Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
JAN BABICZ
Consulting Naval Architect & Ship Surveyor
GDASK 2011
Foreword
The main purpose of the present publication is first of all to make ship designers and operators realize
that stability rules are not perfect and their fulfillment does not mean that the ship will be safe in all conditions. Secondly, to present Onboard Stability Documentation standard which enables better understanding of ship stability and increasing its safety.
Each year new rules are developed aimed at increasing safety of ships operation. It concerns also the
ship stability rules. During the 52nd session of IMO Sub-Committee on Stability and Load Lines and Fishing Vessels Safety (SLF52) held in January 2010, i.a., development of dynamic intact stability criteria and
damage stability regulations for ro-ro passengers ships was discussed.
New rules always increase labour consumption related to a new ship design and number of documents
to be approved. Unfortunately, it does not affect the quality of stability documentation which is prepared
imperfectly due to the wrong assumption that in practice the master will use the stability instrument only.
Very often the documentation is difficult to understand and of little practical value. It is no surprise that it
is just put aside.
The solution which may lower costs of stability documentation preparation, increase its quality as well as
practical value is Onboard Stability Documentation standard. Easy to understand and logical standard
will significantly facilitate and accelerate documentation approval process in Classification Societies but
above all it will make officers work easier and increase ship stability safety. Proposal of such a standard
for dry cargo vessels is presented in Part II of the publication.
Part I includes basic knowledge on ship hydrostatics and stability, presentation of current rules requirements concerning stability as well as information on ships behaviour in waves. Furthermore, it contains
descriptions of stability accidents and proposals of design solutions which increase ship collision safety
and survivability after damage.
The book is addressed to a wide circle of professionals involved in ship design, approval of stability
calculations and documentations, survey and operation of ships. It should be of interest to ship design
offices, ship manufacturers, shipping companies (owners and operators), education institutes and others
concerned with ship stability. However, it does not replace any regulations.
Jan Babicz
Consulting Naval Architect & Ship Surveyor
Contents:
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................5
SHIP GEOMETRY......................................................................................................................10
HULL FORMS............................................................................................................................10
Ship coordinate system...................................................................................................12
Graphic description of hull forms...........................................................................13
MAIN DIMENSIONS...................................................................................................................15
COEFFICIENTS OF FORM........................................................................................................22
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
FLOTABILITY............................................................................................................................23
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AND SHIP EQUILIBRIUM.............................................................23
SHIP MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY.................................................................................25
IN SERVICE INCLINING TEST SYSTEM (ISITS)......................................................................31
DEADWEIGHT AND CARGO DEADWEIGHT...........................................................................32
MEAN THEORETICAL DRAUGHT dH.....................................................................................34
DRAUGHT MARKS....................................................................................................................36
FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK......................................................................................38
TERMS AND DIMENSIONS RELATED TO THE LOAD LINES CONVENTION........................41
FREEBOARD PLAN...................................................................................................................48
CAPACITY PLAN.......................................................................................................................48
3.
INTACT STABILITY...................................................................................................................50
3.1
DEFINITION OF STABILITY......................................................................................................50
INITIAL TRANSVERSE METACENTRE M AND METACENTRIC HEIGHT GM...................50
3.2
3.3
METACENTRIC DIAGRAM........................................................................................................53
3.4 RIGHTING ARM GZ...................................................................................................................54
3.5
CURVE OF STATICAL STABILITY.............................................................................................55
3.6
CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY..............................................................................................58
3.7
LOLL...........................................................................................................................................59
3.8
DESIGN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF THE GZ CURVE........................................61
3.8.1 Angle of deck immersion.................................................................................................61
3.8.2 Depth D....................................................................................................................................65
3.8.3 Maximum draught...............................................................................................................66
3.8.4 BREADTH B...............................................................................................................................67
3.9
OPERATIONAL FATORS AFFECTING SHIP STABILITY..........................................................70
3.9.1 List............................................................................................................................................70
3.9.2 Free surface effect.........................................................................................................71
3.9.3 Hanging loads......................................................................................................................73
3.9.4 Dry bulk cargoes...............................................................................................................74
3.9.5 Icing..........................................................................................................................................74
3.10 ANGLES OF DOWNFLOODING................................................................................................76
3.11 WIND HEELING ARM................................................................................................................80
3.12 INTACT STABILITY CRITERIA...................................................................................................82
3.13 MINIMUM OPERATIONAL METACENTRIC HEIGHT GMMIN CURVE.......................................89
3.14 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE VCGMAX CURVE.............................................................................93
3.15 STABILITY DURING HEAVY LIFT OPERATIONS.....................................................................97
4.
DANGEROUS SITUATIONS IN ADVERSE WEATHER AND SEA CONDITIONS................102
4.0
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................102
4.1 WAVES PARAMETERS...........................................................................................................103
4.2
PHENOMENA OCCURING IN FOLLOWING AND QUARTERING SEAS...............................104
4.2.1 Surf-riding and broaching-to phenomenon ........................................................104
4.2.2 Reduction of stability in longitudinal waves......................................................105
4.3
SYNCHRONOUS ROLLING MOTION.....................................................................................105
4.4
PARAMETRIC ROLL RESONANCE .......................................................................................105
4.5
SUCCESSIVE HIGH-WAVE ATTACKS....................................................................................109
4.6
OTHER HAZARDS AND RISKS...............................................................................................109
5.
5.0
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
CAPSIZING..............................................................................................................................110
GENERAL................................................................................................................................ 110
CASE STUDIES....................................................................................................................... 111
Capsizing of the container ship DONGEDIJK........................................................... 111
Foundering of KARIN CAT............................................................................................... 111
Capsizing of the anchor handling tug STEVNS POWER..................................... 112
Capsizing of the heavy lift ship STELLAMARE......................................................... 113
Capsizing of the general cargo ship OMER N....................................................... 113
Capsizing of the ro-ro ship FINNBIRCH..................................................................... 114
Capsizing of the ro-ro freighter RIVERDANCE..................................................... 116
6.
DAMAGE STABILITY..............................................................................................................118
6.0
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 118
6.1
CASE STUDIES OF COLLISIONS AND GROUNDINGS........................................................ 118
6.1.1 Collision of the small coaster JOANNA with the ro-ro ferry STENA NAUTICA .. 118
6.1.2 Head collision between SKAGERN and SAMSKIP COURIER .................................. 119
6.1.3 Foundering of the 70,000dwt bulk carrier FU SHAN HAI....................................120
6.1.4 ROCKNES - Capsizing after grounding ....................................................................122
6.2
HULL WATERTIGHT SUBDIVISION .......................................................................................123
6.3
POGRESSIVE FLOODING......................................................................................................139
6.4
DAMAGE STABILITY CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO SOLAS 2009................................139
6.5
DAMAGE STABILITY OF CHEMICAL AND PRODUCT TANKERS ........................................141
6.6
DESIGN FOR DAMAGE SURVIVABILITY ..............................................................................143
6.6.1 Protection of the Engine Room against flooding ...........................................144
6.6.2 Safer bows..........................................................................................................................146
6.6.3 Forepeak..............................................................................................................................147
6.6.4 Limiting progressive flooding...................................................................................149
CL
CL
Z
CL
CL
Heel 0
Heel 10
Heel 20
Heel 30
The righting arm of a typical cargo vessel increases as the angle of heel increases to some maximum
value GZMAX, then GZ decreases as the ship progressively heels. The plot of the righting arm GZ calculated as function of the heel angle, at constant displacement and vertical centre of gravity KG values is
used to measure the ship stability at large angles of heel. It is called the curve of statical stability or the
righting arm GZ curve. For symmetric forms like ships the curve will be symmetric with respect to =
0 and only right half of this curve is presented as in the figure below.
57.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
GZ max
0.4
0.3
0.2
GM
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Engine Room
Ventilation Inlet
Photos J.Babicz
5.50
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
6.00
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
Mean theoretical draught dH in metres
ALLOWABLE AREA
6.50
512.01
GLO
Tk
VOID
31UPS
WORKSHOP
WGTk
31PS
511.01
MGO
SETTk
SLTk
OLDTk
LOSERTk
WGTk
31SB
511.07
551.01
521.01
DBTk31
PS
VOID
31USB
OWDTk
FWTk2
DBTk31
SB
C.L.
Meanwhile, some bulbous bows look as if they were specially designed for ramming other ships. Especially dangerous bows are those ice-strengthened and with a bulb. Being hit by such a bow may end in
the sinking of the rammed ship, whereas the striking ship may suffer a relatively small damage. An example of such a case may be Coscoss FU SHAN HAI foundered after being hit by the small multi-purpose
vessel GDYNIA outside Bornholm in May 2003 see 6.1.3.
It would be good to give more chances to the struck ship developing a bulbous bow that will deflect or
crumple in a collision, before it has penetrated the inner skin. A bulb structure stiffened by transverse
ring frames rather than longitudinal framing has been shown to collapse progressively frame by frame.
Decreasing section size at the bow root is expected to be another useful feature, since the bulb is then
easily bent under horizontal or vertical pressure.