Measurements Systems Analysis: Agenda

Lean Six Sigma Operational - Delegate Workbook
Measurements Systems Analysis
Agenda
1. Is our data Trustworthy? Why is MSA important Accuracy & Precision DMAIC Measurements System Variation Bias, Linearity, Stability, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Calibration, Gauge R&R 2. Variable Gauge R&R Parts, Operators, Variation Is the gauge good? Workshop 3. 4. Attribute Gauge R&R Workshop Appendix Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
SSG06101ENUK Delegate Slides/Issue 1.3/ July 2008
SSG06101ENUK - MSA/Issue 1.3/July 2008
The British Standards Institution 2008
Why is MSA Important?

Why Measure?
Verify conformance and assist in continuous improvement.
Whats a System?
Gauge/instrument Operators Part/characteristic Method Environment Tolerance
Why is MSA Important?

If you cannot measure you cannot improve! - Genichi Taguchi
Product + Measurement = Perception
?
Dimension
Is our Data Accurate?

Gauge R & R is a means of assessing the repeatability and reproducibility of our measurement systems. Gauge R & R studies are carried out in order to discover how much of the process variation is due to the measurement device and measurement methods.
?
Dimension
DMAIC Improvement Process

Define
Select Project Define Project Objective Form the Team
Measure
Define Measures (ys)
Analyse
Identify Potential xs
C1 C2 C3
Improve
Characterise xs
Control
Control Critical xs
10.2 Upper Control Limit 10.0
y
Effect
Evaluate Measurement System

C4 C5 C6
. .. . . . .. .. .
y=f(x1,x2,..)
Optimise xs
4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
9.8
Lower Control Limit
9.6 1 5 10 15 20
Analyse xs Map the Process Identify Customer Requirements

Run 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
Monitor ys
Determine Process Stability Determine Process Capability

LSL USL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
y
Set Tolerances for xs Verify Improvement
Select Critical xs xx x x x x
15 20 25 30 35
Validate Control Plan
Identify Priorities Update Project File
Set Targets for Measures
x x x x x
15
LSL
USL
20
25
30
35
Close Project Phase Review
Phase Review
Phase Review
Phase Review
Phase Review
Measurement Accuracy & Precision
Measurement is accurate but not precise
Measurement is precise but not accurate
Measurement is accurate and precise

Measurement System Variation

Bias Accuracy Measurement System Variation Linearity
Stability Repeatability Precision Reproducibility
Bias
Bias
True Value
Observed Average
Bias is the difference between the observed average of the measurements and the true value.
10
Linearity
Measured Value Non-Linearity Gauge is measuring lower than true value at high end
Reference Value
Linearity is the difference in bias values over the expected operating range of the measurement gauge.
11
Linearity and bias study

Open Worksheet: Gagelin.mtw This data is a standard Minitab data set that has been used with permission from the AIAG MSA Manual It represents data from 5 parts selected to span the range of the gauge, which have each been measured 12 times randomly by one operator. Their true values have been established by layout inspection.
12
Linearity and bias study

Stat > Quality Tools > Gage Study > Gage Linearity & Bias Study
Option enter best estimate of process variation, in this case 16.5368.
13
Linearity and Bias Study

Gage Linearity and Bias Study for Response
Gage name: Date of study: Reported by: Tolerance: Misc: Gage Linearity Coef SE Coef 0.73667 0.07252 -0.13167 0.01093 0.23954 2.17735
Regression 95% CI
1.0
Data Avg Bias
Predictor Constant Slope S Linearity
P 0.000 0.000
If there is not a linearity problem, the slope should be zero.
R-Sq 71.4% %Linearity 13.2
0.5
0.0
Reference Average 2 4 6 8 10
Gage Bias Bias %Bias -0.053333 0.3 0.491667 3.0 0.125000 0.8 0.025000 0.2 -0.291667 1.8 -0.616667 3.7
P 0.040 0.000 0.293 0.688 0.000 0.000
-0.5
Percent of Process Variation

Percent 10 5 0
13.2% of the process variation is accounted for by the lack of linearity of the gauge.
Bias
-1.0 2 4 6 Reference Value 8 10
Linearity
Bias
14
Stability
Stability
Time 1
Time 2
Stability is the variation (differences) in the average over extended periods of time using the same gauge and appraiser to repeatedly measure the same part.
15
Repeatability
Repeatability
Repeatability is the variation between successive measurements of the same part, same characteristic, by the same person using the same gauge.
16
Reproducibility
Reproducibility
Operator 1
Operator 2
Reproducibility is the difference in the average of the measurements made by different people using the same instrument when measuring the identical characteristic on the same pieces.
17
Measurement System Variation

Bias Accuracy Linearity Stability Repeatability Precision Reproducibility Gauge R&R Calibration
18
Calibration
The Bias of a gauge can be assessed by repeat measurements of a known reference unit This can be extended across the operating range of the gauge in a Gauge Linearity Study The Stability of the gauge can be assessed by control charting a reference unit Should not routinely recalibrate, instead if reference unit tests outside the control limits, then re-calibrate If measurement device requires frequent recalibration, attempt to improve stability
19
Gauge R & R
Gauge R & R is a means of assessing the repeatability and reproducibility of our measurement systems Gauge R & R studies are carried out in order to discover how much of the process variation is due to the measurement device and measurement methods
?
Dimension
Variable Gauge R&R
10
21
Variable Gauge R&R

Requirements: A minimum of two operators (recommend 3 or 4) At least 10 parts which should be chosen to represent the full range of manufacturing variation (it may be acceptable to use fewer parts in some special cases) Each part should be measured two or three times in a random order Operators should not be aware of the previous result when measuring the same part
Part 10 Part 5 Part 4 Part 3 Part 2 Part 1
22
Variable Gauge R&R

There are two methods available: 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 2. X-Bar and R
The ANOVA method is: The recommended approach Takes into account any interactive effect between operator and part
11
23
Variable Gauge R&R

Part-to-Part Variation Operator Overall Variation Measurement System Variation Repeatability We want the Part-to-Part component to be large!
Reproducibility Operator by part Interaction
24
Variable Gauge R&R - Example

Part 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Operator 1 0.65 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.85 0.95 0.55 0.45 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.60 0.70 Operator 2 0.55 0.55 1.05 0.95 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.40 0.40 1.00 1.05 0.95 0.90 0.75 0.70 1.00 0.95 0.55 0.50 Operator 3 0.50 0.55 1.05 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.45 0.50 1.00 1.05 0.95 0.95 0.80 0.80 1.05 1.05 0.85 0.80
12
25
Variable Gauge R&R - Minitab

Open Worksheet: Gauge R&R
The Part numbers being measured Operators performing measurements
Each operator measures each part twice
Individual measurements
In Minitab the data is entered in single columns

26

Stat>Quality Tools>Gage Study>Gage R& R (Crossed) Enter Part, Operator, Measurement Check ANOVA Method
13
27

Two-Way ANOVA Table With Interaction Source Part Operator Part * Operator Repeatability Total DF 9 2 18 30 59 SS 2.05871 0.04800 0.10367 0.03875 2.24913 MS 0.228745 0.024000 0.005759 0.001292 F 39.7178 4.1672 4.4588 P 0.000 0.033 0.000
Gage R&R %Contribution (of VarComp) 10.67 3.10 7.56 2.19 5.37 89.33 100.00
p < 0.05 so all terms significant
Source Total Gage R&R Repeatability Reproducibility Operator Operator*Part Part-To-Part Total Variation
VarComp 0.0044375 0.0012917 0.0031458 0.0009120 0.0022338 0.0371644 0.0416019
Estimates of Variances for each source
28
Variance Component Estimates

Part-to-Part Variation 0.0371644 Overall Variation 0.0416019 Measurement System Variation 0.0044375 Repeatability 0.0012917 Reproducibility 0.0031458
Operator 0.0009120
Operator by part Interaction 0.0022338
14
29
Variable Gage R&R Standard Deviations

This is the gauge standard Study Var %Study Var deviation, R&R = Source StdDev (SD) (6 * SD) (%SV) 0.066615 Total Gage R&R 0.066615 0.39969 32.66 Remember that Repeatability 0.035940 0.21564 17.62 standard Reproducibility 0.056088 0.33653 27.50 deviations are not additive! Operator 0.030200 0.18120 14.81
Operator*Part Part-To-Part Total Variation 0.047263 0.192781 0.203965 0.28358 1.15668 1.22379 23.17 94.52 100.00
30
Interpreting the Results

We would like the total measurement system variation (Gauge R&R) to be as small as possible. Calculate the percentage of the process tolerance taken up by the measurement system variation, represented by 6 x the gauge standard deviation. This is known as %Precision/Tolerance or %P/T. The Process Tolerance is equivalent to the difference between the upper and lower specification limits (USL LSL).
%P/T = 100 % R&R Process Tolerance 6
15
31
Is the Gauge Good?

% P/T (6R&R/Process Tolerance) 0 - 10% 10 - 30% >30% Acceptability Very Good (Six Sigma Gauge) May be Acceptable Probably Not Acceptable
The interpretation will also depend on the current level of process variation
Note that these guidelines are as recommended in Measurement Systems Analysis Third Edition published in March 2002 as part of ISO/TS16949 and developed in conjunction with AIAG.
32
Is the Gauge Good?

% R&R If the %P/T is greater than 10%, then a secondary calculation can be used to decide whether the gauge can be used during the DMAIC activity. Comparing R&R to the current process variation indicates whether the measurement device is currently causing a problem. This is known as %R&R. We need an independent estimate of the process (total) variation (the value from the Gauge R&R is based on only a few samples) We would like the measurement standard deviation to be less than the total standard deviation
%R & R =
R& ? R&R R 100%< 50% ? Process (total)

Process (total)
16
33
Interpreting the Results

1. Comparing the gauge variation to the process tolerance:
%P/T =
R &R
Tolerance
100% =
6 0.0666 100%= 28.5% 1.4
This is greater than 10% so the gauge will not be good enough for six sigma. As the process improves the gauge will become a problem. To improve this gauge we should start by addressing the reproducibility.
2. Comparing the gauge variation to the process variation:
%R & R =
R&R
100% =
Process(total) This is less than 50% so the gauge is not the limiting factor at the moment. We can use this gauge for process improvement.
0.0666 100% = 37% 0.18
34

Open Worksheet: GaugeR&R Stat>Quality Tools>Gage Study>Gage R& R (Crossed) Enter Part, Operators, Measurement Check ANOVA Method Select Options: Study Variation: 6 Process Tolerance: 1.4 Historical standard deviation: 0.18
Two-Way ANOVA Table With Interaction Source Part Operator Part * Operator Repeatability Total DF 9 2 18 30 59 SS 2.05871 0.04800 0.10367 0.03875 2.24913 MS 0.228745 0.024000 0.005759 0.001292 F 39.7178 4.1672 4.4588 P 0.000 0.033 0.000
17
35
Components of Variation
Components of Variation Gage R&R Source Total Gage R&R Repeatability Reproducibility Operator Operator*Part Part-To-Part Total Variation VarComp 0.0044375 0.0012917 0.0031458 0.0009120 0.0022338 0.0371644 0.0416019 %Contribution (of VarComp) 10.67 3.10 7.56 2.19 5.37 89.33 100.00 Study Var (6 * SD) 0.39969 0.21564 0.33653 0.18120 0.28358 1.15668 1.22379 %Study Var (%SV) 32.66 17.62 27.50 14.81 23.17 94.52 100.00 %Tolerance (SV/Toler) 28.55 15.40 24.04 12.94 20.26 82.62 87.41 %Process (SV/Proc) 37.01 19.97 31.16 16.78 26.26 107.10 113.31
Source Total Gage R&R Repeatability Reproducibility Operator Operator*Part Part-To-Part Total Variation
StdDev (SD) 0.066615 0.035940 0.056088 0.030200 0.047263 0.192781 0.203965
Number of Distinct Categories = 4
36
Gage R&R (ANOVA) for Measurement
G age name: Date of study : Reported by : Tolerance: Misc:
120
% Contribution % Study Var % Process % Tolerance
100
80 Percent
60
40
20
0 Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-Part
18
37
Part to Part Measurements

Gage name: Date of study : Reported by : Tolerance: Misc:
Measurement by Part
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1 2 3 4 5 Part 6 7 8 9 10
38
Operator by Part Interaction

G age name: Date of study : Reported by : Tolerance: Misc:
Operator * Part Interaction

1.1 1.0 0.9 A verage 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Part 7 8 9 10
Operator 1 2 3
19
39
Measurements by Operator
Gage R&R (ANOVA ) for Measurement
G age name: D ate of study : Reported by : Tolerance: M isc:
Measurement by Operator
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1 2 Operator 3
40
Xbar and R Chart by Operator

Gage name: Date of study : Reported by : Tolerance: M isc:
Xbar Chart by Operator

1 Sample Mean 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 _ L=0.8796 _ UC X=0.8075 LC L=0.7354 2 3
R Chart by Operator
1 Sample Range 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 _ R=0.0383 LC L=0 2 3 UC L=0.1252
20
41
Rounding Errors
Rounding is another component of measurement variation which needs to be minimised It can be shown that to avoid rounding error getting in the way of achieving six sigma quality, it is necessary to have a minimum of 14 discrete values between the upper and lower specification For one-side specifications, there need to be at least 7 discrete values between the process average and the specification limit
UG 37
42
Rounding Errors - Interpolating

If possible interpolate between graduation marks For example, thermometers are frequently marked to the nearest degree but can be read to the nearest 0.2 degrees, even if the last digit is not entirely accurate Interpolating frequently reduces and never increases the measurement variation
21
43
Improving the Measurement System

Gauge incapable: Repeatability (Gauge)
Take multiple measurements and use average (short term fix) Mistake proofing (eg provision of tooling to hold part during measurement) May need maintenance
Reproducibility (Operators)
Use 1 operator (short term fix during improvement only) Have several operators measure the part and take the average (short term fix) Ensure consistency (training, SOPs, WIS, ) Mistake proofing (eg provision of tooling to hold part during measurement) Calibrations on the gauge dial may not be clear
Reproducibility Operator x Part Interaction

Identify cause of interaction and then as Operator
44
Destructive Gauge R&R

Destructive gauge testing means that it is impossible to carry out repeat tests! To complete an assessment of a destructive gauge it is therefore necessary to assume homogeneity within batches If there is much more difference in parts between batches than within batches, then a standard variable Gauge R & R may be sufficient
22
45
Workshop Variable Gauge R&R

Using the provided measuring device and products carry out a Gauge R&R
Use three operators and measure each part twice Ensure that the order of measuring is randomised
Analyse the data using Minitab What could you do, if anything to improve the Measurement System? Prepare a short report detailing your findings
Attribute Gauge R&R
23
47
Attribute Gauge R&R

A Gauge R&R study can also be carried out on attribute data Using attribute data, we would have a problem with the measurement system if:
Operators disagree with each others evaluation of a piece The same operator gains different results from a repeat evaluation of the same piece
48
Attribute Measurement System

An attribute measurement system compares each part to a standard and either accepts or rejects the part The screen effectiveness is the ability of the attribute measurement system to properly discriminate good from bad Screen effectiveness of 100% is desirable
24
49
Conducting Attribute Gauge R&R

1. Select a minimum of 30 parts from the process. These parts should represent the full spectrum of process variation (good parts, defective parts, borderline parts). 2. An expert inspector performs an evaluation of each part, classifying it as Good or Not Good. 3. Independently and in a random order, each of 2 or 3 operators should assess the parts as Good or Not Good. 4. Calculate effectiveness scores.
50
Attribute Gauge R&R

Open Worksheet: Attribute Gage R&R
Minitab Data Layout:

Column containing parts being assessed Text column containing expert assessment (can use words or numbers but must be consistent) Text column containing results of measurements (can use words or numbers but must be consistent)
Text column containing operator performing measurements
25
51
Attribute Gauge R&R

Stat>Quality Tools>Attribute Agreement Analysis Enter Results in Attribute Column, Part in Samples, Appraiser in Appraisers and Expert in Known standard/attribute Click on Results button and select Percentages
52
Attribute Gauge R&R - Results

Appraiser A only agreed with the self 28 times out of 30 Appraiser A only agreed with the expert 28 times out of 30. Appraisers B and C only matched with the expert 29 times out of 30
26
53

Appraisers B and C assessed one part as Not Good when the Expert assessed it good
Appraisers A,B and C agreed on 26 out of 30 parts inspected
Appraisers A,B and C all agreed with the standard on 26 out of 30 parts inspected
54

Assessment Agreement
Date of study: Reported by : Name of product: Misc:
Within Appraisers
100
95.0% C I P ercent
Appraiser vs Standard
100
95.0% C I P ercent
95
95
Percent
90
Percent A B Appraiser C
90
85
85
80
80
B Appraiser
27
55

The target effectiveness is always 100% Possible Corrective Actions include:
Operator Training Clarification of Standards Simplification of Standards Conversion to Variable Data
56
Workshop Attribute Gauge R&R

From your team select two expert inspectors The experts should select 20 sweets, roughly half good (pass) and half bad (fail). Some sweets should be borderline Carry out a Gauge R&R
Use two operators and measure each part twice (if more time available use three operators) Ensure that the order of measuring is randomised
Analyse the data What could you do, if anything, to improve the Measurement System? Prepare a short report detailing your findings
28
57
Summary
Measurement errors can account for a large proportion of the variation in our measures (ys) We must evaluate our measurement systems before assessing process stability or process capability Errors in measurement systems can come from a variety of sources Action should be taken to improve the capability of our measurement systems if they are found to be inadequate
Appendix - ANOVA
29
59
ANOVA Table - Construction

Construction of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table requires the following: 1. Identification of the Sources (Components) of Variation 2. Calculation of the Sum of Squares due to each Source of Variation 3. Assignment of the appropriate Degrees of Freedom 4. Calculation of the Mean Squares 5. Calculation of the F-Ratio
60
1. Components of Variation
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) allows the decomposition of the variability in the Gauge R&R study. The components of variation in the Gauge R&R study are: 2Part 2Operator 2Operator x Part 2Repeatability 2Total = Variation due to the different parts = Variation due to different operators = Variation due to the interaction between operator and part = Variation due to gauge repeatability = 2Part + 2Operator + 2Operator x Part + 2Repeatability
30
61
2. Calculation of the Sum of Squares

The total sum of squares is calculated as follows:
SSTotal
( y) = (y y ) = y n
2 2
Strictly speaking the sum of squares column is the sum of squares around the mean, known as the corrected sum of squares. We always use the corrected sum of squares when estimating variation.
y =0.65 + 0.60 +1.00 +1.00 + .............+ 0.80 = 48.45 y = 0.65 + 0.60 +1.00 +1.00 + ........... + 0.80 = 41.3725 ( y) = 41.3725 (48.45) = 41.3725 39.1234= 2.2491 SS = y n 60
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total
62
Calculation of the Sum of Squares

The sum of squares due to parts is calculated as follows:
SSPart = SSPart =
(P1 )2 + (P2 )2 + (P3 )2 + .........+ (P10 )2 ( y )

np n
(3.40) + (6.05) + (4.80)

6
+ .........+ (4.00)
(48.45)2
60
Where:
SSPart = 41.1821 39.1234= 2.0587
P1, P2, P3..P10 are the Sums for each part ie the Sum of the 6 measurements made on each part np is the number of individual measurements of each part
31
63

The sum of squares due to operators is calculated as follows:
SSOperator = SSOperator =
(O1 )2 + (O2 )2 + (O3 )2 ( y)

no n
2 2
(16.55) + (15.35) + (16.55)2 (48.45)2

20 60
SSOperator = 39.1714 39.1234 = 0.0480
Where: O1, O2, O3 are the Sums for each operator ie the sum of the 20 measurements made by each operator. no is the number of measurements made by each operator.
64

The sum of squares due to the interaction between operators and parts is calculated as follows:
SSOperatorPart = SSOperatorPart =
(O1P1 )2 + (O1P2 )2 + ..........O3P10 )2 ( y) (

nOP 2 n 60
SSOperator SSPart
(1.25)2 + (2.00)2 + ........(1.65)2 (48.45)2 0.0480 2.0587
SSOperatorPart = 41.3338 39.1234 0.0480 2.0587 = 0.1037

Where: O1P1, O1P2,.O3P10 are the Sums for each operator & part combination ie the sum of the 2 measurements made by each operator on each part nOxP is the number of measurements made by each operator on each part
32
65

The sum of squares due to repeatability is obtained by subtraction:
SS Repeatability = SSTotal SS Part SSOperator SS Operator Part SS Repeatability = 2.2491 2.0587 0.0480 0.1037 = 0.0387
66

Source of Variation Between Parts Between Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Total Sum of Squares 2.0587 0.0480 0.1037 0.0387 2.2491
33
67
3. Degrees of Freedom
Degrees of Freedom is a statistical concept relating to the number of paired comparisons required to distinguish between items. For example, we need to find the tallest person out of 3 people. 2 comparisons would be required: Person 1 v Person 2 Tallest v Person 3 We would then know who the tallest person is.
68
Rules for Degrees of Freedom

The following rules apply to Degrees of Freedom: DF for a Factor (Main Effect) = (Number of Levels) 1 DF for interactions = Product of the DF of the Factors involved DF for Repeatability = (Product of Factor Levels) x (Repeats 1) Total DF = (Number of Individual Results) - 1
34
69
Degrees of Freedom
Source of Variation Between Parts Between Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Total Sum of Squares 2.0587 0.0480 0.1037 0.0387 2.2491 Degrees of Freedom 9 2 18 30 59
70
4. Calculation of the Mean Squares

The Mean Square is calculated as follows: Mean Square = (Sum of Squares) / (Degrees of Freedom) Source of Variation Sum of Squares DF Between Parts Between Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Total 2.0587 0.0480 0.1037 0.0387 2.2491 9 2 18 30 59
Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013
35
71
5. Calculation of the F-Ratio

Source of Variation Between Parts Between Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Total variation. F-Ratio for Parts = (MSParts) / (MSOperator x Part) F-Ratio for Operators = (MSOperators) / (MSOperator x Part) F-Ratio for Operator x Part = (MSOperators x Parts) / (MSRepeatability)
Sum of Squares 2.0587 0.0480 0.1037 0.0387 2.2491
DF 9 2 18 30 59
Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013
F-Ratio 39.43 4.14 4.46
The F-Ratio is used to test the significance of each source of
72
Estimating Components of Variation

The Mean Square column is expected to contain the following components of variation. This expected mean square is only applicable to this current study, where we have 3 operators, 10 parts and 2 repeat measurements. For other studies, the number of the components will change. (Fortunately, Minitab can do this for us!)
Source Parts Operators Operator x Part Repeatability
Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013 6 2
Expected Mean Square

Part
+ 2 2
Operator Part
+ 2
Repeatability
20 2 2 2
Operator
+ 2 2
Operator Part
+ 2
Repeatability
Operator Part
+ 2
Repeatability
2 Repeatability
36
73

Source Parts Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013 2
2 Repeatability
2 Operator Part
Expected Mean Square 6

2 Part 2 Operator
+ 2 2
Operator Part
+ 2
Repeatabil ity
20
+ 2 2 +
Operator Part 2 Repeatability
+ 2
Repeatability
2 Repeatability
= 0 . 0013 + 2
Repeatabil ity
2 2
2 Operator Part 2 Operator Part
= 0 . 0058
= 0 . 0058 0 . 0013 = 0 . 0045 = 0 . 00225
Operator Part
74

Source Parts Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013 2
2

2 Part 2 Operator
+ 2 2
Operator Part
+ 2
Repeatability
20
2
+ 2 2 +
+ 2
Repeatability
Operator Part
Repeatability
2 2 20 Operator + 2 Operator Part
2 Repeatabil ity
= 0 . 0240
ity
20
2
2 Operator
= 0 . 0240 - 2 2 Operator
Part
- 2 Repeatabil
Operator
( 0 . 0240 ) - 2 ( 0 . 00225 ) - 0 . 0013 20
= 0 . 00091
37
75

Source Parts Operators Operator x Part Repeatability Mean Square 0.2287 0.0240 0.0058 0.0013
2 2 6 Part + 2 Operator

2 Part 2 Operator
+ 2 2
Operator Part 2
+ 2
Repeatability
20 2
2 2
+ 2
+2
Repeatability
Operator Part
Repeatability
Part
+ 2
Repeatabil ity
= 0 . 2287
2 2 6 Part = 0 . 2287 2 Operator
Part
2 Repeatability = 0 . 03715
2 Part
0 . 2287 2 ( 0 . 00225 ) 0 . 0013 6
76

2 Part = 0. 03715 2 Operator = 0. 00091 2 Operator Part = 0. 00225 2 Repeatabil ity = 0. 00130 2 2 2 2 2 Total = Part + Operator + Operator Part + Repeatabil ity 2 Total = 0. 03715 + 0. 00091 + 0. 00225 + 0. 00130 = 0. 04161
We have established estimates of each of the components of variation!
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77
Variance Component Estimates

Part-to-Part Variation 0.03715 Overall Variation 0.04161 Measurement System Variation 0.00446 Repeatability 0.00130 Reproducibility 0.00316 Operator 0.00091
Operator by part Interaction 0.00225
Variances are additive!
39

Measurements Systems Analysis: Agenda

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