Answer Scheme for Reproduction & Growth A. Structured questions NO. 1a.i.

ANSWERS FSH / Follicle stimulus hormone MARKS 1 NOTES

ii

To stimulate the formation of follicle in ovary

Refer to the figure, student should be able to draw it smaller on 26th day

c. i.

P: estrogen Q: progesteron

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2.a.

X: tail of sperm Y: pollen tube

A is produced by testis B is produced by an anther

P / generation tube divides by mitosis to form two female gametes nuclei Q / nucleus tube disintegrates

1 1 1 1

3a.i.

P : germinal primordium cell Q: spermatogonium

ii.

Both of them are formed as a result of mitosis

iii

Crossing over Mutation

1 1 1 1 1 1

4.a.i.

L: primary follicle M: secondary oocyte N: corpus luteum

ii

FSH / Follicle stimulating hormone causes the Graafian follicles to develop in the ovary

Oestrogen Progesteron LH / Luteinising hormone

1 1 1

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FSH / Follicle stimulating hormone c -on day 13 and 14 the LH levels peak -this stimulates ovulation and

1 1 1

development of N / corpus luteum to produce progesteron 5.a. i ii b.i. ii Ovulation Mitosis Corpus luteum -R / Corpus luteum produces 1 1 1

progesterone - to maintain the uterus lining c.i. Refer to Figure 5. F is marked where the fertilization take place ii -two ova will be fertilized by two sperms -two fracternal twins / non-identical twins are formed 1 1 1 1

Activity 1 A.1. Reproductive organs A.2. Meiosis A.3. Haploid gametes

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DIFFERENCES 1. Gametes produced 2. Place of formation 3. Size of gametes 4. Number of

SPERMATOGENESIS i. Sperms iii. Testis v. Small

OOGENESIS ii.Ovum iv.Ovary vi. Large viii. One

gametes vii. Four

produced 5. Cytokinesis Equal distribution of Unequal

cytoplasm in all four sperm cells produced 6. Shape of gametes 7. Germinal epithelial cells ix. Has a head and tail Divide by x. Round

mitosis Divide by mitosis during foetal stage Not occurs continously

throughout adult 8. Meiotic division xi. Occurs continuously

(a) (i) the male gamete nuclei (ii) P are formed when the generative nucleus divides by mitosis (b) Haploid (c) X: synergid cells Y: polar nuclei Z: antipodal cells (d) P penetrate the ovule through the micropyle (e) (i) One male gamete fuses with the egg cell nucleus to form a diploid zygote. The other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus (ii) Double fertilisation (a) (i) pollination (ii) pollen tube (iii)

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(b) (i)

(ii) double fertilasation (c) (i) After entering the embryo sac, the tube nucleus at the end of the pollen tube degrades. One of the male nucleus combines with the egg cell to produce a diploid zygote. The other male nucleus will combine with the polar nucleus to form triploid nucleus (ii) 1. The diploid zygote becomes an embryo 2. The triploid zygote becomes an endosperm (d) (i) Becomes the fruit (ii) Becomes the testa (fruit skin) (iii) Becomes the seed Activity 2. DIFFERENCES a. Fertilisation IDENTICAL TWINS FRACTERNAL TWINS

1.One ova is fertilized by 2.Two ova are fertilized by one sperm a sperm genetic 4. Different constitution

b. Genetic constitution

3.

Same

constitution c. Number of placentae d. Sex e. Physical characteristics 5. One 7. Same 9. Same 6. Two 8. Same / different physical 10. Different

characteristic

Activity 3 i. ii. mitosis fertilisation

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ESSAY
1. (a) - Cell division stage - happen at the apical meristem where the cells in active division by mitosis - to form the identical cells / to increase the number of cells - Cell elongation / enlargement stage - cells absorb the nutrient and assimilated to build the protoplasm - cause by increasing size and weight - water diffused into the vacuole by osmosis and course the cell enlargement / elongation to the maximum. - Differentiation stage - The cells become mature and differentiate. - cells transform to specific structures and functions. - to form epidermis tissue, primary xylem, primary phloem and pith.

(b) - Vascular cambium separated primary xylem and primary phloem // involves the lateral meristem - the cambium cell divide radially and merge with vascular cambium to form intervascular cambium. -- the cambium cell divide tangentially to produced two layer of cell, one inner layer and one outer layer. - the inner layer will form secondary xylem while the outer layer will form secondary phloem -the primary xylem will pushed towards the pith while the primary phloem will pushed towards the epidermis. - causing the size of the diameter to increase - Primary cortex divides to form cork cambium beneath the epidermis - Cork cambium divide to form secondary develop towards inside while cork towards the epidermis - cambium cell between the vascular bundle divided to form secondary parenkima tissue. - increasing the secondary tissue will increase the diameter of the stem.

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2.

- Sigmoid shape (S shape) - (The period of time from) A to B, the dry mass of the plant / growth rate decreases. - This is because the seed stored food in the seed is oxidized to produce energy for germination. - From B to C, dry mass / growth rate of plant increases - leaves have emerged and the young plant begins to make food is used to make plant tissues. - From C to D , there is no more increase in the dry mass of the plant / Growth rate equal zero - The plant is near maturation, growth slows down - During the period from D to E the plant has reaches maturity. - The rate of photosynthesis(which make food to produce energy) slows down. - Period of E to F ,will be a decrease in the dry mass of the plant / Growth rate is negative - This is because flowers,fruits and the older leaves fall off.

3. (a) (i)

One sperm fertilise one ovum - Zygote undergoes mitosis to form blastocyst Both twins shared the same placenta Same physical characteristics In twins P one blastocyst divide incompletely into two but divide completely in twins Q . - In P form a Siamese twins sharing any organ / parts of the body and in Q form identitical twins which separates from each other / different individuals.

(ii) Twins Types (T) Formation (F) R Identitical P1 one sperm fertilise one ovum P2 Formation of one zygote P3 same placenta P4 same genotype S Fraternal Two sperms fertilise two vum Formation of two zygote Different placenta Different geynotype

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Characteristics C1 Same sex C2 Same physical (C) characteristics / phenotype

Different sex Different physical characteristics / phenotype

4.

- Modern technique that can be used : In-vitro fertilization (IVF) method. - mother undergoes hormonal treatment to produce more secondary oocycte

- In this method a fine laparoscope is used to remove the secondary oocyte from her ovary. - The secondary oocyte are placed in a petri dish of culture solution . - Then ( concentrated ) sperms from the husband are added to the secondary oocyte. - The sperms and ova fuse and develop into embryos/zygote // fertilization occurred to form zygote - After two to four days when the embryos have reached the eight-cell stage - they are inserted into the uterus through the cervix - for implantation on the uterus wall. - If the procedure is successful, the embryos develop to foetus. - Babies conceived this way are sometimes called test-tube babies.

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