Sei sulla pagina 1di 129

2011

:]\:k\\i\:::\ \:]i :T g]i\:\


:]3\:| :i\:T \
\:{ :]p :e:T 9\:s \ | \:i\:i\
d\:G:\:{ :]p :e
:2011: :B142:C:]\:k]ei:]\: \::\\:
} :B1000C:T ~\:
:e::\:{ :]p :k]

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4

7
9
18
27
33

:
- 1
- 2
- 3

39
41
55
87

:
- 1
2
3
4
5
6

)( - ) (

109
111
115
119
120
123
127




....



...
...

. 1926
1927
1934 .
1947
..
. 1957
..
1997
2007 2005
) (140 )
( .
.


...
5

..
...
...
...

.


.



.
.

2011/1/15


1
2
3
4

. -



...

.

..
).(1

...
...
.



...
).(2

.
:


.
1947
9


). (3
.
) .(4

) .(5
) (1922-1921
.
).(1
)(1

)(6

) (1922-1921

306000

%
38.2

191780

24.0

191525

23.9

111650

13.9

800655

100

: 36
: 122-121

%27
) (7 1947
:
:

10

. ) .(1
.(8) %30
)(1

11



) (%20 .1997 )(2
)(2
) (1997-1947
%

30.4
1947
23.4
1957
22.9
1970
22.4
1977
21.2
1987
19.6
1997

) (9

: .


. %9
%6.4
. ).(3
)(3

)(10
)(1997-1947

1957-1947
1970-1957
1977-1970
1987-1977
1997-1987
1997-1947

3.1
3.5
4.3
3.6
5.5
9.4

: .

12


1.7
3.3
3.9
2.9
5.5
6.4


.

).(4
)(4
)(1922
%

16.9
83000

34.8
170650

38.6
189900

9.7
47500

100
491050

)(11


. 1947 ) %(18.7
%(16.7) 1957 ) %(14
1977 )(5
)(5
) % (1977-1947
)(12

18.7
1947
16.7
1957
14.1
1965
14
1977
- : 35
83 - 1977-1965

13


: .
.. ) (%11
) (1977-1957
) (%16
) (%7.4 ) (%8
). (6
)(6
)(13) % (1977-1957

1977
1957
1977
1957
87.4
79.3
44.4
28.2

10.8
18.2
37.6
48.3

1.4
2.2
16.3
21.4

0.4
0.3
1.7
2.1

100
100
100
100

1957 -1977:]:::h:]h\h::1




1961
...
...
.

14





.






.

. .

:
- 1
.
- 2
...
.
- 3 ) (

) (140 .
- 4
.
15

:
- 1
198513
- 2
198990
- 3
1961 . 40
1959 .5
: 1970.
- 4
1972.5
- 5
1999.28
- 6 1924
.36
/1967 .122-121
- 7
1982.18
- 8 ..47
- 9 19871977 19471957
1970 .1997
- 10 .2
- 11 . 95-93
- 12 : 1961.35

16

: 1963
83
.138-126
1977
.49
G 13 1957 ::zzzzz:F

::d:F1977:]:::Fh:]h\h
:H17 G10F

17

....


...

.


.
...

( ))((1
)


...

))((2
) (

((3)).



) (1958-1945

18


: )).((4

) (1965-1951 ) (400
) (152 ) (172

)).((5

.
)) ((
)).((6


... )).((7

1937 ) (20
.
1968

.
)(1991-1961

.
.
)( 1975

:

19

.1 )(30
)).((8
.2 .
.3
.
) (1988-1980


...
.
1991
- - .
.
)(
((9)).


.


:
20

1987
) (3.467.899 ) (%21.2
. %24
) (%23 ) (%22
. )(1
)(1
19571987

)*(

)*(

1957

1987

10.2

8.5

15

17.7

20.8

22.8

18.6

22.2

26.5

24

8.9

4.8

100

100

22.5

21.2

*

) (1957

. 1987
) *(
1987
F0

1957
) (%21.2-22.5
.
*

21


1923 %17
) (%18.7
1947 :
)(2
)(1947


210920

23.5

218995

24.3

222700

24.8

151575

16.8

72360

8.0

23400

2.6

988850

100

35 125/ 1947


1957)
(%16.5 1965 ) (%14.1
) (%14 .((10)) 1977
1957 ) (1.042774
) (1987-1957
) (2.689.000 1987) (2.963.000
1995 ) (3.402.000 2000 .
22



.
) (3
) ( %7
% 3
) (%0.1.
) .(%5
) (%11 %5
.
)(3
)(1977-1957


6.6


2.6
0.1 -

10.6

4.6

52.4
5.0
4.8
4.5

5.8
0.10.2
50


) (%50 ) (%5

6.7

23

%6 ) (%50
!! . :
.1
.
.2

.
.3

.
1977
.
)(4
)(1977-1947
1977
1957
1947

76
83.2
35.4

13.3
26.1

86
89.0
91.3

93.6
98.4
98.4

37.6
48.2
53

10.7
18.2
26.6

13.95
16.5
18.7

)(10

) (4 )(
) (% 37.6-53.0 )1977-1947
( ) (% 11-27
24

) ( ) (% 25-35
. ). (4



.



.

25

:
.1 .211-1973
.119-1985
H2 ::z:gz:\p :d:d\:]:\
:H63 G1994:] :11]:Fh :h] :F\\2
.3
.4
.5
.6


) .(5 .22-1969

.28-1966
.24-
\ ]zzzzd

.383-1980
.7
.19-1991
.8 .122-1990
:zz :B1990 G1961:C\zz:zzh::k]dzz| :]zz:zz :Fzz:r]zz H9
H48 G1990
.10 1957
1965
1977 .1978

26

.. :

))(( ))
(( .
))((
. )) ((
)(1323-1254 .
)) ((
.
)) (( :
. ))((
:
.

.

.

.

.
:



.
27







.
:
- 1
.
- 2

. ))((

.
- 3
..
.

.



.

28

1925
) (3.2 :

)(1

)(
2
0.7
0.5
3.2


) (5.4 )(2

)(2

)(

3
1.3
0.75
0.35
5.4



.
) (4.5
29

. ) (1955-1920
) (9.3
):(3
)(3

)(
4.6
3.0
1.4
0.3
9.3

1955
1955
1957
1955
-

) (1980-1957
) (10.7
.1996 ) (11 2000 .
) (3 )(5.2
) (1975 ) (%16
) (1980-1956
) (9.2 1996 )2000
( ) (9.8 .
). (1990-1980
)-17
(% 25 .
) (% 21
. ) (3.4
30

1987
) (4.6 .1996 )(5.2
2000 .
) (290 )(400

) (1980-1963
) (1.050.000 .1996
) (2000-1980
) (1.2 )2000(
):(4
)(4


1996


2000

10.7
9.2
4.6
1.05
25.6

11.5
9.8
5.2
1.2
27.7

19
16
21
10
-

) (25.6
) (27.7
(%19) ) (%16

31

)( )(%10
.

..
.
) (28
.

. )(5
)(5
)(5
) ( 1983


0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.5
1.2
1.2
0.5
0.3
0.7

32


1.5
0.6
0.4
0.9
1.8
3.5
3.3
3.6
2.0

:


.
)( ) (7
.
.

) ( ) (


... ..

..
" " . "
" " " :
.


.




. ) (
33

" " "





.
)(2
)(2




34


" " .

)(
.

.
) (117 1957 ) (247
.
.1991

)(

1987
) (469
.




..
.. .
% 74
1957 % 51 1977
% 80 .


35



.

.


.


.

1991

..
) (140
..
..
.. :
..
..

..

..

..
36



.
.

..

" "
..
.

..
-

.



..




.

37

38

-1

-2

-3

39

40


- :

.


1957


) (
.

1987

)-1980

(1988 .

1947 ) (30
.
41

) % (20 1997

.
.

) %(4.5

) % (3

).(1

)(1

)(1977 1957
) (%


3.4


2.6

4.7

4.9

0.14.6

5.3

5.8

6.1

4.5

0.13

42

- :


) (1997-1987

%20 .

) (2 ) (%90

1957

43

)(2

)%(1987-1957

1957

1970

1977

1987

13.2

11.7

11.5
14.3

12.1

11.2

12.2

12.8

18.4

19.0

20.2

22.3

20.2

21.7

22.1

23.0

26.2

24.7

27.0

25.8

10.3

8.8

6.4

4.9

100

100

100

100

- :

... .

)( .

.
44

..

:
-1:

) (
) %(25-20

1924
)( :
).(3

)(3

1924
45

83.000

27.1

170.650

89

189.900

99.2

47.500

42.5

491.500

61.3

) ( )

( : ) (600
) (%19

1947
) %(90

)(

).(4

)(4

1947
46

210.920
218.995
222.700
151.575
72.360
23.400
899.950



23.5
24.3
24.8
16.8
8.0
2.6
100

35.4
91.3
98.4
53.0
26.6
0.7
18.7

)(

: ).(5
)(5

)(%


1977 1957
87.4 79.3
10.8 18.2
01.4
2.2
0.4
0.3
100
100


1977 1957
73.6 56.1
25
30.7
0.7
4.8
0.7
8.4
100
100

-2:

47


1977
1957
44.4
28.2
37.6
48.3
16.3
21.4
1.7
2.1
100
100

- .
- .

) %(2.2-1.2

. ).(6

)(6

)(1977-1920
%
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.2

1920
1957
1965
1977

%61
1957 %27

) % (5 . 1977

48

%59
. .
%7.2

%6.9 . ).(7
)(7

)(1977-1957

1957

1977

26.5

6.9

5.0

6.5

61.3

0.6

7.2

6.9

100

100

-3:

58.6
10.5





49



.

) % (77 )(1920
) %(82 1987 ) (8

.
)(8
)(1987-1920
%
76.6
79.2
81.0
81.8
82.3

1920
1957
1965
1977
1987


) %(90 )(5.5
% ).(9
)(9

1977

957%
56.1

50

%1977
18.5
85.4

6.6

10.4

1.1

5.5

28.2

44.4

79

84.9
87.5

96

93.8

99

97.5

99

99.4

99.7

99.0

92.7
-

99.4
99.5

99.7

97.4

99.8

99.5

99.7

99.6

98.9

97.7

98.4

-4 :
:
- : .

- : )(
.

51


.
) % (5 ) ( ) % (1

).(10
)(10

)(1977

%
5

0.1

0.3

0.2

1.0

1.4

-:

"" ""

. " "

52

""

"" .


1975

" "

.
2003


53

1991

54


:

.

.


.

.


..
..

.

:
-1
.
-2
.
-3 .

55


) *(
.


.


.


) (5000
) (1
.
..

.
F0

F1

"" ""
*
.. :
United Nation; Demographic year book, New York, 1955,P.16.
: 1
1978 4 .756
1
- George, M.R.; Trends and patterns, of Urbanization in Iraq, Cairo
Demographic center, 1973, P.4.

56

" " .
.

) (2
.
- -

(3 ).
) (4
.

.

.

) (5
.
F2

F3

F4

F5

- 2 297
: 1974
.31-30
3
- Hauser, Philip M.; Urbanization in Latin American, New York,
John Wiley and sons, Columbia Unive. Press., 1967,P.21.
4
- United Nation; Multilingual Demographic Dictionary English,
section population studies, No. 2, 1958, P.18.
5
- Shafi, Sayed S., Urban planning in Iraq, Baghdad, Develoment
programme, March, 1972, P.122.

57


.

6 .

...
*
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
F6

F7

:
.


.

%4.3

%1.1
%3.2 .

) (7
F8

- 6 1978.70
* " "
: :
Mc Gee, T.G.; The Urbanization process in the third World,
Exploration search of a theory, G. Bell, London, 1971, P.P.22-27.
- 7 ) (1976.16

58

. )(1977-1957
) (%11 . ) (%0.6 .

) (%38 1957

) (%64 1977
%62 %36 .

) (1.482.588
1977 1957 .

) %(4.6
.

%2.4 1965-1957 %3.9 1970-1965

%4.9 ) .(1977-1970 ).(1

)(1

)(1977-1957

-1957
1965
2.24.0

-1965
1970
11.7

-1970
1977
0.4

-1957
1977
1.7

2.3

5.0

4.9

59

4.2

2.5

7.2

6.3

2.6

3.9
2.3

4.9

4.7

4.3

4.5

3.8

: .1957
1965
1970
1977 -


) %(6
) (1977-1957 ) %(5
) %(1.7 .

. %15.4
%14.7 %12
.

. ) (2
.
%1.6 %15 .

%8 ) (1965-1957



1965
60

) (1970-1965
%17 %1 .
1970
.. 0

%14 .
) %(3.5 ).(1977-1970

) (1965-1957
) (1970-1965
1965
- )-1970
(1977 %13 ) %(0.1
).(2

)-1957
(1965 ) (1970-1965
).(1977-1970
)(2

)(1977-1957

1977-1987

0.4- 12.0
1.3 14.7

3.1 15.4

1965-1957

1970-1965

17.4
0.6

4.3- 8.0
1.6
10.5

2.3

2.9

6.7

8.1

61

2.3
0.5

1977-1970

3.5- 14.5
0.1
13.2
12.3

14.1

14.6
10.8

1.6
0.6

9.0

0.5

3.8

4.0

6.3

2.2

8.8

2.8-

: )(1

13.0

0.7

6.5

1.4

) (3

) %(49-24 .
) %(7.6 ) %(9.5
.
)(3
)(1977-1957

1957
1.2
26.7
26.1
23.8
38.3

1965
33.7
37.3
32.2
34.4
44.2

: )(1

1970
12.9
37.3
38.1
34.2
57.0

1977
42.9
53.2
42.2
48.6
63.7



.
%43-%16
1977-1957 %1.4-%1.3
.
%27 %53 ) (1977-1957
)-%3
62

(3.8 .
%26 %47
%4.3-%3.3
).(4

) (%15
) (%11 .
)(4

)(1977-1957

1957
%

1.3
2.9

3.0
4.3

3.3
4.8

7.6
12.0
100
100

: )(1

1965
%

1970
%

1977
%

1.4
3.7
3.6
8.7
100

2.6
4.4
5.0
12.0
100

1.4
3.8
4.3
9.5
100

1.9
4.4
4.9
11.2
100

1.4
3.7
3.6
8.7
100

2.1
4.5
5.8
12.4
100

:


.


.
63


: ...
. .
-1 :
.

.
..

3600-500
.



.
:
).(1

) (500 )(1000

.

.


.
64


.

...
.
-2 :

:
. .

)(1

65



) (25
.8

*
24 .
F9

F10

- 8 1981
43.-42
-1 1977 .
* -
. :

.
.:

66



.
:

) (5

.
) (145
. ) .(127
) (116 .
)(5
)(1977-1957

1957

1970

113

108

145

111

116

97

127

102

109

108

116

121

1957 .

.

William p., "population", second ed., The macmilam company,
London, 1969, p.30-31.

67

.
.
) (64-20 .
) (196 .
)) (110 . ) (159
) (99 .

) (64-20
) (138 ) (127 9 .
1957
1957 ).(5
)(6
) (20
*
.
%51
%53 %55 .
) (65 ) %(3.3-3
.
) %(46-42 .
10 .
F1

F12

F13

- 9 ) 1977 ( ) ( )
( .-
* - ) ) (15.
- 10 .151

68

%58
.


11
.
)(6
)(1977
F14


19-0

51

58

53

58

55

54

46

38

44

38

42

42

65

100

100

100

100

100

100

64-20

: 1977



) (64-20
) (%46 ) (%38
) (%44
) (%38 .
.


11

- .136

69


.
-3 :


:
. .
.

12
.

.


.



. .



:
F15

- Alexander John W.; "The Basic-Non Basic concept of Ubrna


Geobomic function" Reading in Urban Geography, The Univ. of
Chicago press, 1959, p.93.

12

70


13
.


.


.
14
.
:

.

.
" "

.
F16

F17

.
) (%60 ) (5.000

- 13 1973 .308
- 14 3
2.12

71

) (100.000
15
.

. ) (%97
) (50.000
) (5.000 ) (%60
. ).(7
.
.
) (500 %60
%11
.
)(100.000
%3 . .
%27
%24 .
F18

15

- .105

72

73


) (5000
%63
%10 . %59
%11 .

) (%62
) (%13 .


) .(1977-1957 ) (8
) (%29 ) (%1.5
) (%11.
) ) (5000
) (%85 ) (%27
.1957
1977 %61
%11 .
)(10.000
%12-%4 . -%48
%70 .

74

)(8
)-1957
(1977

-100.000

1957
%%

50.000-99999

5.000-9999

10.000-49999
5.000

1965
%%
4

56

1970
%%
54
4

1977
%%
51
3

48

17

18

19

11

25

25

10

12

12

27

19

85

27

81

17

75

16

61

11

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

: )(1

:
-1
.

) (5000.
-2
.
.
-3 )(200.000
.
-4
. ) (%27
) (%24 :
%6 ) (%4 ).(%3
75


.

) .(1977-1957 ).(9
)(9
)(1977-1957
1957
-1

1965
-1

-3

-3

-5

-5

-2

-4
-6

-7
-8

1970
-1

1977
-1

-3

-3

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

-6

-6

-6

-8

-8

]-8

-10

-10

-10

-7

-9

-11

-5

-7
-9

-11

]-12

-13
-14

-2

-5
-7

-9

-11

]-12
-13

-14
-15

-16
-17
76

\-18
-19
-20

-21
-22

-23
-24
-25

-26
-27
]-28

-

.
.

.
.
)( ) (%30
) .(%20
1
1

3
2

...

16

F19

16

- .170

77




17
.

:
-1 )(Primary
-2 - Rank Size rull


. ""

.

)( :
-1 )(
) (%17 .
-2 -

.
- .
.
) (1977-1957
.
F20

17

Carter H.; "The Study of Urban Geography and ed. Edward Arnald,
1975, p.p.H4-90.
- .65-63

78

1957

1977
.


1957 1970 1965 .1977

1957
1957
.1965 .1970
.1977
1965
. :

).(9

. ) (1957
) (%82 1977
) (%86
%17
) (%21 .
)-17
(%16 1957
) (%8-21 ) .(1977 ) (10
79



.
)(10
1957 1977

)(1975

1977

39913

82.0

166922

86.0

8482

17.4

40191

21.0

8237

17.0

30299

16.0

8033

16.5

20713

10.7

7680

15.7

15319

8.0

: .1957
1977



) (1957 ) ( %27
%26
) (
) (%4-5
) .(11 ) (1977

80

)( %27 ).(%23
) %(6-2

.
.
.
)(11
)(1977 1957

% 1977

% 1957
27

27

26

23




.

.

81

:
:
-1

) (5000

.

...
.

.
-2 :




.
-3 :




.
...
82


.18

:
-






.19

.
:
-1 :
.
-2
:
-
.
- .
F21

F2

-18 : .94
-19
1981 .47

83

-
.
-
.

84

:
-1 1977.
-2 1973.
-3
3 ) (2 1977.
-4 1982.
-5 1976.
-6
1974.
-7
1970.
-8 1978.
-9 1
1978.
-10

1977.
-11
1976.
-12 19651973.
-13 1970
1972.
-14 1977
1978.
85

1957 -15
.1964
:
1- Alexander. J. W.; The Basic Non Basic Concept of
Urban Economic function Reading in Urban Geograpgy,
Chicago, The Univ of Chicago press, 1959.
2- Carter H; The study of Urban Geography 2nd ed. Edward
Arlond, 1975.
3- George M.R.; Treands and patterns of Urbanization in
Iraq Cairo Demographic Center 1973.
4- Hauser, Philip M.; Urbanization in Latin America New
Yurk, John Wlley and sons, Columbia Unive. Press, 1964.
5- Jones Emrys; Town and eities Oxford Univercity press.
1970.
6- Mc Gee T. G. The Urbanization process in the third
World Exploration search of atheory, G. Bell, London,
1971.
7- Shafi Sayed S; Urban planning in Iraq, Baghdad, U. N.
Development progamme, March, 1972.
8- United Nation, Demographic Year book, New York
1955.
9- United Nation, Multilingnal Demorapgic Dictionary
English section population stndies, No. 2 , 1958

86






.



.

)(

).(1
)(


)(

.

)*( .
1987 ) (951723

87

) (17023 ) (56/ .2
) (38/.2


).(1

.

) (%99 .



1987

1977


).(2

)(1
88


: :

)(


) (fertility
) (fecundity
).(3


.
89



)(
):(4
.1 .
.2 .

:
= / 1000



) .(5

. ) (
:
= /
1000

.
:




90


.
%49
. ) (49-15(%41)
.
) (%78 :1
)(1
)(6) (1987-1977
(%) 1987 (%) 1977
49.2
45.7

41.1

41.2

91.5

78.2


) %(49-46 ) (1987-1977
1987 %91.5 %78
.

1975

) (1988-1980

)(103-119

91

) (1987-1977
:2
)(2

)(7) (1987 -1977
)(

(%) 1977
80.8

(%) 1987
112.7

24-20

170.1

97.5

144.2

62.6

122.2

98.3

117.8

103.1

19-15
29-25
34-30




. ) (


.

) (14-11
) (49-44 . ) (30
) .(8
.

92

.
) (39-35 ) (49-45

) (39-35
%89 )-30
(44-40) (34
. .3
)(3
)(9
) (1987 1977

19-15
24-20
29-25
34-30
39-35
44-40
49-45

%1977
37,9

%1987
22.7

74.6

56.0

89.5

78.2

92.7

86.0

92.2

88.6

89.5

86.6

85.6

84.1

91.5

88.2

) (34-30
%93 . )-25
(29 ) (39-35 ) (44-40

93

.1977

.



. ) (4 ) (29-20
) (350 )(24-20
) (318 ) (29-25
) (131 ) (44-40 )(49-45
) (42 ):(1
)(4
)(1987
%

151
15
306
19-15
350
24-20
318
29-25
296
34-30
235
39-35
131
44-40
42
49-45
193

)(10



).(11

94

)(1



:



.

.
.
.
) .(12

.

.
95


:

.
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
) (Davis )
(Blake :
* :


).(13
*
.
*
.

:
.1 :
.


.

96

) (5 )(19-15
%23 1987
%89 ) (39-35.

1977 ) (19-15 %40
) .(14
) (24-20 %75
%92 ) (34-30 ) (39-35.
)(5

)(15

19-15
24-20
29-25
34-30
39-35
44-40
49-45

1987
22.7
56.0
78.2
86.0
88.7
86.6
84.0

1977
37,9
74.6
89.5
92.7
92.2
89.5
85.6
75.9

61.5

.2 :




).(16
97


) (25 ) (1987
) (24-20
) (1977 ).(6
)(6

)(17) %(1987-1977

19-15
24-20
29-25
34-30
39-35
44-40
49-45

1977

1987

10.2

10.6

22.5

16.9

18.9

16.1

13.8

22.2

12.6

16.0

11.1

9.6

10.9

8.6

100

100


1977 1987 30
%44 1987 %52
.1977
%45.7 %49
1977 .1987

98


. :
- 1987-1977
.

.
-
%51
.(18) %0.3
.3 :


.
) .19

.
.
.1987
1987-1977 ) (%33-57
) (4.4/
. 2
.1987
:
.
.
99


).(20
.4 :

.
.
.

.
).(21
%7
.1987 %74
%93

%26

.

.
. .
)( )(
.
) ( .
):(7
)(7
100

)(22

%
102.9
144.8
115
316.9
335.8
314.4
254.7
194.6

.4 :


.
.




.

).(23

101


) (1961
:
.1 ) (1970-1961
) (1975-1974

.
) (1975

.

,
.
.2 ) (1988-1980



.
. )-1977
(1987 ) (2

) (Saunaers :


.
102

)(2

103

:
.1 ) 15
( %84

.
.2
) (1987-1977



.
.3

.
.4
.
.5
.
.

104

.1



.
.2
.
.

.




.
.
.3
.
.4

.
.5
.
:
105

*
:
.
.1 .1998
.2
16 1996.
.3 : 1988
173.
.4 1975
75.
.5
1985400.
.6 1987 1977
.
.7 .
.8 : 128
1980 142.
.9 1977 1987
.
.10 /1987 216.
.11 )(1975-1974
) .(1980
1982 .69
.12 1976 13.

106

.13
1989 103.
.14 35.-34
.15 /1987 1977
.
.16
21 1987135.
.17 /1987 1977 .
.18 198089
107.
.19 ) (
198015.
.20 12.
.21 19814.
.22 /1987 1977 .
.23 :
.206-205

107

108

.
1
2
3
4
5
6

. . )( . .- .

109

110



1921
.1925



1961
.

) (1974 -1970
1970
..1991
.
) (2003

) (58 " " ) (140

) (2007 :
.

- -
- - .


. ).(1

111

)(1

112

:
-1 :

-
- .


)) ((
.
-2 :

..

..
.. )) ((
.
-3 :

)(
.

..

113

-4 :

-
)( .
.


) ( :
- 1
- 2
- 3



:
..
.

) (140

..

.

.

114





) (140
.

..

..
-
.

.


- ) ( )(1914-1913
:
- 1
)(
.
- 2

.
- 3
.

)( ) (
115


-
)(150 .
1921

1925
: .




.

) %(26
) %(11 ) (1977-1947 ) (%5
. ) %(27-81
) %(18
)( 2003

..

zz zmh )(

2008
.

!
116



.


)( !
)(



) (140
.
.
)(140
.
2007 2008 2009
..2010
) ( ) (1970
) (
) (! .1977
!
!
! 1977

!
..
) (
1987 1987
117

.


.
) (

) (
.1988

..
..

..
.

118

)(

.

.



.
) (



.

2003

... .. )(
) (2007
1927

...

... ...
) ( !! ) (
)(

.
119


! ) (
... )( !
.
.1997
:
- 1 .
- 2 )( :
) (.
- 3

.
- 4 )(
) (2011
)(140
: .



..

...




.


120

.


..

.

.

.
1947
.

. 1997



. 1987
...
) (
... 1965

.

) (2007

:

121

- 1 ) (2003
..
.
- 2

.
- 3

....
- 4
...
:..
- 5 ) (140

.
2007 ..
) (140

:
-

)(
....
-


.
..
122

..
) (140 .
1970

1977
1975
.
!



.


. ) (16
) (10

.


...
.



. 1997

123

1987 :
.1997
)(


..
.. ) (
)( ..
)(
.
)(


. )(




...

.


)( !

.

124


) (
..

) (140
"\ ":zm "
" .. )(
.
" "
.
..
.

)(
) (

.

:
-1 ) %(5

) %(3.1 ) (1987-1977 ) %(4
).(1997-1987
-2 :

.
.
125

-3

..
.
-4

.
%6.4
%4.8 ) (%5.2
) (%4.4 .
) %(9.4 )%(10.8
) %(6.5
%7.6
2006
.

. " "



.


-1997

...
126

..
..


..
!!1987
)(2003

..

) (
2010
... ...
) ( )(2007
.. )( ) (
..
2010

..
12/5
)
( )( .

.
2010/12/19 ..
127


2003 !!

!! .

!
)(
:
.
) (140
..
..
.. .

128

Potrebbero piacerti anche