QMU

29/12/12 1. Which of the following is true about urinary bladder a. Hollow muscular organ acting as reservoir for urine b. It has one ligament, median umbilical ligament c. In adults it is a pelvic organ d. All of the above 2. Which of the following is true about urinary bladder trigone a. Contains smooth muscle called superficial trigonal muscle b. It has smooth surface c. It is more vascular, sensitive and elastic than other mucosa d. All of the above 3. Which of the following statements is true about interureteric bar a. Small rounded elevation that lies immediately behind internal uretheral opening b. It is caused by protrusion of underlying middle lobe of the prostate c. It is raised transversed ridge between the two uretheric orifices d. All the above 4. Male urethera is S shaped duct about 20 cm ( or 8 inches ) in length. T/F 5. Which of the following statements is not true about female urethera a. It is about 4 cm long b. Less dilatable than male urethera c. Its upper part is surrounded by spinchter urethrae d. All of the above

Answer: d,d,c,t,b TUBULAR MAXIMA The glucose tubular maximum is A. B. C. The maximum amount of glucose in mg which can be reabsorbed per hour The maximum amount of glucose in mg which can be secreted per minute The maximum amount of glucose in mg which can be reabsorbed per minute

D.

The maximum amount of glucose in mg which can be secreted per hour

The Paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) tubular maximum is A. B. C. D. The maximum amount of PAH in mg which can be reabsorbed per hour The maximum amount of PAH in mg which can be secreted per minute The maximum amount of PAH in mg which can be reabsorbed per minute The maximum amount of PAH in mg which can be secreted per hour

At glucose critical or threshold level (about 180 mg%), maximum absorbing capacity of tubules on glucose is reached. A. B. True False

At glucose level 100mg/100ml, no glucose is excreted in urine. What happen to the excretion of glucose if the glucose level is 120 mg/100 ml? A. B. C. D. No glucose is excreted 20 mg of glucose will be excreted 20% of glucose from filtration will be excreted All glucose will be excreted

Tubular maxima of Paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) is equal to A. B. C. D. 7.5 mg/min 75 mg/min 75 ml/min 75 mg/ml

Protein carriers for glucose reabsorption is limited and equally distributed between nephrons in both kidneys. A. B. True False

Answers: C, B, B, A, B, B

30/12/12

1.in the ureter, what is the cause of folding mucosa in the empty state?(m/s 43) A.it has the lining epithelium, called urothelium B.the epithelium rest on an indistinct corrugated basement membrane C.it is supported by loose areolar lamina propria rich in elastic fibers D.the ureter has stellate shaped,narrow lumen

2.what is the main function of musculosa of ureter?(m/s 43) A.slow peristaltic contractions forcing urine in unidirectional pulses down into bladder. B.it cause folding of mucosa in the empty state C.contain blood vessels,lymphatics and nerves D. reservoir for urine before being discharged through terminal urinary passage

3. arrange the correct order of urinary passage below(m/s 43)

A. renal pelvis - major calyces - minor calyces ureters B. renal pelvis - major calyces ureters - minor calyces C.minor calyces major calyces renal pelvis ureters D. major calyces - minor calyces - renal pelvis ureters.

4.what is osmotic barrier(urinary bladder barrier)?(m/s 46)

A.barrier between diluted hypertonic urine in the lumen of the bladder and the interstitial tissue of the bladder B. barrier between concentrated hypotonic urine in the lumen of the bladder and the interstitial tissue of the bladder C. barrier between concentrated hypertonic urine in the lumen of the ureter and the interstitial tissue of the bladder D. barrier between concentrated hypertonic urine in the lumen of the bladder and the interstitial tissue of the bladder

5.which of the following epithelium lining female urethra is true?(m/s 47) A. transitional epithelium at the end B.pseudostratified columnar at the beginnig C.stratified squamos epithelium at the end D.pyramidal epithelium in the middle

Answers: C,A,C,D,C

PHYSIOLOGY 30 DECEMBER 2012 Questions:

1. All are true regarding osmolality EXCEPT: A. B. Normal osmolality is about 300 osmoles per kilogram water. Posm = osmolality of electrocytes + osmolality of glucose + osmolality of urea.

C. D.

Osmolality of the filtrate is isotonic and similar to plasma. A measure of the total concentration of discrete solute particles in solution.

2. All are true about diluting mechanism EXCEPT: A. Osmolality of fluid in ascending limb of LH decrease progressively to about 100 milliosmoles per Kg water. B. Active absorption of Na+ and 2ndry active absorption of Cl- and K+ at thick portion of LH and 1st segment of DCT. C. Late DCT and CD are impermeable to H2O when ADH is present.

D. Absorption of solutes at distal segment of tubules and failure of reabsorption of H2O.

3. Concentrating mechanism is as the following EXCEPT: A. B. C. Also called counter-current multiplier mechanism. A system which inflow runs parallel, counter to, and adjacent to the outflow. Depends on special anatomical arrangement of LH and VR.

D. 1st step in concentration urine is to create hyperosmolarity of medullary tubular fluid.

4. Regarding solute-concentrating mechanism, all are true EXCEPT: A. At thick portion of ascending limb of LH, active transport of Na+ and 2ndry active transport of Cl- and K+ into medullary interstitial fluid are occur. B. Active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- at thin ascending limb of LH according to medullary gradient cause reabsorption of H2O. C. Reabsorption of urea from the inner medullary part of the CD helped by ADH.

D. Active reabsorption of Na+ from the CD into medullary interstitial fluid associated with electrogenic passive absorption of Cl-.

5. True statement is: A. In late DCT and CD, passive absorption of Na+ and Cl- occur.

B. In late DCT and CD, osmolality of interstitial fluid decreases as 65-70 milliosmoles per Kg H2O by the time it enters the CD and leaves as urine. C. Hemodilution cause dilution of urine due to increase H2O and increase ADH.

D. Counter-current multiplier mechanism cause multiplies or increases the osmolarity of the renal cortical interstitial fluid. E. When ADH is high, epithelium of the late part of DCT and CD becomes highly permeable to H2O.

Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A C D B E

31/12/12

QMU 1)Q: carbonic anyhydrase inhibitor cause increase ph in PCT ? true or false A:true 2)loop diuretics are naturitic ? true or false A:True 3)thiazide act on PCT and colecting tubule only .true or false ?

A:false 4)acetazolamide decrease secretion of HCO3 in CSF? true or false ? A:true 5)decrease ph of urine due to drugs intake can cause formation of renal stone? true or false ? A:false

Concentrating mechanism for kidney The medullary blood flow characteristic for maintaining high solute concentration in medulla interstitium constant is : A. It is permeable to solute not to water

B. Have higher osmolality than medullary interstitial at the descending limb in vasa recta C. D. Medullary blood flow is very small in quantity Also known as counter current multiplier mechanism

The most important cause to retain high solute in medullary interstitial occurring in thick ascending limb loop of henle is : A. Active transport Na and passive transport chloride and K into medullary interstitial B. Passive transport Na and chloride into medullary interstitial

C. Active transport of Na and secondary active transport chloride and K into medullary interstitial D. Its anatomical position between loop of henle and vasa recta

Which of the following is true: A. The purpose of counter current mechanism is to create hyperosmolality of medullary interstitial fluid B. To maintain diluting mechanism of kidney for its equilibrium

C.

Concentrating urine mechanism also known as counter current multiplier

D. The epithelium of late part of distal convoluted and collecting ducts is not permeable to water even in the present of vasopressin Which of the following is true : A. Active reabsorption of Na only occur at thick ascending limb Loop of Henle and collecting duct for counter current multiplier mechanism B. All transporting mechanism required carrier protein

C. Counter current mechanism will be activated if we drink lots of water in normal people D. Nothing interesting down here

A counter current mechanism is : A. Used for defense mechanism against antigen

B. Depends on special anatomical arrangement of Loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries C. D. A system which the inflow runs parallel , counter to, and adjacent to the outflow Passive reabsorption of Na occur at thin descending loop of henle

Answers: 1C, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5C

1/1/13 1)Which drugs can be used for glaucoma? a)chlorothiazide and torsemide b)eplerenone and acetazolamide c)furosemide and mannitol d)acetazolamide and mannitol

2)which drug may cause hypersensitivity?

a)mannitol b)spironolactone c)hydrochlorothiazide d) triamferene 3)whats the different mechanisms in potassium sparing agents? a)inhibit atpase and k channel absorption b)inhibit na channel and aldosterone antagonist c)inhibit na/cl transporter and inhibit na/K/2Cl cotransporter d)decrease intraocular and intracranial pressure 4)which drug can be used for treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? a)hydrochlorothiazide b)eplerenone c)mannitol d)furosemide 5)what is the main side effect of hydrochlorothiazide? a)hypoglycaemia b)hypocalcemia c) hyperuricaemia d)hyperkalemia

FROM PAGE 27 TO PAGE 29

1. The phosphate buffer system is more effective in ECF than in ICF

Answer : False 2. The kidney though the most powerful requires several hours to several days to readjust the hydrogen ion concentration. Answer : True 3. Acidosis is present when arterial pH falls below .. and alkalosis when the arterial pH rises above .. a) 7.40 . 7.42 b) 7.38 . 7.40 c) 7.38 . 7.42 d) 7.36 . 7.38 Answer : C 4. The phosphate buffer system is effective in buffering the tubular fluid in the kidney because : a) The pH of the ECF is more acidic than the pH of the tubular fluid. b) Phosphate become greatly concentrated in the tubular fluid due to the reabsorption of water in excess of phosphate. c) A & B Answer : B 5. The defense mechanisms against changes in hydrogen ion concentration are included : a) Acid-base buffer system in body fluids b) The respiratory system c) The kidney d) A & C e) All of the above Answer : E

2/1/13

GLOMERULAR NEPHRITIS

Functions of mesangial cell are: I. II. III. IV. phagocytosing foreign antigen supporting endothelial cells antigen presenting cell contractility

A. B. C. D. E.

I only I and II only I, II and III only Not all of the above All of the above

The type of cells(antigen) which causing antigen-antibody complexes for in situ complexes is/are?

A. B. C. D.

Glomerular cells Both glomerular and non-glomerular cells Non-glomerular cells Foreign antigens

The waste products passing from the blood into the Bowmans space in sequence :

I. II. III.

basement membrane fenestrae slit-like space

A. B. C. D.

III-II-I I-II-III II-I-III III-I-II

The pathological Glomerulonephritis can be diagnosed most accurately by several method except :

A. B. C. D.

Fluorescene microscopy Direct observation on kidneys Electron microscopy Light microscopy

The fate of immune deposits if there are repeated exposure of antigen :

A. B. C. D.

progressive glomerulosclerosis acute glomerulonephritis progressive glomerulonephritis amyloidosis

Answers:

E, B, C, B, C

ACID BASE BALANCE 2 What is the mechanisms that is used by the kidney to regulate the P (HCO-3 ) in the blood? A. B. C. D. Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate Secretion of hydrogen ion Generation of new bicarbonate Both A and C

All of the following statement is true about the respiratory regulation of acid base balance except? A. The lungs regulate the pH by regulating the partial pressure of CO2 in the venous blood B. Respiratory regulation of the pH is effective but almost never completed

C.

Respiratory control returns the hydrogen ion concentration to 50-70% to normal

D. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration inside the CSF will stimulate the chemoreceptor in medulla oblongata which will then stimulate ventilation

Choose the correct answer about renal regulation of pH? A. The most effective buffer system

B. Regulate the pH by regulating the concentration of CO2 in plasma and secretion of hydrogen ion C. D. The slowest buffer system All of the above

Which of the following statement is true about ammonia as a buffer? A. Ammonia is a highly effective buffer

B. Synthesized in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and distal nephron and is secreted into the tubular fluid C. D. Highly lipid soluble and can passively diffuse across the cellular membrane All of the above

Which of the following answer is not true about the process of reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate? A. B. C. D. The limiting pH for reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate to occur is 6.9 Occurs in distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct Occurs in the presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme Occurs in proximal convoluted tubule only D A B D B

Answer:

3/3/13

PATHOLOGY.(3/1)

1. Azotemia is elevation of: a. Serum creatinine level b. Blood urea nitrogen c. Blood pressure d. a and b

2. Acute nephritic syndrome is characterized by the following except: a. Oligouria b. Hypertension c. Mild edema d. Hypercholesterolemia and lipiduria

3. Which one of these is the LM picture of the acute nephritic syndrome? a. Large epithelial deposits(humps) b. Granular deposits of IgG and c3 along capillary wall c. Increase in mesengial cells & infiltration by neutrophils

4. Hypertension in acute nephritic syndrome is caused by? a. Fluid retention b. Inflammatory reaction

c. Renin released d. a and c

5. Clinical picture of acute nephritic syndrome except? a. Gross hematuria b. Proteinuria c. low serum complement level d. Low titer of ASO in serum

physiology 1. All the following are the causes of metabolic alkalosis except a. Excessive vomiting of gastric content b. Excessive intake of alkaline drug c. Hypoaldosteronism d. Hyperaldosteronism 2. What is the total water output per day a. 2000-3000 ml/day b. 2050-3050 ml/day c. 2100-2300 ml/day d. 2100-3400 ml/day 3. All the following controlled the secretion of adh except a. AV3V region b. Supraoptic nuclei c. Preoptic hypothalamus d. Paraventricular nuclei 4. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of acute nephrotic syndrome a. Hematuria b. Mild edema c. Oliguria d. Hypotension 5. Which one has the good prognosis with acute nephritic syndrome

a. b. c. d.

Children with crescents Children without crescents Adult with crescent None of the above