangular grids = 1
= 1 for square, rectangular and L-shaped grids = 1
= 1.53
= 0.87
= Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage Eqn. 68 Page 113 IEEE 80
Eqn. 81, Page 93
IEEE 80, 2000
Where
= Corrective wieghting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh
= 0.25
= 1.00 With Rods
= Corrective weighting factor that empasising the grid depth
=
Where
= Reference depth of grid = 1
= Depth of the ground grid conductor = 0.6
= 1.26
= 0.55
= 70.84 Volts
Calculated Mesh Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Touch Voltage.HENCE SAFE
B Step Voltage
Voltage developed for step as per the earthing system proposed during full Earth fault current
( ) | |
| |
R C
G
L L
I Ki Ks
Design Estep
+

=
85 . 0 75 . 0
) (

Km
( )
( )
(

H
+
(

+
+
H
=
1 2
8
ln
4 8
2
16
ln
2
1
2 2
n Kh
Kii
d
h
Dd
h D
hd
D
Km
Kii
Kh
|
.
|

\
|
+
ho
h
1
ho
h
Kh
Km
) (Design Emesh
n
ii
n
K
2
) 2 (
1

=
Kii
c
n
d
n
n
Ki
Kii
EARTHING CALCULATION
Eqn. 92, Page 94
IEEE 80, 2000
Where
= Spacing factor for Step voltage
Eqn. 94, Page 94, IEEE 80, 2000
= 0.335
= 0.871027027
= 82.08 Volts
= 82 Volts
Calculated Step Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Step Voltage.HENCE SAFE
( ) | |
| |
R C
G
L L
I Ki Ks
Design Estep
+

=
85 . 0 75 . 0
) (

Ks
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
H
=

D h D h
Ks
n 2
5 . 0 1 1
2
1 1
Ks
Ki
) (Design Estep
) (Design Estep
n K
i
148 . 0 644 . 0 + =
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
SUMMARY
A EARTH GRID CONDUCTOR
Type of Conductor
Size of Conductor
Length of Conductor
Depth of Conductor
B GROUND RODS
Total Length of Ground Rods
Length of Individual Ground Rods
No. of Ground Rods
C HUMAN SAFETY
Step Voltage
Mesh Voltage
Volt
280
236.60
UNIT Designed Value
Volt
Copper, commercial hard - drawn
EARTHING CALCULATION
SUMMARY
67 mm
11 mtr
0.6 m below GL
7.2 mtr
2.4 mtr
3 No.
71
82
Permissible Value
Copper, commercial hard - drawn
Description
Material
Conductivity
(%)
or factor at
20C
K0 at (0C)
Fusing
Temperature
Tm (C)
1
Copper annealed
soft - drawn 1 100 1 0.00393 1 234 1 1083
2
Copper, commercial
hard - drawn
2 97 2 0.00381 2 242 2 1084
3
Copper-clad steel
wire 3 40 3 0.00378 3 245 3 1084
4
Copper-clad steel
wire 4 30 4 0.00378 4 245 4 700
5
Copper-clad steel
rod 5 20 5 0.00378 5 245 5 1084
6
Aluminium EC
Grade 6 61 6 0.00403 6 228 6 657
7
Aluminium 5005
alloy 7 53.5 7 0.00353 7 263 7 652
8
Aluminium 6201
alloy 8 52.5 8 0.00347 8 268 8 654
9
Aluminium-clad steel
wire 9 20.3 9 0.0036 9 258 9 657
10
Steel, 1020
10 10.8 10 0.0016 10 605 10 1510
11
Stainless - clad steel
rod 11 9.8 11 0.0016 11 605 11 1400
12
Zinc-coated steel
rod 12 8.6 12 0.0032 12 293 12 419
13 Stanless steel, 304 13 2.4 13 0.0013 13 749 13 1400
TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS
r
20C(O.cm
)
TCAP
Thermal
Capacity
[J/(cm.C]
1 1.72 1 3.42
2 1.78 2 3.42
3 4.4 3 3.85
4 5.86 4 3.85
5 8.62 5 3.85
6 2.86 6 2.56
7 3.22 7 2.6
8 3.28 8 2.6
9 8.48 9 3.58
10 15.9 10 3.28
11 17.5 11 4.44
12 20.1 12 3.93
13 72 13 4.03
TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS