WCDMA Overview WCDMA Overview

1
OutIine OutIine
ntroduction
What is different from GSM
Basic Concept of 3G (UTRAN)
WCDMA Coverage & Capacity
Core network Architecture and Evolution
HSDPA Basics
2
Introduction
Mobile networks established in mid 80's
t is widely recognized that there are three different generations as far as
Mobile communications is concerned.
The first generation, 1G Speech
The Second generation, 2G Speech+ Data
The Third Generation, 3G Speech+ High Data Speed

voIution from 2G to G
Basic GSM and VAS are basically meant to produce "mass
services for mass people but due to requirements raised from
end-users, more individual type of services is required.
3G introduces the new radio access method, WCDMA. 3G introduces the new radio access method, WCDMA.
WCDMA and its variants are global. WCDMA and its variants are global.

voIution from 2G to G

GSM and WCDMA Comparison

Separate users through different codes
Continuous transmission and reception
Code planning No Frequency Planning
Variable Cell Radius: Cell Breathing
Radio Link: 1 UE <-> Many Node-B's
Power is Capacity
Scrambling Code Planning
Hard/Soft/Softer Handover
Orthogonal in time within a cell
Time Slot Synchronization in time
Frequency planning
"Fixed Cell Radius
Radio Link: 1 MS <-> 1 RBS
# of Frequencies limit capacity
BSC Planning
Hard Handover
GSM
WCDMA
BTS
NodeB
BSC
RNC
MS
U

GSM Radio Access Network

Core Network
BSC
BSC
A/Gb
Abis
Um
BTS
BTS
BTS
MS

WCDMA Radio Access Network

u= u PS - Gb
u CS - A
Core Network
RNC
RNC
u
ur
ub
Uu
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
UE
UTRAN
Core Network

DeveIopment process for G

The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalization
process of the mobile communication. Again there are national
and regional interests involved and difficulties can be foreseen.

What is WCDMA.....
Wide Band Code Division Multiple Access is a third
generation mobile communication system. t's a wireless
system where the telecommunication, datacom & media
industry converge and is based on a Layered Architecture.
Convergence: Convergence:
1. User Service convergence
2. Device convergence
3. Network convergence
10
Yesterday
SingIe-Service networks
D
a
t
a
/
I
P

N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
P
L
M
N
P
S
T
N
/
I
S
D
N
Services
Access Transport & Switching Networks
Servers
Clients
IP Network
Access
Access
Tomorrow
MuIti-Service networks
From SingIe- to MuIti-Service Networks
11
Layered Architecture
The architecture of telecommunication networks, whether
wireless or wire line has changed and they are now split into
several horizontal layers that are more or less independent of
each other.
AppIications
Layer
ControI
Layer
MSC-S HLR
GGSN
GMSC/Transit
SG
Connectivity
Layer
GSM/ DG
Access
WCDMA
Access
M-MGW
M-MGW
Internet
Intranet
PSTN
ISDN
SGSN
12
MuItipIe Access
The cellular concept approaches the capacity limitation in
terms of system coverage. Therefore, it does not alone help
the per-cell capacity limitation as far as the simultaneous users
are in question. From radio spectrum standpoint, it is extremely
important how the radio resources are allocated to the
simultaneous users.
Numbers of multiple accesses have been developed to combat
the problem of simultaneous radio access allocation to the
access requesters.
The main aspect of any multiple access scheme is the strategy
how the available frequency band is allocated.
1
Different Approaches
1
WCDMA Band
From 3G point of view, it has been decided (in mid-1999 by OHG) that there
will be three CDMA variants in use. Those are:
DS-WCDMA-FDD: Direct Sequence- Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access - Frequency Division Duplex
Uplink: 1920 -1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110 -2170 MHz
Duplex Distance: 190 MHz
DS-WCDMA-TDD: Direct Sequence- Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access Time Division Duplex
Lower Band: 1900 -1920 MHz
Upper Band: 2010 -2025 MHz
MC-CDMA: Multi Carrier - Code Division Multiple Access
It was chosen for private indoor services
1
WCDMA Bandwidth
n WCDMA, the data stream of the base station transmitter handles in
downlink direction represents the traffic from the network to the
terminal. This traffic uses several channels in the Uu interface. n the
Uu interface the effective bandwidth for WCDMA is 3.84 MHz and
with guard bands the required bandwidth is 5 MHz.
1
WCDMA at a gIance
1
WCDMA Frequency aIIocations
1
Basic Concept
The principIes of WCDMA technique are based on Spread
Spectrum.
1
Spread Spectrum
The main advantages of the spread spectrum are:
ts resistance to radio interference and jamming.
t lowers the probability of intercept by an adversary.
ts resistance to signal interference from multiple transmission
signal branches.
t providing multiple access facility with a reuse factor equal to
one.
t supporting means for measuring range, or the distance between
two points.
t yields the possibility of utilising diversity techniques, including
multi-path diversity, as well as frequency and time diversity.
t provides user access at any time without waiting for a free
channel as far as the level of interference meets the system's
tolerance.
20
WCDMA Network
The WCDMA network is a multi-service "network of
networks, providing both traditional telecommunications
services and new internet based services over the same
network with support for high bit rates.
Network Architecture:
3GPP (Third Generation Project Partnership) Reference
Model:
Based on 3GPP reference network model, the WCDMA network
can be considered to consists of four major components:
1. User Equipment (UE)
2. Access Network (AN)
3. Core Network (CN)
4. Network External to WCDMA
21
GPP ReIease 1 Reference Architecture
Co-operating
Networks User quipment Radio Access Network Core Network
Note:
Not all interfaces are
shown and named
BSC BTS BTS
Um
Abis
BSS
F
HLR HLR
D
C

I
R
A
U
C

A
GMSC GMSC
Gf
Gn
SGSN SGSN
Gb
Gr
Gn
SGSN SGSN
GGSN GGSN
Gs
Gc
Gi
Gd
Iu
CS
MSC/
VLR
MSC/
VLR
G
H
Gp
Iu
PS
RNC
Node B
Uu
Iur
Iub
RNC
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UTRAN
Iur
M
Cu
or
SM-ME i/f
USIM
SIM
MS
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
PDN:
- Intranet
- tranet
- Internet
- X.2
SMS
MSC/
VLR
MSC/
VLR
SCF SCF
M
SM-ME i/f
SIM
MS
22
WCDMA ChanneIs
The WCDMA radio access allocates bandwidth for users and the
allocated bandwidth and its controlling functions are handled with term
'Channel'.
WCDMA uses 3 Layers: WCDMA uses 3 Layers:
1. Logical Channels: Describe the types of information to be transmitted
2. Transport Channels: Describe how the Logical Channels are to be
transferred.
3. Physical Channels: These are the "transmission media providing the
radio platform through which the information is actually transferred.
n GSM the Physical Channels and their structure is recognised by the BSC
but in WCDMA the Physical Channels really exist in the Uu interface and the
RNC is not necessarily aware their structure at all. nstead of Physical
Channels the RNC "sees Transport Channels.
2
ChanneI Architecture
2
UTRAN
The main task of UTRAN is to create and maintain Radio
Access Bearers (RAB) for communication between UEs and
Core Network.
With RAB the Core Network elements are given an illusion about a
fixed communication path to the UEs thus releasing them from
the need to take care of radio communication aspects.
UTRAN is located between two open interfaces being Uu and
u.
From the bearer architecture point of view the main task of UTRAN is
to provide Bearer service over these interfaces.
2
What is Radio Access Bearer (RAB) ?
RAB
The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is the entity responsible for transporting The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is the entity responsible for transporting
radio frames of an application over the access network in UMTS. radio frames of an application over the access network in UMTS.
Controlled by the core network (CN)
CN determines traffic class and QoS
Real-Time Applications
Streaming Class: Preserve time relation between entities
(packets) in a data stream
Conversational Class: Preserve time relation between entities
within a certain delay
Non-Real Time Applications
Background Class: Destination is not expecting data.
Preserve Payload
Interactive Class: Request / Response Pattern with preserved
payload
2
ConversationaI Speech
12.2 kbps Circuit
switched
Conversational CS Data
kbps Circuit switched
Streaming
12/12 PS
nteractive
VariabIe rate Packet
switched
Multi-RAB
Combination of
ConversationaI Speech and
Interactive /
RAB ampIes
2
RAB Attributes
W %7,3sfe7/el,
RAB Service Attributes
Traffic Class
Maximum bit rate [kbps]
Delivery order
Maximum SDU size
SDU format information
SDU error ratio
Residual bit error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs
Guaranteed bit rate
Traffic handling priority
Allocation/retention priority
Source statistics descriptor
#elocation requirement
# asymmetry indicator
RAB
UE RBS RNC CN
2
UTRAN Architecture
2
UTRAN & Interfaces
0
NOD B
The BS is located between the Uu and ub interfaces. ts main
tasks are to establish the physical implementation of the Uu
interface and, towards the network, the implementation of the
ub interface by utilising the protocol stacks specified for these
interfaces.
Realization of the Uu interface means that the BS implements
WCDMA radio access physical channels and transfers
information from transport channels to the physical channels
based on the arrangement determined by the RNC.
1
ModuIation Method
WCDMA uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) as its
modulation method in downlink direction and the Offset Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (OQPSK) in uplink direction.
The resuIt is that the spectrum used for QPSK and OQPSK is the same
but OQPSK has smoother signaI. This aIIows the ampIifiers to operate
aIso on their non-Iinear operating area without probIems.
The conventionaI QPSK couId be used in both directions but then the
U wouId suffer power consumption probIems and high prices.
2
Receiver Technique
The WCDMA utilises multipath propagation.
On the other hand, to gain better capacity in the radio network,
the transmit powers of the UEs (and BSs) should be relatively
small. This decreases interference in the radio interface and
gives more space for other transmissions and it is very useful
that both the UE and the BS are able to "collect many
weak level signals.
This requires special type of receiver. One example of this kind
of arrangement is called RAKE.
The purpose of the RAKE receiver is to improve the received
signal level by exploiting the multi-path propagation
characteristics of the radio wave.

Diversity Technique
n general, diversity techniques are efficient means to overcome
the radio signal deterioration due to shadowing and fading.
n addition to that utilizing diversity technique is a prerequisite
for providing soft handover feature in the cellular systems.
n WCDMA technology, typically polarisation diversity is utilized
both for uplink and down transmission.
The purpose of multipath diversity is to resolve individual
multipath components and combine them to obtain a sum signal
component with better quality.

RNC (Radio Network ControIIer)

The RNC is switching and controlling element of the UTRAN. RNC is located
between the ub and u interface. t also has the third interface called ur for
inter-RNS connections.
Referring to the Bearers, the RNC is a switching point between the u Bearer
and Radio Bearer(s).

RNC Function
The whole functionality of RNC can be classified into two parts:
UTRAN Radio Resource Management
UTRAN Control Functions

Radio Resource Management

The RRM is a collection of algorithms used to guarantee the
stability of the radio path and the QoS of radio connection by
efficient sharing and managing of the radio resources.
The RRM algorithms to be shortly presented here are:
Handover Control
Power Control
Admission Control and Packet Scheduling
Code Management

Handovers

WCDMA Handover Scenarios

Soft Handover
In WCDMA system, the majority of handovers are intra-frequency soft handovers
0
Concept of Soft/Softer Handover
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
SingIe Link
The UE measured the CPCH Signal strenght (RSCP) and quality (Ec/No) to
determine which cell to add in the active set
Add and remove from active set is based on relative measurments
Softer handover
-two ceIIs within the same RBS in Active Set
Soft handover
-two ceIIs from different RBS in Active Set
Soft/Softer handover
-three ceIIs in Active Set
1
WCDMA Coverage GSM Coverage
#oad
Using the WCDM Frequency
Using the GSM Frequency
Inter RAT Handover
Inter Radio Access TechnoIogy (IRAT) handover
2
Hand over from/to GSM

POWR CONTROL
Power control is an essential feature of any CDMA based
cellular system.
n WCDMA, power control is employed in both uplink and
downlink.
Downlink power control is basically for minimising the interference to other
cells and compensating for other cells' interference as well as
achieving acceptable SR.
To manage the power control properly in WCDMA, the system uses different
two defined power control:
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC), including nner and Outer Loop
Power Control mechanisms

Types of Power ControI

Open Loop Power Control (OLPC): Basically used for uplink power adjusting, the
UE adjusts its transmission power based on estimate of the received signal level
from the BS Common Pilot Channel (CPCH) when the UE is in idle mode and prior
to Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission.
Closed-Loop Power Control (CLPC): Utilised for adjusting the transmission power
when the radio connection has already been established. ts main target is to
compensate the effect of rapid changes in the radio signal strength and hence it
should be fast enough to respond to those changes.

Admission ControI and Packet ScheduIing

WCDMA Radio Access has several limiting factors, but the
most difficult to control is the interference occurring in the radio
path.
When the WCDMA cellular network is planned, one of the
basic criteria for planning is to define the acceptable
interference level with which the network is expected to function
correctly.
The main task of Admission Control is to estimate whether a The main task of Admission Control is to estimate whether a
new call can have access to the system without sacrificing the new call can have access to the system without sacrificing the
bearer requirements of existing calls. bearer requirements of existing calls.
Also responsible to handle packet connections with bursty Also responsible to handle packet connections with bursty
traffic, having a very random arrival time, number of packet call traffic, having a very random arrival time, number of packet call
per session, reading time, as well as number of packets per session, reading time, as well as number of packets
within a call. within a call.

Code Management
RNC manages both Channelisation and Scrambling Codes used in the
Uu interface connections.
n principle, the BS could manage them, but then the system may behave
unstable when the RNC is otherwise controlling the radio resources.
The Uu interface requires two kinds of codes for proper functionality:
Every Cell uses 1 Scrambling Code, the UE is able to make separation
between cells by recognising this code.
Under every Scrambling Code the RNC has a set of Channelisation Codes.

ControI Functions
n order for the UTRAN to control and manage the radio
bearers, which is essential to provide the Radio Access Bearer
(RAB) service, it should perform other functions in addition to
the RRM algorithms.
These can be classified as:
System nformation Broadcasting System nformation Broadcasting
Random Access and Signalling Bearer Setup Random Access and Signalling Bearer Setup
Radio Bearer Management Radio Bearer Management
UTRAN Security Functions UTRAN Security Functions
UTRAN level mobility management UTRAN level mobility management
Database Handling Database Handling
UE positioning UE positioning

WCDMA in nutsheII

What is Coverage in WCDMA

Signal does not mean "Coverage in WCDMA
PiIot SignaI - RSCP
PiIot c/No
Service Coverage
Pilot RSCP
Pilot Ec/No
0
Capacity Considerations
ffect of different user distribution
High power usage
Low capacity
Low power usage
High code usage
Code limited scenario
Power limited scenario
1
CLL CAPACITY
n GSM the TRX capacity calculation is very straightforward procedure but because n GSM the TRX capacity calculation is very straightforward procedure but because
in WCDMA the radio interface is handled differently and the system capacity is in WCDMA the radio interface is handled differently and the system capacity is
limited by variable factors, the capacity of the WCDMA TRX is not very easy to be limited by variable factors, the capacity of the WCDMA TRX is not very easy to be
determined. determined.
The capacity of a cell depends on the downlink Scrambling Code amount assigned for the cell
(minimum is 1). Every downlink Scrambling Code then has a set of Channelisation Codes under
it and every call/transaction requires one Channelisation Code to operate.
n WCDMA technology, all the users share the common physical resource, being frequency
band in 5 MHz slices. All users of the WCDMA TRX co-exist on the frequency band at the same
moment of time and different transactions are for the people is the capacity of the WCDMA
TRX.
Some assumptions:
All the subscribers under the TRX coverage area are equally distributed so that they have
equal distances to the TRX antenna.
The Power level they use is the same and thus the interference they cause is on the same
level.
Subscribers under the TRX use the same baseband bit rate, i.e. also the same Symbol Rates.
2
CALCULATIONS
Under these circumstances: Under these circumstances:
A vaIue caIIed Processing Gain (Gp) - Its a reIative indicator informing what is the
reIationship between the whoIe bandwidth avaiIabIe (BRF) and the Baseband bit
rate (B Information).
G G p = p = B B RF RF// B B nformation nformation
or
G G p = p = Chip rate Chip rate// Data rate Data rate
The system chip rate is constant; 3.84 Mcps (3840000 chips per second). Hence,
as an example the Bearer having the bit rate 30 kb/s will have the Spreading Factor
128:
Assume that SNR = Eb/No is 3 dB, then
Users per TRX wiII be : 12/2 = Users per TRX wiII be : 12/2 =

Designing for Load

RAB Coverage
UnIoaded
RAB Coverage
High Load
Coverage shrinks with load due to cell
breathing.
Coverage and capacity evaluation should be
performed early in the design.
Capacity per sector is specified, then
coverage is evaluated under corresponding
load.
Coverage and capacity can be traded off.
Large coverage footprint, low capacity.
Smaller coverage footprint, high capacity.

Transport Design
Design Criteria: Design Criteria:
Up to 6 Node-Bs grouped into one
cluster of a Sub-hub
Up to 4 Sub-Hub clusters grouped into
1 hub.
STM-1 from Hub/Sub-Hub to RNC
through media
Interfaces: Interfaces:
End node-B: E1 interface.
Sub-Hub: E1 interface southbound and
STM-1 interface northbound.
Hub: STM-1 interface.
RNC
Node
Hub
Hub
Node
Node

GPP (
rd
Generation Partnership Project) reIease outIine
3GPP Releases
3GPP Release 1999
Release 4
Release 5
Future evolution with R6, R7..

GPP ReIeases - Time ScheduIe

1 2001 1 2000
GPP ReIease
GPP ReIease 1
Q2 Q1 Q Q2 Q Q Q Q1 Q1 Q2 Q Q Q Q Q1
10 2 11 12 1
GPP TSGs
PIenary Meetings

Q2
2002
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 21 20 2
Q Q Q1 Q2 Q Q Q1
200
GPP ReIease
'ersions of
3GPP Release 1999
'ersions of
3GPP Release 4
GPP ReIease

Core Network Core Network - - Architecture and voIution Architecture and voIution

How Does My Network TopoIogy Look Today ?

SGSN
P Backbone
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
nternet
GPRS - Network BaseIine
GSM - Network BaseIine
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
TDM Backbone
MSC MSC
HLR/
AUC

TDM/P/ATM
How WouId this Iook with WCDMA
SGSN
WCDMA Introduction
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
MSC MSC
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
nternet
MGw MGw
MSC-S MSC-S
RNC
RNC
WCDMA RAN
RNC
RNC
WCDMA RAN
HLR/
AUC
0
Soft switch Concept
Centralization & pooling of
network control functions.
Payload uses shortest path
& most efficient coding.
Free choice of Transport
technologies.
Separate complex control &
execution functions from
service payload transport.
Layered Architecture
network
nd-user
appIications
ControI
MSC-S HLR
GGSN
GMSC/Transit
SG
Connectivity
GSM/ DG
Access
WCDMA
Access
M-MGW
M-MGW
Internet
Intranet
PSTN
ISDN
SGSN
1
What is MobiIe Softswitch?
Classic MSC
(control and switching)
MSC Server
(Control)
Mobile Media Gateway
(Switching)
Mobile Softswitch Solution
Classic MSC Solution
MSC-S
MGW
MSC
TDM
P/ATM
Control Layer
Connectivity Layer
CIassic circuit-switched network
Layered Architecture network
MSC-S
MGW
MGW MGW
MGW
MGW
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC MSC
2
Distributed switching, LocaI Switching
Main Site
Remote Site
MS12
PSTN
BSC
PSTN
MS1
MS2
BSC
BSC
MS11
BSC
TDM
P
M-MGw
MSC-S
M-MGw
MSS approach:
Main Site
Remote Site
MS1
MS2
MS11
MS12
PSTN
TDM
BSC
BSC
PSTN
Classical MSC approach:
BSC
BSC
MSC

MSC Server
Applic,9io3
$e7;e7s
Applic,9io3
$e7;icee3,-le7s
$e7;ices/,pplic,9io3s
Co397ol
$e7;e7s
Co397ol
M$C HLR/AuC/FNR
GM$C/%7,3si9
Co33ec9i;i9
MGW
MGW
$e7;e7
$e7;e7
!$%N/
I$N
I39e73e9
I397,3e9s GG$N
$G$N
$GW
Use7/,9,
Main MSC Server functions
Service control
Mobility management
Charging control and CDR generation
Can control more than one MGW
G$M
EGE
WCMA

Media Gateway
Applic,9io3
$e7;e7s
Applic,9io3
$e7;icee3,-le7s
$e7;ices/,pplic,9io3s
Co397ol
$e7;e7s
Co397ol
M$C HLR/AuC/FNR
GM$C/%7,3si9
Co33ec9i;i9
MGW
MGW
$e7;e7
$e7;e7
!$%N/
I$N
I39e73e9
I397,3e9s GG$N
$G$N
$GW
Use7/,9,
G$M
EGE
WCMA
Main Media Gateway functions
Speech & media processing
Setup/release of user data bearers
nterfacing between different transport
standards
Boundary between different networks
Can be controlled by several MSC Servers

M-MGw Interfaces
MGW
HTTP, FTP,
S-FTP, IIOP,
SSH,TLNT
ATM ATM IuUP, AAL2)
TDM
Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
RANAP, GPP 2.00
BICC
O&M
ISUP
IP
(NbUP, RTP)
BSSAP
TDM (A)
GCP
(GPS)
Synch
M-MGw
-
(NbUP, I.trunk, AAL2)
(
MSC/TSC
Server
BSC
RNC
PSTN
other networks
M-MGw
(Mc)
ATM, IP
IP
Positioning the M-MGw in the Network

What is High Speed DownIink Packet Access (HSDPA)

STANDARDZED ntegral part of WCDMA (3GPP Release 5)
RDUCD DLAY
Reduced round trip time
CAPACITY
2 3 times improved system throughput
SPD
Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps
Smooth Upgrade Short time to market with existing sites

HSDPA Basic PrincipIes

Shared ChanneI Transmission
Dynamically shared in time & code
domain
Higher-order ModuIation
16QAM in complement to QPSK for
higher peak bit rates
2 ms
Short TTI (2 ms)
Reduced round trip delay
Fast Hybrid ARQ with
Soft Combining
Reduced round trip delay
Fast Radio ChanneI
Dependent ScheduIing
Scheduling of users on 2 ms time
basis
Fast Link Adaptation
Data rate adapted to radio
conditions on 2 ms time basis
t
P
Dynamic Power AIIocation
Efficient power &
spectrum utilisation
Let Let s be ready.. s be ready..