Subiecte LEC

1) Inflectional and derivational morphemes: -in point of their functions: Lexical/derivational vs Grammatical/Inflection e.g likelihood like-base, 3 morphemes, base+li+hood = derivational morpheme, bound m. shamelessly shame-base, 3 m. , base+less+ly= derivational morpheme, lexical m. faithfulness faith- base, 3 m., derivational m. subcounsciousness consci-base, 4 m., derivational m. rewrites write- base, 3 m., 1lexical, 2 derivational m. writings writ-base ing- lexical m. , s-gramatical m. Inflections: s, ed, ing, est, er. -types of inflection: Internal: foot/feet, ring/rang/rung, met/meet External: known, called, burnt Zero: cut/cut, sheep/ sheep Suppletive: boy/girl, go/went/gone word order(case relations) analytical marker 2) Perfect by Comrie While aspect is concerned with different ways of representing the internal temporal constituency of a situation, perfect rather different since it says nothing directly about the situation, but rather relates some present effect/state to some previous situation/case. e.g. I have lost my pen./ I lost my pen 2 min ago. John has broken his leg. / John broke his leg yesterday. Cf. She has been an invalid all her life. ( was) Princeton has been visited by Einstein.

Einstein visited Princeton. Did you heard her song? Have you hear her sing? 3) Types of perfect by Comrie: Perfect of result = the present state reffered to is the result of some past event time. e.g. John has arrived. Bill has gone to America. I have fixed the TV. Experiential perfect = indicates that a given situation has has held at least once during some time in the past leading up to present. e.g Bill has been to America. Have you heard her sing? Perfect of persistent situation = refers to a situation which has started in the past but continues into the present. They have been married for years. I have been studying English for 10 years. Perfect of recent past = used when the present relevance of the past situation reffered to is simply one of temporal closeness ( +just, recently, already..) I have just met John. She had already have a bath. a) Perfect of result-the present states referred to the result of some past event b) Experiential perfect c ) Perfect of persistent situation-a situation which has started to the past but continues into the present d) Perfect of recent past 4) Aspect of Comrie Aspect= grammatical category which stands for the different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation. 5) Types of Aspect by Comrie: a) perfect (ex 2) b) progressive

primary function: to describe situations seen as developing process whose individual phases are essentially distinct one to another. Secondary functions: -temporariness -incomplete events -habitual situation- holding relatively a limited period of time. -emotional connotation -idiosyncratic use -iterative meaning c) habitual only past: USED TO John used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day. John would smoke a pack d) prospective Perfect is said to be retroactive: it establishes relationships between an event at one time and an event which has taken place at an ealier time. Similarly, PROSPECTIVE connects: present and future. Expresions of prospective: BE ABOUT TO BE ON THE POINT OF BE GOING TO 6) Def. of Aktionsart by Comrie: stative vs dynamic, punctual vs durative, continuous vs iterative. Aktionsart= inherent aspectual properties of verbs organised as binary oppositions. = an indication of the intrinsec temporal qualities, covering such posibilities as stative vs. dynamic, punctual vs. durative, continuous vs. iterative. 7) Types of Aktionsart by Comrie: a) Punctual (Nick) vs Durative (read) jump, arrive, reach, sit down b) Stative (believe) vs Dynamic (run) read, walk, sleep

believe, know, truth ( no effort/ made up of identical phases)

walk, run, walk

( effort/ internal structure consists of non-identical phases)

c) Telic (buy) vs Atelic (singing) die, climb, run a mile, eat an apple ( = process + inbuilt terminal point) 8) Explain and give an example of : complex transitive verb: Vcomplex+Od+Co syncretics: one form, multiple meanings suppletive form :they belong to the same paradigm 9) List of grammatical categories: aspect, case, comparison, gender, mood, number, person, tense, voice 10) Classification of verbs: a) predication -complete predication: auxiliaries, transitive verbs, verbal phrases with obligatory prepositions/ other obligatory elements -double predication ( V+ cognate object) life a happy life, laugh a merry laugh, walk a brisk walk Cognate object= words that are related semanthicaly and/or formally. b) transitivity -transitivity [V] -ditransitivity [ V+ Oi+Od] -monotransitivity [ V+ Od] -complex transitive [ V+ Od+ Co] c) lexical morphology 1. Derivation class-changing : misspell, distrust -- class-changing: empower, glorify, socialize, befriend 2. Conversion: (to) e-mail, (to) empty 3. Composition: (to) speedwalk, (to) snowfall

4 Back formation: denote<denotion, mutate, dominate d) Form -simple: know, got, held -compound: lip-read, moonlight -complex/phrasal verbs ( V+particle) -phrasal verbs: have breakfast, make friends e) Function -lexical/main -auxiliaries primary - modal -semi-auxiliaries to have to, to have got to -copular/linking 11) Perfect of Comrie- perfect is said to be retroactive-it establishes a relationship between an event at one time and an event which has taken place at an earlier time 12) Modal auxiliaries-features: is the grammaticalization of speakers attitude and opinions 13) Explain and give an ex. of 1.subject complement= is generally used with copular verbs [Vlink+Cs]= Mary is clever. John became a journalist. They were in love. 2.object complement= occur with monotranzitive verbs [Vmonotran. +Co]= Cat caught the mouse. She spoils everything she touches. 3.complex transitive verb - Vcomplex+Od+Co = have both direct object and complement object. I painted the wall white. We elected John president. 4. verb paradigm= refers to all the form that a verb take. Go/went/gone

5. syncretics= have the same form student, studenta 6. suppletive form= the words can be different , they belong to the same paradigm brother/sister 14) List of grammatical categories: aspect, case, comparison, gender, mood, tense, voice, person 15) V-ed1 and V-ed2 can be expressed morphologically in English 16) Types of futurity in English: future of intonation I m going to have my house redecorated. Theyre going to get married. of present cause Its going to rain. Shes going to have a baby. present tense - as syntactic constraint, in conditional and temporal sentences - it requires the presence in the same context of a future time adverbial - it is associated with the idea of immutability of the event refers to: When is the meeting? What time is the football match? Present progressive - imminent arrangement, plan or programme - requires the presence of future time adverbial Im starting the work tomorrow. Shes leaving to Paris next week. 17) Types of modality: epistemic, deontic, intrinsic, extrinsic 18) Complex finite verb phrase: TypeA:(modal/periphrastic): Auxmodal/per+V TypeB(perfective): Aux Have+ V-ed2 TypeC(progressive): Aux Be+V-ing

TypeD(passive): AuxBe+V-ed2 19) The Subjunctive .Types of subjunctive: Mandative occurs in subordonate clauses introduced by THAT, after a small class of verbs or after expressions of recommendation, resolution, surprise. occurs in formal style. The Parliament voted that the present law should be changed. There was a suggestion that John should be faired. Formulaic occurs in stereotyped, conventional or traditional phrases built on patterns of little productivity in the language. Cf. God bless you Long live friendship. Far be it from me. The"were" subjunctive used to express factual remoteness in conjunction with conditional constructions introduced by IF/UNLESS/IMAGE/SUPOSE/SUPOSING How should I know? If the should arrive sooner, tell them to wait. 20) VP constituency Auxiliaries Tense, aspect, voice, mood H complementation Od/Oi/Op , Co/Cs, AdvC

[he] may(the operator) have been given(head) the book.- NP, complementizer Auxiliaries It provides gram information [he] may have been give(h) the book(Od) that he wanted. -complementizer Auxiliaries a clause

21) Passivisation in English: the passive transformation: the use of the particular complex finite VP, the change of word-order, the addition of an optional constituent