Industry Guide

A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards

N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Division 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor

N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program

Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor OSHA State Plan Designee Allen McNeely Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Kevin Beauregard Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Bobby R. Davis Reviewer

Acknowledgment A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards is based on the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration publication Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines (1995 edition). Some modifications were made to reflect North Carolina occupational safety and health standards and administrative conditions. The information in
this guide was updated in 2005.

This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA and/or OSHNC standards. If an area is considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be followed.

To obtain additional copies of this guide, or if you have questions about N.C. occupational safety and health standards or rules, please contact: N.C. Department of Labor Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Phone: (919) 807-2875 or 1-800-NC-LABOR (1-800-625-2267)

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Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this guide.

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The projected cost of the NCDOL OSH program for federal fiscal year 20092010 is $17,534,771. Federal funding provides approximately 30 percent ($5,180,700) of this total.

Revised 8/05

Contents
Page Foreword................................................................................................. v

Introduction ............................................................................................. vii Voluntary Training Guidelines ..................................................................... Index of Training Requirements................................................................... 2 9

General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910 .......................... 17 Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 .................. 63 Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926 ............................... 77 Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928 ................................ 105 Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training and Other Resources .............................................................................. 107

iii

Foreword
Training employees may not be the most glamorous part of the business world. When it comes to OSHA-required training, some employers may even worry its just more red tape. Yet how can employers really be sure that their employees know safe and healthy work procedures without formal training? How can anyone ever determine which occupational safety and health risks require more attention and which are being controlled successfully thanks to training without the associated recordkeeping? When an employer trains an employee how to work safely and how to respond to an emergency, that employer has built a better, more productive, more cost-efficient workplace. No one should ever think of training as a burden or as an unimportant task. In North Carolina, DOL inspectors enforce the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act through a state plan approved by the U.S. Department of Labor. The N.C. Department of Labors Occupational Safety and Health Division offers many educational programs to the public and produces publications, including this guide, to help inform people about their rights and responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health. When looking through this guide, please remember DOLs mission is greater than just to enforce regulations. An equally important goal is to help people find ways to create safe workplaces. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N.C. Department of Labor, can help. Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor

Introduction
Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employers responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are certified, competent or qualified, meaning that they have had special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term designated personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the employers representative as being qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHAs belief that training is an essential part of every employers safety and health program for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame for these higher injury rates, then training will help to provide a solution. As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements, the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard (Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training requirements. This standard was promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard requires the employer to evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training given to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the subjects presented or acquired the desired skills. If the established goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected, the employer then would revise the training program to make it more effective, conduct more frequent refresher training, or some combination of these. The requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA training guidelines contained in this booklet. The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find all the references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health professionals, training directors, and others with a need to know, OSHAs training-related requirements have been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements for posting information, warning signs, labels and the like are excluded, as are most references to the qualifications of people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment. It is a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employers good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: Was the injured employee trained to do that job? Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent. The employer should regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits. Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should contact the Occupational Safety and Health Division. A telephone directory for the division is listed at the end of this publication.

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Voluntary Training Guidelines

Page I. Introduction A. Training Model B. Review Board Implications Training Guidelines A. Determining If Training Is Needed B. Identifying Training Needs C. Identifying Goals and Objectives D. Developing Learning Activities E. Conducting the Training F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness G. Improving the Program Matching Training to Employees A. Identifying Employees at Risk B. Training Employees at Risk Conclusion 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8

II.

III.

IV.

Voluntary Training Guidelines

I. Introduction The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 does not address specifically the responsibility of employers to provide health and safety information and instruction to employees, although section 5(a)(2) does require that each employer shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. More than 100 of the acts current standards, however, do contain training requirements. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed voluntary training guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and health information and instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal risk to themselves, to fellow employees and to the public. The guidelines are designed to help employers to: 1. determine whether a worksite problem can be solved by training; 2. determine what training, if any, is needed; 3. identify goals and objectives for the training; 4. design learning activities; 5. conduct training; 6. determine the effectiveness of the training; and 7. revise the training program based on feedback from employees, supervisors and others. The development of the guidelines is part of an agency-wide objective to encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the business community and workers. These voluntary programs include training and education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance. A. Training Model The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting, evaluating and revising training programs. The training model can be used to develop training programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards identified at the workplace. Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to meet the training requirements in current or future occupational safety and health standards. A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to supplement and enhance the employers other education and training activities. The guidelines should give employers significant flexibility in the selection of content and training program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to the informational and instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby enabling employers to provide the training that is most needed and applicable to local working conditions. Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training is available through such organizations as the Occupational Safety and Health Divisions Consultative Services Bureau or the Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau, local safety councils, insurance providers, and business associations. B. Review Commission Implications OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not be used by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education matters that can result in enforcement proceedings before the N.C. Safety and Health Review Commission. However, employee training programs are always an issue in review commission cases that involve alleged violations of training requirements contained in OSHA standards. The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested cases where the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law well-established by the commission and the courts, an employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken to avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of the employee involved in the

violation were a departure from a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the employee had either actual or constructive knowledge. In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in connection with a specic hazard is a factual matter that can be decided only by considering all the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation. The general guidelines in this publication are not intended, and cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of training in litigation involving either the training requirements of OSHA standards or afrmative defenses based upon employer training programs. II. Training Guidelines OSHAs training guidelines follow a model that consists of: A. Determining if training is needed B. Identifying training needs C. Identifying goals and objectives D. Developing learning activities E. Conducting the training F. Evaluating program effectiveness G. Improving the program The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very few employees can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can develop and administer safety and health training programs that address problems specic to their own business, fulll the learning needs of their own employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health program of the workplace. A. Determining If Training Is Needed The rst step in the training process is a basic oneto determine whether a problem can be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to standard. It is possible that other actions, such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls, would enable employees to perform their jobs properly. Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near-miss incident occurred. Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment or incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective (but still can be used) for problems arising from an employees lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employers total safety and health program. B. Identifying Training Needs If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training, then the next step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the employees performance is decient. This information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis that pinpoints what an employee needs to know in order to perform a job. When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an employee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by examining engineering data on new equipment or the material safety data sheets on unfamiliar substances. The content of the specic federal or state OSHA standards applicable to a business can also provide direction in developing training content. Another option is to conduct a job hazard analysis (see OSHA 3071, same title, 1992). This is a procedure for studying and
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recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information obtained from a job hazard analysis can be used as the content for the training activity. If an employers learning needs can be met by revising an existing training program rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some knowledge of the process or system to be used, appropriate training content can be developed through such means as: 1. Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur and what can be done to prevent them from recurring. 2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, descriptions of their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools, materials and equip ment used. 3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about the work and recording their answers. 4. Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National Safety Council (which can provide information on job hazard analysis), the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or the OSHNC Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau. The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training they need. Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees responses to such questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them, if they have had any nearmiss incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or substances. C. Identifying Goals and Objectives Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally important to determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should be made aware of all the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training should focus on those steps on which improved performance is needed. This avoids unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the needs of the employees. Once the employees training needs have been identified, employers can then prepare objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell employers what they want their employees to do, to do better or to stop doing. Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the training to be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should be thought out before the training begins. For an objective to be effective, it should identify as precisely as possible what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have learned, or that the objective has been reached. They should also describe the important conditions under which the individual will demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable performance. Using specific, action-oriented language, the instructional objectives should describe the preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using the statement: The employee will understand how to use a respirator as an instructional objective, it would be better to say: The employee will be able to describe how a respirator works and when it should be used. Objectives are most effective when worded in sufficient detail that other qualified persons can recognize when the desired behavior is exhibited.

D. Developing Learning Activities

Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training program are, then learning activities can be identied and described. Learning activities enable employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the job, the learning situation should simulate the actual job as closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the objectives and activities in a sequence that corresponds to the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specic process is to be learned. For instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes of using a machine, the sequence might be 1. to check that the power source is connected; 2. to ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; 3. to know when and how to throw the switch; and so on. A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incorporated into the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the employer. Can a grouptraining program that uses an outside trainer and lm be organized, or should the employer personally train the employees on a one-to-one basis? Another factor is the kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning oriented toward physical skills (such as the use of special tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors will inuence the type of learning activity designed by employers. The training activity can be group-oriented, with lectures, role-play and demonstrations; or designed for the individual as with self-paced instruction. The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as varied as the employers imagination and available resources will allow. The employer may want to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, lms, viewgraphs (overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and other instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the learning activities should be developed in such a way that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills or knowledge.

E. Conducting the Training

With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to begin conducting the training. To the extent possible, the training should be presented so that its organization and meaning are clear to the employees. To do so, employers or supervisors should 1. provide overviews of the material to be learned; 2. relate, wherever possible, the new information or skills to the employees goals, interests, or experiences; and 3. reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the programs objectives and the key points of information covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the training in a clear, unambiguous manner. In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the structure and format of the training. The content developed for the program, the nature of the workplace or other training site, and the resources available for training will help employers determine for themselves the frequency of training activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional techniques and the individual(s) best qualied to present the information. In order to be motivated to pay attention and to learn the material that the employer or supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance of the material. Ways to develop motivation include 1. explaining the goals and objectives of instruction; 2. relating the training to the interests, skills and experiences of the employees; 3. outlining the main points to be presented during the training session(s); and 4. pointing out the benets of training (e.g., the employee will be better informed, more skilled and thus more valuable both on the job and in the labor market; or the employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at reduced risk).
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An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training process and to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are learning the required knowledge or skills and permit correction if necessary. Employees can become involved in the training process by participating in discussions, asking questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise, learning through hands-on experiences, and through role-playing exercises. F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evaluation of the training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical components, a method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for evaluating the training session(s), either written or thought-out by the employer, should be developed when the course objectives and content are developed. It should not be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning achieved and whether an employees performance has improved on the job. Among the methods of evaluating training are: 1. Student opinion. Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help employers determine the relevance and appropriateness of the training program. 2. Supervisors observations. Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employees performance both before and after the training and note improvements or changes. 3. Workplace improvements. The ultimate success of a training program may be changes throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates. However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the information necessary to decide whether the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the training session should be offered again at some future date. G. Improving the Program If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the level of knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking questions of employees and of those who conducted the training may be of some help. Among the questions that could be asked are: 1. Were parts of the content already known and, therefore, unnecessary? 2. What material was confusing or distracting? 3. Was anything missing from the program? 4. What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to learn? It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to the rst steps and retrace ones way through the training process. As the program is evaluated, the employer should ask: 1. If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate? 2. Was any critical feature of the job overlooked? 3. Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill included? 4. Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted? 5. Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely? 6. Did the objectives state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of employees? 7. Did the learning activity simulate the actual job? 8. Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required on the job? 9. When the training was presented, was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? 10. Were the employees motivated to learn? 11. Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training process? 12. Was the employers evaluation of the program thorough? A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers to determine where course revision is necessary. III. Matching Training to Employees While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety and health hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all relevant information and instruction to all employees, the resources for such an effort frequently are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of information and instruction.

One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for training and those who do not is to identify employee populations that are at higher levels of risk. The nature of the work will provide an indication that such groups should receive priority for information on occupational safety and health risks. A. Identifying Employees at Risk One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupational risk (and thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous occupations. Even within industries that are hazardous in general, there are some employees who operate at greater risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an occupation is inuenced by the conditions under which it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be trained not only on how to perform their jobs safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous environment. A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to examine the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within the industry. If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher accident and injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In addition, thorough accident investigation not only can identify specic employees who could benet from training but can also identify company-wide training needs. Research has identied the following variables as being related to a disproportionate share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees: 1. The age of the employee (younger employees have higher incidence rates). 2. The length of time on the job (new employees have higher incidence rates). 3. The size of the rm (in general terms, medium-size rms have higher incidence rates than smaller or larger rms). 4. The type of work performed (incidence and severity rates vary signicantly by SIC code). 5. The use of hazardous substances (by SIC code). These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for training in occupational safety and health. B. Training Employees at Risk Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of risk is similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool for determining training content from job requirements is the job hazard analysis described earlier. This procedure examines each step of a job, identies existing or potential hazards, and determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Its key elements are 1. job description; 2. job location; 3. key steps (preferably in the order in which they are performed); 4. tools, machines and materials used; 5. actual and potential safety and health hazards associated with these key job steps; and 6. safe and healthful practices, apparel and equipment required for each job step. Material safety data sheets can also provide information for training employees in the safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction materials and describe the ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe handling procedures and emergency rst aid responses. The information contained in these sheets
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can help employers identify employees in need of training (i.e., workers handling substances described in the sheets) and train employees in safe use of the substances. Material safety data sheets are generally available from suppliers, manufacturers of the substance and large employers who use the substance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by employers or trade associations. MSDSs are particularly useful for those employers who are developing training on chemical use as required by OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard. IV. Conclusion In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety training activities, OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This model is designed to help employers develop instructional programs as part of their total education and training effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It also helps employers determine how effective the program has been and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest need of education and training. The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupational safety and health training. It allows employers to determine for themselves the content and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training and enhance the safety and health of their employees.

Index of Training Requirements General Industry Training Requirements

29 CFR Part 1910
Page Subpart E Subpart F Means of Egress Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms OperationsTraining Care and Use, Appendix C, Section I Occupational Health and Environmental Control Hearing Protection Training Program Hazardous Materials Flammable and Combustible Liquids Explosives and Blasting Agents Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles Storage and Handling of Liqueed Petroleum Gases Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Contract Employer Responsibilities Mechanical Integrity Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response New Technology Programs Dipping and Coating Operations Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment Respiratory Protection General Environmental Controls Temporary Labor Camps Specications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags Permit Required Conned Spaces The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed Outside Personnel Medical and First Aid Medical Services and First Aid Fire Protection Fire Protection Fire Brigades Training and Education Portable Fire Extinguishers Standpipe and Hose Systems Fixed Extinguishing Systems 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 22 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 31 34 34 34
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Subpart G

Subpart H

Subpart I

Subpart J

Subpart K Subpart L

Fire Detection Systems Employee Alarm Systems Subpart N Materials Handling and Storage Servicing of Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels Powered Industrial Trucks Moving the Load Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes Machinery and Machine Guarding Mechanical Power Presses Operator Training Forging Machines Welding, Cutting, and Brazing General Requirements Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting Arc Welding and Cutting Resistance Welding Special Industries Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules Sawmills Logging Operations Telecommunications Derrick Trucks Cable Fault Locating Guarding Manholes Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes Tree TrimmingElectrical Hazards Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Grain Handling Facilities Entry into Bins, Silos, and Tanks Contractors Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices Content of Training Commercial Diving Operations Qualications of Dive Team Toxic and Hazardous Substances Asbestos 4-Nitrobiphenyl alpha-Naphthylamine Methyl Chloromethyl Ether 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) bis-Chloromethyl Ether beta-Napthylamine Benzidine 4-Aminodiphenyl Ethyleneimine beta-Propiolactone 2-Acetylaminouorene

35 35 35 35 37 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50

Subpart O

Subpart Q

Subpart R

Subpart S

Subpart T

Subpart Z

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4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene N-Nitrosodimethylamine Vinyl Chloride Inorganic Arsenic Lead Cadmium Benzene Coke Oven Emissions Bloodborne Pathogens Cotton Dust 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide) Ethylene Oxide Formaldehyde 4,4' Methylenedianiline 1.3-Butadiene Methylene Chloride Ionizing Radiation Hazard Communication Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories

50 50 50 51 51 52 53 53 54 56 56 57 57 58 59 59 60 61 61 62

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Maritime Training Requirements

29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918
Part 1915 Shipyard Employment Subpart A General Provisions Competent Person Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres Hazard Communication Precautions Before Entering Permit Required Conned Spaces Cleaning and Other Cold Work Certication Before Hot Work is Begun Maintenance of Safe Conditions Surface Preparation and Preservation Painting Flammable Liquids Welding, Cutting, and Heating Fire Prevention Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers and Structures Gas Welding and Cutting Arc Welding and Cutting Uses of Fissionable Material Scaffolds, Ladders, and Other Working Surfaces Scaffolds or Staging General Working Conditions Work on or in the Vicinity of Radar and Radio First Aid Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling Ropes, Chains, and Slings Use of Gear Qualications of Operators Tools and Related Equipment Powder Actuated Fastening Tools Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ships Equipment Personal Protective Equipment Respiratory Protection Portable, Unred Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers, Other Than Ships Equipment Portable Air Receivers and Other Unred Pressure Vessels Page 63 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70

Subpart B

Subpart C

Subpart D

Subpart E

Subpart F

Subpart G

Subpart H

Subpart I

Subpart K

70 70

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Subpart Z

Toxic and Hazardous Substances Asbestos Methylene Chloride Hazard Communication

70 70 73 74

Part 1917 Marine Terminals Subpart B Marine Terminal Operations Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives Personnel Hazard Communication General Rules Applicable to Vehicles Terminal FacilitiesHandling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish Welding, Cutting and Heating (Hot Work) 74 74 74 74 75 75 76 76

Part 1918 Longshoring Subpart I General Working Conditions Hazard Communication Qualication of Machinery Operators Personal Protective Equipment Respiratory Protection 76 76 76 76 76

Subpart J

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Construction Training Requirements

29 CFR Part 1926
Page Subpart C General Safety and Health Provisions General Safety and Health Provisions Safety Training and Education Occupational Health and Environmental Controls Medical Services and First Aid Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists Hazard Communication, Construction Lead in Construction Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Hearing Protection Respiratory Protection Fire Protection and Prevention Fire Protection Signs, Signals, and Barricades Signaling ToolsHand and Power Powder-Operated Hand Tools Woodworking Tools Welding and Cutting Gas Welding and Cutting Arc Welding and Cutting Fire Prevention Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings Electrical Ground-Fault Protection Scaffolds Scaffolds Aerial Lifts Training Requirements Fall Protection Fall ProtectionTraining Requirements Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors Cranes and Derricks Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 88

Subpart D

Subpart E

Subpart F

Subpart G

Subpart I

Subpart J

Subpart K

Subpart L

Subpart M

Subpart N

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Subpart O

Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations Material Handling Equipment Site Clearing Excavations General Protection Requirements (Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring) Concrete and Masonry Construction Concrete and Masonry Construction Requirements for Lift-Slab Operations Steel Erection Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-Up, and Plumbing-Up Hoisting and Rigging Structural Steel Assembly Column and Anchorage Beams and Columns Open Web Steel Joists SystemsEngineered Metal Buildings Training Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air Underground Construction Compressed Air Demolition Preparatory Operations Chutes Mechanical Demolition Blasting and Use of Explosives General Provisions (Blasting and Use of Explosives) Blaster Qualications Surface Transportation of Explosives Firing the Blast Power Transmission and Distribution General Requirements Overhead Lines Underground Lines Construction in Energized Substations Stairways and Ladders Ladders Toxic and Hazardous Substances Asbestos

89 89 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 102 102

Subpart P

Subpart Q

Subpart R

Subpart S

Subpart T

Subpart U

Subpart V

Subpart X Subpart Z

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Agricultural Training Requirements

29 CFR Part 1928
Page Subpart C Roll-Over Protective Structures Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Tractors Used in Agricultural Operations Safety for Agricultural Equipment Guarding of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins 105 105 105 105

Subpart D

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General Industry Training Requirements

The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training requirements may appear in certain other standards (ANSI, NFPA, etc.) adopted by reference in Part 1910 and therefore mandatory.

Subject and Standard Number

Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 1910.38(a)(5)(i), (ii)(A) through (C), and (iii)

Training Requirement
(i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufcient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacuation of employees. (ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times: (a) Initially when the plan is developed. (b) Whenever the employees responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change, and (c) Whenever the plan is changed. (iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.

1910.38(b)(4)(i) and (ii)

(i) The employer shall apprise employees of the re hazards of the materials and processes to which they are exposed. (ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the re prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.

OperationsTraining 1910.66(i)(1)(i), (ii) and (ii)(A) through (E), and (iii) through (v)

(i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are procient in the operation, safe use, and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated. (ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following: (A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their individual work tasks. (B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be operated.

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(C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph (e)(9) of this section. (D) Work procedures required in paragraph (i)(1)(iv) of this section. (E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance. (iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be done by a competent person. (iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction may be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for these procedures. (v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspecting a working platform by preparing a certication record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The certication record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required in paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a le for the duration of the employees employment. The certication record shall be kept readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretarys representative. Hearing Protection 1910.95(i)(4) Hearing Protectors 1910.95(i)(1) (4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees. (1) Employers shall make hearing protectors available to all employers exposed to an 8hour time weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees. Hearing protectors shall be replaced as necessary. (1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure employee participation in such program. (2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes. (3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following: (i) The effects of noise on hearing; (ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, tting, use, and care; and (iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures. Flammable and Combustible Liquids 1910.106(b)(5)(v)(2) and (3) (2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in ood emergencies are properly posted. (3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instructions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these requirements.

Training Program 1910.95(k)(1) through (3)(i) through (iii)

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Explosives and Blasting Agents 1910.109(d)(3)(i) and (iii)

(i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall only be driven by and be in the charge of a driver who is familiar with the trafc regulations, State laws, and the provisions of this section. (iii) Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Class A or Class B explosives shall, at all times, be attended by a driver or other attendant of the motor carrier. This attendant shall have been made aware of the class of the explosive material in the vehicle and of its inherent dangers, and shall have been instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from those dangers. He shall have been made familiar with the vehicle he is assigned, and shall be trained, supplied with the necessary means, and authorized to move the vehicle when required.

1910.109(g)(3)(iii)(a)

(iii)(a) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. The employer shall assure that the operator is familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. (ii) Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall only be driven by and be in charge of a driver in possession of a valid motor vehicle operators license. Such a person shall also be familiar with the States vehicle and trafc laws. (b) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. (16) Instructions. Personnel performing installation, removal, operation, and maintenance work shall be properly trained in such function. (i) When standard watch service is provided, it shall be extended to the LP-Gas installation and personnel properly trained. (ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable procedures. (i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating procedures as specied in paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specic safety and health hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employees job tasks. (ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specied in the operating procedures.

1910.109(g)(6)(ii)

Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 1910.109(h)(4)(ii)(b) Storage and Handling of Liqueed Petroleum Gases 1910.110(b)(16) 1910.110(d)(12)(i) 1910.111(b)(13)(ii)

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 1910.119(g)(1)(i) and (ii)

1910.119(g)(2)

(2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training. (3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
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1910.119(g)(3)

Contract Employer Responsibilities 1910.119(h)(3)(i) through (iv)

(i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his or her job. (ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential re, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his or her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan. (iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training. (iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph (f)(4) of this section.

Mechanical Integrity 1910.119(j)(3)

(3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the ongoing integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employees job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner. (e) Training (1) General. (i) All employees working on site (such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specied in this paragraph. (ii) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise eld activities until they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility. (2) Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following: (i) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health; (ii) Safety, health, and other hazards present on the site; (iii) Use of personal protective equipment; (iv) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards; (v) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site; (vi) Medical surveillance requirements, including recognition of symptoms and signs which might indicate overexposure to hazards; and (vii) The contents of paragraphs (G) through (J) of the site safety and health plan set forth in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section. (3) Initial training. (i) General site workers (such as equipment operators, general laborers and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual eld experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1910.120(e)(1)(i) and (ii); (2)(i) through (vii); (3)(i) through (iv); (4) through (9)

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(ii) Workers on site only occasionally for a specic limited task (such as, but not limited to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual eld experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. (iii) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indicates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day actual eld experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. (iv) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specied in paragraph (e)(3)(i). (4) Management and supervisor training. On-site management and supervisors directly responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised eld experience (the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not limited to, the employers safety and health program and the associated employee training program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques. (5) Qualications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualied to instruct employees about the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter. (6) Training certication. Employees and supervisors that have received and successfully completed the training and eld experience specied in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall be certied by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written certicate shall be given to each person so certied. Any person who has not been so certied or who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations. (7) Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency situations at hazardous waste cleanup sites that may expose them to hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies. (8) Refresher training. Employees specied in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and managers and supervisors specied in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items specied in paragraph (e)(2) and/or (e)(4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of related work, and other relevant topics.

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(9) Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certication that an employees work experience and/or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training required in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees. However, certied employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specic training before site entry and have appropriate supervised eld experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already is received from actual hazardous waste site work experience. New Technology Programs 1910.120(o)(1) (1) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with hazardous waste clean-up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained. (i) New employees. The employer shall develop and implement a training program, which is part of the employers safety and health program, for employees exposed to health hazards or hazardous substances at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) operations to enable the employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this paragraph shall be given a written certicate attesting that they have successfully completed the necessary training. (ii) Current employees. Employers who can show by an employees previous work experience and/or training that the employee has had training equivalent to the initial training required by this paragraph, shall be considered as meeting the initial training requirements of this paragraph as to that employee. Equivalent training includes the training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually. (iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach or they shall have the academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills. 1910.120(p)(8)(iii)(A) (iii) Training. (A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn and procedures for handling emergency incidents. (4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, not necessarily an employers own employees, who are skilled in the operation of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a timely fashion by an employers own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in this paragraph for the employers regular employees. However, these personnel shall be given an initial brieng at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response. The initial brieng shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed. All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employers own employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these personnel.

1910.120(p)(7)(i) through (iii)

1910.120(q)(4)

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1910.120(q)(5)

(5) Specialist employees. Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work with and are trained in the hazards of specic hazardous substances, and who will be called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in the area of their specialization annually. (i) First responder awareness level. First responders at the awareness level are individuals who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. They would take no further action beyond notifying the authorities of the release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufcient training or have had sufcient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas: (A) An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with them in an incident. (B) An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created when hazardous substances are present. (C) The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency. (D) The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible. (E) An understanding of the role of the rst responder awareness individual in the employers emergency response plan including site security and control and the U.S. Department of Transportations Emergency Response Guidebook. (F) The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate notications to the communication center. (ii) First responder operations level. First responders at the operations level are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufcient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level and the employer shall so certify: (A) Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques. (B) Know how to select and use proper personal protective equipment provided to the rst responder operational level. (C) An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms. (D) Know how to perform basic control, containment and/or connement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with their unit. (E) Know how to implement basic decontamination procedures. (F) An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures.
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1910.120(q)(6) (i)(A) through (F); (ii)(A) through (F); (iii)(A) through (I); (iv)(A) through (I); (v)(A) through (F); (vi)(A) through (E) [Note: 1910.120(q)(6) Emergency response to hazardous substance releases, Training standard is amended by adding a new level of training, (vi) First responder operations plus level. See 13 NCAC 07F.101(1) General Industry, State-Specic Standards]

(iii) Hazardous materials technician. Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release. They assume a more aggressive role than a rst responder at the operations level in that they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the rst responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: (A) Know how to implement the employers emergency response plan. (B) Know the classication, identication and verication of known and unknown materials by using eld survey instruments and equipment. (C) Be able to function within an assigned role in the Incident Command System. (D) Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials technician. (E) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques. (F) Be able to perform advance control, containment, and/or connement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with the unit. (G) Understand and implement decontamination procedures. (H) Understand termination procedures. (I) Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior. (iv) Hazardous materials specialist. Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties parallel those of the hazardous materials technician; however, those duties require a more directed or specic knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with Federal, state, local and other government authorities in regards to site activities. Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: (A) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. (B) Understand classication, identication and verication of known and unknown materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment. (C) Know of the state emergency response plan. (D) Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials specialist. (E) Understand in-depth hazard and risk techniques. (F) Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/or connement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available.

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(G) Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures. (H) Have the ability to develop a site safety and control plan. (I) Understand chemical, radiological and toxicological terminology and behavior. (v) On scene incident commander. Incident commanders, who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the rst responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the rst responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: (A) Know and be able to implement the employers incident command system. (B) Know how to implement the employers emergency response plan. (C) Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing. (D) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. (E) Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response Team. (F) Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures. (vi) First responder operations plus level. First responders at operations plus level are individuals who respond to hydrocarbon fuel tank leaks where the leaking tanks contain a hydrocarbon fuel which is used to propel the vehicle on which the tank is located. Only those vehicles designed for highway use or those used for industrial, agricultural or construction purposes are covered. First responders at the operations plus level shall have received at least training equal to rst responder operations level and, in addition, shall receive training or have had sufcient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: (A) Know how to select and use proper specialized personal protective equipment provided to the rst responder at operations plus level; (B) Understand basic hazardous materials terms as they pertain to hydrocarbon fuels; (C) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques that pertain to gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels; (D) Be able to perform control, containment, or connement operations for gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels within the capabilities of the available resources and personal protective equipment; and (E) Understand and know how to implement decontamination procedures for hydrocarbon fuels. 1910.120(q)(7) (7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, such as the courses offered by the U.S. National Fire Academy, or they shall have the training and/or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of the courses they are to teach.
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Refresher Training 1910.120(q)(8)(i) and (ii)

(i) Those employees who are trained in accordance with paragraph (q)(6) of this section shall receive annual refresher training of sufcient content and duration to maintain their competencies or shall demonstrate competency in those areas at least yearly. (ii) A statement shall be made of the training or competency, and if a statement of competency is made, the employer shall keep a record of the methodology used to demonstrate competency. Dipping and Coating Operations

1910.122 Table of Contents 1910.123 Dipping and coating operations: Coverage and denitions

This section lists the paragraph headings contained in 1910.123 through 1910.126. (a) Does this rule apply to me; (b) What operations are covered; (c) What operations are not covered; (d) How are terms used in 1910.123 through 1910.126

1910.124 General requirements for dipping and coating operations

(a) What construction requirements apply to dip tanks; (b) What ventilation requirements apply to vapor areas; (c) What requirements must I follow to recirculate exhaust air into the workplace; (d) What must I do when I use an exhaust hood; (e) What requirements must I follow when an employee enters a dip tank; (e.g. 1910.146, OSHAs standard for Permit-Required Conned Space, as applicable) (f) What rst-aid procedures must my employees know; (g) What hygiene facilities must I provide; (h) What treatment and rst aid must I provide; (i) What must I do before an employee cleans a dip tank; (j) What must I do to inspect and maintain my dipping or coating operation. (j)(4) Provide mechanical ventilation or respirators (selected and used as specied in 1910.134, OSHAs Respiratory Protection standard) to protect employees in the vapor area from exposure to toxic substances released during welding, burning, or open-ame work; and (j)(5) Have dip tanks thoroughly cleaned or solvents and vapors before permitting welding, burning, or open-ame work on them.

1910.125 Additional require- (a) What type of construction material must be used in making my dip tank; ments for dipping and (b) When must I provide overow piping; coating operations that use ammable or combustible (c) When must I provide a bottom drain; liquids (d) When must my conveyor system shut down automatically;
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(e) What ignition and fuel sources must be controlled; (f) What re protection must I provide; (g) To what temperature may I heat a liquid in a dip tank. 1910.126 Additional require- (a) What additional requirements apply to hardening or tempering tanks; ments for special dipping (b) What additional requirements apply to ow coating; and coating applications (c) What additional requirements apply to roll coating, roll spreading, or roll impregnating; (d) What additional requirements apply to vapor degreasing tanks; (e) What additional requirements apply to cyanide tanks; (f) What additional requirements apply to spray cleaning tanks and spray degreasing tanks; (g) What additional requirements apply to electrostatic paint detearing. (b) Equipment. (1) Employer-provided equipment. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide, at no cost to the employee, all personal protective equipment which the employee does not wear off the jobsite for use off the job. (2) Employee-owned equip[Note: 1910.132(b) Personal ment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be Protective Equipment stan- responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such dard is amended to dene the equipment. employers responsibilities relating to the provision, adequacy and maintenance of employee personal protective equipment. See 13 NCAC 07F.101(2) General Industry, State-Specic Standards] Personal Protective (f) Training. (1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required Equipment by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know, at least, the 1910.132(f)(1) (i) through (v), following: (2), (3)(i) through (iii), and (4) (i) When PPE is necessary; (ii) What PPE is necessary; (iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; (iv) The limitations of the PPE; and (v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE. (2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specied in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and the ability to use PPE properly before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. Personal Protection Equipment 1910.132(b)

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(3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: (i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or (ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or (iii) Inadequacies in an affected employees knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. (4) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood the required training through a written certication that contains the name of each employee trained, the date(s) of training, and that identies the subject of the certication. Respiratory Protection Program 1910.134(c)(1)(i) through (ix) (c)(1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specic procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reect those changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as applicable: (c)(1)(i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace; (c)(1)(ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators; (c)(1)(iii) Fit testing procedures for tight-tting respirators; (c)(1)(iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations; (c)(1)(v) Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators; (c)(1)(vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and ow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators; (c)(1)(vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations; (c)(1)(viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and (c)(1)(ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program. Training and information 1910.134(k) (k) This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so. (k)(1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:

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(k)(1)(i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper t, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator; (k)(1)(ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are; (k)(1)(iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions; (k)(1)(iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator; (k)(1)(v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator; (k)(1)(vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and (k)(1)(vii) The general requirements of this section. (k)(2) The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee. (k)(3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace. (k)(4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received training within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specied in paragraph (k)(1)(i) through (vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by paragraph (k)(1), the employee can demonstrate knowledge of those element(s). Previous training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous training. (k)(5) Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur: (k)(5)(i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete; (k)(5)(ii) Inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or (k)(5)(iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use. (k)(6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer. (i) Every respirator wearer shall receive tting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it ts properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the t of a facepiece. The workers diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece t shall be checked by the wearer each time he or she puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturers facepiece tting instructions. Temporary Labor Camps 1910.142(k)(1) and (2) (1) Adequate rst aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons.
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(2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer rst aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times. Specications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 1910.145(c)(1)(ii), (2)(ii), and (3) (1)(ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary. (2)(ii) All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard against which proper precautions should be taken. (3) Safety instruction signs. Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures. Permit Required Conned Spaces 1910.146(g)(1) and (2)(i) through (iv), (3) and (4), and k(1)(i) through (2)(iv) (1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section. (2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee: (i) Before the employee is rst assigned duties under this section: (ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties; (iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained; (iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section or that there are inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of these procedures. (3) The training shall establish employee prociency in the duties required by this section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this section. (4) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (g)(1) through (g)(3) of this section has been accomplished. The certication shall contain each employees name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certication shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives. (k) Rescue and emergency services. (k)(1) An employer who designates rescue and emergency services, pursuant to paragraph (d)(9) of this section, shall: (k)(1)(i) Evaluate a prospective rescuers ability to respond to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering the hazard(s) identied; Note to paragraph (k)(l)(i): What will be considered timely will vary according to the specic hazards involved in each entry. For example, 1910.134, Respiratory Protection, requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action to rescue employee(s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas dened as IDLH atmospheres. (k)(1)(ii) Evaluate a prospective rescue services ability, in terms of prociency with rescue-related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing entrants from the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identied;

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(k)(1)(iii) Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that: (k)(1)(iii)(A) Has the capability to reach the victim(s) within a time frame that is appropriate for the permit space hazard(s) identied; (k)(1)(iii)(B) Is equipped for and procient in performing the needed rescue services; (k)(1)(iv) Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue at the site; and (k)(1)(v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations. Note to paragraph (k)(1): Non-mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by paragraph (k)(l) of this section. (k)(2) An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space rescue and emergency services shall take the following measures: (k)(2)(i) Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are procient in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees; (k)(2)(ii) Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer must ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to establish prociency as an authorized entrant, as provided by paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section; (k)(2)(iii) Train affected employees in basic rst-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or service holding a current certication in rst aid and CPR is available; and (k)(2)(iv) Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, conguration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed. The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) 1910.147(a)(3)(ii); (c)(4)(i); (c)(6)(i)(D); (c)(7)(i)(A) through (C); (c)(7)(ii)(A) through (F); (c)(7)(iii)(A) through (C); (c)(7)(iv); (c)(8); and (c)(9) (ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section. (a)(3) Purpose. (ii) When other standards in this part require... of this section (4) Energy control procedure. (i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section. (c)(4) Energy control procedure. (i) Procedures shall be developed... by this section (6)(i)(D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employees responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section.
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(c)(6) Periodic Inspection. (i)(d) Where tagout is used for energy control...paragraph I(7)(ii) of this section. (7) Training and communication. (i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of energy controls are required by employees. The training shall include the following: (c)(7) Training and communication. (i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following: (A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. (B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure. (C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out. (ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags: (A) Tags are essentially warning devices afxed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock. (B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated. (C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective. (D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace. (E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program. (F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use. (iii) Employee retraining. (A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energy control procedures. (B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (c)(6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe
32

that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of the energy control procedures. (C) The retraining shall reestablish employee prociency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary. (iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certication shall contain each employees name and dates of training. (8) Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by authorized employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance. (c)(9) Notication of employees. Affected employees shall be notied by the employer or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout devices. Notication shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are removed from the machine or equipment. (3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed Lockout or Tagout from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to Devices Removed 1910.147(e)(3)(i) through (iii) paragraph (e)(3). When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specic procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented, and incorporated into the employers energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specic procedure shall include at least the following elements: (i) Verication by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility; (ii) Making all reasonable efforts to contract the authorized employee to inform him/her that his/her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and (iii) Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/she resumes work at that facility. Outside Personnel 1910.147(f)(2)(i) (f)(2)(ii) The on-site employer shall ensure that his/her employees understand and comply with restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employers energy control procedures.

(a) The employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and Medical Services and First Aid 1910.151(a) and (b) consultation on matters of plant health. (b) In the absence of an inrmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render rst aid. First aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be readily available. Fire Protection 1910.155(c)(41) (41) Training means the process of making procient through instruction and hands-on practice in the operation of equipment, including respiratory protection equipment, that is expected to be used and in the performance of assigned duties. (1) Organizational statement. The employer shall prepare and maintain a statement or written policy which establishes the existence of a re brigade; the basic organizational structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training to be provided to re brigade members; the expected number of members in the re brigade; and the functions that the re brigade is to perform at the workplace. The organizational statement shall be
33

Fire Brigades 1910.156(b)(1)

available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and by employees or their designated representatives. Training and Education 1910.156(c)(1) through (4) (1) The employer shall provide training and education for all re brigade members commensurate with those duties and functions that re brigade members are expected to perform. Such training and education shall be provided to re brigade members before they perform re brigade emergency activities. Fire brigade leaders and training instructors shall be provided with training and education which is more comprehensive than that provided to the general membership of the re brigade. (2) The employer shall assure that training and education is conducted frequently enough to assure that each member of the re brigade is able to perform the members assigned duties and functions satisfactorily and in a safe manner so as not to endanger re brigade members or other employees. All re brigade members shall be provided with training at least annually. In addition, re brigade members who are expected to perform interior structural re ghting shall be provided with an education session or training at least quarterly. (3) The quality of the training and education program for re brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by such re training schools as the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute; Iowa Fire Service Extension; West Virginia Fire Service Extension; Georgia Fire Academy; New York State Department, Fire Prevention and Control; Louisiana State University Firemen Training Program; or Washington States Fire Service Training Commission for Vocational Education. (For example, for the oil renery industry, with its unique hazards, the training and education program for those re brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by Texas A & M University, Lamar University, Reno Fire School, or the Delaware State Fire School.) (4) The employer shall inform re brigade members about special hazards such as storage and use of ammable liquids and gases, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, and water reactive substances, to which they may be exposed during re and other emergencies. The re brigade members shall also be advised of any changes that occur in relation to the special hazards. The employer shall develop and make available for inspection by re brigade members, written procedures that describe the actions to be taken in situations involving the special hazards and shall include these in the training and education program. Portable Fire Extinguishers 1910.157(g)(1) through (4) (1) Where the employer has provided portable re extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of re extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage re ghting. (2) The employer shall provide the education required in paragraph (g)(1) of this section upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter. (3) The employer shall provide employees who have been designated to use re ghting equipment as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate equipment. (4) The employer shall provide the training required in paragraph (g)(3) of this section upon initial assignment to the designated group of employees and at least annually thereafter. Standpipe and Hose Systems 1910.158(e)(2)(vi)
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(vi) The employer shall designate trained persons to conduct all inspections required under this section.

Fixed Extinguishing Systems 1910.160(b)(10) Fire Detection Systems 1910.164(c)(4)

(10) The employer shall train employees designated to inspect, maintain, operate, or repair xed extinguishing systems and annually review their training to keep them up-to-date in the functions they are to perform. (4) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance and testing of re detection systems, including cleaning and necessary sensitivity adjustments, are performed by a trained person knowledgeable in the operations and functions of the system. (5) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance, and testing of employee alarms are done by persons trained in the designed operation and functions necessary for reliable and safe operation of the system. (c) Employee training. (1) The employer shall provide a training program to train all employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed. (i) The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the rim type being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section. (ii) Information to be used in the training program shall include at a minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts, rim manuals, and the contents of this standard. (iii) Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his or her employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a manner which the employee is able to understand. (2) The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service multi-piece rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks: (i) Demounting of tires (including deation); (ii) Inspection and identication of rim wheel components; (iii) Mounting of tires (including ination within a restraining device or other safeguard required by this section); (iv) Use of the restraining device or barrier, and other equipment required by this section; (v) Handling of rim wheels; (vi) Ination of tire when a single-piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle; and (vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory both during the ination of the tire and during inspection of the rim wheel following ination; and (viii) Installation and removal of rim wheels. (3) The employer shall evaluate each employees ability to perform these tasks and to service rim wheels safely and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that each employee maintains his or her prociency.

Employee Alarm Systems 1910.165(d)(5)

Servicing of Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels 1910.177(c)(1) through (iii); (2)(i) through (viii); and (3). Includes single-piece wheels per Federal Register of February 3, 1984 (pp. 43384352) but not automobile or truck tires marked LT.

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1910.177(f)(1); (2)(i) and (ii); (f) Safe operating proceduremulti-piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing multi-piece rim wheels and shall assure that and (3) through (11) employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: (1) Tires shall be completely deated before demounting by removal of the valve core. (2) Tires shall be completely deated by removing the valve core before a rim wheel is removed from the axle in either of the following situations: (i) When the tire has been driven underinated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or (ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components. (3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces during assembly of the wheel and ination of the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against it. (4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinated but has more than 80% of the recommended pressure, the tire may be inated while the rim wheel is on the vehicle provided remote control ination equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during ination. (5) Tires shall be inated outside a restraining device only to a pressure sufcient to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead. (6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not rest or lean any part of his or her body or equipment on or against the restraining device. (7) After tire ination, the tire and wheel components shall be inspected while still within the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deated by removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made. (8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings by hammering, striking or forcing the components while the tire is pressurized. (9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. (10) Whenever multi-piece rim wheels are being handled, employees shall stay out of the trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes the employees presence in the trajectory necessary. (11) No heat shall be applied to a multi-piece wheel or wheel component. 1910.177(g)(1) through (12) (g) Safe operating proceduresingle-piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing single-piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: (1) Tires shall be completely deated by removal of the valve core before demounting. (2) Mounting and demounting of the tire shall be done only from the narrow ledge side of the wheel. Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the tire beads while mounting tires
36

on wheels. Tires shall be mounted only on compatible wheels of matching bead diameter and width. (3) Nonammable rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces before assembly of the rim wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against the use of any rubber lubricant. (4) If a tire changing machine is used, the tire shall be inated only to the minimum pressure necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge while on the tire changing machine. (5) If a bead expander is used, it shall be removed before the valve core is installed and as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight (the tire bead slips onto the bead seat). (6) Tires may be inated only when contained within a restraining device, positioned behind a barrier or bolted on the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened. (7) Tires shall not be inated when any at, solid surface is in the trajectory and within one foot of the sidewall. (8) Employees shall stay out of the trajectory when inating a tire. (9) Tires shall not be inated to more than the ination pressure stamped in the sidewall unless a higher pressure is recommended by the manufacturer. (10) Tires shall not be inated above the maximum pressure recommended by the manufacturer to seat the tire bead rmly against the rim ange. (11) No heat shall be applied to a single-piece wheel. (12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. (l) Operator training. (1) Safe operation. (I) The employer shall ensure that each powPowered Industrial Trucks ered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as 1910.178(l)(1)(I) and (ii); (2)(I)(A) and (B)(ii) and (iii); demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specied in this (3)(I)(A) through(M); (ii)(A) paragraph. through (I) (iii); (4)(I) and (ii)(A) (ii) through (E); (iii)(5), (ii) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck (except for training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully com(6), and (7) pleted the training required by this paragraph (l), except as permitted by paragraph (l)(5). (2) Training program implementation (I) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only: (A) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train operators and evaluate their competence; and (B) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees. (ii) Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, videotape, written material), practical training (demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the operators performance in the workplace.

37

(iii) All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and evaluate their competence. (3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employers workplace. (I) Truck-related topics: (A) Operating instructions, warnings, and pre-cautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate; (B) Differences between the truck and the automobile; (C) Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how they work; (D) Engine or motor operation; (E) Steering and maneuvering; (F) Visibility (including restrictions due to loading); (G) Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations; (H) Vehicle capacity; (I) Vehicle stability; (J) Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform; (K) Refueling and/or charging and recharging of batteries; (L) Operating limitations; (M) Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operators manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate. (ii) Workplace related topics: (A) Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated; (B) Composition of loads to be carried and load stability; (C) Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking; (D) Pedestrian trafc in areas where the vehicle will be operated; (E) Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated; (F) Hazardous (classied) locations where the vehicle will be operated; (G) Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicles stability; (H) Closed environments and other areas where insufcient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust;
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(I) Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation. (iii) The requirements of this section. (4) Refresher training and evaluation (i) Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph (l)(4)(ii) to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely. (ii) Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when: (A) The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner; (B) The operator has been involved in an accident or near-miss incident; (C) The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely; (D) The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or (E) A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck. (iii) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operators performance shall be conducted at least once every three years. (5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specied in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely. (6) Certication. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and evaluated as required by this paragraph (l). Certication shall include the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person(s) performing the training or evaluation. (7) Dates. The employer shall ensure that operators of powered industrial truck are trained, as appropriate, by the following dates: (A) If the employee was hired prior to December 1,1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed by December 1, 1999. (B) If the employee was hired after December 1, 1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed before the employee is assigned to operate a powered industrial truck. Moving the Load 1910.179(n)(3)(ix) (ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualied responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made. (3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of re extinguishers provided. (ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the re extinguishers provided.

1910.179(o)(3)

Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 1910.180(i)(5)(ii)

39

Mechanical Power Presses 1910.217(e)(3)

(3) Training of maintenance personnel. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining power presses. (2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are being followed.

1910.217(f)(2)

(i) The operator training required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section shall be provided to Operator Training 1910.217(h)(13)(i)(A) through the employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain competence, but not less than annually thereafter. It shall include instruction relative to (E) and (ii) the following items for presses used in the PSDI mode. (A) The manufacturers recommended test procedures for checking operation of the presence sensing device. This shall include the use of the test rod required by paragraph (h)(10)(i) of this section. (B) The safety distance required. (C) The operation, function and performance of the PSDI mode. (D) The requirements for hand tools that may be used in the PSDI mode. (E) The severe consequences that can result if he or she attempts to circumvent or bypass any of the safeguard or operating functions of the PSDI system. (ii) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certication record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certication record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on le for the duration of the employees employment. The certication record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. Forging Machines 1910.218(a)(2)(iii) (2) Inspection and maintenance. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to maintain all forge shop equipment in a condition which will ensure continued safe operation. This responsibility includes: (iii) Training personnel for the proper inspection and maintenance of forging machinery and equipment. Welding, Cutting, and Brazing General Requirements 1910.252(a)(2)(xiii)(C) Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 1910.253(a)(4) (xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of cutting and welding equipment on its property and: (C) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process. (4) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or fuel-gas distribution piping systems shall be instructed and judged competent by their employers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and instructions covering the operation and maintenance of oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel-gas distribution piping systems shall be readily available.

40

Arc Welding and Cutting 1910.254(a)(3)

(3) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualied to operate such equipment as specied in paragraph (d) of this section. (3) Personnel. Workmen designated to operate resistance welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and judged competent to operate such equipment. (ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently placed, and regularly inspected, and workers who may be exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed in their use. (v) Instruction of employees. Employees shall be properly instructed as to the hazards of their work and be instructed in safe practices, by bulletins, printed rules, and verbal instructions. (x) Lift trucks. Lift trucks shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated in accordance with the requirements of 1910.178. (ii) Explosives. Only a designated person shall handle or use explosives. Usage shall comply with the requirements of Subpart H of 1910. (iii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to follow manufacturers instructions as to operation and adjustment. (iv) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to fuel the saw at least 10 feet from any open ame or other source of ignition. (v) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw at least 10 feet away from fueling area. (vi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw only on the ground or when otherwise rmly supported. (vii) The chain saw shall be started with the chain brake engaged. (viii) The chain saw shall be held with both hands during operation unless the employer demonstrates a greater hazard is posed by using both hands during that particular instance. (ix) The chain saw operator shall be certain of footing before starting to cut. The chain saw shall not be used in a position or at a distance that could cause its operator to lose his or her balance. (x) Prior to felling any tree, the saw operator shall clear brush or other potential obstacles which might interfere with tree cutting or using the retreat path. (xi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed not to use the saw to cut directly overhead. (xii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to carry the saw in a manner to prevent operator contact with the chain and mufer.

Resistance Welding 1910.255(a)(3) Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 1910.261(h)(3)(ii) Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 1910.264(d)(1)(v) Sawmills 1910.265(c)(30)(x) Logging Operations 1910.266(d)(10)(ii) 1910.266(e)(2)(iii) through (xii)

1910.266(f)(1)(ii) and (iii)

(ii) Employer shall assure that each machine, including any provided by an employee, is inspected before initial use each work shift. Defects or damage is to be repaired, or machine is to be replaced, before work commences.

41

(iii) Employer shall assure that operating and maintenance instructions for each machine are available either on board the machine or in the area where it is operating. All machine operators and maintenance workers shall comply with the instructions. 1910.266(f)(2)(i) through (xiii) (i) A machine shall be started and operated only by a designated person. (ii) Stationary logging machines and components shall be anchored or otherwise stabilized during operation. (iii) The rated capacity of any machine shall not be exceeded. (iv) No machine shall be operated on any slope greater than the maximum slope recommended by the manufacturer. (v) Before starting or moving a machine, the operator shall determine that no employer is in its path. (vi) A machine shall only be operated from the operators station or as otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. (vii) A machine shall only be operated at such a distance from other machines and employees that its operation will not cause a hazard to employees. (viii) No employee, other than the operator, shall ride on any mobile machine unless seating, safety belts, or other equivalent protection is provided. (ix) No employee is ever to ride on any load. (x) Before a machine is shut down, the brake locks or parking brakes shall be applied. Each moving element (blades, buckets, shears, etc.) shall be grounded. (xi) After a machine engine is shut down, pressure from hydraulic and pneumatic storage devices is to be discharged. (xii) The rated capacity of any vehicle transporting a machine shall not be exceeded. (xiii) Machines are to be loaded, secured, and unloaded so that no hazard is created for any employee. 1910.266(h)(1)(i) and (ii) (i) Trees shall not be felled in a manner that may create a hazard for any employee. (ii) The immediate supervisor shall be consulted when unfamiliar or unusually hazardous conditions require his or her approval before cutting can commence. 1910.266(i)(1) through (10) (i) Training. (1) The employer shall provide training for each employee, including supervisors, at no cost to the employee. (2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows: (i) As soon as possible but not later than the effective date of this section for initial training for each current and new employee; (ii) Prior to initial assignment for each new employee; (iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles; and,
42

(iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance. (3) Content. At a minimum, training shall consist of the following elements: (i) Safe performance of assigned work tasks; (ii) Safe use, operation, and maintenance of tools, machines, and vehicles the employee uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturers instructions, warnings, and precautions; (iii) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with the employees specic work tasks, including the use of measures and work practices to prevent or control those hazards; (iv) Recognition, prevention, and control of other safety and health hazards in the logging industry; (v) Procedures, practices, and requirements of the employers work site; and (vi) The requirements of this standard. (4) Training of an employee due to unsafe job performance, or assignment of new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles may be limited to those elements in paragraph (i)(3) of this section which are relevant to the circumstances giving rise to the need for training. (5) Portability of training. (i) Each current employee who has received training in the particular elements specied in paragraph (i)(3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements. (ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specied in paragraph (i)(3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements prior to initial assignment. (iii) The employer shall train each current and new employee in those elements for which the employee has not received training. (iv) The employer is responsible for ensuring that each current and new employee can properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles used in their job. (6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as specied in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated person until the employee demonstrates to the employer the ability to safely perform the new duties independently. (7) First aid training. (i) The employer shall assure that each employee, including supervisors, receives or has received rst aid and CPR training meeting at least the requirements specied in Appendix B of this standard. (ii) The employer shall assure that each employees rst aid and CPR training and/or certicate of training remain current. (8) All training shall be conducted by a designated person.

43

(9) The employer shall assure that all training required by this section is presented in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employer shall assure that all training materials used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level, literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained. (10) Certication of training. (i) The employer shall verify compliance with paragraph (i) of this section by preparing a written certication record. The written certication record shall contain the name or other identity of the employee trained, the date(s) of the training, and the signature of the person who conducted the training or the signature of the employer. If the employer relies on training conducted prior to the employees hiring or completed prior to the effective date of this section, the certication record shall indicate the date the employer determined the prior training was adequate. (ii) The most recent training certication shall be maintained. Telecommunications 1910.268(b)(2)(i) 1910.268(c)(1) through (3) (i) Employees assigned to work with storage batteries shall be instructed in emergency procedures such as dealing with accidental acid spills. (c) Training. Employers shall provide training in the various precautions and safe practices described in this section and shall insure that employees do not engage in the activities to which this section applies until such employees have received proper training in the various precautions and safe practices required by this section. However, where the employer can demonstrate that an employee is already trained in the precautions and safe practices required by this section prior to his employment, training need not be provided to that employee in accordance with this section. Where training is required, it shall consist of onthe-job training or classroom-type training or a combination of both. The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certication record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certication record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on le for the duration of the employees employment. The certication record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. Such training shall, where appropriate, include the following subjects: (1) Recognition and avoidance of dangers relating to encounters with harmful substances and animal, insect, or plant life; (2) Procedures to be followed in emergency situations; and (3) First aid training, including instruction in articial respiration. Derrick Trucks 1910.268(j)(4)(iv)(D) Cable Fault Locating 1910.268(l)(1) (D) Only persons trained in the operation of the derrick shall be permitted to operate the derrick. (1) Employees involved in using high voltages to locate trouble or test cables shall be instructed in the precautions necessary for their own safety and the safety of other employees. (ii) While work is being performed in the manhole, a person with basic rst aid training shall be immediately available to render assistance if there is cause for believing that a safety hazard exists, and if the requirements contained in paragraphs (d)(1) and (o)(1)(i) of this section do not adequately protect the employee(s).

Guarding Manholes 1910.268(o)(1)(ii)

44

Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes 1910.268(o)(3)

(3) Joint power and telecommunication manholes. While work is being performed in a manhole occupied jointly by an electric utility and a telecommunication utility, an employee with basic rst aid training shall be available in the immediate vicinity to render emergency assistance as may be required. The employee whose presence is required in the immediate vicinity for the purposes of rendering emergency assistance is not to be precluded from occasionally entering a manhole to provide assistance other than in an emergency. The requirement of this paragraph (o)(3) does not preclude a qualied employee, working alone, from entering for brief periods of time, a manhole where energized cables or equipment are in service, for the purpose of inspection, housekeeping, taking readings, or similar work if such work can be performed safely. (ii) Employees engaged in line-clearing operations shall be instructed that: (A) A direct contact is made when any part of the body touches or contacts an energized conductor, or other energized electrical xture or apparatus. (B) An indirect contact is made when any part of the body touches any object in contact with an energized electrical conductor, or other energized xture or apparatus. (C) An indirect contact can be made through conductive tools, tree branches, trucks, equipment, or other objects, or as a result of communications wires, cables, fences. or guy wires being accidentally energized. (D) Electric shock will occur when an employee, by either direct or indirect contact with an energized conductor, energized tree limb, tool, equipment, or other object, provides a path for the ow of electricity to a grounded object or to the ground itself. Simultaneous contact with two energized conductors will also cause electric shock which may result in serious or fatal injury.

Tree Trimming Electrical Hazards 1910.268(q)(1)(ii)(A) through (D)

1910.268(q)(2)(ii)

(ii) Only qualied employees or trainees, familiar with the special techniques and hazards involved in line clearance, shall be permitted to perform the work if it is found that an electrical hazard exists. (iii) During all tree working operations aloft where an electrical hazard of more than 750V exists, there shall be a second employee or trainee qualied in line clearance tree trimming within normal voice communication. 1910.269(a)(2) Training. (a)(2)(i) Employees shall be trained in and familiar with the safety-related work practices, safety procedures, and other safety requirements in this section that pertain to their respective job assignments. Employees shall also be trained in and familiar with any other safety practices, including applicable emergency procedures (such as pole top and manhole rescue), that are not specically addressed by this section but that are related to their work and are necessary for their safety. (a)(2)(ii) Qualied employees shall also be trained and competent in: Note: Employment records that indicate that an employee has received the required training are an acceptable means of meeting this requirement. (a)(3) Existing conditions. Existing conditions related to the safety of the work to be performed shall be determined before work on or near electric lines or equipment is started. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, the nominal voltages of lines and equipment, the maximum switching transient voltages, the presence of hazardous induced voltages, the presence and condition of protective grounds and equipment grounding conductors, the condition of poles, environmental conditions relative to safety, and the locations of circuits and equipment, including power and communication lines and re protective signaling circuits.
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1910.268(q)(2)(iii)

Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 1910.269(a)(2)(i) and (ii) and (a)(3); (b)(1)(i) and (ii); (d)(2)(vi)(A) through (C); (vii); (viii)(A) through (C); and (ix)

(b) Medical services and rst aid. The employer shall provide medical services and rst aid as required in 1910.151 of this part. In addition to the requirements of 1910.151 of the Part the following requirements also apply: (1) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and rst aid training. When employees are performing work on or associated with exposed lines or equipment energized at 50 volts or more, persons trained in rst aid including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) shall be available as follows: (i) For eld work involving two or more employees at a work location, at least two trained persons shall be available. However, only one trained person need be available if all new employees are trained in rst aid, including CPR, within 3 months of their hiring dates. (ii) For xed work locations such as generating stations, the number of trained persons available shall be sufcient to ensure that each employee exposed to electric shock can be reached within 4 minutes by a trained person. However, where the existing number of employees is insufcient to meet this requirement (at a remote substation, for example), all employees at the work location shall be trained. (d) Hazardous energy control (lockout/tagout) procedures. (vi) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following: (A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of energy available in the workplace, and in the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. (B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure. (C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be used shall be instructed about the procedures and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment that are locked out or tagged out. (vii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the limitation of tags. (viii) Retraining shall be provided by the employer as follows: (A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment, or processes that present a new hazard or whenever there is a change in the energy control procedures. (B) Retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (d)(2)(v) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe, there are deviations from or inadequacies in an employees knowledge or use of the energy control procedures. (C) The retraining shall reestablish employee prociency and shall introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary.

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(ix) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certication shall contain each employees name and dates of training. Testing and Test Facilities 269(o)(1) and (2)(ii) 269(o) Testing and test facilities. (o)(1) Application. Paragraph (o) of this section provides for safe work practices for high-voltage and high-power testing performed in laboratories, shops, and substations, and in the eld and on electric transmission and distribution lines and equipment. It applies only to testing involving interim measurements utilizing high voltage, high power, or combinations of both, and not to testing involving continuous measurements as in routine metering, relaying, and normal line work. Note: Routine inspection and maintenance measurements made by qualied employees are considered to be routine line work and are not included in the scope of paragraph (o) of this section, as long as the hazards related to the use of intrinsic high-voltage or highpower sources require only the normal precautions associated with routine operation and maintenance work required in the other paragraphs of this section. Two typical examples of such excluded test work procedures are phasing-out testing and testing for a novoltage condition. 269(o)(2)(ii) Employees shall be trained in safe work practices upon their initial assignment to the test area, with periodic reviews and updates provided as required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Grain Handling Facilities 1910.272(e)(1)(i) and (ii) and (2) (1) The employer shall provide training to employees at least annually and when changes in job assignment will expose them to new hazards. Current employees, and new employees prior to starting work, shall be trained in at least the following: (i) General safety precautions associated with the facility, including recognition and preventive measures for the hazards related to dust accumulations and common ignition sources such as smoking; and (ii) Specic procedures and safety practices applicable to their job tasks including but not limited to, cleaning procedures for grinding equipment, clearing procedures for choked legs, housekeeping procedures, hot work procedures, preventive maintenance procedures, and lockout/tagout procedures. (2) Employees assigned special tasks, such as bin entry and handling of ammable or toxic substances, shall be provided training to perform these tasks safely. Note to paragraph (e)(2): Training for an employee who enters grain storage structures includes training about engulfment and mechanical hazards and how to avoid them. (See requirements for conned space entry, 1910.146) Entry into Bins, Silos, and Tanks 1910.272(g)(5) Contractors 1910.272(i)(2) Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices Content of Training 1910.332(b)(1) through (3), and (c) (5) The employee acting as observer shall be trained in rescue procedures, including notication methods for obtaining additional assistance. (2) The employer shall explain the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan to contractors. (1) Practices addressed in this standard. Employees shall be trained in and be familiar with the safety-related work practices required by 1910.331 through 1910.335 that pertain to their respective job assignments. (b)(2) Additional requirements for unqualied persons. Employees who are covered by paragraph (a) of this section but who are not qualied persons shall also be trained in and
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familiar with any electrically related safety practices not specically addressed by 1910.331 through 1910.335 but which are necessary for their safety. (b)(3) Additional requirements for qualied persons. Qualied persons (i.e. those permitted to work on or near exposed energized parts) shall, at a minimum, be trained in and familiar with the following: (b)(3)(i) The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment. (b)(3)(ii) The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts, and (b)(3)(iii) The clearance distances specied in 1910.333(c) and the corresponding voltages to which the qualied person will be exposed. Note 1: For the purposes of 1910.331 through 1910.335, a person must have the training required by paragraph (b)(3) of this section in order to be considered a qualied person. Note 2: Qualied persons whose work on energized equipment involves either direct contact or contact by means of tools or materials must also have the training needed to meet 1910.333(C)(2). (c) Type of training. The training required by this section shall be of the classroom or onthe-job type. The degree of training provided shall be determined by the risk to the employee. Qualications of (1) Each dive team member shall have the experience or training necessary to perform Dive Team assigned tasks in a safe and healthful manner. 1910.410(a)(1); (2)(i) through (2) Each dive team member shall have experience or training in the following: (iii); (3) and (4) (i) The use of tools, equipment, and systems relevant to assigned tasks; (ii) Techniques of the assigned diving mode; and (iii) Diving operations and emergency procedures. (3) All dive team members shall be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and rst aid (American Red Cross standard course or equivalent). (4) Dive team members who are exposed to or control the exposure of others to hyperbaric conditions shall be trained in diving-related physics and physiology. 1910.410(b)(1) (1) Each dive team member shall be assigned tasks in accordance with the employees experience or training, except that limited additional tasks may be assigned to an employee undergoing training provided that these tasks are performed under the direct supervision of an experienced dive team member. (2) The designated person-in-charge shall have experience and training in the conduct of the assigned diving operation. (b) Precautions. (b)(1) After the completion of any dive, the employer shall: (b)(1)(i) Check the physical condition of the diver; (b)(1)(ii) Instruct the diver to report any physical problems or adverse physiological effects including symptoms of decompression sickness;
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1910.410(c)(2)

Post-dive procedures 1910.423(b)

(b)(1)(iii) Advise the diver of the location of a decompression chamber which is ready for use; and (b)(1)(iv) Alert the diver to the potential hazards of ying after diving. (b)(2) For any dive outside the no-decompression limits, deeper than 100 fsw or using mixed gas as a breathing mixture, the employer shall instruct the diver to remain awake and in the vicinity of the decompression chamber which is at the dive location for at least one hour after the dive (including decompression or treatment as appropriate). Asbestos 1910.1001(j)(7)(i) through (iii)(A) through (H) (i) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, or a combination of these minerals at or above the action level to ensure their participation in the program. (ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (iii) The training program shall be conducted in a manner which the employee is able to understand. The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure; (B) The relationship between smoking and exposure; (C) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and specic nature of operations which could result in exposure to asbestos; (D) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employees job assignment; (E) The specic procedures implemented to protect employees from exposure to asbestos, such as appropriate work practices, emergency and clean-up procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; (F) The purpose, proper use, and limitations of respirators and protective clothing; (G) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (1) of this section; (H) The content of this standard. 4-Nitrobiphenyl 1910.1003(e)(5)(i) and (ii) alpha-Napthylamine 1910.1004(e)(5)(i) and (ii) Methyl Chloromethyl Ether 1910.1006(e)(5)(i) and (ii) 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) 1910.1007 (e)(5)(i) and (ii) bis-Chloromethyl Ether 1910.1008(e)(5)(i) and (ii) (i) Each employee prior to being authorized to enter a regulated area shall receive a training and indoctrination program including, but not necessarily limited to: (a) The nature of the carcinogenic hazards of N-Nitrobiphenyl, and the other substances listed at left, including local and systemic toxicity; (b) The specic nature of the operation involving the listed substances which could result in exposure; (c) The purpose for and application of the medical surveillance program, including, as appropriate, methods of self-examination; (d) The purpose for and application of decontamination practices and purposes;
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beta-Naphthylamine 1910.1009(e)(5)(i) and (ii) Benzidine 1910.1010(e)(5)(i) and (ii) 4-Aminodiphenyl 1910.1011(e)(5)(i) and (ii) Ethyleneimine 1910.1012(e)(5)(i) and (ii) beta-Propiolactone 1910.1013(e)(5)(i) and (ii) 2-Acetylaminouorene 1910.1014(e)(5)(i) and (ii) 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 1910.1015(e)(5)(i) and (ii) N-Nitrosodimethylamine 1910.1016(e)(5)(i) and (ii)

(e) The purpose for and signicance of emergency practices and procedures; (f) The employees specic role in emergency procedures; (g) Specic information to aid the employee in recognition and evaluation of conditions and situations which may result in the release of the listed substances; (h) The purpose for and application of specic rst aid procedures and practices; (i) A review of this section at the employees rst training and indoctrination program and annually thereafter. (ii) Specic emergency procedures shall be prescribed, and posted, and employees shall be familiarized with their terms, and rehearsed in their application.

Vinyl Chloride 1910.1017(j)(1)(i) through (ix)

(j) Training. Each employee engaged in vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride operations shall be provided training in a program relating to the hazards of vinyl chloride and precautions for its safe use. (1) The program shall include: (i) The nature of the health hazard from chronic exposure to vinyl chloride including specically the carcinogenic hazard; (ii) The specic nature of operations which could result in exposure to vinyl chloride in excess of the permissible limit and necessary protective steps; (iii) The purpose for, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices; (iv) The re hazard and acute toxicity of vinyl chloride, and the necessary protective steps; (v) The purpose for and a description of the monitoring program; (vi) The purpose for, and a description of, the medical surveillance program; (vii) Emergency procedures; (viii) Specic information to aid the employee in recognition of conditions which may result in the release of vinyl chloride; and (ix) A review of this standard at the employees rst training and indoctrination program, and annually thereafter.

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Inorganic Arsenic 1910.1018(o)(1)(i) and (ii)(A) through (F) and (2)(i) and (ii)

(i) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are subject to exposure to inorganic arsenic above the action level without regard to respirator use, or for whom there is a possibility of skin or eye irritation from inorganic arsenic. The employer shall assure that those employees participate in the training program. (ii) The training program shall be provided by October 1, 1978, for employees covered by this provision, at the time of initial assignment for those subsequently covered by this provision, and shall be repeated at least quarterly for employees who have optional use of respirators and at least annually for other covered employees thereafter, and the employer shall assure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The information contained in Appendix A; (B) The quantity, location, manner of use, storage, sources of exposure, and the specic nature of operations which could result in exposure to inorganic arsenic as well as any necessary protective steps; (C) The purpose, proper use, and limitation of respirators; (D) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program as required by paragraph (n) of this section; (E) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employees job assignment; and (F) A review of this standard. (2) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees a copy of this standard and its appendices. (ii) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and training program to the Assistant Secretary and the Director.

Access to employee exposure and medical records 1910.1020 Employee Information 1910.1020(g), (g)(1), (g)(1)(i), (g)(1)(iii), and (g)(2)

(g)(1) Upon an employees rst entering into employment, and at least annually thereafter, each employer shall inform current employees covered by this section of the following: (g)(1)(i) The existence, location, and availability of any records covered by this section; (g)(1)(ii) The person responsible for maintaining and providing access to records; and (g)(1)(iii) Each employees rights of access to these records. (g)(2) Each employer shall keep a copy of this section and its appendices, and make copies readily available, upon request, to employees. The employer shall also distribute to current employees any informational materials concerning this section which are made available to the employer by the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health.

Lead 1910.1025(l)(1)(i) through (v)(A) through G and (2)(i) through (iii)

(i) Each employer who has a workplace in which there is a potential exposure to airborne lead at any level shall inform employees of the content of Appendices A and B of this regulation. (ii) The employer shall institute a training program for and assure the participation of all employees who are subject to exposure to lead at or above the action level or for whom the possibility of skin or eye irritation exists.
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(iii) The employer shall provide initial training by 180 days from the effective date. Editors Note: OSHAs lead standard became effective February 1, 1979, for those employees covered by paragraph (l)(1)(ii) on the standards effective date and prior to the time of initial job assignment for those employees subsequently covered by this paragraph. (iv) The training program shall be repeated at least annually for each employee. (v) The employer shall assure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The content of this standard and its appendices; (B) The specic nature of the operations which could result in exposure to lead above the action level; (C) The purpose, proper selection, tting, use, and limitations of respirators; (D) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program, and the medical removal protection program including information concerning the adverse health effects associated with excessive exposure to lead (with particular attention to the adverse reproductive effects on both males and females); (E) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employees job assignment; (F) The contents of any compliance plan in effect; and (G) Instructions to employees that chelating agents should not routinely be used to remove lead from their bodies and should not be used at all except under the direction of a licensed physician; (2) Access to information and training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees a copy of this standard and its appendices. (ii) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and training program to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. (iii) In addition to the information required by paragraph (l)(1)(v), the employer shall include as part of the training program, and shall distribute to employees, any materials pertaining to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the regulations issued pursuant to that Act, and this lead standard, which are made available to the employer by the Assistant Secretary. Cadmium 1910.1027(m)(4)(i) through (iii)(A) through (H) and (m)(4)(iv)(A) and (B) (i) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are potentially exposed to cadmium, assure employee participation in the program, and maintain a record of the contents of such a program. (ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential exposure to cadmium and at least annually thereafter. (iii) The employer shall make the training program understandable to the employee and assure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The health hazards associated with cadmium exposure, with special attention to the information incorporated in appendix A of the standard;
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(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of cadmium in the workplace and the specic nature of operations that could result in exposure to cadmium, especially exposures above the permissible exposure limits (PELs); (C) The engineering and work practices associated with the employees job assignment; (D) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to cadmium, including modication of such habits as smoking and personal hygiene, and specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to cadmium such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and the provision of personal protective equipment; (E) The purpose, proper selection, tting, proper use, and limitations of respirators and protective clothing; (F) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (l) of the standards training section; (G) The contents of the training section and the appendices of the cadmium standard; (H) The employees rights of access to records under the Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records rule, 29 CFR 1910.20. (m)(4)(iv) Additional access to information and training program and materials. (A) The employer shall make a copy of this section and its appendices readily available without cost to all affected employees and shall provide a copy if requested. (B) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the Director, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information program. Benzene 1910.1028(j)(3)(i) through (iii)(A) and (B) (i) The employer shall provide employees with information and training at the time of their initial assignment to a work area where benzene is present. If exposures are above the action level, employees shall be provided with information and training at least annually thereafter. (ii) The training program shall be in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200(h)(1) and (2), and shall include specic information on benzene for each category of information included in that section. (iii) In addition to the information requested under 29 CFR 1910.1200, the employer shall: (A) Provide employees with an explanation of the contents of this section, including Appendices A and B, and indicate to them where the standard is available; and (B) Describe the medical surveillance program required under paragraph (i) of this section, and explain the information contained in Appendix C. Coke Oven Emissions 1910.1029(k)(1)(i) through (iv)(a) through (e) and (2)(i) and (ii)(i) (i) The employer shall institute a training program for employees who are employed in the regulated area and shall assure their participation. (ii) The training program shall be provided as of January 27, 1977, for employees who are employed in the regulated area at that time or at the time of initial assignment to a regulated area.
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(iii) The training program shall be provided at least annually for all employees who are employed in the regulated area, except that training regarding the occupational safety and health hazards associated with exposure to coke oven emissions and the purpose, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices shall be provided at least quarterly until January 20, 1978. (iv) The training program shall include informing each employee of: (a) The information contained in the substance information sheet for coke oven emissions (Appendix A); (b) The purpose, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices required in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section; (c) The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (j) of this section including information on the occupational safety and health hazards associated with exposure to coke oven emissions; (d) A review of all written procedures and schedules required under paragraph (f) of this section; and (e) A review of this standard. (2) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available to all employees who are employed in the regulated area. (ii) The employer shall provide upon request all materials relating to the employee information and training program to the Secretary and the Director. Bloodborne Pathogens 1910.1030(g)(2)(i); (ii)(A) through(C); (iii) through (vii)(A) through (N); (viii) and (ix)(A) through (C) (i) Employers shall ensure that all employees with occupational exposure participate in a training program which must be provided at no cost to the employee and during working hours. (ii) Training shall be provided as follows: (A) At the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place; (B) Within 90 days after the effective date of the standard; and (C) At least annually thereafter. (iii) For employees who have received training on bloodborne pathogens in the year preceding the effective date of the standard, only training with respect to the provisions of the standard which were not included need be provided. (iv) Annual training for all employees shall be provided within one year of their previous training. (v) Employers shall provide additional training when changes such as modication of tasks or procedures or institution of new tasks or procedures affect the employees occupational exposure. The additional training may be limited to addressing the new exposures created.
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(vi) Material appropriate in content and vocabulary to educational level, literacy, and language of employees shall be used. (vii) The training program shall contain at a minimum the following elements: (A) An accessible copy of the regulatory text of this standard and an explanation of its contents; (B) A general explanation of the epidemiology and symptoms of bloodborne diseases; (C) An explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens; (D) An explanation of the employers exposure control plan and the means by which the employee can obtain a copy of the written plan; (E) An explanation of the appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and other activities that may involve exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials; (F) An explanation of the use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposure including appropriate engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment; (G) Information on the types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination and disposal of personal protective equipment; (H) An explanation of the basis for selection of personal protective equipment; (I) Information on the hepatitis B vaccine, including information on its efcacy, safety, method of administration, the benets of being vaccinated, and that the vaccine and vaccination will be offered free of charge; (J) Information on the appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency involving blood or other potentially infectious materials; (K) An explanation of the procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the method of reporting the incident and the medical follow-up that will be made available; (L) Information on the post-exposure evaluation and follow-up that the employer is required to provide for the employee following an exposure incident; (M) An explanation of the signs and labels and/or color coding required by paragraph (g)(1); and (N) An opportunity for interactive questions and answers with the person conducting the training session. (viii) The person conducting the training shall be knowledgeable in the subject matter covered by the elements contained in the training program as it relates to the workplace that the training will address. (ix) Additional Initial Training for Employees in HIV and HBV Laboratories and Production Facilities. Employees in HIV or HBV research laboratories and HIV or HBV production facilities shall receive the following initial training in addition to the above training requirements.
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(A) The employer shall assure that employees demonstrate prociency in standard microbiological practices and techniques and in the practices and operations specic to the facility before being allowed to work with HIV or HBV. (B) The employer shall assure that employees have prior experience in the handling of human pathogens or tissue cultures before working with HIV or HBV. (C) The employer shall provide a training program to employees who have no prior experience in handling human pathogens. Initial work activities shall not include the handling of infectious agents. A progression of work activities shall be assigned as techniques are learned and prociency is developed. The employer shall assure that employees participate in work activities involving infectious agents only after prociency has been demonstrated. Cotton Dust 1910.1043(i)(1)(i)(A) through (F) and (2)(i) and (ii) (i) The employer shall provide a training program for all employees exposed to cotton dust and shall assure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The acute and long-term health hazards associated with exposure to cotton dust; (B) The names and descriptions of jobs and processes which could result in exposure to cotton dust at or above the permissible exposure levels; (C) The measures, including work practices required by paragraph (g) of the standard, necessary to protect the employee from exposures in excess of the permissible exposure limit; (D) The purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators required by paragraph (f) of the standard; (E) The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (h) of the standard and other information which will aid exposed employees in understanding the hazards of cotton dust exposure; and (F) The contents of the standard and its appendices. (ii) The training program shall be provided prior to initial assignment and shall be repeated annually for each employee exposed to cotton dust, when job assignments or work processes change, and when employee performance indicates a need for retraining. (2) Access to training materials. (i) Each employer shall post a copy of this section with its appendices in a public location at the workplace, and shall, upon request, make copies available to employees. (ii) The employer shall provide all materials relating to the employee training and information program to the Assistant Secretary and the Director upon request. 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 1910.1044(n)(1)(i) and (ii)(a) through (e) and (2)(i) and (ii) (i) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who may be exposed to DBCP and shall assure their participation in such training program. (ii) The employer shall assure that each employee is informed of the following: (a) The information contained in Appendix A. (b) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, or storage of DBCP and the specic nature of operations which could result in exposure to DBCP as well as any necessary protective steps;
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(c) The purpose, proper use, and limitations of respirators; (d) The purpose and description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (m) of this section; and (e) A review of this standard, including appendices. (2) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available to all affected employees. (ii) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and training program to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. A c rylonitrile (Vi n y l Cyanide) 1910.1045(o)(1)(i) and (ii)(A) through (G) and (2)(i) and (ii) (i) By January 2, 1979, the employer shall institute a training program for and assure the participation of all employees exposed to AN above the action level, all employees whose exposures are maintained below the action level by engineering and work practice controls, and all employees subject to potential skin or eye contact with liquid AN. (ii) Training shall be provided at the time of initial assignment, or upon institution of the training program, and at least annually thereafter, and the employer shall assure that each employee is informed of the following: (A) The information contained in Appendices A and B Editors Note: See Federal Register, Vol. 43, No. 192, Oct. 3, 1978, pp. 4581345815; (B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, or storage of AN, and the specic nature of operations which could result in exposure to AN, as well as any necessary protective steps; (C) The purpose, proper use, and limitations of respirators and protective clothing; (D) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (n) of this section; (E) The emergency procedures developed, as required by paragraph (i) of this section: (F) Engineering and work practice controls, their function, and the employees relationship to these controls; and (G) A review of this standard. (2) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available to all affected employees. (ii) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and training program to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. Ethylene Oxide 1910.1047(j)(3)(i); (ii)(A) through (D); and (iii)(A) through (D) (i) The employer shall provide employees who are potentially exposed to EtO at or above the action level with information and training on EtO at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (ii) Employees shall be informed of the following: (A) The requirements of this section with an explanation of its contents, including Appendices A and B;
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(B) Any operations in their work area where EtO is present; (C) The location and availability of the written EtO nal rule; and (D) The medical surveillance program required by paragraph (i) of this section with an explanation of the information in Appendix C. (iii) Employer training shall include at least: (A) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of EtO in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, etc.); (B) The physical and health hazards of EtO; (C) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from hazards associated with EtO exposure, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to EtO, such as work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and (D) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. Formaldehyde 1910.1048(n)(1) through (3) (i) and (ii)(A) and (B) and (iii) through (vii) (1) The employer shall assure that all employees who are assigned to workplaces where there is exposure to formaldehyde participate in a training program, except where the employer can show, using objective data, that employees are not exposed to formaldehyde at or above 0.1 ppm, the employer is not required to provide training. (2) Frequency. Employers shall provide such information and training to employees at the time of initial assignment, and whenever a new exposure to formaldehyde is introduced into the work. The training shall be repeated at least annually. (3) Training program. The training program shall be conducted in a manner which the employee is able to understand and shall include: (i) A discussion of the contents of this regulation and the contents of the Material Safety Data Sheet. (ii) The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program required by this standard including: (A) A description of the potential health hazards associated with exposure to formaldehyde and a description of the signs and symptoms of exposure to formaldehyde. (B) Instructions to immediately report to the employer the development of any adverse signs or symptoms that the employee suspects is attributable to formaldehyde exposure. (iii) Description of operations in the work area where formaldehyde is present and an explanation of the safe work practices appropriate for limiting exposure to formaldehyde in each job; (iv) The purpose for, proper use of, and limitations of personal protective clothing and equipment;

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(v) Instructions for the handling of spills, emergencies, and clean-up procedures; (vi) An explanation of the importance of engineering and work practice controls for employee protection and any necessary instruction in the use of these controls; and (vii) A review of emergency procedures including the specic duties or assignments of each employee in the event of an emergency. 4,4' Methylenedianiline 1910.1050(k)(3)(i) through (ii)(A) and (4)(i) and (ii) (i) The employer shall provide employees with information and training on MDA in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200(h) at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (ii) in addition to the information required under 29 CFR 1910.1200(h), the employer shall: (A) Provide an explanation of the contents of this section, including appendices A and B, and indicate to employees where a copy of the standard is available; (4) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees, without cost, all written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this regulation. (ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary of Labor and the Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating to the employee information and training program. 1.3-Butadiene 1910.1051(l), (l)(1),(l)(2), (l)(2)(i) through (iv), (iv)(A) through (F), (iv)(F)(1) through (3), (l)(3), (3)(i), and (3)(ii) (l) Communication of BD hazards to employees. (l)(1) Hazard communication. The employer shall communicate the hazards associated with BD exposure in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, and 29 CFR 1926.59. (l)(2) Employee information and training. (l)(2)(i) The employer shall provide all employees exposed to BD with information and training in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, and 29 CFR 1926.59. (l)(2)(ii) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are potentially exposed to BD at or above the action level or the STEL, ensure employee participation in the program and maintain a record of the contents of such program. (l)(2)(iii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job potentially involving exposure to BD at or above the action level or STEL and at least annually thereafter. (l)(2)(iv) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employee shall ensure that each employee exposed to BD over the action level or STEL is informed of the following: (l)(2)(iv)(A) The health hazards associated with BD exposure, and the purpose and a description of the medical screening and surveillance program required by this section; (l)(2)(iv)(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of BD and the specic operations that could result in exposure to BD, especially exposures above the PEL or STEL; (l)(2)(iv)(C) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employees job assignment, and emergency procedures and personal protective equipment;
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(l)(2)(iv)(D) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to BD. (l)(2)(iv)(E) The contents of this standard and its appendices, and (l)(2)(iv)(F) The right of each employee exposed to BD at or above the action level or STEL to obtain: (l)(2)(iv)(F)(1) medical examinations as required by paragraph (j) of this section at no cost to the employee; (l)(2)(iv)(F)(2) the employees medical records required to be maintained by paragraph (m)(4) of this section; and (l)(2)(iv)(F)(3) all air monitoring results representing the employees exposure to BD and required to be kept by paragraph (m)(2) of this section. (l)(3) Access to information and training materials. (l)(3)(i) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available without cost to all affected employees and their designated representatives and shall provide a copy if requested. (l)(3)(ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the Director, or the designated employee representatives, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and the training program. Methylene Chloride 1910.1052(l), (l)(1) through (l)(3), (l)(3(i), (3)(ii), (l)(4) through (8) (l) Employee information and training. (l)(1) The employer shall provide information and training for each affected employee prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential exposure to MC. (l)(2) The employer shall ensure that information and training is presented in a manner that is understandable to the employees. (l)(3) In addition to the information required under the Hazard Communication Standard at 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate: (l)(3)(i) The employer shall inform each affected employee of the requirements of this section and information available in its appendices, as well as how to access or obtain a copy of it in the workplace; (l)(3)(ii) Wherever an employees exposure to airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level, the employer shall inform each affected employee of the quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of MC and the specic operations in the workplace that could result in exposure to MC, particularly noting where exposures may be above the 8-hour TWA PEL or STEL; (l)(4) The employer shall train each affected employee as required under the Hazard Communication standard at 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate. (l)(5) The employer shall re-train each affected employee as necessary to ensure that each employee exposed above the action level or the STEL maintains the requisite understanding of the principles of safe use and handling of MC in the workplace.

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(l)(6) Whenever there are workplace changes, such as modications of tasks or procedures or the institution of new tasks or procedures, which increase employee exposure, and where those exposures exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level, the employer shall update the training as necessary to ensure that each affected employee has the requisite prociency. (l)(7) An employer whose employees are exposed to MC at a multi-employer worksite shall notify the other employers with work operations at that site in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate. (l)(8) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the Director, upon request, all available materials relating to employee information and training. Ionizing Radiation 1910.1096(f), (f)(3), (f)(3)(i), (3)(viii), (i), and (i)(2) (f) Immediate evacuation warning signal. (f)(3) Testing. (f)(3)(i) Initial tests, inspections, and checks of the signal-generating system shall be made to verify that the fabrication and installation were made in accordance with design plans and specications and to develop a thorough knowledge of the performance of the system and all components under normal and hostile conditions. (f)(3)(viii) All employees whose work may necessitate their presence in an area covered by the signal shall be made familiar with the actual sound of the signal-preferably as it sounds at their work location. Before placing the system into operation, all employees normally working in the area shall be made acquainted with the signal by actual demonstration at their work locations. (i) Instruction of personnel, posting. (i)(2) All individuals working in or frequenting any portion of a radiation area shall be informed of the occurrence of radioactive materials or of radiation in such portions of the radiation area; shall be instructed in the safety problems associated with exposure to such materials or radiation and in precautions or devices to minimize exposure; shall be instructed in the applicable provisions of this section for the protection of employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials; and shall be advised of reports of radiation exposure which employees may request pursuant to the regulations in this section. Hazard Communication 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv) (3) Training. Employee training shall include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information.

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Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories 1910.1450(f)(1) and (2); and (4)(i)(A) through (C) and (ii)

(1) The employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work area. (2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an employees initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. The frequency of refresher information and training shall be determined by the employer. (4) Training. (i) Employee training shall include: (A) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (B) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area; and (C) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used. (ii) The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of the employers written Chemical Hygiene Plan.

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Maritime Training Requirements

The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 1915 (Shipyard Employment), 1917 (Marine Terminals), and 1918 (Longshoring). Note that in addition to these requirements, Part 1910, relating to general industry, also contains applicable training standards.

Subject and Standard Number

Training Requirement Part 1915Shipyard Employment

Competent Person 1915.7(b)(1) and (c)(1) through (7)

(b) Designation. (1) For the purposes of Subparts B, C, D, and H of this part, except for 1915.35(b)(8) and 1915.36(a)(5), one or more competent persons shall be designated by the employer in accordance with the applicable requirements of this section unless the requirements of Subparts B, C, D, and H of this part are always carried out by a National Fire Protection Association Certied Marine Chemist. (c) Criteria. The following criteria shall guide the employer in designating employees as competent persons: (1) Ability to understand the meaning of designations on certicates and of any qualications relating thereto and to carry out any instructions, either written or oral, left by the National Fire Protection Association Certied Marine Chemist or person authorized by the U.S. Coast Guard referred to in 1915.14. (2) Ability to use and interpret the readings of an oxygen indicator and a combustible gas indicator. The ability to use and interpret the readings of a carbon monoxide indicator and a carbon dioxide indicator, if the operations involved such hazardous gases. (3) Familiarity with and understanding of Subparts B, C, D, and H of this part. (4) Familiarity with the structure and knowledge of the location and designation of spaces of the types of vessels on which repair work is done. (5) Capability to perform the tests and inspections required by Subparts B, C, D, and H of this part and to write the required logs. (6) Ability to inspect, test, and evaluate spaces to determine the need for further testing by a Marine Chemist or a Certied Industrial Hygienist; and (7) Ability to maintain records required by this section.

Hazard Communication 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv)

(3) Training. Employee training shall include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);

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(ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. Precautions Before Entering (a) Oxygen content. (1) The employer shall ensure that the following spaces are visually 1915.12(a)(1)(i) through (v) inspected and tested by a competent person to determine the atmospheres oxygen content prior to initial entry into the space by an employee: (i) Spaces that have been sealed, such as, but not limited to, spaces that have been coated and closed up, and non-ventilated spaces that have been freshly painted; (ii) Spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or ammable liquids or gases; (iii) Spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained liquids, gases, or solids that are toxic, corrosive, or irritant; (iv) Spaces and adjacent spaces that have been fumigated; and (v) Spaces containing materials or residues of materials that create an oxygen-decient atmosphere. 1915.12(b)(1)(i) and (ii) and (c)(1)(i) and (ii) (b) Flammable atmospheres. (1) The employer shall ensure that spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or ammable liquids or gases are: (i) Inspected visually by the competent person to determine the presence of combustible or ammable liquids; and (ii) Tested by a competent person prior to entry by an employee to determine the concentration of ammable vapors and gases within the space. (c) Toxic, corrosive, irritant or fumigated atmospheres and residues. (1) The employer shall ensure that spaces or adjacent spaces that contain or have contained liquids, gases, or solids that are toxic, corrosive, or irritant are: (i) Inspected visually by the competent person to determine the presence of toxic, corrosive, or irritant residue contaminants; and (ii) Tested by a competent person prior to initial entry by an employee to determine the air concentration of toxics, corrosives, or irritants within the space. Permit Required Conned Spaces 1915.12(d)(1) and (2)(i) through (iii), (3)(i) through (iii), (4)(i) and (ii), (5)(i) and (ii) (d) Training of employees entering conned and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres. (1) The employer shall ensure that each employee that enters a conned or enclosed space and other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to perform all required duties safely. (2) The employer shall ensure that each employee who enters a conned space, enclosed

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space, or other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to: (i) Recognize the characteristics of the conned space; (ii) Anticipate and be aware of the hazards that may be faced during entry; (iii) Recognize the adverse health effects that may be caused by the exposure to a hazard; (iv) Understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures to such hazards; (v) Know what personal protective equipment is needed for safe entry into and exit from the space; (vi) Use personal protective equipment; and (vii) Where necessary, be aware of the presence and proper use of barriers that may be needed to protect an entrant from hazards. (3) The employer shall ensure that each entrant into conned or enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres is trained to exit the space or dangerous atmosphere whenever: (i) The employer or his or her representative orders evacuation; (ii) An evacuation signal such as an alarm is activated; or (iii) The entrant perceives that he or she is in danger. (4) The employer shall provide each employee with training: (i) Before the entrant begins work addressed by this section; and (ii) Whenever there is a change in operations or in an employees duties that present a hazard about which the employee has not previously been trained. (5) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section has been accomplished. (i) The certication shall contain the employees name, the name of the certier, and the date(s) of the certication. (ii) The certication shall be available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary, the Director, employees, and their representatives. Cleaning and Other Cold Work 1915.13(b)(4) and (7) (4) Testing shall be conducted by the competent person as often as necessary during cleaning or cold work to assure that air concentrations are below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit and within the PELs and below IDLH levels. Factors such as, but not limited to, temperature, volatility of the residues and other existing conditions in and about the spaces are to be considered in determining the frequency of testing necessary to assure a safe atmosphere. (7) A competent person shall test ventilation discharge areas and other areas where discharged vapors may collect to determine if vapors discharged from the spaces being ventilated are accumulating in concentrations hazardous to employees. Certication Before Hot Work Is Begun 1915.14(b)(1)(i) through (v) (b) Hot work requiring testing by a competent person. (1) Hot work is not permitted in or on the following spaces or adjacent spaces or other dangerous atmospheres until they
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have been tested by a competent person and determined to contain no concentrations of ammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit: (i) Dry cargo holds, (ii) The bilges, (iii) The engine room and boiler spaces for which a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certicate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section, and (iv) Vessels and vessel sections for which a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person certicate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section, and (v) Land-side conned and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres not covered by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Maintenance of Safe Conditions 1915.15(c) through (f) (c) Tests to maintain the conditions of a Marine Chemists or Coast Guard authorized persons certicates. A competent person shall visually inspect and test each space certied as Safe for Workers or Safe for Hot Work, as often as necessary to ensure that atmospheric conditions within that space is maintained within the conditions established by the certicate after the certicate has been issued. (d) Change in the conditions of a Marine Chemists or Coast Guard authorized persons certicate. If a competent person nds that the atmospheric conditions within a certied space fail to meet the applicable requirements of 1915.12, 1915.13, and 1915.14 of this part, work in the certied space shall be stopped and may not be resumed until the space has been retested by a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person and a new certicate issued in accordance with 1915.14(a). (e) Tests to maintain a competent persons ndings. After a competent person has conducted a visual inspection and tests required in 1915.12, 1915.13, and 1915.14 of this part and determined a space to be safe for an employee to enter, he or she shall continue to test and visually inspect spaces as often as necessary to ensure that the required atmospheric conditions within the tested space are maintained. (f) Changes in conditions determined by competent persons ndings. After the competent person has determined initially that a space is safe for an employee to enter and he or she nds subsequently that the conditions within the tested space fail to meet the requirements of 1915.12, 1915.13, and 1915.14, of this part, as applicable, work shall be stopped until the conditions in the tested space are corrected to comply with 1915.12, 1915.13, and 1915.14, as applicable.. Painting 1915.35(b)(1) and (8) (b) Paints and tank coatings dissolved in highly volatile, toxic and ammable solvents. Several organic coatings, adhesives and resins are dissolved in highly toxic, ammable and explosive solvents with ash points below 80F. Work involving such materials shall be done only when all of the following special precautions have been taken: (1) Sufcient exhaust ventilation shall be provided to keep the concentration of solvent vapors below ten (10) percent of the lower explosive limit. Frequent tests shall be made by a competent person to ascertain the concentration. (8) A competent person shall inspect all power lighting cables to ensure that the insulation is in excellent condition, free of all cracks and worn spots, that there are no connections within fty (50) feet of the operation, that lines are not overloaded, and that they are suspended with sufcient slack to prevent undue stress or chang.
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Flammable Liquids 1915.36(a)(2) and (5)

(a) In all cases when liquid solvents, paint and preservative removers, paints or vehicles, other than those covered by 1915.35(b), are capable of producing a ammable atmosphere under the conditions of use, the following precautions shall be taken: (2) Ventilation shall be provided in sufcient quantities to keep the concentration of vapors below ten (10) percent of their lower explosive limit. Frequent tests shall be made by a competent person to ascertain the concentration. (5) A competent person shall inspect all power and lighting cables to ensure that the insulation is in excellent condition, free of all cracks and worn spots, that there are no connections within fty (50) feet of the operation, that lines are not overloaded, and that they are suspended with sufcient slack to prevent undue stress or chang.

Fire Prevention 1915.52(b)(3) and (c)

(3) When the welding, cutting, or heating operation is such that normal re prevention precautions are not sufcient, additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against re while the actual welding, cutting, or heating operation is being performed and for a sufcient period of time after completion of the work to insure that no possibility of re exists. Such personnel shall be instructed as to the specic anticipated re hazards and how the re ghting equipment provided is to be used. (c) In all cases, suitable re extinguishing equipment shall be immediately available in the work area and shall be maintained in a state of readiness for instant use. Personnel assigned to contain res within controllable limits shall be instructed as to the specic anticipated re hazards and how the re ghting equipment provided is to be used. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply to shipbreaking only.

Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 1915.53(b) 1915.53(e)(1)

(b) Before welding, cutting or heating is commenced on any surface covered by a preservative coating whose ammability is not known, a test shall be made by a competent person to determine its ammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered to be highly ammable when scrapings burn with extreme rapidity. (e) Before welding, cutting or heating is commenced in enclosed spaces on metals covered by soft and greasy preservatives, the following precautions shall be taken: (1) A competent person shall test the atmosphere in the space to ensure that it does not contain explosive vapors, since there is a possibility that some soft and greasy preservatives may have ash points below temperatures which may be expected to occur naturally. If such vapors are determined to be present, no hot work shall be commenced until such precautions have been taken as will ensure that the welding, cutting or heating can be performed in safety.

1915.53(f)

(f) Immediately after welding, cutting or heating is commenced in enclosed spaces on metal covered by soft and greasy preservatives, and at frequent intervals thereafter, a competent person shall make tests to ensure that no ammable vapors are being produced by the coatings. If such vapors are determined to be present, the operation shall be stopped immediately and shall not be resumed until such additional precautions have been taken as are necessary to ensure that the operation can be resumed safely. (c) Before welding, cutting, heating or brazing is begun on structural voids such as skegs, bilge keels, fair waters, masts, booms, support stanchions, pipe stanchions or railings, a competent person shall inspect the object and, if necessary, test it for the presence of ammable liquids or vapors. If ammable liquids or vapors are present, the object shall be made safe.

Welding, Cutting, and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers and Structures Not Covered by 1915.12 1915.54(c)

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Gas Welding and Cutting 1915.55(d)(1) through (6)

(d) Use of fuel gas. The employer shall thoroughly instruct employees in the safe use of fuel gas, as follows: (1) Before connecting a regulator to a cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. (This action is generally termed cracking and is intended to clear the valve of dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) The person cracking the valve shall stand to one side of the outlet, not in front of it. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work, sparks, ame or other possible sources of ignition. (2) The cylinder valve shall always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. To permit quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall not be opened more than 11/2 turns. When a special wrench is required, it shall be left in position on the stem of the valve while the cylinder is in use so that the fuel gas ow can be shut off quickly in case of an emergency. In the case of manifolded or coupled cylinders, at least one such wrench shall always be available for immediate use. Nothing shall be placed on top of a fuel gas cylinder, when in use, which may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve. (3) Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches or other devices which are equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold. (4) Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve shall always be closed and the gas released from the regulator. (5) If, when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. If this action does not stop the leak, the use of the cylinder shall be discontinued, and it shall be properly tagged and removed from the vessel. In the event that fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve rather than from the valve stem and the gas cannot be shut off, the cylinder shall be properly tagged and removed from the vessel. If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will effectively stop a leak through the valve seal, the cylinder need not be removed from the vessel. (6) If a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder shall be removed from the vessel.

Arc Welding and Cutting 1915.56(d)(1) through (4)

(d) Operating instructions. Employers shall instruct employees in the safe means of arc welding and cutting as follows: (1) When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the holders shall be so placed or protected that they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objects. (2) Hot electrode holders shall not be dipped in water, since to do so may expose the arc welder or cutter to electric shock. (3) When the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave his work or to stop work for any appreciable length of time or when the arc welding or cutting machine is to be moved, the power supply switch to the equipment shall be opened. (4) Any faulty or defective equipment shall be reported to the supervisor.

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Uses of Fissionable Material 1915.57(b)

(b) Any activity which involves the use of radioactive material, whether or not under license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. In the case of materials used under Commission license, only persons actually licensed, or competent persons under direction and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work. (7) No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered except under the supervision of competent persons. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding. (a) No employees other than radar or radio repairmen shall be permitted to work on masts, king posts or other aloft areas unless the radar and radio are secured or otherwise made incapable of radiation. In either event, the radio and radar shall be appropriately tagged. (a) Unless a rst aid room and a qualied attendant are close at hand and prepared to render rst aid to employees on behalf of the employer, the employer shall furnish a rst aid kit for each vessel on which work is being performed, except that when work is being performed on more than one small vessel at one pier, only one kit shall be required. The kit, when required, shall be kept close to the vessel and at least one employee, close at hand, shall be qualied to administer rst aid to the injured. (5) All repairs to chains shall be made under qualied supervision. Links or portions of the chain found to be defective as described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section shall be replaced by links having proper dimensions and made of material similar to that of the chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be proof tested to the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer. (l) An individual who is familiar with the signal code in use shall be assigned to act as a signalman when the hoist operator cannot see the load being handled. Communications shall be made by means of clear and distinct visual or auditory signals except that verbal signals shall not be permitted. Paragraph (a) of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. Paragraph (b) of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) When ships gear is used to hoist materials aboard, a competent person shall determine that the gear is properly rigged, that it is in safe condition, and that it will not be overloaded by the size and weight of the lift. (b) Only those employees who understand the signs, notices, and operating instructions, and are familiar with the signal code in use, shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch, or other power operated hoisting apparatus.

Scaffolds or Staging 1915.71(b)(7) Work on or in the Vicinity of Radar and Radio 1915.95(a)

First Aid 1915.98(a)

Ropes, Chains and Slings 1915.112(c)(5)

Use of Gear 1915.116(l)

Qualications of Operators 1915.117(a) and (b)

Powder Actuated Fastening Tools 1915.135(a) and (c)(1) through (6)

(a) This section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. (c) Instruction of operators. Before employees are permitted to use powder actuated tools, they shall have been thoroughly instructed by a competent person with respect to the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section and the safe use of such tools as follows: (1) Before using a tool, the operator shall inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely and that the barrel is free from obstructions.

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(2) When a tool develops a defect during use, the operator shall immediately cease to use it and shall notify his supervisor. (3) Tools shall not be loaded until just prior to the intended ring time and the tool shall not be left unattended while loaded. (4) The tool, whether loaded or empty, shall not be pointed at any person, and hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end. (5) In case of a misre, the operator shall hold the tool in the operating position for at least 15 seconds and shall continue to hold the muzzle against the work surface during disassembly or opening of the tool and removal of the powder load. (6) Neither tools nor powder charges shall be left unattended in places where they would be available to unauthorized persons. Internal Combustion Engines Other than Ships Equipment 1915.136(c) (c) When internal combustion engines on vehicles, such as forklifts and mobile cranes, or on portable equipment such as fans, generators, and pumps exhaust into the atmosphere below decks, the competent person shall make tests of the carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere as frequently as conditions require to ensure that dangerous concentrations do not develop. Employees shall be removed from the compartment involved when the carbon monoxide concentration exceeds 50 parts per million (0.005%). The employer shall use blowers sufcient in size and number and so arranged as to maintain the concentration below this allowable limit before work is resumed. Respiratory Protection for shipyard employment (1915.154) is covered by 1910.134; requirements for this standard include: 1910.134(a)(2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health or the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protection program which shall include the requirements outlined in paragraph (c) of this section. 1910.134(c)(4) The employer shall provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations at no cost to the employer. (b) Portable, unred pressure vessels, not built to the code requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, and built prior to the effective date of this regulation, shall be examined quarterly by a competent person. They shall be subjected yearly to a hydrostatic pressure test of one and one-half times the working pressure of the vessels. (k) Communication hazards. (k)(6) At the entrance to mechanical rooms/areas in which employees reasonably can be expected to enter and which contain ACM and/or PACM, the building/vessel owner shall post signs which identify the material which is present, its location, and appropriate work practices which, if followed, will ensure that ACM and/or PACM will not be disturbed. The employer shall ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these signs can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training. (k)(8) Labels. (k)(8)(vii) When a building/vessel owner or employer identies previously installed PACM and/or ACM, labels or signs shall be afxed or posted so that employees will be notied of what materials contain PACM and/or ACM. The employer shall
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Respiratory Protection

1910.134(a)(2)

1910.134(c)(4)

Portable Air Receivers and Other Unred Pressure Vessels 1915.172(b) Asbestos 1915.1001(k)(6), (k)(8)(vii), (k)(9)(i) through (viii) (A) through (J) and (10)(i) and (ii)

attach such labels in areas where they will clearly be noticed by employees who are likely to be exposed, such as at the entrance to mechanical room/areas. Signs required by paragraph (k)(6) of this section may be posted in lieu of labels so long as they contain information required for labelling. The employer shall ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these signs or labels can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training. (9) Employee information and training. (i) The employer shall at no cost to the employee institute a training program for all employees who are likely to be exposed in excess of a PEL and for all employees who perform Class I through IV asbestos operations and shall ensure their participation in the program. (ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (iii) Training for Class I operations shall be the equivalent in curriculum, training method, and length to the EPA Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) asbestos abatement worker training (40 CFR Pt. 763, Subpart E, Appendix C). (k)(9)(iv) Training for other Class II work. (k)(9)(iv)(A) For work with asbestos containing roong materials, ooring materials, siding materials, ceiling tiles, or transite panels, training shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to that category. Such course shall include hands-on training and shall take at least 8 hours. (k)(9)(iv)(B) An employee who works with more than one of the categories of material specied in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section shall receive training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (k)(9)(iv)(C) For Class II operations not involving the categories of material specied in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section, training shall be provided which shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to the category of material being removed, and shall include hands-on training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (k)(9)(v) Training for Class III employees shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2). Such a course shall also include hands-on training and shall take at least 16 hours. Exception: For Class III operations for which the competent person determines that the EPA curriculum does not adequately cover the training needed to perform that activity, training shall include as a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to that activity, and shall include hands-on training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee disturbs. (vi) Training for employees performing Class IV operations shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set
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forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(1). Such a course shall include available information concerning the locations of thermal system insulation and surfacing ACM/PACM, and asbestoscontaining ooring material, or ooring material where the absence of asbestos has not yet been certied; and instruction in recognition of damage, deterioration, and delamination of asbestos-containing building materials. Such course shall take at least 2 hours. (vii) Training for employees who are likely to be exposed in excess of the PEL and who are not otherwise required to be trained under paragraph (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section, shall meet the requirements of paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section. (viii) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. In addition to the content required by provisions in paragraphs (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section, the employer shall ensure that each such employee is informed of the following: (A) Methods of recognizing asbestos including the requirement in paragraph (k)(1) of this section to presume that certain building materials contain asbestos; (B) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure; (C) The relationship between smoking and asbestos in producing lung cancer; (D) The nature of operations that could result in exposure to asbestos, the importance of necessary protective controls to minimize exposure including, as applicable, engineering controls, work practices, respirators, housekeeping procedures, hygiene facilities, protective clothing, decontamination procedures, emergency procedures, and waste disposal procedures, and any necessary instruction in the use of these controls and procedures; where Class III and IV work will be or is performed, the contents of EPA 20T-2003, Managing Asbestos In Place, July 1990, or its equivalent in content; (E) The purpose, proper use, tting instructions, and limitations of respirators as required by 29 CFR 1910.134; (F) The appropriate work practices for performing the asbestos job; (G) Medical surveillance program requirements; (H) The contents of this standard including appendices; (I) The names, addresses and phone numbers of public health organizations which provide information and materials and which conduct programs concerning smoking cessation. The employer may distribute the list of such organizations contained in Appendix J to comply with this requirement; (J) The requirements for posting signs and afxing labels and the meaning of the required legends for such signs and labels. (10) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to affected employees without cost, written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this regulation. (ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary and the Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating to the employee information and training program.

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1915.1020 Access to employee exposure and medical records Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at 1910.1020 of this chapter; requirements for this standard include: 1910.1020 Employee Information 1910.1020(g), (g)(1), (g)(1)(i), (g)(1)(iii), and (g)(2) (g)(1) Upon an employees rst entering into employment, and at least annually thereafter, each employer shall inform current employees covered by this section of the following: (g)(1)(i) The existence, location, and availability of any records covered by this section; (g)(1)(ii) The person responsible for maintaining and providing access to records; and (g)(1)(iii) Each employees rights of access to these records. (g)(2) Each employer shall keep a copy of this section and its appendices, and make copies readily available, upon request, to employees. The employer shall also distribute to current employees any informational materials concerning this section which are made available to the employer by the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. Methylene Chloride 1915.1052 Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at 29 CFR 1910.1052; requirements for this standard include: Methylene Chloride 1910.1052 (l), (l)(1) through (l)(3), (l)(3(i), (3)(ii), (l)(4) through (8) (l) Employee information and training. (l)(1) The employer shall provide information and training for each affected employee prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential exposure to MC. (l)(2) The employer shall ensure that information and training is presented in a manner that is understandable to the employees. (l)(3) In addition to the information required under the Hazard Communication Standard at 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate: (l)(3)(i) The employer shall inform each affected employee of the requirements of this section and information available in its appendices, as well as how to access or obtain a copy of it in the workplace; (l)(3)(ii) Wherever an employees exposure to airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level, the employer shall inform each affected employee of the quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of MC and the specic operations in the workplace that could result in exposure to MC, particularly noting where exposures may be above the 8-hour TWA PEL or STEL; (l)(4) The employer shall train each affected employee as required under the Hazard Communication standard at 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate. (l)(5) The employer shall re-train each affected employee as necessary to ensure that each employee exposed above the action level or the STEL maintains the requisite understanding of the principles of safe use and handling of MC in the workplace.

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(l)(6) Whenever there are workplace changes, such as modications of tasks or procedures or the institution of new tasks or procedures, which increase employee exposure, and where those exposures exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level, the employer shall update the training as necessary to ensure that each affected employee has the requisite prociency. (l)(7) An employer whose employees are exposed to MC at a multi-employer worksite shall notify the other employers with work operations at that site in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, or 29 CFR 1926.59, as appropriate. (l)(8) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the Director, upon request, all available materials relating to employee information and training. Hazard Communication 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv) (3) Training. Employee training should include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employers can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information.

Part 1917Marine Terminals

Hazardous Atmospheres and (d)(2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in Substances 1917.23(d)(2) and the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continu(d)(3) ously monitor the activity of employees within such space; (d)(3) Except for emergency or rescue operations, employees shall not enter into any atmosphere which has been identied as ammable or oxygen decient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons who may be required to enter ammable or oxygen decient atmospheres in emergency operations shall be instructed in the dangers attendant to those atmospheres and instructed in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, which shall be utilized. Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives 1917.25(e)(2) (2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such a space. (a) Qualications of machinery operators. (1) Only those employees determined by the employer to be competent by reason of training or experience, and who understand the signs, notices and operating instructions and are familiar with the signal code in use shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch or other power operated cargo handling apparatus,

Personnel 1917.27(a)(1) and (b)(1) and (2)

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or any power operated vehicle, or give signals to the operator of any hoisting apparatus. Exception: Employees being trained and supervised by a designated person may operate such machinery and give signals to operators during training. (b) Supervisory accident prevention prociency. (1) After October 3, 1985, immediate supervisors of cargo-handling operations of more than ve (5) persons shall satisfactorily complete a course in accident prevention. Employees newly assigned to supervisory duties after that date shall be required to meet the provisions of this paragraph within ninety (90) days of such assignment. (2) The course shall consist of instruction suited to the particular operations involved.* *The following are recommended topics: (i) Safety responsibility and authority; (ii) elements of accident prevention; (iii) attitudes, leadership and motivation; (iv) hazards of longshoring, including peculiar local circumstances; (v) hazard identication and elimination; (vi) applicable regulations; and (vii) accident investigations. Hazard Communication 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv) Hazard Communication (1917.28), provisions of 1910.1200 apply to Marine Terminal (3) Training. Employee training shall include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. General Rules Applicable to Vehicles 1917.44(o)(3)(i) and (ii)(A) through (G) (3) Employee training. (i) Only employees trained in the procedures required in paragraph (o)(4) of this section and who have demonstrated their ability to service multipiece rim wheels shall be assigned such duties. (ii) Employees assigned such duties shall have demonstrated their ability by the safe performance of the following tasks: (A) Tire demounting (including deation); (B) Inspection of wheel components; (C) Mounting of tires; (D) Ination of tires, including use of a restraining device; (E) Handling of wheels; (F) Ination of tires when a wheel is mounted on the vehicle; and (G) Installation and removal of wheels.
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Terminal Facilities Handling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish 1917.73(d)

(d) The plant superintendent and foremen shall be trained and knowledgeable about the hazards of hydrogen sulde and oxygen deciency. They shall be trained in the use of appropriate respiratory and other protective equipment, and in rescue procedures. Other supervisory plant personnel shall be informed of these hazards and instructed in the necessary safety measures, including use of respiratory and rescue equipment. (4) When the hot work operation is such that normal re prevention precautions are not sufcient, additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against re during hot work and for a sufcient time after completion of the work to ensure that no re hazard remains. The employer shall instruct all employees involved in hot work operations as to potential re hazards and the use of re ghting equipment.

Welding, Cutting and Heating (hot work) 1917.152(c)(4)

Part 1918Longshoring
Hazard Communication 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv) Hazard Communication (1918.90), provisions of 1910.1200 apply to Longshoring (3) Training. Employee training shall include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. Qualication of Machinery Operators 1918.97(a)(1) (1) Only an employee determined by the employer to be competent by reason of training or experience, and who understands the signs, notices and operating instructions and is familiar with the signal code in use, shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch, or other power-operated cargo handling apparatus, or any power-operated vehicle, or give signals to the operator of any hoisting apparatus. However, an employee being trained and supervised by a designated person may operate such machinery and give signals to operators during training. Respiratory Protection for Longshoring (1918.1(b)(8); 1918.102) is covered by 1910.134; requirements for this standard include: 1910.134(c)(4) The employer shall provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations at no cost to the employer 1910.134(k) Training and information. This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so.

Respiratory Protection 1918.102 Respiratory Protection Program 1910.134(c)

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Construction Training Requirements

The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1926. Note that in addition to these requirements, Part 1910, relating to general industry, also contains applicable training standards.

Subject and Standard Number

General Safety and Health Provisions 1926.20(b)(2) and (4)

Training Requirement
(2) Such programs [as may be necessary to comply with this part] shall provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons [capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who have authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them designated by the employers.] (4) The employer shall permit only those employees qualied [one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certicate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project] by training or experience to operate equipment and machinery.

Safety Training and Education 1926.21(a)

(a) General requirements. The Secretary shall, pursuant to section 107(f) of the Act, establish and supervise programs for the education and training of employers and employees in the recognition, avoidance and prevention of unsafe conditions in employments covered by the Act. (1) The employer should avail himself of the safety and health training programs the Secretary provides. (2) The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. (3) Employees required to handle or use poisons, caustics, and other harmful substances shall be instructed regarding their safe handling and use, and be made aware of the potential hazards, personal hygiene, and personal protective measures required. (4) In job site areas where harmful plants or animals are present, employees who may be exposed shall be instructed regarding the potential hazards and how to avoid injury, and the rst aid procedures to be used in the event of injury. (5) Employees required to handle or use ammable liquids, gases, or toxic materials shall be instructed in the safe handling and use of these materials and made aware of the specic requirements contained in Subparts D, F, and other applicable subparts of this part. (6)(i) All employees required to enter into conned or enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. The employer shall comply with any specic regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas.

1926.21(b)(1) through (6)(i) and (ii)

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(ii) For purposes of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, conned or enclosed space means any space having a limited means of egress, which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or ammable contaminants or has an oxygen decient atmosphere. Conned or enclosed spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than 4 feet in depth such as pits, tubs, vaults, and vessels. Medical Services and First Aid 1926.50(c) (c) In the absence of an inrmary, clinic, hospital, or physician that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certicate in rst aid training from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalent training that can be veried by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render rst aid. (b) Any activity which involves the use of radioactive materials or X-rays, whether or not under license from the Atomic Energy Commission [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. In the case of materials used under Commission license, only persons actually licensed, or competent persons under the direction and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work. (a) Only qualied and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust and operate laser equipment. (b) Proof of qualication of the laser equipment operator shall be available and in possession of the operator at all times. Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists 1926.55(b) (b) To achieve compliance with paragraph (a) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must rst be implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and technical measures used for this purpose must rst be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualied person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1926.103. Hazard Communication (1926.59), requirements of 1910.1200 apply to construction work (3) Training. Employee training shall include at least: (i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; (iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specic procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information.

Ionizing Radiation 1926.53(b)

Nonionizing Radiation 1926.54(a) and (b)

Hazard Communication, Construction 1910.1200(h)(3)(i) through (iv)

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Lead in Construction 1926.62(l)(1)(i) through (iv); (2)(i) through (viii); and (3)(i) and (ii)

(1) General. (i) The employer shall communicate information concerning lead hazards according to the requirements of OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard for the construction industry, 29 CFR 1926.59, including but not limited to the requirements concerning warning signs and labels, material safety data sheets (MSDS), and employee information and training. In addition, employers shall comply with the following requirements: (ii) For all employees who are subject to exposure to lead at or above the action level on any day or who are subject to exposure to lead compounds which may cause skin or eye irritation (e.g., lead arsenate, lead azide), the program in accordance with paragraph (l)(2) of this section and assure employee participation. (iii) The employer shall provide the training program as initial training prior to the time of job assignment or prior to the start up date for this requirement, whichever comes last. (iv) The employer shall also provide the training program at least annually for each employee who is subject to lead exposure at or above the action level on any day. (2) Training program. The employer shall assure that each employee is trained in the following: (i) The content of this standard and its appendices; (ii) The specic nature of the operations which could result in exposure to lead above the action level; (iii) The purpose, proper selection, tting, use, and limitations of respirators; (iv) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program, and the medical removal protection program including information concerning the adverse health effects associated with excessive exposure to lead (with particular attention to the adverse reproductive effects on both males and females and hazards to the fetus and additional precautions for employees who are pregnant); (v) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employees job assignment including training of employees to follow relevant good work practices described in Appendix B of this section; (vi) The contents of any compliance plan in effect; (vii) Instructions to employees that chelating agents should not routinely be used to remove lead from their bodies and should not be used at all except under the direction of a licensed physician; and (viii) The employees right of access to records under 29 CFR 1910.1020. (3) Access to information and training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees a copy of this standard and its appendices. (ii) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and training program to affected employees and their designated representative, and to the Assistant Secretary and the Director.

Hearing Protection 1926.101(b)

(b) Ear protective devices inserted in the ear shall be tted or determined individually by competent persons.
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Respiratory Protection Program 1910.134(c)(1)(i) through (ix) and (c)(4)

(c)(1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specic procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reect those changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as applicable: (c)(1)(i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace; (c)(1)(ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators; (c)(1)(iii) Fit testing procedures for tight-tting respirators; (c)(1)(iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations; (c)(1)(v) Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators; (c)(1)(vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and ow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators; (c)(1)(vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations; (c)(1)(viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and (c)(1)(ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program. (c)(4) The employer shall provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations at no cost to the employer

Training and information 1910.134(k)

This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so. (k)(1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following: (k)(1)(i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper t, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator; (k)(1)(ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are; (k)(1)(iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions; (k)(1)(iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator; (k)(1)(v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator; (k)(1)(vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and

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(k)(1)(vii) The general requirements of this section. (k)(2) The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee. (k)(3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace. (k)(4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received training within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specied in paragraph (k)(1)(i) through (vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by paragraph (k)(1), the employee can demonstrate knowledge of those element(s). Previous training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous training. (k)(5) Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur: (k)(5)(i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete; (k)(5)(ii) Inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or (k)(5)(iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use. (k)(6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer. Fire Protection 1926.150(a)(5) (5) As warranted by the project, the employer shall provide a trained and equipped re ghting organization (Fire Brigade) to assure adequate protection to life. [Fire brigade means an organized group of employees that are knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in reghting operations.] (viii) Portable re extinguishers shall be inspected periodically and maintained in accordance with Maintenance and Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. 10A-1970. From ANSI Standard 10A-1970. The owner or occupant of a property in which re extinguishers are located has an obligation for the care and use of these extinguishers at all times. By doing so, he is contributing to the protection of life and property. The nameplate(s) and instruction manual should be read and thoroughly understood by all persons who may be expected to use extinguishers. 1120. To discharge this obligation he should give proper attention to the inspection, maintenance, and recharging of this re protective equipment. He should also train his personnel in the correct use of re extinguishers on the different types of res which may occur on his property. 3020. Persons responsible for performing maintenance operations come from three major groups: Trained industrial safety or maintenance personnel. Extinguisher service agencies.
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1926.150(c)(1)(viii)

Individual owners (e.g., self-employed). Signaling 1926.201(a)(2) (2) Signaling directions by agmen shall conform to American National Standards Institute D6.1-1971, Manual on Uniform Trafc Control Devices for Streets and Highways. (1) Only employees who have been trained in the operation of the particular tool in use shall be allowed to operate a powder-actuated tool. (12) Powder-actuated tools used by employees shall meet all other applicable requirements of American National Standards Institute, A10.3-1970, Safety Requirements for Explosive-Actuated Fastening Tools. Woodworking Tools 1926.304(f) (f) Other requirements. All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet other applicable requirements of American National Standards Institute, 01.1-1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery. From ANSI Standard 01.1-1961, Selection and Training of Operators. Before a worker is permitted to operate any woodworking machine, he shall receive instructions in the hazards of the machine and the safe method of its operation. Refer to A9.7 of the Appendix. A9.7 Selection and Training of Operators. Operation of Machines, Tools, and Equipment. General. (1) Learn the machines applications and limitations, as well as the specic potential hazards peculiar to this machine. Follow available operating instructions and safety rules carefully. (2) Keep working area clean and be sure adequate lighting is available. (3) Do not wear loose clothing, gloves, bracelets, necklaces, or ornaments. Wear face, eye, ear, respiratory, and body protection devices, as indicated for the operation or environment. (4) Do not use cutting tools larger or heavier than the machine is designed to accommodate. Never operate a cutting tool at greater speed than recommended. (5) Keep hands well away from saw blades and other cutting tools. Use a push stock or push block to hold or guide the work when working close to cutting tool. (6) Whenever possible, use properly locked clamps, jig, or vise to hold the work. (7) Combs (feather boards) shall be provided for use when an applicable guard cannot be used. (8) Never stand directly in line with a horizontally rotating cutting tool. This is particularly true when rst starting a new tool, or a new tool is initially installed on the arbor. (9) Be sure the power is disconnected from the machine before tools are serviced. (10) Never leave the machine with the power on. (11) Be positive that hold-downs and antikickback devices are positioned properly, and that the workpiece is being fed through the cutting tool in the right direction.
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Powder-Operated Hand Tools 1926.302(e)(1) and (12)

(12) Do not use a dull, gummy, bent, or cracked cutting tool. (13) Be sure that keys and adjusting wrenches have been removed before turning power on. (14) Use only accessories designed for the machine. (15) Adjust the machine for minimum exposure of cutting tool necessary to perform the operation. Gas Welding and Cutting 1926.350(d)(1) through (6) (d) Use of fuel gas. The employer shall thoroughly instruct employees in the safe use of fuel gas as follows: (1) Before a regulator to a cylinder valve is connected, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. (This action is generally termed cracking and is intended to clear the valve of dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) The person cracking the valve shall stand to one side of the outlet, not in front of it. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work, sparks, ame, or other possible sources of ignition. (2) The cylinder valve shall always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. For quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall not be opened more than 11/2 turns. When a special wrench is required, it shall be left in position on the stem of the valve while the cylinder is in use so that the fuel gas ow can be shut off quickly in case of an emergency. In the case of manifolded or coupled cylinders, at least one such wrench shall always be available for immediate use. Nothing shall be placed on top of a fuel gas cylinder, when in use, which may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve. (3) Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches or other devices which are equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold. (4) Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve shall always be closed and the gas released from the regulator. (5) If, when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. If this action does not stop the leak, the use of the cylinder shall be discontinued, and it shall be properly tagged and removed from the work area. In the event that fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve, rather than from the valve stem, and the gas cannot be shut off, the cylinder shall be properly tagged and removed from the work area. If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will effectively stop a leak through the valve seat, the cylinder need not be removed from the work area. (6) If a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder shall be removed from the work area. 1926.350(j) (j) Additional rules. For additional details not covered in this subpart, applicable technical portions of American National Standards Institute, Z49.1-1967, Safety in Welding and Cutting, shall apply. From ANSI Standard Z49.1-1967, Fire Watch Duties. Fire watchers shall be trained in the use of re extinguishing equipment. They shall be familiar with facilities for sounding an alarm in the event of a re. They shall watch for res in all exposed areas, try to extinguish them only when obviously within the capacity of the equipment avail83

able, or otherwise sound the alarm. A re watch shall be maintained for at least a half hour after completion of welding or cutting operations to detect and extinguish possible smoldering res. Arc Welding and Cutting 1926.351(d)(1) through (5) (d) Operating instructions. Employers shall instruct employees in the safe means of arc welding and cutting as follows: (1) When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the holders shall be so placed or protected that they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objects. (2) Hot electrode holders shall not be dipped in water; to do so may expose the arc welder or cutter to electric shock. (3) When the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave his work or to stop work for any appreciable length of time, or when the arc welding or cutting machine is to be moved, the power supply switch to the equipment shall be opened. (4) Any faulty or defective equipment shall be reported to the supervisor. (5) Other requirements, as outlined in Article 630, National Electrical Code, NFPA 701971; ANSI C1-1971 (Rev. of 1968), Electric Welders, shall be used when applicable. Fire Prevention 1926.352(e) (e) When the welding, cutting, or heating operation is such that normal re prevention precautions are not sufcient, additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against re while the actual welding, cutting, or heating operation is being performed, and for a sufcient period of time after completion of the work to ensure that no possibility of re exists. Such personnel shall be instructed as to the specic anticipated re hazards and how the re ghting equipment provided is to be used. (a) Before welding, cutting, or heating is commenced on any surface covered by a preservative coating whose ammability is not known, a test shall be made by a competent person to determine its ammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered to be highly ammable when scrapings burn with extreme rapidity. Ground-Fault Protection 1926.404(b)(1)(ii); 1926.404(b)(1)(iii); 1926.404(b)(1)(iii)(B) (ii) Ground-fault circuit interrupters. All 120-volt, single phase 15- and 20- ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites, which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and which are in use by employees, shall have approved groundfault circuit interrupters for personnel protection. Receptacles on a two-wire, singlephase portable or vehicle-mounted generator rated not more than 5kw, where the circuit conductors of the generator are insulated from the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, need not be protected with ground-fault circuit interrupters. (iii) Assured equipment grounding conductors program. The employer shall establish and implement an assured equipment grounding conductor program on construction sites covering all cords sets, receptacles which are not a part of the building or structure, and equipment connected by cord and plug which are available for use or used by employees. This program shall comply with the following minimum requirements: 1926.404(b)(1)(iii)(A) through (G) (iii)(B) The employer shall designate one or more competent persons (as dened in 1926.32(f) to implement the program.

Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 1926.354(a) Ground-Fault Protection 1926.404(b)(iii)(B)

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Scaffolds 1926.451 and 1926.452

1926.451 General Requirements (a). Capacity (a)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5) and (g) of this section, each scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. (a)(6) Scaffolds shall be designed by a qualied person and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with paragraph (a) of this section. (f) Use. (f)(3) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be inspected for visible defects by a competent person before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffolds structural integrity. (f)(7) Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualied in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. Such activities shall be performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person. 1926.452 Pole Scaffolds (a)(10) Pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Nonmandatory Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for pole scaffolds under 60 feet in height. Tube and coupler scaffolds (b)(10) Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet in height shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for tube and coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height. Fabricated frame scaffolds (tubular welded frame scaffolds) (c)(6) Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height above their base plates shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Outrigger scaffolds (i)(8) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be designed by a registered professional engineer and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, stonesetters multi-point adjustable suspension, and masons multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (q)(3) Scaffolds shall be suspended from metal outriggers, brackets, wire rope slings, hooks, or means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability). App. A (q)(2) Masons multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Maximum intended load50 lb/ft2. Each outrigger beam shall be at least a standard 7 inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at least 15 feet long. Such beams shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing point. Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams

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Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (o)(1) When two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are combined to form a two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the resulting two-point scaffold shall comply with the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds in paragraph (p) of this section. Aerial lifts 1926.453 (a)(1) Unless otherwise provided in this section, aerial lifts acquired for use on or after January 22, 1973 shall be designed and constructed in conformance with the applicable requirements of the American National Standards for Vehicle Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms, ANSI A92.2-1969, including appendix. Aerial lifts acquired before January 22, 1973 which do not meet the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969, may not be used after January 1, 1976, unless they shall have been modied so as to conform with the applicable design and construction requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969. Aerial lifts include the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel to job-sites above ground: (a)(1)(i) Extensible boom platforms; (a)(1)(ii) Aerial ladders; (a)(1)(iii) Articulating boom platforms; (a)(1)(iv) Vertical towers; and (a)(1)(v) A combination of any such devices. Aerial equipment may be made of metal, wood, berglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other material; may be powered or manually operated; and are deemed to be aerial lifts whether or not they are capable of rotating about a substantially vertical axis. Specic requirements. (b)(2)(ii) Only authorized persons shall operate an aerial lift. Training Requirements 1926.454 (a) The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on a scaffold trained by a person qualied in the subject matter to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. The training shall include the following areas, as applicable: (a)(1) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area; (a)(2) The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems and falling object protection systems being used; (a)(3) The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold; (a)(4) The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used; and (a)(5) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart. (b) The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question. The training shall include the following topics, as applicable:
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(b)(1) The nature of scaffold hazards; (b)(2) The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold in question; (b)(3) The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold; (b)(4) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart. (c) When the employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall retrain each such employee so that the requisite prociency is regained. Retraining is required in at least the following situations: (c)(1) Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained; or (c)(2) Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained; or (c)(3) Where inadequacies in an affected employees work involving scaffolds indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite prociency. Fall ProtectionTraining Requirements 1926.503(a)(1) and (2)(i) through (viii) (a) Training program. (1) The employer shall provide a training program for each employee who might be exposed to fall hazards. The program shall enable each employee to recognize the hazards of falling and shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed in order to minimize these hazards. (2) The employer shall ensure that each employee has been trained, as necessary, by a competent person qualied in the following areas: (i) The nature of fall hazards in the work area; (ii) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used; (iii) The use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems, warning line systems, safety monitoring systems, controlled access zones, and other protection to be used; (iv) The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used; (v) The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of roong work on low-sloped roofs; (vi) The correct procedures for the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the erection of overhead protection; (vii) The role of employees in fall protection plans; and (viii) The standards contained in this subpart.

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(c) Retraining. When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (a) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: (c)(1) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or (c)(2) Changes in the types of fall protection systems or equipment to be used render previous training obsolete; or (c)(3) Inadequacies in an affected employees knowledge or use of fall protection systems or equipment indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(1), (5), and (6) (1) The employer shall comply with the manufacturers specications and limitations applicable to the operation of any and all cranes and derricks. Where manufacturers specications are not available, the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the determinations of a qualied engineer competent in this eld and such determinations will be appropriately documented and recorded. Attachments used with cranes shall not exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the manufacturer. (5) The employer shall designate a competent person who shall inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and during use, to make sure it is in safe operating condition. Any deciencies shall be repaired, or defective parts replaced, before continued use. (6) A thorough, annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent person, or by a government or private agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor. The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results of inspections for each hoisting machine and piece of equipment. 1926.550(g)(4)(i)(A) (4) Personnel platforms. (i) Design criteria. (A) The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed by a qualied engineer or a qualied person competent in structural design. (iv) A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial lift to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure. (1) The employer shall comply with the manufacturers specications and limitations applicable to the operation of all hoists and elevators. Where manufacturers specications are not available, the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the determinations of a professional engineer competent in the eld. (7) All material hoist towers shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer. (c) Personnel hoists. (15) Following assembly and erection of hoists, and before being put in service, an inspection and test of all functions and safety devices shall be made under the supervision of a competent person. A similar inspection and test is required following major alteration of an existing installation. All hoists shall be inspected and tested at not more than 3-month intervals. Records shall be maintained and kept on le for the duration of the job.

1926.550(g)(5)(iv)

Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators 1926.552(a)(1)

1926.552(b)(7) 1926.552(c)(15) and (17)(i)

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(17)(i) Personnel hoists used in bridge tower construction shall be approved by a registered professional engineer and erected under the supervision of a qualied engineer competent in this eld. Material Handling Equipment 1926.602(c)(1)(vi) (c) Lifting and hauling equipment (other than equipment covered under Subpart N of this part). (1)(vi) All industrial trucks in use shall meet the applicable requirements of design, construction, stability, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation, as dened in American National Standards Institute B56.1-1969, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks. From ANSI Standard B56.1-1969, Operator Training. Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate a powered industrial truck. Methods shall be devised to train operators in the safe operation of powered industrial trucks. Badges or other visual indication of the operators authorization should be displayed at all times during work period. (vii) Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted to ride on powered industrial trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided where riding of trucks is authorized. (d) Powered industrial truck operator training. Note: The requirements applicable to construction work under this paragraph are identical to those set forth at 1910.178(l) of this chapter. Requirements of 1910.178(l) include: 1910.178(l)(1)(I) and (ii); (2)(I)(A) and (B)(ii) and (iii); (3)(I)(A) through(M); (ii)(A) through (I) (iii); (4)(I) and (ii)(A) (ii) through (E); (iii)(5), (6), and (7) (l) Operator training. (1) Safe operation. (i) The employer shall ensure that each powered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specied in this paragraph. (ii) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck (except for training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully completed the training required by this paragraph (l), except as permitted by paragraph (l)(5). (2) Training program implementation. (i) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only: (A) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train operators and evaluate their competence; and (B) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees. (ii) Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, videotape, written material), practical training (demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the operators performance in the workplace. (iii) All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and evaluate their competence.

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(3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employers workplace. (i) Truck-related topics: (A) Operating instructions, warnings, and pre-cautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate; (B) Differences between the truck and the automobile; (C) Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how they work; (D) Engine or motor operation; (E) Steering and maneuvering; (F) Visibility (including restrictions due to loading); (G) Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations; (H) Vehicle capacity; (I) Vehicle stability; (J) Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform; (K) Refueling and/or charging and recharging of batteries; (L) Operating limitations; (M) Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operators manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate. (ii) Workplace related topics: (A) Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated; (B) Composition of loads to be carried and load stability; (C) Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking; (D) Pedestrian trafc in areas where the vehicle will be operated; (E) Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated; (F) Hazardous (classied) locations where the vehicle will be operated; (G) Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicles stability; (H) Closed environments and other areas where insufcient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust; (I) Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation. (iii) The requirements of this section. (4) Refresher training and evaluation (i) Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph (l)(4)(ii) to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely. (ii) Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when: (A) The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner; (B) The operator has been involved in an accident or near-miss incident; (C) The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely; (D) The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or (E) A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck. (iii) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operators performance shall be conducted at least once every three years. (5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specied in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the
90

truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely. (6) Certication. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and evaluated as required by this paragraph (l). Certication shall include the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person(s) performing the training or evaluation. (7) Dates. The employer shall ensure that operators of powered industrial truck are trained, as appropriate, by the following dates: (A) If the employee was hired prior to December 1,1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed by December 1, 1999. (B) If the employee was hired after December 1, 1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed before the employee is assigned to operate a powered industrial truck. Site Clearing 1926.604(a)(1) Excavations General Protection Requirements (Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring) 1926.651(c)(1)(i) 1926.651(h)(2) and (3) (1) Employees engaged in site clearing shall be protected from hazards of irritant and toxic plants and suitably instructed in the rst aid treatment available. (c) Access and egress. (1) Structural ramps. (i) Structural ramps that are used solely by employees as a means of access or egress from excavations shall be designed by a competent person. Structural ramps used for access or egress of equipment shall be designed by a competent person qualied in structural design, and shall be constructed in accordance with the design. (h) Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation. (2) If water is controlled or prevented from accumulating by the use of water removal equipment, the water removal equipment and operations shall be monitored by a competent person to ensure proper operation. (3) If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water (such as streams), diversion ditches, dikes, or other suitable means shall be used to prevent surface water from entering the excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the area adjacent to the excavation. Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains will require an inspection by a competent person and compliance with paragraphs (h)(1) and (h)(2) of this section. 1926.651(i)(1) (i) Stability of adjacent structures. (1) Where the stability of adjoining buildings, walls, or other structures is endangered by excavation operations, support systems such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be provided to ensure the stability of such structures for the protection of employees. (iii) A registered professional engineer has approved the determination that the structure is sufciently removed from the excavation so as to be unaffected by the excavation activity; or (iv) A registered professional engineer has approved the determination that such excavation work will not pose a hazard to employees. 1926.651(k)(1) and (2) (k) Inspections. (1) Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.

1926.651(i)(2)(iii) and (iv)

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(2) Where the competent person nds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety. Concrete and Masonry Construction 1926.701(a) (a) No construction loads shall be placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a person who is qualied in structural design, that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the loads. (i) The design of the shoring shall be prepared by a qualied designer and the erected shoring shall be inspected by an engineer qualied in structural design. (a) Lift-slab operations shall be designed and planned by a registered professional engineer who has experience in lift-slab construction. Such plans and designs shall be implemented by the employer and shall include detailed instructions and sketches indicating the prescribed method of erection. These plans and designs shall also include provisions for ensuring lateral stability of the building/structure during construction. (i) If leveling is maintained by manual controls, such controls shall be located in a central location and attended by a competent person whole lifting is in progress. In addition to meeting the denition in 1926.32(f), the competent person must be experienced in the lifting operation and with the lifting equipment being used. (k)(1) No employee, except those essential to the jacking operation, shall be permitted in the building/structure while any jacking operation is taking place unless the building/structure has been reinforced sufciently to ensure its integrity during erection. The phrase reinforced sufciently to ensure its integrity used in this paragraph means that a registered professional engineer, independent of the engineer who designed and planned the lifting operation, has determined from the plans that if there is a loss of support at any jack location, that loss will be conned to that location and the structure as a whole will remain stable. (m) All welding on temporary and permanent connections shall be performed by a certied welder, familiar with the welding requirements specied in the plans and specications for the lift-slab operation. Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-Up, (4) Plumbing-up guys shall be removed only under the supervision of a competent person. and Plumbing-Up 1926.752(d)(4) 1926.752(e) (e) Site-specic erection plan. Where employers elect, due to conditions specic to the site, to develop alternate means and methods that provide employee protection in accordance with 1926.753(c)(5), 1926.757(a)(4) or 1926.757(e)(4), a site-specic erection plan shall be developed by a qualied person and be available at the work site. Guidelines for establishing a site-specic erection plan are contained in Appendix A to this subpart. (c)(1) Pre-shift visual inspection of cranes. (i) Cranes being used in steel erection activities shall be visually inspected prior to each shift by a competent person; the inspection shall include observation for deciencies during operation. At a minimum this inspection shall include the following: (A) All control mechanisms for maladjustments; (B) Control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and contamination by lubricants, water or other foreign matter;

1926.703(b)(8)(i)

Requirements for Lift-Slab Operations 1926.705(a)

Hoisting and rigging 1926.753

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(C) Safety devices, including but not limited to boom angle indicators, boom stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two block devices, and load moment indicators where required; (D) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration or leakage, particularly those which ex in normal operation; (E) Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks, or wear; (F) Wire rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment manufacturers specications; (G) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive deterioration, dirt, or moisture accumulation; (H) Hydraulic system for proper uid level; (I) Tires for proper ination and condition; (J) Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper support, including ground settling under and around outriggers, ground water accumulation, or similar conditions; (K) The hoisting equipment for level position; and (L) The hoisting equipment for level position after each move and setup. (ii) If any deciency is identied, an immediate determination shall be made by the competent person as to whether the deciency constitutes a hazard. (iv) The operator shall be responsible for those operations under the operators direct control. Whenever there is any doubt as to safety, the operator shall have the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until safety has been assured. (2) A qualied rigger (a rigger who is also a qualied person) shall inspect the rigging prior to each shift in accordance with 1926.251. (5) Safety latches on hooks shall not be deactivated or made inoperable except: (i) When a qualied rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed more safely by doing so; or (ii) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specic erection plan. (d) Working under loads. (2)(ii) Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent shall be used to prevent components from slipping out of the hook; and (iii) All loads shall be rigged by a qualied rigger (e) Multiple lift rigging procedure. (2) Components of the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be specically designed and assembled with a maximum capacity for total assembly and for each individual attachment point. This capacity, certied by the manufacturer or a qualied rigger, shall be based on the manufacturers specications with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all components. Structural steel assembly 1926.754 (See 13 NCAC 07F.201 Construction; asterisk denote amendment to 1926.754(b)(1), (b)(2), and (c)(1)(i) as provided here) *(b)(1) Steel erection activities include hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, welding, burning, guying, bracing, bolting, plumbing and rigging structural steel, steel joists, bridge steel girders and metal buildings; installing metal decking and moving point-topoint while performing these activities. *(2) There may be activities that occur during and are part of steel erection where conventional fall protection methods may not offer adequate protection for employees. The employer has the burden of establishing and determining when to implement employee fall protection measures as described in 1926.760 or the more protective measures
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described in 1926.502 Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices. Where non-traditional steel or iron workers (employees not meeting requirements of 1926.761(c)) are engaged in leading edge work activities six (6) feet or more above lower levels, those employees shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems or safety nets. Such leading edge work activities include, but are not limited to off loading, stacking, laying out and fastening steel oor decking and metal and non-metal roof decking; positioning and securing exterior curtain walls, window walls, exterior siding systems; and moving from point to point while performing these activities. *(c)(1)(i) Tripping hazards. Employees shall be protected from falls due to tripping hazards created by shear connectors (including, but not limited to headed steel studs, steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed anchors, or threaded studs attached to the top anges of beams, joists or beam attachments. Such protection from falls may be accomplished by any of the following: (1) Shear connectors that project vertically or horizontally across the top ange of a member not being welded or applied until the metal decking or other walking/working surface is installed (eld-installed shear connectors). (2) All employees working on members with shop or pre-installed shear connectors shall be protected from falling hazards greater than six feet by suitable, as dened in 1926.32(s), fall protection systems, including guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets. (3) Shop or pre-installed connectors that project vertically from or horizontally across the top ange of the member shall be covered by a temporary decking, metal or wood box until the metal decking, or other suitable walking/working surface, is installed or until nal construction covers the shear connectors. (d) Plumbing-up. (1) When deemed necessary by a competent person, plumbing-up equipment shall be installed in conjunction with the steel erection process to ensure the stability of the structure. (3) Plumbing-up equipment shall be removed only with the approval of a competent person. Column anchorage 1926.755 (a) General requirements for erection stability. (4) All columns shall be evaluated by a competent person to determine whether guying or bracing is needed; if guying or bracing is needed, it shall be installed. (b) Repair, replacement or eld modication of anchor rods (anchor bolts). (1) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not be repaired, replaced or eld-modied without the approval of the project structural engineer of record. Beams and columns 1926.756 (a) General. (a)(1) During the nal placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting line until the members are secured with at least two bolts per connection, of the same size and strength as shown in the erection drawings, drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specied by the project structural engineer of record, except as specied in paragraph (b) of this section. (2) A competent person shall determine if more than two bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered members; if additional bolts are needed, they shall be installed.

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(b) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing shall be secured by at least one bolt per connection drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specied by the project structural engineer of record. Open web steel joists 1926.757 (a)(2) Where constructibility does not allow a steel joist to be installed at the column: (i)(B) be designed by a qualied person; (4) Where steel joists at or near columns span more than 60 feet (18.3 m), the joists shall be set in tandem with all bridging installed unless an alternative method of erection, which provides equivalent stability to the steel joist, is designed by a qualied person and is included in the site-specic erection plan. (7) No modication that affects the strength of a steel joist or steel joist girder shall be made without the approval of the project structural engineer of record. (9) Steel joists and steel joist girders shall not be used as anchorage points for a fall arrest system unless written approval to do so is obtained from a qualied person. Systems-engineered metal buildings 1926.758 (g) Purlins and girts shall not be used as an anchorage point for a fall arrest system unless written approval is obtained from a qualied person. Fall protection 1926.760 (a)(1) Except as provided by paragraph (a)(3) of this section, each employee engaged in a steel erection activity who is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6 m) above a lower level shall be protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems. (b) Connectors. Each connector shall: (2) Have completed connector training in accordance with 1926.761; and (3) Be provided, at heights over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level, with a personal fall arrest system, positioning device system or fall restraint system and wear the equipment necessary to be able to be tied off; or be provided with other means of protection from fall hazards in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (c) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A controlled decking zone may be established in that area of the structure over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level where metal decking is initially being installed and forms the leading edge of a work area. In each CDZ, the following shall apply: (1) Each employee working at the leading edge in a CDZ shall be protected from fall hazards of more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less. (2) Access to a CDZ shall be limited to only those employees engaged in leading edge work. (3) The boundaries of a CDZ shall be designated and clearly marked. The CDZ shall not be more than 90 feet (27.4 m) wide and 90 (27.4 m) feet deep from any leading edge. The CDZ shall be marked by the use of control lines or the equivalent. Examples of acceptable procedures for demarcating CDZs can be found in Appendix D to this subpart. (4) Each employee working in a CDZ shall have completed CDZ training in accordance with 1926.761.

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Training 1926.761

(a) Training personnel. Training required by this section shall be provided by a qualied person(s). (b) Fall hazard training. The employer shall provide a training program for all employees exposed to fall hazards. The program shall include training and instruction in the following areas: (1)The recognition and identication of fall hazards in the work area; (2) The use and operation of guardrail systems (including perimeter safety cable systems), personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems, fall restraint systems, safety net systems, and other protection to be used; (3) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used; (4) The procedures to be followed to prevent falls to lower levels and through or into holes and openings in walking/working surfaces and walls; and (5) The fall protection requirements of this subpart. (c) Special training programs. In addition to the training required in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the employer shall provide special training to employees engaged in the following activities. (1) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The employer shall ensure that each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has been provided training in the following areas: (i) The nature of the hazards associated with multiple lifts; and (ii) The proper procedures and equipment to perform multiple lifts required by 1926.753(e). (2) Connector procedures. The employer shall ensure that each connector has been provided training in the following areas: (i) The nature of the hazards associated with connecting; and (ii) The establishment, access, proper connecting techniques and work practices required by 1926.756(c) and 1926.760(b). (3) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures. Where CDZs are being used, the employer shall assure that each employee has been provided training in the following areas: (i) The nature of the hazards associated with work within a controlled decking zone; and (ii) The establishment, access, proper installation techniques and work practices required by 1926.760(c) and 1926.754(e).

Underground Construction 1926.800(d)(1) through (10)

(d) Safety instruction. All employees shall be instructed in the recognition and avoidance of hazards associated with underground construction activities including, where appropriate, the following subjects: (1) Air monitoring; (2) Ventilation; (3) Illumination; (4) Communications; (5) Flood control; (6) Mechanical equipment; (7) Personal protective equipment; (8) Explosives; (9) Fire prevention and protection; and (10) Emergency procedures, including evacuation plans and check-in/check-out systems.

1926.800(g)(2)

(g) Emergency provisions. (2) Self-rescuers. The employer shall provide self-rescuers having current approval from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration to be immediately available to all

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employees at work stations in underground areas where employees might be trapped by smoke or gas. The selection, issuance, use, and care of respirators shall be in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.103 [ref. paragraphs (d) and (g) of 1910.134]. 1926.800(g)(5)(iii) through (v) (g) Emergency provisions. (5) Rescue teams. (iii) Rescue team members shall be qualied in rescue procedures, the use and limitations of breathing apparatus, and the use of re ghting equipment. Qualications shall be reviewed not less than annually. (iv) On jobsites where ammable or noxious gases are encountered or anticipated in hazardous quantities, rescue team members shall practice donning and using self-contained breathing apparatus monthly. (v) The employer shall ensure that rescue teams are familiar with conditions at the jobsite. (j) Air quality and monitoring. (1) General. (i)(A) The employer shall assign a competent person who shall perform all air monitoring required by this section. (B) Where this paragraph requires monitoring of airborne contaminants as often as necessary, the competent person shall make a reasonable determination as to which substances to monitor and how frequently to monitor taking into consideration: location of jobsite; geology of the jobsite; presence of air contaminants in nearby jobsites and changes in levels of substances monitored on prior shifts; and, work practices and jobsite conditions including use of diesel engines, explosives, fuel gas, volume and ow of ventilation, visible atmospheric conditions, decompression of the atmosphere, welding, cutting, and hot work, and employees physical reactions to working underground. 1926.800(j)(1)(vi)(A) and (B) (j) Air quality and monitoring. (1) General. (vi) When the competent person determines, on the basis of air monitoring results or other information, that air contaminants may be present in sufcient quantity to be dangerous to life, the employer shall: (A) Prominently post a notice at all entrances to the underground jobsite to inform all entrants of the hazardous condition; and (B) Ensure that the necessary precautions are taken. 1926.800(o)(3)(i)(A) (o) Ground support. (3) Underground areas. (i)(A) A competent person shall inspect the roof, face, and walls of the work area at the start of each shift and as often as necessary to determine ground stability. (o) Ground support. (3) Underground areas. (iv)(B) A competent person shall determine whether rock bolts meet the necessary torque, and shall determine the testing frequency in light of the bolt system, ground conditions, and the distance from vibration sources. (4) Shafts. (iii) After blasting operations in shafts, a competent person shall determine if the walls, ladders, timbers, blocking, or wedges have loosened. If so, necessary repairs shall be made before employees other than those assigned to make the repairs are allowed in or below the affected areas. (q) Drilling. (1) A competent person shall inspect all drilling and associated equipment prior to each use. Equipment defects affecting safety shall be corrected before the equipment is used. (r) Haulage. (1)(i) A competent person shall inspect haulage equipment before each shift.
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1926.800(o)(3)(iv)(B)

1926.800(t)(3)(xix) and (xx)

(t) Hoisting unique to underground construction. (3) Additional requirements for hoists. (xix) A competent person shall visually check all hoisting machinery, equipment, anchorages, and hoisting rope at the beginning of each shift during hoist use, as necessary. (xx) Each safety device shall be checked by a competent person at least weekly during hoist use to ensure suitable operation and safe condition.

Compressed Air 1926.803(a)(1) and (2)

(1) There shall be present, at all times, at least one competent person designated by and representing the employer, who shall be familiar with this subpart in all respects, and responsible for full compliance with these and other applicable subparts. (2) Every employee shall be instructed in the rules and regulations which concern his safety or the safety of others.

1926.803(b)(1) and (10)(xii)

(1) There shall be retained one or more licensed physicians familiar with and experienced in the physical requirements and the medical aspects of compressed air work and the treatment of decompression illness. He shall be available at all times while work is in progress in order to provide medical supervision of employees employed in compressed air work. He shall himself be physically qualied and be willing to enter a pressurized environment. (10) The medical lock shall: (xii) Be in constant charge of an attendant under the direct control of the retained physician. The attendant shall be trained in the use of the lock and suitably instructed regarding steps to be taken in the treatment of employee exhibiting symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of decompression illness.

1926.803(e)(1)

(e) Compression. (1) Every employee going under air pressure for the rst time shall be instructed on how to avoid excessive discomfort. (2) In the event it is necessary for an employee to be in compressed air more than once in a 24-hour period, the appointed physician shall be responsible for the establishment of methods and procedures of decompression applicable to repetitive exposures. (3) If decanting is necessary, the appointed physician shall establish procedures before any employee is permitted to be decompressed by decanting methods. The period of time that the employees spend at atmospheric pressure between the decompression following the shift and recompression shall not exceed 5 minutes.

1926.803(f)(2) and (3)

1926.803(h)(1)

(1) At all times there shall be a thoroughly experienced, competent, and reliable person on duty at the air control valves as a gauge tender who shall regulate the pressure in the working areas. During tunneling operations, one gauge tender may regulate the pressure in not more than two headings: Provided, that the gauge and controls are all in one location. In caisson work, there shall be a gauge tender for each caisson. (a) Prior to permitting employees to start demolition operations, an engineering survey shall be made, by a competent person, of the structure to determine the condition of the framing, oors, and walls, and possibility of unplanned collapse of any portion of the structure. Any adjacent structure where employees may be exposed shall also be similarly checked. The employer shall have in writing evidence that such a survey has been performed.

Preparatory Operations 1926.850(a)

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Chutes 1926.852(c)

(c) A substantial gate shall be installed in each chute at or near the discharge end. A competent employee shall be assigned to control the operation of the gate, and the backing and loading of trucks. (g) During demolition, continuing inspections by a competent person shall be made as the work progresses to detect hazards resulting from weakened or deteriorated oors, or walls, or loosened material. No employee shall be permitted to work where such hazards exist until they are corrected by shoring, bracing, or other effective means.

Mechanical Demolition 1926.859(g)

General Provisions (Blasting (a) The employer shall permit only persons qualied pursuant to 1926.901 to handle and Use of Explosives) and use explosives. A blaster shall be in charge of each blasting 1926.900(a), (i) (i) All blast site employees shall follow the directions of the Blaster-in-Charge. All blast site employees shall use and adhere to every precaution to ensure employee safety including, but not limited to, visual and audible warning signals, ags, or barricades. 1926.900(k)(3)(i) (k)(3)(i) The prominent display of adequate signs, warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters, (e.g., telephones and 2-way radios) on all roads within 1,000 feet of electric blasting operations. If adherence to the 1,000-foot distance would create an operational handicap, then a competent person (as dened in 29 CFR 1926 Subparts L and P) shall be consulted to evaluate the particular situation, and alternative provisions may be made which are designed to prevent any premature ring of electric detonators. A description of any such alternatives shall be reduced to writing and shall be certied by the competent person consulted as meeting the purposes of this subdivision. The description shall be maintained at the construction during the duration of the work, and shall be available for inspection by representatives of the Commissioner of Labor. (q) All loading and ring shall be directed and supervised by the Blaster-in-Charge. (a) Blasters shall be able to understand and give written and oral orders. (c) Blasters shall be qualied, by reason of training, knowledge, or experience, in the eld of transporting, storing, handling, and use of explosives, and have a working knowledge of State, federal and local laws and regulations which pertain to explosives. (d) Blasters shall be required by the employer to furnish evidence satisfactory to the employer of competency in handling explosives and performing in a safe manner the type of blasting that will be required. (e) Blasters shall be knowledgeable in the use of each type of blasting method used. (See 13 NCAC 07F.0201 Construction, State-Specic Standards) Surface Transportation of Explosives 1926.902(b) and (i) (b) Motor vehicles or conveyances transporting explosives shall only be driven by, and be in the charge of, a licensed driver. The driver shall be familiar with the local, State, and Federal regulations governing the transportation of explosives. (i) Each vehicle used for transportation of explosives shall be equipped with a fully charged re extinguisher, in good condition. An Underwriters Laboratory-approved extinguisher of not less than 10-ABC rating will meet the minimum requirement. The driver shall be trained in the use of the extinguisher on his vehicle. Firing the Blast 1926.909(a) (a) The Blaster-in-Charge shall establish a code of blasting signals and all blast site employees shall familiarize themselves with and conform to the code. As a minimum, the code shall: (1) contain audible pre-blast and audible all clear signals, and
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1926.900(q) Blaster Qualications 1926.901(a), (c), (d), and (e)

(2) contain an emergency method for guards, agmen, or other authorized employees to signal do not re, and (3) prohibit sounding of the all clear signal until the blaster has checked the blast site for misres. Table U1 is an example of a code of blasting signals that would meet these requirements. Further, the Blaster-in-Charge shall require the placement of Danger signs and posting of the blasting signals when personnel not associated with the blasting operation are within the blast area. Table U-1 WARNING SIGNALA 1-minute series of long blasts 5 minutes prior to blast signal. BLAST SIGNALA series of short blasts 1 minute prior to the shot. ALL CLEAR SIGNALA prolonged blast following the inspection of blast area. General Requirements (Power Transmission and Distribution) 1926.950(d)(1)(ii)(a) through (c), (vi), and (vii) (1) When deenergizing lines and equipment operated in excess of 600 volts, and the means of disconnecting from electric energy is not visibly open or visibly locked out, the provisions of subdivisions (i) through (vii) of this subparagraph shall be complied with: (ii) Notication and assurance from the designated employee [a qualied person delegated to perform specic duties under the conditions existing] shall be obtained that: (a) All switches and disconnectors through which electric energy may be supplied to the particular section of line or equipment to be worked have been deenergized; (b) All switches and disconnectors are plainly tagged indicating that men are at work; (c) And that where design of such switches and disconnectors permits, they have been rendered inoperable. (vi) When more than one independent crew requires the same line or equipment to be deenergized, a prominent tag for each such independent crew shall be placed on the line or equipment by the designated employee in charge. (vii) Upon completion of work on deenergized lines or equipment, each designated employee in charge shall determine that all employees in his crew are clear, that protective grounds installed by his crew have been removed, and he shall report to the designated authority that all tags protecting his crew may be removed. 1926.950(d)(2)(ii) (2) When a crew working on a line or equipment can clearly see that the means of disconnecting from electric energy are visibly open or visibly locked-out, the provisions of subdivisions (i) and (ii) of this paragraph shall apply: (ii) Upon completion of work on deenergized lines or equipment, each designated employee in charge shall determine that all employees in his crew are clear, that protective grounds installed by his crew have been removed, and he shall report to the designated authority that all tags protecting his crew may be removed. Emergency procedures and rst aid 1926.950(e)(1)(i) and (ii) and (2) (1) The employer shall provide training or require that his employees are knowledgeable and procient in: (i) Procedures involving emergency situations, and (ii) First aid fundamentals including resuscitation. (2) In lieu of paragraph (e)(1) of this section the employer may comply with the provisions of 1926.50(c) regarding rst aid requirements.
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Overhead Lines 1926.955(b)(3)(i) 1926.955(b)(8) and (d)(i)

(3)(i) A designated employee shall be used in directing mobile equipment adjacent to footing excavations. (8) A designated employee shall be utilized to determine that required clearance is maintained in moving equipment under or near energized lines. (d) Stringing adjacent to energized lines. (1) Prior to stringing parallel to an existing energized transmission line a competent determination shall be made to ascertain whether dangerous induced voltage buildups will occur, particularly during switching and ground fault conditions. When there is a possibility that such dangerous induced voltage may exist the employer shall comply with the provisions of subparagraphs (d)(2) through (9) of this paragraph in addition to the provisions of paragraph (c) of this 1926.955, unless the line is worked as energized.

1926.955(e)(1) and (4)

(1) Employees shall be instructed and trained in the live-line bare-hand technique and the safety requirements pertinent thereto before being permitted to use the technique on energized circuits. (4) All work shall be personally supervised by a person trained and qualied to perform live-line bare-hand work.

Underground Lines 1926.956(b)(1)

(1) While work is being performed in manholes, an employee shall be available in the immediate vicinity to render emergency assistance as may be required. This shall not preclude the employee in the immediate vicinity from occasionally entering a man-hole to provide assistance, other than emergency. This requirement does not preclude a qualied employee [a person who by reason of experience or training is familiar with the operation to be performed and the hazards involved], working alone, from entering for brief periods of time, a manhole where energized cables or equipment are in service, for the purpose of inspection, housekeeping, taking readings, or similar work if such work can be performed safely. (1) When construction work is performed in an energized substation, authorization shall be obtained from the designated, authorized person [a qualied person delegated to perform specic duties under the conditions existing] before work is started. (1) Work on or adjacent to energized control panels shall be performed by designated employees. (1) Use of vehicles, gin poles, cranes, and other equipment in restricted or hazardous areas shall at all times be controlled by designated employees. (4) Ladders shall be used only for the purpose for which they were designed (15) Ladders shall be inspected by a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis and after any occurrence that could affect their safe use. The following training provisions clarify the requirements of 1926.21(b)(2), regarding the hazards addressed in subpart X. (a) The employer shall provide a training program for each employee using ladders and stairways, as necessary. The program shall enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways, and shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed to minimize these hazards. (1) The employer shall ensure that each employee has been trained by a competent person in the following areas, as applicable:
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Construction in Energized Substations 1926.957(a)(1) 1926.957(d)(1)

1926.957(e)(1) Ladders 1926.1053(b)(4) 1926.1053(b)(15) 1926.1060(a)(1)(i) through (v) and (b)

(i) The nature of fall hazards in the work area; (ii) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used; (iii) The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and ladders; (iv) The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used; and (v) The standards contained in this subpart. (b) Retraining shall be provided for each employee as necessary so that the employee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with this section. Asbestos 1926.1101(k)(9)(i) through (vi)(A) through (J)(10)(iii) (9) Employee Information and Training. (i) The employer shall, at no cost to the employee, institute a training program for all employees who are likely to be exposed in excess of a PEL and for all employees who perform Class I through IV asbestos operations, and shall ensure their participation in the program. (ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (iii) Training for Class I operations shall be the equivalent in curriculum, training method and length to the EPA Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) asbestos abatement workers training (40 CFR Pt. 763, Subpart E, Appendix C). (iv) (A) For work with asbestos containing roong materials, ooring materials, siding materials, ceiling tiles, or transite panels, training shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to that category. Such course shall include hands-on training and shall take at least 8 hours. (B) An employee who works with more than one of the categories of material specied in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section shall receive training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (C) For Class II operations not involving the categories of material specied in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section, training shall be provided which shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to the category of material being removed, and shall include hands-on training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (v) Training for Class III employees shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2). Such a course shall also include hands-on training and shall take at least 16 hours. Exception: For other Class III operations for which the competent person determines that the EPA curriculum does not adequately cover the training needed to perform that activity, training shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specic work practices and engineering
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controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specically relate to that activity, and shall include hands-on training. (vi) Training for employees performing Class IV operations shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(1). Such a course shall include available information concerning the locations of thermal system insulation and surfacing ACM/PACM, and asbestoscontaining ooring material, or ooring material where the absence of asbestos has not yet been certied; and instruction in recognition of damage, deterioration, and delamination of asbestos-containing building materials. Such course shall take at least 2 hours. (vii) Training for employees who are likely to be exposed in excess of the PEL and who are not otherwise required to be trained under paragraph (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section, shall meet the requirements of paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section. (viii) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. In addition to the content required by provisions in paragraphs (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section, the employer shall ensure that each such employee is informed of the following: (A) Methods of recognizing asbestos including the requirement in paragraph (k)(1) of this section to presume that certain building materials contain asbestos; (B) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure; (C) The relationship between smoking and asbestos in producing lung cancer; (D) The nature of operations that could result in exposure to asbestos, the importance of necessary protective controls to minimize exposure including, as applicable, engineering controls, work practices, respirators, housekeeping procedures, hygiene facilities, protective clothing, decontamination procedures, emergency procedures, and waste disposal procedures, and any necessary instruction in the use of these controls and procedures; where Class III and IV work will be or is performed, the contents of EPA 20T-2003, Managing Asbestos In Place, July 1990, or its equivalent in content; (E) The purpose, proper use, tting instructions, and limitations of respirators as required by 29 CFR 1910.134; (F) The appropriate work practices for performing the asbestos job; (G) Medical surveillance program requirements; (H) The content of this standard including appendices; (I) The names, addresses and phone numbers of public health organizations which provide information, materials and/or conduct programs concerning smoking cessation. The employer may distribute the list of such organizations contained in Appendix J to this section, to comply with this requirement; and (J) The requirements for posting signs and afxing labels and the meaning of the required legends for such signs and labels. (10) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to affected employees without cost, written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this regulation.
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(ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary and the Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating to the employee information and training program. (iii) The employer shall inform all employees concerning the availability of self-help smoking cessation program material. Upon employee request, the employer shall distribute such material, consisting of NIH Publication No. 89-1647, or equivalent self-help material, which is approved or published by a public health organization listed in Appendix J to this section.

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Agricultural Training Requirements

The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1928. Note that in addition to these requirements, Part 1910, relating to general industry, also contains applicable training standards.

Subject and Standard Number

Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Tractors Used in Agricultural Operations 1928.51(d)

Training Requirement
(d) Operating instructions. Every employee who operates an agricultural tractor shall be informed of the operating practices contained in Exhibit A of this part and of any other practices dictated by the work environment. Such information shall be provided at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. Exhibit AEmployee Operating Instructions 1. Securely fasten your seat belt if the tractor has a ROPS. 2. Where possible, avoid operating the tractor near ditches, embankments, and holes. 3. Reduce speed when turning, crossing slopes, and on rough, slick, or muddy surfaces. 4. Stay off slopes too steep for safe operation. 5. Watch where you are going, especially at row ends, on roads, and around trees. 6. Do not permit others to ride. 7. Operate the tractor smoothlyno jerky turns, starts, or stops. 8. Hitch only to the drawbar and hitch points recommended by tractor manufacturers. 9. When tractor is stopped, set brakes securely and use park lock if available.

Guarding of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins 1928.57(a)(6)(i) through (v)

(6) Operating instructions. At the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter, the employer shall instruct every employee in the safe operation and servicing of all covered equipment with which he is or will be involved, including at least the following safe operating practices: (i) Keep all guards in place when the machine is in operation; (ii) Permit no riders on farm eld equipment other than persons required for instruction or assistance in machine operation; (iii) Stop engine, disconnect the power source, and wait for all machine movement to stop before servicing, adjusting, cleaning, or unclogging the equipment, except where the machine must be running to be properly serviced or maintained, in which case the employer shall instruct employees as to all steps and procedures which are necessary to safely service or maintain the equipment;

105

(iv) Make sure everyone is clear of machinery before starting the engine, engaging power, or operating the machine; (v) Lock out electrical power before performing maintenance or service on farmstead equipment. (d) Cotton ginning equipment. (1) Power transmission components. (viii) In power plants and power development rooms where access is limited to authorized personnel, guard railings may be used in place of guards or guarding by location. Authorized employees having access to power plants and power development rooms shall be instructed in the safe operation and maintenance of the equipment in accordance with paragraph (a)(6) of this section. 1928.21Applicability of Standards in 29 CFR Part 1910 (a) The following standards in part 1910 of this Chapter shall apply to agricultural operations: (1) Temporary labor camps1910.142; [e.g. 1910.142(k) First aid. (k)(1) Adequate rst aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons. (2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer rst aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times.] (2) Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia1910.111(a) and (b); [e.g. 1910.111 Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia. (b)(13)(ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable procedures.] (a)(3) Logging Operations1910.266; [See standard requirements provided in earlier section (General Industry Training Requirements)] (4) Slow-moving vehicles1910.145. [e.g. 1910.145(c) Classication of signs according to use. (c)(1)(ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary. 1910.145(f) Accident prevention tags. (f)(4)(v) All employees shall be informed as to the meaning of the various tags used throughout the workplace and what special precautions are necessary.] (5) Hazard communication1910.1200. [See standard requirements provided in earlier section (General Industry Training Requirements)] (6) Cadmium1910.1027. [See standard requirements provided in earlier section (General Industry Training Requirements)] (7) Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels1910.1201. [1910.1201(c) Markings, placards and labels shall be maintained in a manner that ensures that they are readily visible.] (b) Except to the extent specied in paragraph (a) of this section, the standards contained in Subparts B through T and Subpart Z of part 1910 of this title do not apply to agricultural operations.

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Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training and Other Resources
OSHA Publications and Audiovisual Programs, OSHA 2019, OSHA Publications Distribution Ofce, U.S. Department of Labor, Room N-3101, Washington, DC 20210. Chemical Hazard Communication, OSHA 3084, OSHA Publications Distribution Ofce, U.S. Department of Labor, Room N-3101, Washington, DC 20210. Schedule and Registration Instructions, OSHA Training Institute, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018. OSHA Safety and Health Training Guidelines for General Industry (PB-239-310/AS), National Technical Information Service, Springeld, VA 22161. OSHA Safety and Health Training Guidelines for Maritime Employment (PB-239311/AS), National Technical Information Service, Springeld, VA 22161. OSHA Safety and Health Training Guidelines for Construction (PB-239-312/AS), National Technical Information Service, Springeld, VA 22161. Kirkpatrick, Donald L., A Practical Guide for Supervisory Training and Development, Pages 158161, 1983, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA 01867. Mager, Robert F., Preparing Instructional Objectives, 1984, Second Edition, David S. Lake Publishers, 19 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002. Supervisors Safety Manual, 1991, Seventh Edition, National Safety Council, Chicago, IL 60611. 1994 Reference List of Audiovisual Materials, National Audiovisual Center, Washington, DC 20409.

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The following industry guides are available from the N.C. Department of Labors Occupational Safety and Health Division: 1#1. A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces 1#2. A Guide to Procedures of the N.C. Safety and Health Review Commission (downloadable PDF ONLY) 1#3. A Guide to Machine Safeguarding 1#4. A Guide to OSHA in North Carolina 1#5. A Guide for Persons Employed in Cotton Dust Environments (downloadable PDF ONLY) 1#6. A Guide to Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry (downloadable PDF ONLY) 1#7. A Guide to Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace 1#8. A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards 1#9. A Guide to Ergonomics #10. A Guide to Farm Safety and Health (downloadable PDF ONLY) #11. A Guide to Radio Frequency Hazards With Electric Detonators (downloadable PDF ONLY) #12. A Guide to Forklift Operator Training #13. A Guide to the Safe Storage of Explosive Materials (downloadable PDF ONLY) #14. A Guide to the OSHA Excavations Standard #15. A Guide to Developing and Maintaining an Effective Hearing Conservation Program #16. A Guide to Construction Jobsite Safety and Health/Gua de Seguridad y Salud para el Trabajo de Construccin #17. A Guide to Asbestos for Industry #18. A Guide to Electrical Safety #19. A Guide to Occupational Exposure to Wood, Wood Dust and Combustible Dust Hazards (downloadable PDF ONLY) #20. A Guide to Cranes and Derricks #23. A Guide to Working With Electricity #25. A Guide to Personal Protective Equipment #26. A Guide to Manual Materials Handling and Back Safety #27. A Guide to the Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) #28. A Guide to Eye Wash and Safety Shower Facilities #29. A Guide to Safety and Health in Feed and Grain Mills (downloadable PDF ONLY) #30. A Guide to Working With Corrosive Substances (downloadable PDF ONLY) #31. A Guide to Formaldehyde (downloadable PDF ONLY) #32. A Guide to Fall Prevention in Industry #32s. Gua de Prevencin de las Cadas en la Industria (Spanish version of #32) #33. A Guide to Office Safety and Health (downloadable PDF ONLY) #34. A Guide to Safety and Health in the Poultry Industry (downloadable PDF ONLY) #35. A Guide to Preventing Heat Stress #38. A Guide to Safe Scaffolding #40. A Guide to Emergency Action Planning #41. A Guide to OSHA for Small Businesses in North Carolina #41s. Gua OSHA para Pequeos Negocios en Carolina del Norte (Spanish version of #41) #42. A Guide to Transportation Safety #43. A Guide to Combustible Dusts #44. A Guide to Respiratory Protection

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

Sources of Information
You may call 1-800-NC-LABOR (1-800-625-2267) to reach any division of the N.C. Department of Labor; or visit the NCDOL home page on the World Wide Web: http://www.nclabor.com. N.C. Occupational Safety and Health Division Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor) Local Telephone: (919) 807-2900 Fax: (919) 807-2856 For information concerning education, training and interpretations of occupational safety and health standards contact: Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 4th Floor) Telephone: (919) 807-2875 Fax: (919) 807-2876 For information concerning occupational safety and health consultative services and safety awards programs contact: Consultative Services Bureau Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor) Telephone: (919) 807-2899 Fax: (919) 807-2902 For information concerning migrant housing inspections and other related activities contact: Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor) Telephone: (919) 807-2923 Fax: (919) 807-2924 For information concerning occupational safety and health compliance contact: Safety and Health Compliance District Offices Raleigh District Office (3801 Lake Boone Trail, Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27607) Telephone: (919) 779-8570 Fax: (919) 420-7966 Asheville District Office (204 Charlotte Highway, Suite B, Asheville, NC 28803-8681) Telephone: (828) 299-8232 Fax: (828) 299-8266 Charlotte District Office (901 Blairhill Road, Suite 200, Charlotte, NC 28217-1578) Telephone: (704) 665-4341 Fax: (704) 665-4342 Winston-Salem District Office (4964 University Parkway, Suite 202, Winston-Salem, NC 27106-2800) Telephone: (336) 776-4420 Fax: (336) 776-4422 Wilmington District Office (1200 N. 23rd St., Suite 205, Wilmington, NC 28405-1824) Telephone: (910) 251-2678 Fax: (910) 251-2654 ***To make an OSHA Complaint, OSH Complaint Desk: (919) 807-2796*** For statistical information concerning program activities contact: Planning, Statistics and Information Management Bureau Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor) Telephone: (919) 807-2950 Fax: (919) 807-2951 For information about books, periodicals, vertical files, videos, films, audio/slide sets and computer databases contact: N.C. Department of Labor Library Mailing Address: Physical Location: 1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St. Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 (Old Revenue Building, 5th Floor) Telephone: (919) 807-2848 Fax: (919) 807-2849 N.C. Department of Labor (Other than OSH) 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Telephone: (919) 733-7166 Fax: (919) 733-6197