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Advanced Engineering and Development Partner

1
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Phone: 408.247.3800 Fax: 408.247.8689
Internet: www.svci.com E-mail: sales@svci.com
UK Distributor and Partner

Tratee UK Limited
Tratec House Kendal Court Wickford Business Park
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Phone: +44(0) 1268.764664 Fax: +44(0) 1268.764313
Email: sales@tratecuk.com

[
Advanced Optical Communication and Multimedia Products

'I'

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CONTENTS

Message from the President

.....
4

Dr Roger Blakeway FlEE, FSCTE ..

SCTE Officers ..

List of Members (Honorary Fellows, Fellows,

Members, Associate Members and Technicians)..

Patron Members

..... 17

..43

Cable Multiple Systems Operators.

....63

The Official Register of SCTE Consultants

NJUG Publications

.........................................................

Useful Addresses

79

Technical Information

81

....89

Amateur Radio Enthusiasts

114

Notes ....

The Society of Cable Telecommunication

115
Engineers

Fulton House Business Centre

Fulton Road
Wembley Park
Middlesex
Tel: 0181 9028998

HA9 OTF
Fax: 0181 903 8719

Email: office@scte.org.uk
Website: http://www.scte.org.uk
Secretary: Beverley K Allgood, FSAE
-1-

PERSONAL DETAILS
Name:

-------------------------------

scrs membership

no:

1'-----

Work
address:

Work
telephone:
Work
fax:

Mobile:

Work
e-mail:

Home
I
address:

----------------------------~

Home
telephone:
Home
fax:
Home
e-mail:

- 2-

DIARY DATES
22 March

SCTE Spring Lecture Meeting

lEE, London

19-20 April

EuroCable Hungary '99

Hilton Hotel, Budapest

17-19 May

Cable & Satellite Mediacast

Earls Court

25-28 May

SCTE Cable-Tee Expo '99

Orlando, Florida

14-16 June

NCTA Convention
Chicago, Illinois

15-17 June

CAI '99 Trade Fair

Heathrow Park Hotel

10-14 September

IBC '99
Rai Centre, Amsterdam

30 September

SCTE Autumn Lecture Meeting

lEE, London

SCTE 1999 AGM

lEE, London

19-21 October

European Cable Communications

Olympia, London

15-17 December

Western Cable Convention

Los Angeles

-3-

'99

MESSAGE FROM
THE PRESIDENT

Dr Roger Blakeway FlEE, FSCTE

President, Society of Cable
Telecommunication Engineers

nother

year passed and we are still within 'a

few months' oflaunching

digital cable TV. One

comment heard during the year referred to the

undesirability of being at the 'bleeding edge' of

technology and in this respect we are, perhaps, wise to let

the system suppliers and integrators cut their teeth on
Satellite and Terrestrial offerings. Apart from the
advantages gained by waiting for the technology to
mature a little, there are obviously lessons that can be
learned on operational aspects from these forays into the
unknown. Also, as we are well aware from the earl y
-experience

in selling Cable TV in the UK, part of the

problem in building a new market is lack of awareness of

your product by the general public. Here at least we can
take advantage of the huge publicity campaigns
surrounding the launch of satellite and terrestrial digital
TV. On one hand they provide the essential "priming' of
the market by educating consumers on what Digital TV
is about and, on the other, give a confusing message as to
the preferred delivery platform; a golden opportunity for
our industry to drive home the advantages of Cable TV.
The well worn phrase 'window of opportunity'
springs to mind; how long can we wait before we have to
deliver digital product to protect our potential market
share? Whilst we may gain some advantage by a 'late to
market' approach we will certainly attract adverse
publicity if the resultant product is not as 'good or better'
and the launch free from technical and operational
- 4-

problems. Perhaps the 'window' is less a sales

opportunity but more a chance to get our systems and
processes right. We have come a long way from the
abortive 'New Horizons' initiative but, if nothing else, it
was successful in changing industry attitudes to the
complexity of digital TV. We have moved away from a
complacent corporate view that it was merely a natural
product evolution to realising that it is revolution,
spawning all manner of added value opportunities with
their associated, complex subsystems and processes.
Traditional CATV skills are no longer sufficient, this
is already a highly converged technology world of TV,
Telecommunications,

Data, IT, Internet, the list is endless

and we all have an enormous learning curve to climb in a

very short time. The success of the SCTE lecture
programme reflects the need for us all to gain
information and share experiences. We have attempted to
introduce a real element of field experience into the
presentations and this will continue through this year's
programme.

---"---

The introduction of our newsheet

'Crosstalk' during the last year has provided a useful

outlet for 'basic primers' in technology, an essential
element in the overall training requirement but difficult
to include in the CTE Journal or lecture programme. We
aim to improve the presentation and content of Crosstalk
during 1999 and we will be re-introducing our technician
training seminars around the country, to provide
additional opportunities for 'hands on' learning.
At the AGM this year the members agreed a new
Constitution and passed a resolution to move the Society
into charitable status. Whilst none of this will have a
major impact on the day to day activities of the Society, it
will enable us to continue the progress made so far in
putting the Society on a firm financial footing and
enhancing the benefits to members. In the latter respect,
the success of the 1998 IEC show in Amsterdam, in
which we are a shareholder, will contribute several
-5-

thousand pounds into our coffers.

During this forthcoming year we will be asking you
to participate in a membership survey. It is vital that we
get your views on what the Society is doing right or
wrong and, perhaps more importantly, what it should be
doing that it isn't. For those members who do not
manage to get to meetings it is an opportunity to get their
ideas and opinions known, so please spend some time to
think about the Society and fill in the survey. The
Society belongs to you, the Executive Committee is
elected by you, they don't get paid, they do their best to
run the Society for your benefit, help them and
yourselves by a constructive contribution to the debate on
your Society's future.

-6-

I
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Useful Addresses

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USEFUL ADDRESSES
ASTRA MARKETING LTO
The Progression Centre, 42 Mark Road, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 7DW
Tel: 0345 697750 Website: http://www.astra.lu

BBC (BRITISH BROADCASTING

Broadcasting

CORPORATION)

House, Portland Place, London WIA

Tel: (0171) 5804468

IAA

Fax: (0171) 6371630

BBC DATACAST
BBC Enterprises Ltd, Woodlands, 80 Wood Lane, London W 12 OTT
Tel: (0181) 7435588

BBC ENGINEERING

INFORMATION

Villiers House, The Broadway, Ealing, London W5 2PA

Tel: (0181) 2319191

Fax: (0181) 2319177

BBC TELEVISION

HEADQUARTERS

Television Centre, Wood Lane, London W 12 7RJ

Tel: (0171) 7438000

I
I

BRITISH

FILM INSTITUTE

127 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H OEA

Tel: (0171) 4374355

t-----------------------------

BRITISH KINEMATOGRAPH,
SOUND AND TELEVISION
110,112 Victoria House, Vernon Place, London WCI8 4DJ

SOCIETY

Tel: (0171) 2428400

I
BRITISH RADIO & ELECTRONIC
ASSOCIATION
19 Charing Cross Road, London
Tel: (0171) 9303206

BRITISH

EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURERS'

WC2H OES

SKY BROADCASTING

6 Centaurs Business Park, Grant Way, Isleworth, Middlesex TW7

Tel: (0171) 7053000 Fax: (0171) 7053030

BRITISH STANDARDS

INSTITUTION

389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL

Tel: (0181) 9969000
Customer Services (Publications) - Tel: (0181) 9967000

BROADCASTING
5-8 The Sanctuary,
Tel: (0171) 2330544

STANDARDS

COUNCIL

London SWIP 3JS

Fax: (0171) 2330397

- 81 -

5QD

BRITISH TELECOM

PLC - VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS

26/07 Euston Tower, 286 Euston Road, London

Tel: (0171) 7283363

BRITISH TELECOM - RESEARCH

NWI 3DG

LABORATORIES

Martlcsham Heath, Ipswich, Suffolk IP5 7RE

Tel: (01473) 642651

CABLE & SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

INTERNATIONAL
Queensway House, 2 Queensway, Redhill, Surrey RHI lQS
Tel: (01737)768611
Fax: (01737) 855470

CABLE & SATELLITE EUROPE

Maple House, 149 Tottcnharn Court Road, London WIP 9LL
Tel: (0171) 8962700 (Paul Barker - Editor) Fax: (0171) 8962749

CABLE COMMUNICATIONS

ASSOCIATION

The Fifth Floor, Artillery House, Artillery Row, London SW lP IRT

Tel: (0171) 2222900 Fax: (0171) 7991471

CEEFAX
Room 7059, BBC Television Centre, Wood Lane, London W12 71U
Tel: (0181) 7438000Ext 3701

CHANNEL 5 BROADCASTING
LTD
Cavendish House, 22 Long Acre, London WC2E 9LY
Tel: (0171) 4975225 Fax: (0171) 4975222

CONFEDERATION
OF AERIAL INDUSTRIES LTO (CAI)
Fulton House Business Centre, Fulton Road, Wembley Park, Middlesex
HA9 OTF. Tel: (0181) 9028998 Fax: (0181) 9038719

CITY & GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE

46 Britannia Street, London WC IX 9RG
Tel: (0171) 2782468

DAVID SHEPPARD & ASSOCIATES (PUBLISHERS OF THE SCTE

JOURNAL "CABLE TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING")
1 Telford Court, Morpeth, Northumberland NE61 2DB
Tel: (01670) 513344 (Contact - Barbara Sewell/Hilary
Fax: (01670) 513355
E-mail: Barbara.Sewell@davidsheppard.com

DEPARTMENT

OF NATIONAL

HERITAGE

Room GOl, 2-4 Cockspur Street, London SWIY 5DH

Tel: (0171) 2116263 Fax: (0171) 2116270

- 82 -

Bum)

DEPARTMENT
Communication

OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY

& Information Industries Directorate,

151

Buckingham

Palace

Road, London SW I W 9SS.

Tel: (0171)2151756
Fax: (0171)2151721

DEPARTMENT
Directorate

London

OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY

of Radio Technology,

Waterloo

SEI SUA. Tel: (0171) 2155000

Bridge

House, Waterloo

Road,

Fax: (0171) 9286574

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Telecommunications Division, 151 Buckingha.m Palace Road,
London SWIW 9SS.

Tel: (0171) 2151756

FIBREOPTIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

10-15 The Arcade Chambers, High Street, Eltham, London SE9 I BG
Tel: (0181) 8500040

Fax: (0181) 8597943

HOME OFFICE
Queen Anne's Gate, London SW I H 9AT
Tel: (0171) 2733000 Fax: (0171) 2732935

INDEPENDENT

TELEVISION

COMMISSION

(ITC)

33 Foley Street, London WIP 7LB

Tel: (0171) 2553000 Fax: (0171) 3067866

INDEPENDENT
Knighton

TELEVISION

House, 56 Mortimer

COMPANIES ASSOCIATION
Street, London W I

LTO

SAN

Tel: (0171) 6366866

INSTITUTION

OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERS

(lEE)

Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL

Tel: (0171) 2401871

MERCURY COMMUNICATIONS

LTO

New Mercury House, 26 Red Lion Square, London WC1R 4HQ

Tel: (0171) 5282000

MONOPOLIES

Fax: (0171) 5282181

& MERGERS

COMMISSION

New Court, 48 Carey Street, London WC2A 2JT

Tel: (0171)3241467
Fax: (0171)3241400

NATIONAL REFERENCE LIBRARY OF SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Holborn Division, 25 Southampton Buildings, London WC2

- 83 -

NATIONAL TRANSCOMMUNICATIONS
LTD
Crawley Court, Winchester, Hampshire S021 lQA
Tel: (01962) 823434

Fax: (01962) 822378

OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING

Field House, 15-25 Bream's Buildings, London EC4A I PR
Tel: (0171) 2422858

OFFICE OFTELECOMMUNICATIONS

(OFTEL)

Export House, 50 Ludgate I-lill. London EC4M 7JJ

Tel: (0171) 6348700 Fax: (0171) 6348943

ORACLE

TELETEXT

LTD

Craven House, 25-32 Marshall Street, London W IV ILL

Tel: (0171) 4343121

PATENT AND COPYRIGHT

OFFICE

66-71 State House, High Holborn, London

Tel: (0171) 8312525

PERFORMING

RIGHTS SOCIETY

29-33 Berners Street, London W IP 4AA

Tel: (0171) 3064260

Fax: (0171) 3064430

RADIO AUTHORITY
Holbrook House, 14 Great Queen Street, Holborn, London we2B 5DG
Tel: (0171) 4302724 Fax: (0171) 4057062

RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS

AGENCY

New King's Beam House, 22 Upper Ground, London SEI 9SA

Tel: (0171) 2110211 Fax: (0171) 2110507

RADIO ELECTRICAL
(RETRA)LTD

AND TELEVISION

RETAILERS

ASSOCIATION

RETRA House, SI John's Terrace, I Ampthill Street, Bedford MK42 9EY

Tel: (01234) 269110

Fax: (01234) 269609

REED EXHIBITION

COMPANIES

LTD

Oriel House, The Quadrant, Richmond, Surrey TW9 I DL

Tel: (0181)9107717
Fax:(0181)9107757

ROYAL TELEVISION SOCIETY

Holborn Hall, 100 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8AL
Tel: (0171) 4301000

Fax: (0171) 4300924

- 84-

SMART, DAN H (CTE EDITOR AND SCTE TRAINING CO-ORDINATOR)

26 Monksdene Gardens. Sutton, Surrey SM I 3BY
Tel: (0181) 6415818 Fax: (0181) 6415847
E-mail: sete_sutton@compuscrve.com

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ENGINEERING

AND MANUFACTURING

ASSOCIATION (TEMA)
Leicester House, 8 Leicester Street, London WC2H 7BN
Tel: (0171) 8726229

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

INDUSTRY

ASSOCIATION

20 Drake Mews, Crownhill. Milton Keynes MK8 OER

Tel: (01908) 265090 Fax: (01908) 263852

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
MANAGERS
Raumore House, The Crescent, Leatherhcad,
Tel: (01372) 361234 Fax: (01372) 810810

ASSOCIATION (TMA)
Surrey KT22 8DY

WHO'S WHO IN CABLE & SATELLITE

Forum Chambers, The Forum, Stevenagc, Herts SGI IEL
Tei: (01438) 742424 Fax: (01438) 740154

WV PUBLICATIONS

& EXHIBITIONS

LTD

57 -59 Rochester Place, London NW I 9JU

Tel: (0171) 3311000 (Geoff Bains - Editor)

INTERNATIONAL
ASTRA, SOCIETE

Fax: (0171) 4826269

ADDRESSES

EUROPEENNE

DES SATELLITES

Chateau de Betzdorf, L-6832 Betzdorf, Luxembourg

Tel: +352717251
Fax: +352 71725324

CCIR AND CCITT

c/o !TU. Place des Nations, CH-I211
Tel: +4122

9951

Geneva 20, Switzerland

II

CENELEC
35 Rue de Stassart, B-1 050 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 519 6871 Fax: +32 2 5196919

CEPT, (EUROPEAN CONFERENCE

MUNICATIONS ADMINISTRATION)

FOR POSTAL

Ministcrc des PTT) Tour Maine Montparnasse,

Tel: +33 I 556 2293

. 85 .

AND TELECOM

BP36, ParisCedex

15, France

COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY, CT PUBLICATIONS
OF PHILLIPS BUSINESS INFORMATION INC)

(A DIVISION

1900 Grant Street, Suite 720, Denver, Colorado 80203. USA

Tel: + 303 839 1565 Fax: +303 839 1564

EUROPEAN

BROADCASTING

UNION (EBU)

17A Ancienne Route, CH-1218 Grand Saconnex , Geneva, Switzerland

Tcl:+41227172111
Fax: +41 227172810

EBU TECHNICAL CENTRE

Avenue Albert Lancaster 32, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

Estee, Post bus 299,2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel:+31

171983146

Fax: +31 171984598

EUTELSAT
70 Rue Balard, f-75502,

Paris Cedex 15, France

Tel: +331 453 84745 Fax: +331 453 84664

INTERNATIONAL

CABLE

Phillips Business lnforrnation Inc, 1900 Grant Street, Suite 720. Denver,
Colorado

80203, USA. Tel: +303 8391565

Fax: +303 8391564

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
3 Rue de Varcmbe, Geneva, Switzerland

COMMISSIClli

NCTI
801 W Mineral Avenue, Littleton, CO 80120-4501,
Tel: +303 797 9393 Fax: +3037979394
Website: hllp://www.ncti.com

RACE CENTRAL

OFFICE

Rue de Treves 6 I, B-1 040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 2 2363457
Fax: +32 22350654

SCTE(USA)
140 Philips Road, Exton, PA 19341-1318, USA
Tel: 00 I 6103636888
Fax: 00 I 6103635898

- 86-

USA

(lEe)

USEFUL WEBSITES
ASTRA Marketing

Ltd

http://www.astra.llI
hllp://www.bbc.co.uk

BBC
Broadband

Bob

http://www.caty.org

BSI

http.z/www.bsi.org.uk

BSkyB

http://www.sky.co.uk

Cable & Satellite

Show

http://www.cabsat.co.uk

CENELEC

http://www.cenclec.be

Davic

hup.r/www.davic.org

DTG

htlp://www.dtg.org.uk

DVB

http://www.dyb.org/dvb_framer.htm

ETSI

http://www.ctsi.org

ECCShow

hltp://www.curoeab.com

IBCShow

hllp://www.ibe.org.lIk/ibc

IEC

http://www.iee.ch

lEE

http://www.iee.org.uk

Inside Cable

http://www.inside-coble.co.uk

ITC

hup.z/www.irc.org.uk

NCTA(USA)

lutp.z/www.ncta.com.

NCTI

http://www.llcti.colll

Radio Communications

Agency

hup://www.open.gov.uk/radiocom/

SCTE USA

htlp://www.scte.org

TAPC

hltp://www.tapc.org.uk

UK Cable

http://www.cable.co.uk

- 87-

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Technical
Information

TECHNICAL SECTION: INDEX

Page No

The information supplied in this technical section is

provided for reference purposes by members of the
Society. No responsibility can be taken by the Society for
errors, or consequences as a result of using this' ill/ormation.

Television standards
1.1 CCIR television standards

by country

91

1.2 CCIR television standards

1.3 Transmission

frequencies

92
for television
92

signals - PAL I, IRC

1.4

Transmission

frequencies

for television

signals - PAL I, HRC

1.5

94

UK analogue television channel

transmission

scheme

95

2 System performance
2.1

Signal levels at outlets

95

2.2

Minimum carrier

95

2.3

Grades of impairment

to noise ratios

96

3 Conversion tables/graphs

96

3.1

dBmV to mV/uV

3.2

dB to power/voltage

3.3

dBm to mW

3.4

Return Loss Ratio (RLR) v VSWR and

97

ratio

98

reflection coefficient %

99

4 Distortion and derating information

4.1

Calculation of Second Order

4.2

Calculation of Carrier

Distortion:

CSO

to Noise Ratio: CfN

100
100

Calculation of Third Order Distortions

101

4.3.1 Composite Triple Beat: CTB

101

4.3.2 Cross Modulation:

Xmod

102

4.4

Derating chart: C/N and CSO

103

4.5

Derating chart: CTB and Xmod

104

4.6

Amplifier cascade factors

105

4.3

- 89-

5 Cable information
5.1

Cable slope v cable attenuation

106

5.2

Fibre cable loss

106

5.3

Cable loss ratio at different frequencies

107

5.4

Loop resistance of copper pair cable

108

length

6 Electromagnetic compatibility
6.1

Radiated

field strength against power input

6.2

Aerial received voltage

109
109

7 Telephony (transmission rates)

7.1

Plesiochronous

7.2

Synchronous

Digital Hierarchy:
Digital Hierarchy:

8 Useful constants/units

PDH
SDH

and symbols

109
109

11()

Relevant specifications
9.1

CATV specifications

111

9.2

Telephony specifications

112

10 Format of MPEG transport stream packet

112

11 The SOH multiplexing structure

113

- 90-

TECHNICAL

INFORMATION

1 TELEVISION STANDARDS
1.1 eel R television standards by country
Country

VHF UHF Colour

system

Country

VHF UHF Colour

Algeria

PAL

Libya

SECAM

Argentina

PAL

Luxembourg

Australia

PAL

PAL!
SECAM

Austria

PAL

PAL

Bahrain

PAL

Belgium

PAL

Bulgaria

SECAM

Canada
China

M
D

M
K

NTSC
PAL

Cyprus

SECAM

Czechoslovakia

SECAM

Denmark

Egypt

G,H SECAM

Finland

+--

PAL

PAL

France

ElL

SECAM

Germany

PAL

Gibraltar

Great Britain

system

Malta

Malaysia

PAL

Mexico

NTSC

Monaco

SECAM

Morocco

SECAM

Nigeria

PAL

Norway

PAL

Pakistan

PAL

Philippines

NTSC

Poland

SECAM

Portugal

PAL

Oman Sultanate

PAL

Qatar

PAL

Romania

PAL

Saudi Arabia

PAL!
SECAM

PAL
PAL

Greece

SECAM

Singapore

PAL

Holland

PAL

Spain

PAL

PAL

Sri Lanka

Hong Kong

PAL

Hungary

SECAM

South Africa

Iceland

PAL

Sweden

India

PAL

Switzerland

PAL

Indonesia

PAL

Syrian Arab Rep, B

SECAM

Iran

SECAM

Taiwan

NTSC

Iraq

SECAM

Thailand

PAL

PAL

Tunisia

PAL!
SECAM

Turkey

PAL

UAE

PAL

USA

NTSC

(Ex) USSR

SECAM

Yemen PDR

(Ex) Yugoslavia

Ireland
Israel

PAL

Italy

PAL

Japan
Jordan
Korea (ReI',)
Kuwait

Lebanon

M
B
M
B
B

M
G
M
G
G

NTSC
PAL
NTSC
PAL
SECAM

- 91 -

PAL
PAL

PAL
G

PAL

1.2 CCIR television standards

CCIR Standard
Number

or lines

625

625

625

819

S19

625

625

Channel bandwidth

(MHz)

14

Video bandwidth

(MHz)

10

Video-to-sound spacing (MHz)

+5.5

+5.5

+6.5 +11.15

+5.5

+5.5

+5.5

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

Picture modulation

Ncg.

Pas.

Neg.

Pus.

Pas.

Neg.

Neg.

Sound modulation

FM

AM

FM

AM

AM

FM

FM

(+5.7-t2)

Vestigial side band

(MHz)

(+5.742)

CCIR Standard

1.25

Kl

625

625

625

(MHz)

(MHz)

5.5

4.2

4.2

Video-to-sound spacing (MHz)

+6

+6.5

+6.5

+6.5

+4.5

+4.5

Number of lines
Channel

bandwidth

Video bandw idth

L
625

525

625

1,25*

0.75

1.2S

1.25

0.75

0.75

Picture modulation

Ncg.

Neg.

Neg.

Pos.

Neg.

Ncg.

Sound modulation

FM

FM

FM

AM

FM

FM

Vestigial side band

(MHz)

UK Cable uses 0.75 vestigial side band

adjacent channel environment.
:I:

10

enable carriage of N1CAM

ill

1.3 Transmission frequency for TV Signals PAL-I

8MHz IRC
Channel

UHF Band
IV/v

Frequency
(MHz)
from - to

Picture
carrier
(MHz)

Colour
sub-earner
(MHz)

Sound
carrier"
(MHz)

NICAM
carrier
(MHz)

21

470

478

471.25

475.68

477_25

477.802

22

478

486

479.25

483.68

485.25

485.802
493.802

23

486

494

487.25

491.68

493.25

24

494

502

495.25

499.68

501.25

501.802

25

502

510

503.25

507.68

509.25

509.802

26

510

518

511.25

515.68

517_25

517.802

27

518

526

519.25

523.68

525.25

525.802

28

526

534

527.25

531.68

533_25

533.802

29

534

542

535.25

539.68

541.25

541.802

30

542

550

543.25

547.68

549.25

549.802

31

550

5S8

551.25

555.68

557.25

557.802

32

558

566

559.25

563.68

565.25

565.802

33

566

574

567.25

571.68

573.25

573.802

34

574

582

575.25

579.68

581.25

581.802

35

582

590

583.25

587.68

589.25

589.802

- 92-

1.3 (cont) Transmission frequency for TV signals

PAL-I 8MHz IRe
Channel

Frequency

Picture

(MHz)

carrier

from
UHF

IVIV

Band

36

590

Sound

NICAM

carrier* carrier

(MHz)

(MH2)

(MHz)

(MHz)

598

591.25

595.68

597.25

597.802

-+

to

Colour
sub-carrier

37

598

606

599.25

603.68

605.25

605.802

38

606

614

607.25

611.68

613.25

613.802

39

614

622

615.25

619.68

621.25

621.802

40

622

630

623.25

627.68

629.25

629.802

41

630

638

631.25

635.68

637.25

637.802

42

638

646

639.25

643.68

645.25

645.802

43

646

654

647.25

651.68

653.25

653.802

44

654

662

655.25

659.68

661.25

661.802

45

662

670

663.25

667.68

669.25

669.802

46

670

678

671.25

675.68

677.25

677.802

47

678

686

679.25

683.68

685.25

685.802

48

686

694

687.25

691.68

693.25

693.802

49

694

702

695.25

699.68

701.25

701.802

50

702

710

703.25

707.68

709.25

709.S02

51

710

718

711.25

715.68

717.25

717.802

52

718

726

719.25

723.68

725.25

725.802

53

726

734

727.25

731.68

733.25

733.802

54

734

742

735.25

739.68

741.25

741.802

55

742

750

742.25

747.68

749.25

749.802

56

750

758

751.25

755.68

757.25

757.802

57

758

766

759.25

763.68

765.25

765.802

58

766

774

767.25

771.68

773.25

773.802

59

774

782

775.25

779.68

781.25

781.802

60

782

790

783.25

787.68

789.25

789.802

61

790

798

791.25

795.68

797.25

797.802

62

798

806

799.25

803.68

805.25

80S.802

63

806

814

807.25

811.68

813.25

813.802

64

814

822

815.25

819.68

821.2S

821.802

65

822

830

823.25

827.68

829.25

829.802

66

830

838

831.25

835.68

837.25

837.802

67

838

846

839.25

843.68

845.25

845.802

68

846

854

847.25

851.68

853.25

853.802

69

854

862

855.25

859.68

861.25

861.802

*171Cfrequencies of the 2nd sound carrier are calculated

by adding o.552MHz to the jrequencv of tile lst sound
carrier

- 93 -

1.4

8MHz HRC UK cable frequency usage

Video
MHz

Colour
MHz

Audio
MHz

NICAM
MHz

Video
MHz

Colour
MHz

Audio
MHz

NICAM
MHz

56

60.43

62.00

62.552

424

428.43

430.00

430.552

64

68.43

70.00

70.552

4321'

436.43

43X.00

438.552

440

444.43

446.00

446.552
454.552

88-108MHz

FM Radio Services

120*

124.43

126.00

126.552

448

452.43

454.00

128

132.43

134.00

134.552

456

460.43

462.00

462.552

136

140.43

142.00

142.552

464

468.43

470.00

470.552

144"1"

148.43

150.00

150.552

472

476.43

478.00

478.552

152*

156.43

158.00

158.552

480

484.43

486.00

486.552

160

164.43

166.00

166.552

488

492.43

494.00

494.552

168

172.43

174.00

174.552

496

500.43

502.00

502.552

176

180.43

182.00

182.552

504

508.43

510.00

510.552

184

188.43

190.00

190.552

512

516.43

518.00

518.552

192

196.43

198.00

198.552

520

524.43

526.00

526.552

200

204.43

206.00

206.552

528

532.43

534.00

534.552

208

212.43

214.00

214.552

536

540.43

542.00

542.552

216

220.43

222.00

222.552

544

548.43

550.00

550.552

224

228.43

230.00

230.552

552

556.43

558.00

558.552

232

236.43

238.00

238.552

560

564.43

566.00

566.552

240'"

244.43

246.00

246.552

568

572.43

574.00

574.552

248

252.43

254.00

254.552

576

580.43

582.00

582.552

256

260.43

262.00

262.552

584

588.43

590.00

590.552

264

268.43

270.00

270.552

592

596.43

598.00

598.552

272

276.43

278.00

278.552

600

604.43

606.00

606.552

280

284.43

2S6.00

286.552

60S

612.43

614.00

614.552
622.552

288

292.43

294.00

294.552

616

620.43

622.00

296

300.43

302.00

302.552

624

628.43

630.00

630.552

304

308.43

310.00

310.552

632

636.43

638.00

638.552

312

316.43

318.00

318.552

640

644.43

646.00

646.552

320

324.43

326.00

326.552

648

652.43

654.00

654.552

32S"

332.43

334.00

334.552

656

660.43

662.00

662.552

336

340.43

342.00

342.552

664

668.43

670.00

670.552

344

348.43

350.00

350.552

672

676.43

678.00

678.552

352

356.43

358.00

358.552

680

684.43

686.0()

686.552

360

364.43

366.00

366.552

688

692.43

694.00

694.552

368

372.43

374.00

374.552

696

700.43

702.00

71J2.552

376

380.43

382.00

382.552

704

708.43

710.00

710.552

384

388.43

390.00

390.552

712

716.43

718.00

718.552

392

396.43

398.00

398.552

720

724.43

726.00

726.552

400*

404.43

406.00

406.552

728

732.43

734.00

734.552

408

412.43

414.00

414.552

736

740.43

742.00

742.552

416

420.43

422.00

422.552

744

748.43

750.00

750.552

.;. ~ Restricted use (see MPT 1510)

t ~ Low Radiation Limits (see MPT 1510)

- 94-

1.5 UK analogue television channel transmission

scheme
Vestigial sideband transmission of a channel at 200 MHz with NICAM
Video carrier
200 MHz

--+---t--

Upper adjacent video carrier

208 ~Hz\

l----b.L--t----t--t--+--l---I-NICAM

-ftj----1
carrier
206.552

..

2.0 SYSTEM

-Hi---I

PERFORMANCE

The following figures for the signal requirements

outlet are taken from EN 50083-7: 1996

at the system

2.1 Signal levels at outlets

Type of service

__

Minimum level
dB(IJV)

MaxifTlum level
dB(IlV)

AM- VSB-television

57

80 for up to 20 ch
77 for >20 ch

Flvl-television (satellite IF)

47

77

FM radio, mono

40

70

FM radio, stereo

50

70

Maximum

level difference

Frequency ranges

between television

chanrsels

Modulation

MaxirTIum level
difference (dB)

47 MHz to 862 MHz

AM

12

Any 60 MHz range

AM

Adjacent channels

AM

Up La470 MHz

FM

15

950 MHz to 1750 MHz

FM

15

2.2 Minimum carrier to noise ratio

System

Minimum carrier
to noise ratio (dB)

Equivalent noise
bandwidth

AM-VSB-television

44

5.08

FM-Lelcvision(satellite IF)

15

27 MHz

MHz

FM radio, mono

38

200 kHz

FM radio, stereo

48

200 kHz

- 95-

2.3

Grades of impairment

- CCIR 5-poin1 scale

Quality

Grade

Impairment

Excellent

Imperceptible

Good

Perceptible but not annoying

Fair

Slightly annoying

Poor

Annoying

Bad

Very annoying

3.0

CONVERSION

TABLES

3.1

dBmV/voltage

conversion chart

dBmV

IlV

dBmV

IlV

dBmV

mV

dBmV

mV

-60

1.00

-30

31.6

1.00

+30

31.6

-59

1.12

-29

35.5

+1

1.12

~3 I

35.5

-58

1.26

-28

39.8

+2

1.26

~32

39.8

-57

1.41

-27

44.7

+3

1.41

+33

44.7
50.1

-56

1.59

-26

50.1

+4

1.59

+34

-55

1.78

-25

56.2

+5

1.78

~35

56.2

-54

2.00

-24

63.1

+6

2.00

~36

63.1

-53

2.24

-23

70.8

+7

2.24

+37

70.8

-52

2.51

-22

79.4

+8

2.51

~38

79.4

-51

2.82

-21

89.1

~9

2.82

~39

891

-50

3.16

-20

100

+10

3.16

+40

100

A9

3.55

-19

112

+11

3.55

----'I- I

112

-48

3.98

-18

126

+12

3.98

+42

126

-47

4.47

-17

141

+13

4.47

+43

141

-46

5.01

-16

159

+14

5.01

+44

159

-45

5.62

-15

178

+15

5.62

+45

178

-44

6.31

-14

200

+16

6.31

+46

200

-43

7.08

-13

224

+17

7.08

+47

224

-42

7.94

-12

251

+18

7.94

+48

251

AI

8.91

-II

282

+19

8.91

+49

282

-40

10.0

-10

316

+20

10.0

+50

316

-39

11.2

-9

355

+21

IL2

+51

355

-38

12.6

-8

398

+22

12.6

+52

398

-37

14.1

-7

447

+23

14.1

+53

447

-36

15.9

-6

501

+24

15.9

+54

501

-35

17.8

-5

562

+25

17.8

+55

562

-34

20.0

-4

631

+26

20.0

+56

631

-33

22.4

-3

708

+27

22.4

+57

708

-32

25.1

-2

794

~28

25.1

+58

794

-31

28.2

-I

891

+29

28.2

+59

891

+60

I.OOV

mV = millivolts

= 10-3 volts

J.N = microvolts = 10.6 volts

To convert dBmV to dB/Iv' add 60 to dBmV value

- 96-

3.2

Decibel table: dB to power/voltage ratio

Decibels

Power
ratio

Voltage
ratio

0.1

1.0233

1.0116

0.2

1.0471

1.0233

0.3

1.0715

OA

1.0965

Decibels

Power
ratio

Voltage
ratio

13.0

J9.953

4.4668

14.0

25.119

5.0119

1.03J5

15.0

31.623

5.6234

1.0471

16.0

39.81 J

6.3096

0.5

1.1220

1.0593

17.0

50.119

7.0795

0.6

1.1482

1.0715

18.0

63.096

7.9433

0.7

1.1749

1.0839

19.0

79.433

8.9125

0.8

1.2023

1.0965

20.0

100.00

10.000

0.9

1.2303

1.1092

22.0

158.49

12.589

1.0

1.2589

I.J 220

24.0

25119

15.849

1.2

1.3183

1.1482

26.0

398.1 I

19.953

1.4

1.3804

1.1749

28.0

63096

25.119

1.6

1.4454

1.2023

30.0

1000.0

31.623

1.8

1.5136

1.2303

32.0

1584.9

39.81 I

2.0

1.5849

1.2589

34.0

2511.9

50.119

2.2

1.6595

1.2882

36.0

3981.1

63.096

2A

1.7328

1.3183

38.0

6309.6

79.433

2.6

1.8198

1.3490

40.0

104

100.00

2.8

1.9055

1.3804

42.0

104 x 1.5849

125.89

~-

3.0

1.9953

IAI25

44.0

104 x 2.5119

158.49

3.5

2.2387

1.4962

46.0

104 x 3.9811

199.53
251.19

I
I

I
I
I
I

4.0

2.5119

1.5849

48.0

104 x 6.3096

4.5

2.8184

1.6788

50.0

105

316.23

5.0

3.1623

1.7783

52.0

105 x 1.5849

398.11

5.5

3.5480

1.8836

54.0

105 x 2.5119

501.19

s.o

3.981 I

1.9953

56.0

105 x 3.9811

630.96

105 x 6.3096

7.0

5.0119

2.2387

58.0

8.0

6.3096

2.5119

60.0

106

794.33
1,000.00

9.0

7.9433

2.8184

70.0

107

3,162.3

10.0

10.000

3.1623

80.0

108

10,000.0

11.0

12.589

3.5480

900

109

31,623.0

12.0

15.849

3.9811

100.0

1010

100,000.0

Note:
voltage ratio applies when impedance

is the same.

I
I
1

- 97-

I
I
3.3

dBm to milliwatt conversion

15

l
I

14

13
12

II

11

10

9
E 8
~

I
I

7
6
5
4
3
2

II

I
I

\
1

6 7 8 910

Milliwatts

- 98 -

15 20

30

3.4 Return Loss Ratio (RLR) v VSWR & reflection

coefficient

30.00
10.00
6.00

80 ----

RLR(dB) =20 log\O(VSWR+I)/(VSWR-I)}

4.00

40

3.00

RLR(dB) = 20 loglO(lOO/lr%l) where

2.50

f'% = Reflection coefficient expressed

2.00

31.6

1.70
1.60

20--

in %

RLR (dB) = 20 loglD{I(Zx+75)/(Zx75)1}

where Z, is the load impedance

connected

10

75 Q system

1.50
1.40

% Reflection

IOO((VSWR-I)/(VSWR+l)}

1.30
YSWR = {(lORLR(dB)/20+I)I(IORLR(dB)/20
1.20
1.15

1.10
1.08

3.16 -30

2.5 --

__

1.06
1.05
1.04

-35
1.03

1.0 -40

1.02

99

-I)}

DISTORTION

4.1

& DERATING

INFORMATION

Calculation of second-order distortion - CSO

The ratio of carrier to second order distortion in dB varies I: I with

signal level, assuming that all carriers are varied by the same
number of dB:
IM2(LI) = fM2(Lo) - (LI

where IM2(LI)

La)

Carrier to second order distortion ratio (dB)

at new level LI

IM2(Lo) = Carrier to second order distortion ratio (dB)

at original level Lo
La. LI
Cascade

Carrier levels (dBmV, or dB/JV)

calculations

The addition of second order distortion in a cascade depends

phase characteristics

on the

of the amplifiers and makes performance

difficult to predict accurately.

add second order distortion

However, it is common practice

10

on a power basis as for noise:

1M2 = IMz<O) - 1010gio (N)

where 1M2

Carrier to second order distortion ratio

(dB) for cascade of N amplifiers

IM2(0) = Carrier to second order distortion ratio (dB)

for single amplifier assuming

all amplifiers

are

operated at the same level

4.2 Calculations of Carrier-to-Noise

(5MHz Bandwidth)
Single amplifier

carrier-to-noise

ratio

CIN

ratio (CNo)

CNo = Lo + 58 - Noise figure - Gain

or
CNo

= LI

+ 58 - Noise figure

where LI, Lo

input and output levels respectively (expressed

in dBmV)
(58 is the thermal noise generated

in a 750. impedance

expressed in dBmV)
Thus if the carrier level at the input (dBmV) is numerically
to the amplifier's

equal

noise figure, then the output carrier 10 noise ratio

will he 58 dB. For every I dB increase in input carrier level the

output carrier to noise ratio will increase by I dB.

- 100-

Cascade

calculations

(a) amplifiers

operating at identical CN values (see also derating

chart)

CN

CNo - 1000glo(N)
where CNo = carrier to noise ratio for a single amplifier
N = Number of amplifiers in cascade

(b) amplifiers

operating at different CN values (see also derating

chart)
= -10Iog1o(NI + N2 +... Nn)
where NI = 10 -(NIlO for the first amplifier

CN

N2 = 10 -(NIlO

for the second amplifier

N, = 10 -CNIlO for the last amplifier

Thus:

eN = -IOloglO (10

-CNI/IO

+ 10

-CN2/10

+ ... +

IO-CNn/IO)

4.3 Calculation of third-order distortion

The ratio of carrier to third order distortion in dB varies 2: I with
signal level, assuming that all carriers are varied by the same
number of dB:

lM3(L1) = 1M3(Lo) - 2(L1 - Lo)

where IM3(L1) = Carrier to third order distortion

+--

ratio

(dB) at new level LI

TM3(La) = Carrier to third order distortion

ratio

(dB) at original level Lo

La, LI = Carrier levels (dBmV, or dBf-lV)
Cascade

calculations

Follow the same procedure as for cross modulation.

4.3.1

Composite Triple-Beat - CTB

The composite triple-beat ratio (CTB) in dB varies 2:1 with signal

level, assuming that all carriers are varied by the sarne number of
dB:
= CTB(Lo) - 2(L1 - Lo)
where CTB(L1) = Composite triple-beat ratio (dB) at new

CTB(L)

level LI
CTB(Lo) = Composite

triple-beat

ratio (dB)

at original

level La
La, L) = Carrier levels (dBmV, or dB~V)
The level of CTB distortion depends on the number

of beats

landing in a particular channel. It is not simply related

number of channels.
- 101 -

to the

Cascade calculations
Follow the same procedure as for cross modulation,

4.3.2 Cross Modulation

- XMOD

The cross modulation ratio (XM) in dB varies 2: I with signal level,

assuming that all carriers are varied by the same number of dB:
XM(Lj) = XM(Lo) - 2(Lj - Lo)
where XM(Lj) = Cross modulation
XM(Lo)

ratio (dB) at new level Lj

Cross modulation

ratio (dB) at original

level La
Lo, Lj = Carrier levels (dBmV, or dBi-tV)
For every IdB increase in output level there is a corresponding
2dB reduction in cross modulation ratio.
Dependence on number of channels
XM(M) = XM(N) - 20Iog10{(M-I)/(N-I)}
where XM(M) = Cross modulation

ratio for M channels

XM(N) = Cross modulation

ratio for N channels

Cascade calculations
(a) amplifiers

operating at identical XMOD values (see also

derating churt)
XM

XMo + 201oglO(N)

where XMo = Rated cross modulation

N
(b) amplifiers

Number of amplifiers

of oneamplifier

in cascade

operating at different XMOD values (see also

derating chart)
XM = -20loglO(N j+N2+ "Nn)
where N j = lO-xM/2o for the first ampl ifier
N2 = 10-XM/20for the second amplifier
N, =
Thus:
XM

IO-XM/20

for the last amplifier

-20loglO(10-XMjI20 + 10-xMi20 + 10-XM,/lO)

- 102-

I
4.4 De-rating chart: CIN & C.S.O. (10 log combination)
Power addition combining derate charts for two devices in cascade

dB difference

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.0
1.0

3.0l

2.96
2.50

2.91
2.45

2.86
2.41

2.82

2.54

2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0

2.13
1.76
1.46
1.19

2.09
1.73

2.05
1.70

1.43
1.17

1.40
1.15

2.01
1.67
1.37
1.12

1.97
1.64
1.35
1.10

2.77
2.33
1.94
1.60
1.32
1.08

2.72
2.28
1.90
1.57
1.29
1.06

2.67
2.24
1.87
1.54
1.27
1.04

2.63
2.20
1.83
1.51
1.24
1.01

2.58
2.16
1.80
1.48
1.22

8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
120

0.97
0.79
0.64

0.95
0.77

0.93
0.76

0.9\
0.74

2.37

0.51
0.41

0.62
0.50

0.61
0.49

0.60
0.48

0.90
0.72
0.59
0.47

0040

0.39

0.33
0.26

0.32
0.26

0.31
0.25

0.39
0.31
0.25

0.38
0.30
0.24

0.88
0.71

0.37

0.57
0.46
0.30
0.24

0.99

Note: This

chart

distortion

characteristics

devices
they

in cascade

exhibit

different
de-rating

the same

factor

0.82
0.67
0.54
0.43

0.81
0.65
0.53
0.42

the combined

0.36
0.29
0.23

0.35
0.28
0.23

0.35

0.34

example

0.28
0.22

0.27
0.22

while

0.21

0.21

0.20

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.14

0.14

\5.0

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.11

0.11

16.0
17.0
18.0

0.10
0.08
0.07

0.10
0.08
0.07

0.10
0.08
0.07

0.10

0.10

0.\0

0.09

0.09

009

0.09

o.os

0.08

0.08

(>.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.06

0.06

0.06

19.0
20.0

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05
0.04

0.05

0.05
0.04

0.06
0.04
0.G3

0.04

be subtracted
device

C/N

of two

whether
or

characteristics.

0.84
0.68
0.55
0.44

13.0

to

to-noise ratio or second order

0.86
0.70
0.56
0.45

14.0

is used

determine the resulting carrier-

The

obtained
from

should

the worst

characteristic

to obtain

characteristic.

the first device

characteristic
the second

For
has a

of -49dB
exhibits

-59.0dB. The chart shows a

OAI dc-rating for the 10.0dB
difference,
exhibiting
48.59dB.

with

the pair

a combined

C/N

of

4.5 De-rating chart: eTB & XMOD (20 log combination)

Voltage addition combining derate charts for two devices in cascade

s:

Note: This chart is used to

dB difference

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.0
1.0

6.02
5.53

5.97
5.49

5.92
5.44

5.87
5.39

5.82
5.35

5.77
5.30

5.68
5.21

5.63
5.17

5.58

2.0
3.0

5.08
4.65

5.03
4.61

4.99
4.57

4.94
4.53

4.90
4.49

4.86
4.45

5.73
5.26
4.82
4.41

4.78
4.37

4.73
4.33

5.12
4.69
4.29

4.0

4.25

4.21

4.17

4.13

4.10

4.06

4.02

3.98
3.63

3.95
3.60

3.91
3.56

3.30

3.27

3.24

2.97

2.94

be subtracted

2.69
2.44

2.66
2.41

the combined

2.18
1.97
1.77
1.60
1.44
1.29
1.16

5.0

3.88

3.84

6.0
7.0
8.0

3.53
3.21
2.91

3.50
3.18

9.0
10.0
11.0

2.64
2.39
2.16
1.95
1.75

12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

3.80
3.46

3.77
3.43

3.73
3.40

3.70
3.36

3.66
3.33

3.12

2.88

3.1S
2.86

2.83

3.09
2.80

3.06
2.77

3.03
2.74

3.00
2.72

2.61
2.36

2.59
2.34

2.56
2.32

2.53
2.29

2.SI
2.27

2.48
2.25

2.46
2.22

2.13
1.93
1.74
1.56
1.41

2.11
1.91
1.72
I.SS
1.39

2.07
1.87
1.68
1.51

2.05
1.85
1.67
1.50
1.35

2.03
1.83
1.65
1.48

2.01
1.81

1.26

1.25

2.09
1.89
1.70
1.53
1.38
1.24

2.20
1.99
1.79

1.63
1.47
1.32
1.19

1.61
1.45
1.31
1.17

\6,0

1.58
1.42
1.28

17.0
18.0

1.15
1.03

1.14
1.02

1.12
1.01

1.11
1.00

19.0
20.0

0.92
0.83

0.91
0.82

0.90
0.81

0.89
0.80

1.36
1.22

1.21

1.33
1.20

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.06

1.05

1.04

0.99
0.88
0.79

0.95
0.87
0.78

0.96
0.86
0.77

0.95
0.86
0.77

0.94
0.85
0.76

0.93
0.84
0.75

determine

the resulting

modulation
beat

characteristics

devices

whether

the same

different

characteristics.

de-rating

factor

or
The

nbtained
from

characteristic

example.

triple

of two

in cascade

they exhibit

device

cross-

or composite

should

the worst
to obtain

characteristic.

the first device

CTB

characteristic

while

the second

For
has a

of -60dB
exhibits

value of -6SdB. The chart

shows a 3.88 de-rating
for the
5.0dB

difference,

with

the pair

exhibiting a combined crossmodulation

-56.12dB.

characteristic

of

I
4.6 Amplifier cascade factors

1
Cascade (N)

10 log(N)
0,00

(),OO

0,00

3,01

4,52

6,02

4,77

7,16

9.54

6,02

9,03

J204

6,99

10,48

13.98

7,78

11.67

15,56

8,45

12.68

16,90

9.03

13,55

18,06

954

14,31

19,08

10

10.00

15,00

20,00

I
I
1
'I
1
1

I
I

t.
1

15Iog(N)

11

lOAI

15,62

20,83

12

10,79

16,19

21.58

13

11.14

16,71

22.28

14

11,46

17.19

22,92

15

11.76

17,64

23,52

16

1204

18.06

24,08

17

12,30

18,46

24,61

18

12,55

18,83

25,11

19

12,79

19,18

2558

20

13.01

19.52

26,02

21

13.22

19.83---

26,44

22

13,42

20.14

26,85

23

13.62

20.43

27.23

24

13.80

20,70

27,60

25

13.98

20,97

27.96

Use 10 logiN) for C/N

Use 15 logeN) for CSO and SSO
Use 20 logt N) for XM and CTS

I
I
j

I
I
I
I

20Iog(N)

- 105-

5 CABLE INFORMATION
5.1 Cable slope vs cable attenuation
-

300 MHz

- - -

400 MHz

550 MHz _. - 750 MHz

35

,
.',
, -1;
100""

"
"
"

25

,~ ,
00 .',

,
1/
, .'.0 ,
, o'

"

o'

"

1/ ~ 0; "
.. :-~
L~ ~

10

~ ~

"
~:.
~

30

'to

11""

l..,I ~

8
10
12
dB of slope

14

16

18

20

5.2 Typical fibre loss vs path length

(fibre only)
14

Fibre loss @ 1310 nm (0.45 dB/km)

___

Fibre lo~s @ 1550 nm (0.25 dB/k~) ~

12

~
/

10

Z
~
'"'"
.

s,

'"
r.;:
.J:J

,/

V
,
V~

12

,"

16 20
24
Path length (km)

Note:
Nell' dispersion

,.'

"

~;

~,'

~~ ..

,/

1/

shifted fibre.

106

28

32

36

40

tI
5.3 Cable loss ratio at different frequencies
Wanted frequency

(See note 1 at right)

0
-..l

Freq MHz

10

20

5
10
20

1.00

1.41
1.00

30
40
50

0.71
0.50
0.41
0.35
0.32

2.00
1.41
1.00

55

0.30

:J

70

0.27

:;;

85
108

0.24
0.22

D.38 D.53
0.34 0.49
0.30 0.43

120
181
300

0.20
0.17
0.13

0.29
0.24
0.18

350
400

0.12
0.11

0.17
0.16

0.22

450

0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08

0.15
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10

0.21
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14

"

:J

~
.c
c
<D

:J

'<

550
600
750
865
1000

O.OS

0.07

0.71
0.58
0.50
0.45
0.43

30

40

2.45 2.83
1.73 2.00
1.22 1.41
1.00 1.15
0.87 1.00

50

55

3.16
2.24
1.58

3.32
2.35
1.66
1.35
1.17
1.05

70

85

3.74 4.12
2.65 2.92
1.87 2.06
1.53 1.68
1.32 1.46
1.18 1.30

300

350

400

450

550

4.65

4.90
3.46
2.45

6.02

7.75
5.48

8.37

8.94
6.32
4.47

9.49
6.71
4.74

2.96
2.65

3.65
3.16
2.83

3.87
3.35
3.00

10.49 10.95 12.25

7.42 7.75 8.66
5.24 5.48 6.12
4.28 4.47 5.00

2.52

2.70

2.86
2.54

1.40

1.48

1.24

1.31

1.81
1.61

1.00

1.13
1.00

1.19
1.05

1.46
1.29

2.07
1.88
1.67

0.95
0.77
0.60

1.00

1.23

1.58

0.81
q.63

1.00

0.56
0.52

(159
d.S5

077

0.89

0.60

0.74

0.85

0.95

1.00

D.65 0.76

0.85

0.89

I 13 1.24
1.00 1.10

0.59
0.53

0.69
0.61

0.77
0.68

0.80
0.71

0.91
0.81

0.50
0.41

0.58
0.47
0.37

0.65
0.53
0.41

0.68
0.55
0.43

0.76
0.62
0.48

0.34

0.38

0.32

0.35

040
0.37

0.45
0.42

0.24

181

2.00
1.73
1.55

1.29
1.12
1.00

0.41

120

3.29
2.32
1.90
1.64
1.47

0.82
0.71
0.63

0.33
0.26

108

4.25
3.01
2.46
2.13
1.90

3.87
3.16
2.74
2.45
2.34

5.92
4.18
3.42

865

1000

13.15 14.14
9.30 10.00
6.58

7.07
5.77
5.00
4.47
4.26

3.87
3.46

4.33
3.87

5.37
4.65
4.16

3.30

3.69

3.97

2.93

3.27

3.52
3.19
2.83

0.78

2.66
2.36
2.24
1.82
1.41

2.97
2.64

1.29
1.00

2.30
2.04 2.26
1.94 2.14
1.58 1.74
1.22 1.35

2.50
2.04
1.58

072
0.67

0.93
0.H7

1.00
0.94

LI3
1.06

1.25
1.17

1.31
l.22

1.46
1.37

1.57
1.47

1.69
I.SH

0.26

030 033 035 039 0.43 0.49 0.52 0.63 0.82 O.RR 0.94 1.00 111

115

129

1.39 1.49

0.23
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.17

0.27
0.26
0.23
0.22
0.20

1.04
1.00

1.17
1.12
1.00

1.25
1.20
1.07

0.93
0.87

1.00
0.93

0.32
0.29
0.27

0.30
0.29
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.32
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.23

0.36
0.34
0.31
0.28
0.26

0.84
0.69
0.53
0.49
0.46
0.39
0.38
0.34
0.31
0.29

0.44
0.42
0.38
0.35
0.33

0.47
0.45

0.57
0.55
0.40 0.49
0.37 0.46
0.35 0.43

0.74
0.71
0.63
0.59
0.55

0.80
0.76
0.68
0.64
0.59

2.39

2.80
2.54

750

2.03 2.17
1.80 1.92
1.71 1.83
1.39 1.49
1.08 1.15

0.89

2.24

3.71
3.32
3.16

600

L07
1.00

085
0.82
0.73
0.68
0.63

0.90
0.87
0.77
0.72
0.67

1.00
0.96
0.86
0.80
0.74

0.89
0.83
0.77

Example:
Cable

loss

is 20dB,
Solution

20 x 0.35

7.0dB.

Note 1:
For more
figures

3.04

be made

2.68

2.89

cable

2.19
1.70

2.35
1.83

1.00

is loss at

SSMHz?

3.78
3.43

135
1.29
1.15
1.08

at 450MHz

what

accurate

reference

should

to the relevant

specification.

5.4 Resistance of Copper Pair Cables

Based on: p

0.017241 ohm-mm

Conductor
Diameter
mm

Cross
Sectional
Area sq mm

Conductor
Resistance
ohrns/m

Conductor
Resistance
ohms/km

Loop
Resistance
ohms/m

Loop
Resistance
ohms/km

0.10

0.01
0.02

2.1952

2195.192

4.3904

4390.38

0.15

0.9756

975.641

1.9513

1951.28

0.20

0.03

0.5488

548.798

1.0976

1097.60

0.25

0.05

0.3512

351.231

0.7025

702.46

0.30

007

0.2439

243.910

0.4878

487.82

0.35
0.40

0.10

0.1792

179.199

0.3584

358.40

0.13

0.1372

137.200

0.2744

274.40

0.45

0.16

0.1084

108.405

0.2168

216.81

0.50

0.20

0.0878

87.808

0.1756

175.62

0.55

024

0.0726

72.568

0.1451

145.14

0.60

0.28

0.0610

60.978

0.1220

121.96

0.65

0.33

0.0520

51.957

0.1039

103.91

0.70

0.38
0.44

0.0448

44.800

0.0896

89.60

0.75

0.0390

39.026

0.0781

78.05

0.80

0.50

0.0343

34.300

0.0686

68.60

0.85

0.57

0.0304

30.383

0.0608

60.77

0.90

0.64

0.0271

27.101

0.0542

54.20

0.95
1.00

0.71

0.0243

24.323

0.0486

48.65

0.79
1.77

0.0220

21.952

0.0439

43.90

1.50

0.0098

9.756

0.0195

19.51

2.00

3.14

0.0055

5.488

0.0110

10.98

2.50

4.91

0.0035

-{HI070

7.02

3.00

7.07

0.0024

3.512
2.439

0.0049

4.88

3.50

9.62

0.0018

1.792

0.0036

3.58

4.00

12.57

0.0014

1.372

0.0027

2.74

4.50

15.90

0.0011

1.084

0.0022

5.00

19.63

0.0009

0.878

0.0018

2.17
1.76

6.00

28.27

0.0006

0.610

0.0012

1.22

7.00

38.48

0.0004

0.448

0.0009

0.90

8.00

50.27

0.0003

0.343

0.0007

0.69

9.00

63.62

0.0003

0.271

0.0005

10.00

78.54

0.0002

0.220

0.0004

0.54
0.44

11.00

95.03

0.0002

0.181

0.0004

0.36

12.00

113.10

0.0002

0.152

0.0003

0.30

13.00

132.73

0.0001

0.130

0.0003

0.26

14.00

153.94

0.0001

0.112

0.0002

0.22

15.00

176.71

0.0001

0.098

0.0002

0.20

For the resistance of cable sizes not listed above use:

R = 21.95/cP ohm/km where R = the conductor resistance
diameter

ill

min.

- 108 -

and d = the

ELECTROMAGNETIC

6.1

COMPATIBILITY

DATA

Radiated field strength against pO\l\ler input

A/2 dipole
EF = (7.01';- d)..,jP

Isotropic radiator
E" = (5.5 .;- d) -Jp

where:
E F = field strength in volts/m
P = power

ill.

d = distance

6.2

watts
in metres

Aerial received voltage

Al2 dipole
ER - EF+ 31.5 + G - 20logF
where:
E F = field strength. in dBpV/m
ER

received voltage at antenna terminal (clBf/V) in 750 load

G = antenna gain = 2.ldB for Al2 dipole

F = frequency

in MHz

I
7 TELEPHONY

I
~

7.1

(TRANSMISSION

Plesiochronous

RATES)

Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

E I - 2.048 Mbit/s (=32 x 64 kbit/s)

E2 - 8.448 Mbit/s

E3 - 34.368 Mbit/s
E4 - 139.264 Mbitls

I
!

7.2

Synchronous

Digital Hierarchy (SOH)

STM I - 155.52 Mbit/s

STM 4 - 622.08 Mbit/s

STM 16 - 2488.32 Mbit/s

STM 64 - 9953.28 Mbit/s

I
I
I
I
I

- J09-

USEFUL CONSTANTS/UNITS

8.1

& SYMBOLS

Useful constants

Boltzrnan

Constant

k = 1.380658 x 10-23

Free Space Electric Constant

= 8.854188

Eo

Free Space Magnetic Constant

f-lo

Free Space Impedance = Zo =

Eillo

10-12 Fltn

4 x 10-7
= 12011:= 377Q

It = 3.141593

2.718282

c = 2.9979925

x 108 rn/s (speed of light/e.m. waves)

Resistivity

(p) of Copper (annealed) = 1.7241 x 1O-6Q em

Resistivity

(p) of Copper (hard drawn) = 1.7758 x 10-60 cm

Resistivity

(p) of Aluminium

Temperature

= 2.828 x 10-6Q ern

Coefficient (0.) of Resistance

of Copper (annealed)

20'C = 0.00393
Temperature

Coefficient (0.) of Resistance

of Copper (hard drawn)

@ 20'C = 0.00382

Temperature

Coefficient (0.) of Aluminium

Temperature

Coefficient (0.) of Cable Attenuation =

O.002dB/dB'C

@ 20T

= 0.0039

(approx)

Notes:
To find the resistance (R) of a conductor
R = pLlA

use:

where p = Resistivity
L

Length in cm

A = Cross sectional area in cn?

To find the resistance (R) of a conductor at other temperatures
R = R20(I+a2o(T-20)

where

0.20

= Temperature coefficient

R20

at 20'C

The resistance at 20eC

R = The resistance at temperature

- 110-

lIse:

T'C

8.2 Units and symbols

Quantity

Name

Symbol

Length

metre

rn

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Electric Current

Ampere

Kelvin

Power

Watt

Electric potential

volL

Thermodynamic

temp

Force

Newton

Electric resistance

ohm

Frequency

Hertz

Hz

Relative power

decibel (bel x 10)

dB

Inductance

Henry

Capacitance

Farad

H
F

9 RELEVANT SPECIFICATIONS
Note:
Due to the huge number of specifications available. only a sample
have been given in the lists below. It is intended that further
references will be added ill later issues of this yearbook.

9.1 CATV specifications

J
I

9.1.1 EN 50083 - Cabled distribution

and interactive multimedia signals

systems-for television,

sound

EN 50083-1 Part I: Safety req uirernents

EN 50083-2 Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility for equipment
EN 50083-3 Part 3: Active coaxial wideband distribution equipment
EN 50083-4 Part 4: Passive coaxial wideband distribution equipment
EN 50083-5 Part 5: Headend equipment
EN 50083-6 Part 6: Optical equipment
EN 50083-7 Part 7: System performance
E 50083-8 Part 8: Electromagnetic compatibility for installations
EN 50083-9 Part 9: interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and
similar professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transport streams.
prEN 50083-10 Part 10: System performance of return path
(provisional).

9.2 Telephony

specifications

9.2.1 fTU-T Rec. 0.654 Characteristics of a 1550nm wavelength

loss-rni nimized single-mode optical fibre cable (Rev I).
9.2.2 ITU-T Rec. 0.703 Physical/electrical
hierarchical digital interfaces (Rev I).

characteristics

9.2.3 TTU-T Rec. 0.957 Optical interfaces for equipment

systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy.
- IJ I -

of

and

10

FORMAT OF MPEG TRANSPORT

STREAM

PACKETS

4 Bytes

184 Bytes

Header

Payload

Adaption
field
N

Stuffing
bytes

Bits

>-

42 + 8

42 + 8

11

THE SOH MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE

STM-N

~_......

14------------------1

C-4
.

I~

139264
kbit/s

x 1
x3

TUG-3
44736
~

L-_--J

pointer

.--

multiplexing

<l--

aligning

+--

mapping

kbit/s
34368
kbitls

processing

C-12

c=J

SONET

ETSI specific options

specific options

C-Jl

I+It-

2048

kbitJs
1544

kbit/s

AMATEUR RADIO ENTHUSIASTS

Call sign

Name

GIPQV

ALLTON.

GIZTJ

BAILEY. Graham

Dave

Company

SCTE

ADC
Telecommunications
UK Ltd

M.1679

G.I Bailey
Signal Systems

M.I049

G8BLB

BLAKENEY,

Phil

Philips

GIPXM

BLAKEWAY,

Roger

Cable & Wireless

GONZQ

BROWN, Simon J

FI175

Cable & Wireless

WA5KBH

CARR. George

G6JET

CHARITY,

G4KVl

DUNN, Christopher

G8MKX

DONNITHORNE,

GW8GRY

FEAR, Peter

G3LCR

GARLICK,

G4GFD

GILMAN,

Alan

G81YG

GOBEY, Paul

G3ETH

GOLDBERG,

G1LYO

GREEN, Trevor

JVC

G30MY

HANCOCK,

Cable & Wireless

WB70DD

HART, Gaylord

Chris
Windsor Cable
John

Texscan Ltd.

M.1513

BBC

A.579

Webro (Long Eaton)

Nynex. Bolton
F,762

PFJ Communications
John

Dave

MAI4

M.1975

Antec, USA

G8BDQ

HEDLEY,

G050F

HEDLEY, Gordon

Gordon

Labgear

NOIVN

HRANAC,

Ron

SCTE, USA

G30HX

JACKSON,

Ian

General Instrument

G2JT

10 ES, Peter

G8JXN

KING, Alan

Labgear Lid
Ltd
H.1292
(Eur.) M.346
F.621
Philips

K8LDK

KOZORA,

G2PU

KHARBANDA,

G3STPIW

LAPIERRE,

GWOPU

LARCOMBE.

KT

VR2VA

LAWRENCE,

John

QTHR

F.500

GW3WEZ

LAWRENCE,

John

QTHR

F.500

G4ZAM

LOWE, Bob

GW7UOH

LUPTON,

G41VG

MALONE,

Bob

Tclewesr
Sant

Philip

Retired

HA95

Video Technology

Em.

Stuart

M.1678
F.282

George

G8DWG

MORTIMER,

GMIPHD

MUIR, Ross

OZ6CE

NYKJAER,

Giles

M.1459
United Artists

Ole

F.273

M.2207

Triax
Mitsubishi

UK Ltd.

F.283

G8SMG

PACEY, John

G3YBD

PROBIN,

GW8SIT

SHEWRJNG,

Martin

MWS Electronics

M.1234

GICWO

STRINGER,

Andrew

Cable Daily Ltd.

M.1630

GMIWMU

WEBSTER,

Stephen

Telewest

M.2400

G8ALQ

WHITLOCK.

Alan

Philips

F. 1159

G3VVT

WILKINSON,

Saudi A ramco

M.462

David

Bob

- 114-

No.

r
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For tickets and further information contact

_

Call us now on

C.A.I.

(44) 181 9028?98

It's
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analyser

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Fax: +44 (0)1268, 419083
Email : salcs@swires.com
Internet:
www.swires.com

Park

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