NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel

WS 2010/11 Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
1 Propagation Eects 1.1 Question 1
Calculate the maximal Doppler shift, when a mobile phone user (D-Netz, 900MHz) travels with a velocity of 120km/h in a car. The maximal Doppler shift is obtained when the mobile receiver travels towards the transmitter:

f D = f0

= 900 106

100 3

3 108

= 100 Hz

1.2 Question 2
The output signal for the time-variant channel is dened as:
+

g(t) =

h(, t)s(t )d

(1)

Figure 1: Time-variant impulse response (s)

Figure 2: Time-variant impulse response (s)

1.2.1 Question 2.a

A time-variant impulse response is depicted in Fig.1. Calculate the output signal g(t) when at time t = 0 a Dirac impulse (t) is sent. Using Eq.(1), the output signal is dened by:

g(t) = h(t, t)
One can nally obtains:

t (s) g

0 1

1 0, 8

2 0, 4

3 0, 5

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
The impulse response now is given in Fig.2, which has different axis label compared to Fig.1. How can we approximate the output signal for the same input signal (t). The channel gain values do not change fast compared to the delay times: one could cosider the channel as timeinvariant with respect to the input signal duration and the received signal is then equal to the impulse response for t=0.

g(t)

(t) + 0, 9(t 1s) + 0, 8(t 2s) + 0, 7(t 3s)

2 Model for the Mobile Radio Channel Implementation in COST-model Question 3

Suppose we simulate the mobile radio channel in an urban area with poor propagation conditions. According to COST 207 arrangements, this channel can be modeled as follows: for simplicity, 5 main paths are assumed to be available, with corresponding delay time 1 = 0s, 2 = 0, 5s, 3 = 1s, 4 = 3s and 5 = 6s. The model is sketched in Fig.3.

Figure 3: Filter model with parameter. How can we dene and implement each factor Zm (t)? According to the model for Rice- and Rayleigh-fading (see Fig.4), each factor Zm (t) can be computed from a ltered 1 white Gaussian process with power 2 2 . The transfer function of the lter is dened as the Jakes characteristic: m

HF m( f ) =

Sm ( f d )

Figure 4: Model for Rice- and Rayleigh-fading. What information is necessary for the channel modeling? To model this frequency-selective channel it is necessary to know the standard deviation, the Rice factor and it is also

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
needed to have information about inner statistical relation (i.e the power spectral density). According to COST 207 arrangements, determine all necessary parameters for every path and specify the form of the required lters. Convert the quantities in dB to linear voltage values. Using the given power delay prole (PDP) for the bad urban environment, the following parameters are obtained:

Path 1 2 3 4 5

(s) 0 0, 5 1 3 6

DPS J akes J akes/Gauss1 Gauss1 Gauss2 Gauss2

P DPdB 0 2, 2 4, 2 12, 8 7, 63

P DPlinear 1 0, 603 0, 380 0, 052 0, 173

3 Experiment Procedure 3.1 Demonstration Software in MATLAB 3.1.1 Simulation of the Two-path model with zwtgui.m
Preparation question 1 Use zwtgui.m to create 3 plots. Explain the received signal level briey and give some reasons for the process characteristics. The Matlab le draws the evolution of the amplitude of the received signal with time as the receiver is moving. The Fig.5, 6 and 7 show the obtained results for different velocity and direction.

Figure 5: Two-path model: receiver moving at 40m/s and with an angle of 45 . The signal sent by the transmitter is received at the receiver along two different paths: one direct path and a second path coming from the reection on the ground (reector). As the receiver is moving the level of the received signal meets a maximum value created by good reception condition (small distance to the transmitter, constructive interference of the to paths). When the receiver is going away from the transmitter the level decreases due to free-space attenuation and worse reception conditions. The uctuations of the signal express its time-dependency due to the movement of the mobile and the fading characteristic due to the multipath effects.

3.1.2 Simulation of the N-path model and statistical evaluation with nweggui.m
Preparation question 2 Create four plots with different paths. Change the presence of a dominant path and vary also its amplitude. Specify the calculated probability density functions for every plot. What will happen if we change the parameter number of paths? Are the simulated paths in the system main paths or sub-paths?

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 6: Two-path model: receiver moving at 80m/s and with an angle of 45 .

Figure 7: Two-path model: receiver moving at 40m/s and with an angle of 20 .

The presence of a dominant path transforms the probability density function of the amplitude and the phase of the received signal. Fig.8 shows the case of a NLOS transmission: the amplitude is Rayleigh distributed and the phase is uniform since the real and imaginary parts are both zero-mean Gaussian distributed. Fig.9 shows the case of transmission with a dominant path: the probability density function of the amplitude is Rician and the phase does not have a uniform distribution anymore. The real and imaginary part are no more zero-mean.

3.2 Simulation Program 3.2.1 Rayleigh-fading

Statistical Parameter in Rayleigh-fading A-1 The autocorrelation function shows only a non-zero value at the origin: the two processes X and Y have their consecutive values uncorrelated. A-2 The power spectral density is nearly constant for all frequency: the psd is therefore white. A-3 The value of the PSD is related to the power of the signal and corresonds therefore to 2 . A-4 The processes X and Y have a Gaussian probability density function, |Z| is Rayleigh distributed and (Z) is uniformly distributed.

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 8: Results for the NLOS case.

Figure 9: Results for the LOS case.

Impact of Standard Deviation B-1 By realizing a simulation with a higher standard deviation, the two processes X and Y (and therefore |Z|) will have wider and atter probability density function. The value taken by these two processes will then be larger (see Fig.10, 11, 12, 13). The phase remains unaltered though.

Figure 10: Process X for two dierent

Figure 11: PDF of X for two dierent

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 12: PDF of |Z| for two dierent Impact of Doppler Frequency

Figure 13: PDF of for two dierent

C-1 Using GSM, a Doppler frequency of 50Hz corresponds to a velocity of 60km/h. C-2 The autocorrelation function are non-zero for some points: there exists a correlation between consecutive points of the processes (see Fig.14).

Figure 14: Autocorrelation of the process X in case of Rayleigh fading and 50Hz Doppler shift. C-3 The PSD is now close to a Jakes spectrum with maxima located at 50Hz and -50Hz (see Fig.15). C-4 For an increasing Doppler frequency, the processes X and Y are changing faster. The statistical properties stay nevertheless the same and the probability density function of X , Y and remain unaltered. C-5 In the complex plane, the locus of the curves for two different Doppler frequency stay the same but the higher the frequency the faster the movement in the plane (see Fig.16).

3.2.2 Rice-fading
Relationship between Rayleigh- and Rice-fading D-1 To obtain a phase of 135 the parameters to chose are: mX = 0.707 and mY = 0.707. These correspond respectively to the cosine and the sine of the phase. D-2 By using the complex plane one can see that the Rician process is not centered at the origin but is shifted at 135 (see Fig.17).

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 15: PSD in case of Rayleigh fading and 50Hz Doppler shift.

Figure 16: Complex plane for two dierent Doppler frequencies (50 and 200 Hz).

Figure 17: Complex plane for a Rayleigh and Rician process.

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
D-3 Compared to the Rayleigh case, the PDF of the processes X and Y are shifted by a mean value and their autocorrelation functions are shifted in amplitude (see Fig.18 and 19). The PDF of the amplitude is moreover now a Rician distribution (see Fig.20).

Figure 18: PDF of X for Rayleigh and Rice channels

Figure 19: ACF of |Z| for Rayleigh and Rice channels

Figure 20: PDF of |Z| for Rayleigh and Rice channels. D-4 To obtain an ideal channel we need to have a direct path with a channel coecient of one. In the case of the Rice fading it can therefore be achieved by choosing: mX = 1, mY = 0, = 0 (see the output on Fig.21). D-5 In the complex plane the signal is oscillating between two values (+1 and -1) on the x-axis. D-6 By adding a standard deviation and a Doppler frequency some distortions can be seen in the output signal (see Fig.21) and the oscillations are not kept on the x-axis in the complex plane.

3.2.3 Lognormal-fading
E-1 For = 0d B the lognormal fading is equivalent to a Rayleigh fading. E-2 This lognormal fading can be represented by a Rayleigh fading process without Doppler frequency shift and with a standard deviation such that: = 2 1 2 0.353

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 21: Binary rectangular signals in case of ideal channel and in case of = 0.2 and f Doppler = 100Hz . E-3 By increasing the standard deviation of the lognormal fading the uctuation of X and Y become larger as in B-1.

3.2.4 Frequency Selective fading

Time-invariant impulse response F-1 The delayed impulse is multiplied by a coefcient Z = X + jY . To obtain the wanted attenuation we set the two coefcient for the real and imaginary part as follows:

Path 1 2 3

dela y 3s 8s 12s

at t enuat ion (d B) 0d B 6d B 12d B

coe f f icient (l inear)

1 2 1 2 2 1 4 2

F-2 The output signal corresponds to the impulse response (see Fig.22).

Figure 22: Impulse response for the three-path frequency selective channel. F-3 One denes the new parameters and obtain the Fig.23. The inverse of the largest delay time gives information on the coherence bandwidth of the channel.

NKTP: Mobile Radio Channel Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 23: Impulse response for two three-path frequency selective channel.

Time-varying impulse response G-1 Refering to the values obtained in the Question 3 of part 2 we obtain the following impulse response on Fig.24.

Figure 24: Snapshot of Time-varying impulse response. G-2 Comparing the cases for two different values of Doppler frequency (see Fig.25), the case with the lower Doppler shift changes more slowly in time.

Figure 25: Snapshot of Time-varying impulse response for two dierent f Doppler .

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