Lesson 1_2: Introducing the Elements_the Periodic Table Let us consider the periodic table which is a graphic organizer

for a class of matter (a type of material)knownastheelements.Averyusefulcategory(family)oftheseelementsareknownas themetals.Theinfluenceofmetalsinhumanhistoryisveryimportant:stoneagecopperage bronzeage(Sumerians;circa60002000B.C)ironage(circa20001000B.C;HittiteEmpire defeatsEgyptianw/iironweapons).Workingwithmetalswas/isoftenacloselyguardedsecretand somesecretslostovertime:AshokaironpillarinDelhi(1600yrs);Damascussteel. Therearefivekeyconceptsyoushouldknowrelatedtotheperiodictable: itisagraphicorganizertocommunicateinformationaboutelements o cannotfindwateronitbecausewaterisnotanelement

SNC 1D0

informationisorganized o rowsareknownasperiodsandcolumnsareknownasgroups organizeselementsintovariouscategories(orfamilies)basedoncommon attributes(orproperties) families: o metals,nonmetals,semimetals/metalloids o alkali;alkalineearth;pnicto;chalco;halo;noblegases o noblemetals;heavy;rareearthlanthanoids;actinoids groups:IVIII groupsthatcoincidewithfamilies:gpI,II,V,VI,VII,VIII

informationincludesnamesandsymbolsofvariouselements o namesandsymbolsreflectanancientdisciplinewithtraditioninAlchemy someelementsymbolsmatchancientratherthanmodernnames (ex:Au,Cu,Fe,Pb,Ag,Hg,Na,K,Sn,W;ancienthistoryofchemistry) somearenamesofplaces,namesofpeople(real;mythological) (ex:Tantalum;Einstein,Bohr;Rutherford;Darmstaad;myth;modernhistoryofchemistry)

informationincludesalegendtointerpretkeydataaboutelements o e.g.state (ex:stateofaluminium,copper,gold,iron,oxygen,helium,mercury,iodine)

organizationisusefulbecauseitenablesustopredictpropertiesofsomeelements o propertiesinfluenceusee.g.metalsarelustrous,malleable,ductile,goodconductors ofheatandelectricitytovaryingdegrees copperbettertouseforcookingpots&forwiresthanironbecause:more efficientconductor&easiertobeatintoshapes/drawintowires

highlight and label groups and periods identify names and symbols of important elements J. Bhattacharya & A. Vatovic

Student Work:

BLM
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Lesson 1_3: Introduction to Atomic Structure Elements such as copper and aluminium differ from one another because they contain different atoms.Cumetaliscomposed,atthemicroscopiclevel,ofCuatomswhereasAliscomposedofAl atoms.Theatomicidentity(Cuatom,Alatom)isdeterminedbythesubatomicparticles. Therearefourquestionsyoushouldbeabletoansweraboutatomicstructure: Whatarethemajorsubatomicparticles? o atomscomposedofprotons,neutronsandelectrons,whicharerepresentedinshort handformasp+,n0, o composedifferentpartsoftheatom(corevs.restoftheatom) (note:rudimentaryvisualrepresentationforAl,tobeexpandedonlaterwithdiagrams) Howdoeseachsubatomicparticleinfluencethestructureoftheatom? o thenumberofp+determinesatomicidentity changethenumberofprotons(nuclearreactor)canchangePb(sample)toAu! o the nuclear core (number of nucleons) determine the atomic mass, measured in Daltons(Da),throughcomparisonagainstacarbonatom justaswithmassinkgmeasuredagainstthemasterkilogram o electronlayersdeterminethesize(atomicradius,measuredinangstroms) distancefromcoretotheoutermostenergylevelorelectronshell electronlayersmustincrease,nottheelectrons Howisdataonsubatomicparticlescommunicatedtoscientists? o quantitiesofeachparticleareprovided,directlyorindirectly(requirecalculation),by theperiodictableandstandardatomicnotation (examples:=p+&n0Mg&S;p+&n0Al&Pb;H;isotopesofHandC;config) o the concept of the atom showing the organization of the particles is visually representedthroughdiagrams:BohrRutherford,Bohr,LewisDiagram electronconfigurationforelements120(BBR) #ofvalenceforrepresentativeelements(Lewis) (example:Na,Mg,Al,S,C,He20;>20e.g.Cu,Feconfigresource) Whatperiodictrends(repeatingpatterns)canbeobservedinatomicstructure? o groupand#ofvalence;Lewisdiagramsoftherepresentativeelements o periodandenergylevels o decliningatomicradiusacrossperiodsfromdataonsize
calculate subatomic particles from periodic table represent atoms as Bohr-Rutherford, Bohr and Lewis diagrams identify periodic trends in atomic structure compare atomic structure J. Bhattacharya & A. Vatovic

SNC 1D0

Student Work:

BLM
yes