Grammar reference

Unit 1
Verb To be PresenT
interrogative Am Are is is is Are Are Are I? you? he? she? it? we? you? they? I You He She It We You They negative m not re not (arent) s not (isnt) s not (isnt) s not (isnt) re not (arent) re not (arent) re not (arent) I You He She It We You They Affirmative m (am) re (are) s (is) s ( is) s (is) re (are) re (are) re (are)

PossessiVe aDJecTiVes
My Your His Her Our their names are name is Lenny. Carlos. Bill. Sarah. Tom and Ted. Sandra and Kate.

Unit 3
imPeraTiVes
Affirmative Do it now! Close your books, please. turn on the lights. Stay here! Move! negative Dont do it! Dont close your books! Dont turn on the lights. Dont stay here! Dont move!

Unit 2
QUesTion WorDs
What What time Where How How old Who When Why Which Whose is is is are is are is are is is it? it? your phone? you? she? they? her birthday you here? your pen? that car? Its a book. Its ten oclock. Its in my pocket. Im fine, thanks. Shes seventeen. Theyre my friends. Its in October. Because I study here. The blue one. Its my car!

Unit 4
simPle PresenT Tense
Affirmative I You We They interrogative Do I you we they know you? live in So Paulo? have to do it? work here? work live study here. in Rio. there. I You We They Short answer
Yes, you do. No, I dont. Yes, you do. No, they dont.

negative dont work dont live dont study here. in Rio. there.

PossessiVe: s
Bills Maggies birthday is on Saturday. very beautiful. on Bond Street. Peter Erika Pam & Kim is isnt are Anns brother. daughters are is Rachels friend. Donalds sisters.

My friends house

Use The Simple Present Tense is used to express: A habit. A fact that is always true. A fact that is true for a long time.

They always drive to work. Cheetahs run very fast. / Lions dont fly. I live in So Paulo.

Unit 5
PresenT conTinUoUs Tense
Affirmative I He She It We You They m (am) s (is) studying. working. watching TV. eating. talking. I He She It We You They negative m not isnt studying. working. watching TV. eating. talking. singular is there a library here? is there a mall nearby? is there sugar in this coffee?

interrogative Short answer plural Yes, there is. No, there isnt. Yes, there is. Are there new students here? Are there e-books in there? Are there free samples? Short answer Yes, there are. No, there arent. Yes, there are.

Unit 6
simPle PresenT Tense 3rd person singular
Affirmative He works lives studies here. in Rio. there. He She It negative doesnt work doesnt live doesnt study here. in Rio. there.

re (are)

arent

interrogative am is What are

I he she it we you they

Short answer

She It

doing? eating? reading?

Are you working? Is she cooking? Are we going?

Yes, I am. No, she isnt. Yes, we are. Does

interrogative he she it live in So Paulo? have to do it? work?

Short answer Yes, he does. No, it doesnt. Yes, it does.

Use The Present Continuous Tense is used to express: An activity happening at the moment of speaking (now). Sue is cooking in the kitchen. An activity happening around now. Im studying English at college. / Hes writing a book.

aDVerbs of freQUencY
0% never rarely sometimes often usually 100% always

PrePosiTions
At at ten oclock at Christmas at night at the mechanic at the hospital in in the evening in September in the winter in 2001 in Miami in Brazil in my bedroom in my pocket On on Monday on Sunday morning on New Years day on June 29 on the weekend on Baker Street on the first floor

How often do you play tennis? I never play tennis. How often does Joe go to the movies? Sometimes. I always drive to work, but my friend never goes to work by car.

Unit 7
DemonsTraTiVe PronoUns
Singular this that this jacket? that watch? these shoes? those DVDs? these Plural those Its fifty dollars. Its five hundred dollars. Theyre seventy dollars. Theyre ten dollars each.

THere To be
Singular affirmative/negative a book on the table. there is a library in this school. there isnt a big museum in the city. Plural affirmative/negative there are 35 students here. there separate bedrooms for boys and girls. arent many children playing in the garden.

is How much are

going To inTenTions anD Plans in THe fUTUre

Affirmative/negative I He She It We You They m / m not is / isnt going to are / arent work. study. eat. cook. am is What are interrogative
I he she it we you they

Long adjectives normal rule: more+ adjective (than) sophisticated more sophisticated interesting more interesting boring more boring

going to do?

Laras laptop is more sophisticated than Gabriels computer.

negaTiVe QUesTions
Question word negative auxiliary dont Why doesnt you we they he she subject other words go by plane? tell her? invite them? buy a cooler? stay home?

Clara is going to travel in October. Im not going to do my homework on Saturday. Are Susan and Paul going to get married? Yes, they are. / No, they arent.

Unit 8
obJecTiVe PronoUns
I You He She It We You They me you him her it us you them When is Peter going to see her? us? Tomorrow. Were taking you to the beach. What do you think of me? I really like you.

Unit 10
moDal Verb can QUesTions / eXPressing abiliTY
Modal verb subject you Ronaldo the technician the students speak play fix do verb
other words

Where are you taking

Can

French? basketball? the motherboard? the exercise?

maKing reQUesT / asKing Permission

Modal verb subject I you we open turn on sit have verb
other words the window? the radio? here? another cookie?

Unit 9
comParaTiVe forms of aDJecTiVes
Short adjectives Group 1: 1-syllable adjectives Group 2: 2-syllable adjectives ending in y Rule 1: add er Rule 2: Adjective ending in e, just add r Rule 3: Adjective ending in consonant, vowel, consonant (CVC), double the last consonant Rule 4: Adjective ending in y, change the y to i John is older than Peter. young, tall easy, pretty old late fat older later fatter 2-word compound noun Can

Unit 11
comPoUnD noUns
apartment building paper bag apple tree convenience store Arizona travel agencies three-day holiday gas station attendant

easy easier pretty prettier

3-word compound noun

Maggie is funnier than Patricia.

Verb To be PasT Tense

Statements Subject I You He She It They was/were was (not) were (not) was (not) were (not)
Short answers

Yes / no questions Contractions was not = wasnt were not = werent at home. Subject Did I you he she it we you they
base form

Short answers

Affirmative you I s/he it did. we you they

negative you I s/he we you they

run

alone?

Yes,

No

didnt.

We You

Yes / no questions Was/were Was Were Was subject I you s/he it we you they
at home?

Unit 13
PasT ProgressiVe
Statements Subject I
You werent.

Affirmative you I Yes, s/he it you we they

were. was. was.

negative you I No, s/he it you we they

werent. wasnt. wasnt.

was/were was were It was were

nOt + base form of verb + ing

other words

Were

were.

He She We You

(not) running

in the park.

They

Unit 12
simPle PasT Tense: regUlar anD irregUlar Verbs
Affirmative statements Subject I You He She We You They
It (the school) verb

Yes / no questions Was/were Was subject I you he she it running in the park? base form of verb + ing other words

studied ran closed became

alone. on election day. a cultural center. Contractions

Were Was Were

we you they Short answers Affirmative negative were. was. she we it they was. were. No, you I he you she we it they werent. wasnt. wasnt. werent.

negative statements Subject I You He She We You They It (the school) did not base form of verb study open become other words

did not = didnt you

did not

alone. Yes, on election day. a cultural center.

I he you

did not

Unit 14
moDal Verbs: Degree of necessiTY
Absolutely necessary; obligatory Subject I
He She It (the document)

Unit 16
embeDDeD QUesTions DirecT WH QUesTions
other words

modal verb We They have to has to has to has to

main verb get take finish be

Question word What time Why When Where

auxiliary verb does did did are

subject the bank the boys Linda the car keys?

main verb open? miss graduate

other words

You

a visa do go to the USA. the medicine. the project by 5 pm.

sent today.

the school bus? from college?

Advised Subject I You He She We You They modal verb (+ not) should (not) main verb change other words the memory module.

embeDDeD WH QUesTions
Auxiliary verb in question position Do you have any idea question word what time why when where subject the bank the boys Linda the car keys main verb (conjugated) opens? missed graduated are? the bus? from college? other verbs

Unit 15
QUanTifiers UseD WiTH coUnTable noUns
Subject I You He She We You They
There were

Could you tell me countable noun Do you know Do you know

verb It
ate

quantifier many several few a couple of

cookies.

Yes / no QUesTions
Auxiliary verb subject the bank the boys Linda other words open on Monday? miss the bus? graduate from college?

QUanTifiers UseD WiTH UncoUnTable noUns

Subject I You He She We You They
There was

Is Did Did chicken.

verb It
ate

quantifier a little little a bit of a great deal of no

uncountable noun

embeDDeD Yes / no QUesTions

Auxiliary verb in question position Do you have any idea Could you tell me Do you know if if if if subject the bank the boys Linda main verb (conjugated) opens missed graduated other verbs on Monday? the bus? from college?

QUanTifiers UseD WiTH boTH coUnTable anD UncoUnTable noUns

Subject verb quantifier countable / uncountable noun I You He She It We ate You They all of the / some / most of the / enough / cookies. / chicken. a lot of / lots of

Base form be become begin break bring build buy catch come cost cut do drink drive eat feel find forget get give go have hear keep know

Past simple was/ were became began broke brought built bought caught came cost cut did drank drove ate felt found forgot got gave went had heard kept knew

Past participle been become begun broken brought built bought caught come cost cut done drunk driven eaten felt found forgotten got/gotten given gone had heard kept known

Base form leave lose make meet pay put read run say see sell send sing sit sleep speak spend swim take tell think understand wear win write

Past simple left lost made met paid put read ran said saw sold sent sang sat slept spoke spent swam took told thought understood wore won wrote

Past participle left lost made met paid put read run said seen sold sent sung sat slept spoken spent swum taken told thought understood worn won written