NKTP: Digital Modulation

WS 2010/11 Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
1 State Diagrams
Sketch the vector diagram of the /4-DPSK. The vector diagram of this modulation scheme looks as follows:

Figure 1: Vector diagram of the /4-DPSK. By geometrical consideration, determine the ratio of the minimum signal power to the maximum signal power. The distances between two points of the modulation constellation always take two values, their ratio is:

Pmin Pma x

Pmin 2 Pmin
2 2 Pmin

1 3

4. What are the advantages of /4-DPSK compared to normal DPSK? The /4-DPSK modulation scheme does not cross the origin (zero-power point). It therefore brings an advantage for the further use of an amplier. Moreover a phase-shift is always guaranteed so the clock recovery is easier.

2 Eye-pattern and Transmit Filter

1. Sketch the eye-diagram of 2-ASK and 4-ASK for one symbol duration (Eye-diagrams can be recognized quite well if the fade-out time (die Nachleuchtdauer) in the DISPLAY-menu of the oscilloscope is increased.) The eye-diagrams of the 2-ASK and 4-ASK modulation schemes are respectively represented on the Fig.2 and Fig.3.

Figure 2: Eye-diagram for 2-ASK 2. How large is the symbol duration Ts ? By measuring with the oscilloscope the obtained values are:

Figure 3: Eye-diagram for 4-ASK

Ts (2ASK) = 84 s ; Ts (4ASK) = 24, 6 s

NKTP: Digital Modulation Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani
3. Are the Nyquist-criteria I and II satised? In both of the preceeding cases the eyes are opened vertically and horizontally. The two Nyquist criteria are fullled. 4. Now change the roll-off factor r of the transmit lter. How does the eye-diagram change meanwhile? By decreasing the roll-off factor the eye-diagram is closing in the horizontal direction. The second Nyquist criterion is not fullled anymore. 5. How does it behave with the Nyquist-theorems when r < 1? For r<1, the second Nyquist criterion is not fullled but the rst criterion remains valid: the maximum is still obtained at time t = 0. 6. How should the eye-diagram look like theoretically when r = 0? Why does it not look like that? For r=0 the pulse shaping lter is supposed to be a sinc-function and the eye should be completely closed. Due to causality and the problems of real implementation, an opening will always remain.

3 The Signals in Frequency Domain

1. Sketch roughly the course of spectra for roll-off factors r = 0 and r = 1. The two spectra are sketched in the Fig.4 and Fig.5.

Figure 4: Spectrum for r=0 2. How big is the bandwidth of the transmit lter (r = 0)? The 3dB-bandwith is measured, for the case r=0, at approximatively 6kHz.

Figure 5: Spectrum for r=1

3. What is the frequency, f0 ,of the carrier signal? By setting the transmitter to passband the spectrum analyzer shos the frequency shift due to the carrier signal. We measure a value of 11,3 kHz.

4 The Receiver
Determine the frequency offset between the transmitter and the receiver. At which angle phi does the state diagram rotate for one symbol? Using 2-ASK modulation scheme the constellation is rotating of 180 in 2,6s. Therefore the frequency offset for one symbol is: f = 0, 38 Hz The phase-offset is then: = 2 f T = 59 106 r ad

5 Bite Error Measurement

1. Record the bit error rates at 4-PSK for E b /N0 {0..11}. Pay attention to the correct Bits/Symbol-setting in the channel simulator. Plot the measured curve in the given sheet. 2. Repeat the measurement for 4-DPSK with E b /N0 {0..11}. Do not forget to push the NLM-button on the channel simulator before the measurements. Plot this curve on the given sheet as well. The experimental results are drawn on the Fig.6.

NKTP: Digital Modulation Group 01: Said Omerbegovic, Daniel de Abreu, Syed Razi Haider Gilani

Figure 6: BER for 4-PSK and /4-DPSK.

3. How much should the signal-to-noise-ratio of 4-DPSK be increased with respect to 4-PSK in order to achieve the same bit error rate? How can this difference be explained? Is the 4-DPSK demodulated coherently or incoherently? There is approximatively a 3dB gain for the BER of the 4-PSK scheme compared to the 4-DPSK. This difference comes from the fact that 4-DPSK is a differential modultation scheme. In fact one could represent the estimated signal as the ratio between two successive received information:

Rn =

Rn R n1

This implies that the inuence of the noise is doubled creating a 3dB shift in the BER curve. The 4-DPSK scheme requires an incoherent demodulation method.