ME/IE 101 Engineering Graphics

(Projections and points)

By:
Garlapati Nagababu
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
School of Technology
1
PLANES
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
1

A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp
Auxiliary Vertical Plane
(A.V.P.)
Profile Plane
( P.P.)
Auxiliary Inclined Plane
(A.I.P.)
PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS
Behind every 2D drawing of an object is a space relationship involving the
object and three imagined things:
1. The observers eye, or station point
2. The plane of projection
3. The projectors (also called visual
rays or lines of sight).
Perspective Projection
Parallel Projection
Types of Projections Types of Projections
There are two main types of projection: perspective and parallel.
These are broken down into subtypes, as shown below:
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric
Multiview
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Two dimensions of an
object is shown.
Rotate
Tilt
More than one view is needed
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.
Multiview drawing Multiview drawing
Axonometric drawing Axonometric drawing
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
Horizontal Plane (HP)
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
Different Reference planes are
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-
TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 90
0
DOUNWARD
B) PP, 90
0
IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90
0
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90
0
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
X
Y
X Y
VP
HP
PP
FV SV
TV
NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING
DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
ITS TOP VIEW a a b
ITS FRONT VIEW a a b
SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED
INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 ARE USED.
ITS SIDE VIEW a a b
X
Y
1
ST
Quad.
2
nd
Quad.
X Y
VP
HP
Observer
X
3
rd
Quad.
4
th
Quad.
(1)In quadrant I (Above H.P & In Front of V.P.)
(2) In quadrant II (Above H.P & Behind V.P.)
(3) In quadrant III (Below H.P & Behind V.P.)
(4) In quadrant IV (Below H.P & In Front of V.P.)
Orientation of Point in Space
(5) In Plane (Above H.P. & In V.P.)
(6) In Plane (Below H.P. & In V.P.)
(7) In Plane ( In H.P. & In front of V.P.)
(8) In Plane ( In H.P. & Behind V.P.)
(9) In Plane ( In H.P. & V.P.)
.
.
.
X
Y
a
1

A
1
Y
POSITION: 1 (I Qua.)
POINT
A
1
Above H.P.
In Front Of V.P.
A
1
- Point
a
1
- F.V.
a
1
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
(3D)
.
.
.
X
a
1
a
1

a
1
Y
X
X
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D In 2D
Point, Above
H.P.
Point, In-
Front Of V.P.
T.V.
Below XY
F.V.
Above XY
(2D)
.
.
.
POINT
A
2
Above H.P.
Behind V.P.
Y
A
2
a
2
a
2

A
2
- Point
a
2
- F.V.
Y a
2
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
POSITION:2 (II Qua.)
.
.
.
(3D)
(2D)
X
Y
X Y
a
2
a
2
a
2

X
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D
Point, Above
H.P.
Point,
Behind V.P.
T.V.
Above XY
F.V.
Above XY
In 2D
a
3
A
3
POINT
A
3
Below H.P.
Behind V.P.
Y
X
Y
(3D)
A
3
- Point
a
3
- F.V.
a
3
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
.
.
POSITION: 3 (III Qua.)
A
3
a
3

X
.
.
a
3
a
3

X Y
(2D)
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D
Point, Below
H.P.
Point Behind
V.P.
T.V.
Above XY
F.V.
Below XY
In 2D
.
.
.
a
4

X
Y
Y
(3D)
POINT
A
4
Below H.P.
In Front of V.P.
A
4
- Point
a
4
- F.V.
a
4
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
.
.
a
4
POSITION: 4 (IV Qua.)
A
4
a
4
.
a
4

a
4

X
X Y
.
(2D)
(3D)
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D
Point, Below
H.P.
Point, In
Front Of V.P.
T.V.
Below XY
F.V.
Below XY
In 2D
.
.
.
POINT
A
5
Above H.P.
In V.P.
Y
a
5

A
5
a
5
Y
(3D)
A
5
- Point
a
5
- F.V.
a
5
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
POSITION: 5
.
.
.
In 3D In 2D
Point, Above
H.P.
Point,
In V.P.
T.V.
On XY
F.V.
Above XY
X
a
5
a
5

a
5
X Y
A
5
X
(2D)
CONCLUSIONS:
.
POINT
A
6
Below H.P.
In V.P.
X
Y
Y
A
6
a
6
a
6

.
A
6
- Point
a
6
- F.V.
a
6
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
POSITION: 6
X
A
6
a
6

a
6

.
X Y
(2D)
a
6
.
A
6
(3D)
.
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D
Point, Below
H.P.
Point In V.P.
T.V.
On XY
F.V.
Below XY
In 2D
.
.
POINT
A
7
In Front of V.P.
In H.P.
a
7
a
7

X
Y
Y
(3D)
A
7
Point
a
7
- F.V.
a
7
- T.V.
POSITION: 7
A
7
.
A
7
a
7
X
X
(2D)
Y
X
.
.
a
7

a
7
T.V.
Below XY
Point, In-
Front Of V.P.
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D In 2D
Point In H.P.
F.V.
On XY
.
.
POINT
A
8
In H.P.
Behind V.P.
Y
Y
A
8
a
8
a
8

A
8
- Point
a
8
- F.V.
a
8
- T.V.
CONCLUSIONS:
POSITION: 8
A
8
.
X
X
a
8

X
Y
(3D)
(2D)
a
8
.
.
a
8

F.V.
On XY
Point, In
H.P.
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D
Point,
Behind V.P.
T.V.
Above XY
In 2D
POINT
A
9
In V.P.
In H.P
(3D)
X
Y
.
A
9
A
9
- Point
a
9

a
9
- F.V.
a
9
CONCLUSIONS:
a
9
- T.V.
POSITION: 9
(2D)
X
Y
X
X
.
a
9

a
9
A
9
CONCLUSIONS:
In 3D In 2D
Point, In
H.P.
F.V.
On XY
T.V.
On XY
Point,
In V.P.
Example
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22
23