Detailing and Construction of the Pantadome Roof Structure for a Bullring in Xtiva (Spain)

Carlos Lzaro1,*, Alberto Domingo2

1Departamento 2Departamento

de Mecnica de Medios Continuos y Teora de Estructuras de Ingeniera de la Construccin y Proyectos de Ingeniera Civil adoming@cst.upv.es Universidad Politcnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia (Spain)

(Received April, 19, 2010 - Revised version September, 6, 2010 - Acceptation October, 2, 2010) ABSTRACT: This paper describes the detailing and construction of a roof structure for a bullring in Xtiva (Spain). The roof has been built by means of a new version of the Pantadome system. The roof dome is spherical shaped with a 42 m diameter central opening and an exterior diameter of 101,6 m. It is supported on 44 columns distributed along a 86,4 m diameter circumference. The structural system is formed by radial truss lattices pinned to the columns and to the inner ring and supported by the action of an outer tension ring, radial tension members and tension (upper chord) and compression (lower chord) in the inner ring. The structure was built near the ground and lifted by shortening 44 radial strands with jacks attached to the inner ring. Strand forces have been transferred to permanent tension members at the end of the process. The kinematics of the deployment has been analyzed. Forces in the jacks have been obtained theoretically from the kinematics and compared with the measured values. Special details, developed for the attachment of the jacks and the force transfer are described. The development of the lifting process together with the results of the geometrical survey show that the new erection system allowed the construction of the dome in a quick and safe way. Key Words: roof dome structure, Pantadome system, structure detailing, construction method, heavy lifting, deployment control, force transfer.

1. INTRODUCTION
The bullring arena in Xtiva (Spain) is a historical building which was designed by the architect Demetrio Ribes (18771921). Modern (s. XIX and XX) bullrings in Spain (called plazas de toros) are generally uncovered, near-circular buildings with the arena in the center and the grandstand enclosing it. Bigger bullrings are closed by two or more levels of covered boxes, which were not present in Xtiva. The eldest part of Xtivas arena was built in 1917, consisting of 12 rows of grandstand seats supported by 44 brickwork radial walls, around a 49,5 m diameter arena. After a stop caused by financial
*Corresponding author: carlafer@mes.upv.es

difficulties, the construction was resumed and ended in 1919: the radial masonry walls were extended using asymmetrical arches and 12 more grandstand rows were built on them, reaching an outer diameter of 77,5 m. The building remained however unfinished. The outer view showed the plain unornamented brickwork of the walls with niches prepared to allocate structural members for a future extension. Fig 1 shows an overall view of the historical building. The principal feature and historical value of the building rests on the grandstand seats: they are I or L shaped beams being one of the first examples of pre-cast reinforced concrete elements in Spain (Fig 2).

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Figure 1. Bullring Arena of Xtiva in 1919

Figure 2. View of the original RC grandstand

The main feature of the design is the construction of the roof by means of a new kind of Pantadome with no temporary supports designed by M. Kawaguchi. The Pantadome system for the erection of large roof structures is a well known procedure which has been developed by him. It is based on the idea of temporarily transforming the roof in a one-degree-offreedom mechanism during construction, by taking out a number of structural members. The structure (and even parts of the cladding) can be assembled near the ground and pushed up acting on the unconstrained direction. Once the target position has been reached the system is stabilized by installing the remaining members. The detailed description of the Pantadome procedure can be found in reference [2]. Several realizations have been also described in [2], and in references [3], [4] and [5]. This paper describes the structural solution of Xtivas arena roof with emphasis on the special construction process and the necessary devices and details of the structure which have been specially developed for the new Pantadome. The outline of the paper is as follows: the next section describes the structural system of the enlarged parts of the building and the roof. The third section shows the kinematics of the special Pantadome used for the erection of the dome. The fourth section describes the structural details of the system. The fifth section reviews the construction sequence focusing on the lifting up of the structure and the last section summarizes the conclusions.

2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
In order to preserve the historical value of the plaza, it was decided to keep as many existing stands as possible by building the lower ring of the new grandstand above the existing, simply letting the new lower row seats to rest on the radial masonry walls. To enlarge the spectators capacity an upper grandstand ring (enclosing the existing one) and the intermediate access floor (level +7,20 m) were designed. The upper ring extends from elevation +9,75 m to +15,25 m with an outer diameter of 80 m. The structure for the new seats serves also the purpose of supporting the new roof, which is spherical-shaped, covers the stands, cantilevering a few meters to the outside and leaving free space above the arena. It is ring shaped in plan with 101,6 m outer diameter and 42 m inner diameter, and the sphere is 160 m radius. Fig 4 shows the two rings of stands under construction and Fig 5 displays the typical cross section of the building after the enlargement.
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Figure 3. Overall view of the roof

Because of the very limited number of bullfighting spectacles in the year, public administrations tend to devote bullrings to a number of different events in order to have a profitable use of such buildings. With this purpose, the municipality of Xtiva released in 2005 a tender with the aim to restore, enlarge and cover Ribes building. The tender was won by the construction company Llanera with the design proposed and developed by the authors together with Prof. Mamoru Kawaguchi. Reference [1] contains details about the conditions of the tender, the motivation of the architectural proposal and the renovation of the old construction. Fig 3 shows an overall view of the finished works.
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Lattice girders

Inner ring

Outer ring Columns Braces

Figure 4. New stands under construction Figure 6. Structural system of the roof

Structural system of the roof

The structure of the roof works as a wheel system (Figs 6 and 7) composed by (a) an inner 42 m in diameter trussed ring (with upper compression chord and lower tension chord), (b) 44 radial lattice girders grouped and braced in pairs, (c) an outer 86,4 m diameter tension ringjoining the column heads and the lattice girder outer vertexes, and (d) radial tension members joining the lower vertex of the girders with the lower chord of the inner ring. The membrane action of the roof is achieved by the bracings between paired girders and by an inner bracing ring joining the connections between girders and the upper chord. The upper and lower chords of the 8 m deep inner ring are HEB600 curved members. They are restrained by vertical hollow profiles and U-shaped diagonals. Radial lattice girders are shaped by the curved upper chord (550 mm double T section), and lower chords, posts and diagonals formed by a variable number of 30 70 mm plate members, CHS1404, CHS1645 and HEB160 members connected by pin-joints; the upper chords cantilever to the outside of the building. HEB300 members form the outer tension ring. The lower radial tension members are double 30 70 mm plate members. The whole roof system lies on 44 HEB240 columns. They are connected to the lower part of the structure by means of hinges. Lateral forces are resisted and transmitted to the lower structure by cross rod bracings between columns. Table 1 shows the member forces due to the selfweight of the roof structure and to all permanent loads in the main structural elements.

Structural system of the stands and floor

The main issue concerning the lower part of the structure was to design a system with no interaction with the existing construction. The upper stands ring and the floor are supported by a spatial rigid framed structure. The main determining factor was to avoid structural interaction with the historical construction; moreover, the position and number of columns should allow for the necessary free space for users and solve
Inner ring Lattice grider Outer ring

Column Upper stands ring Lower stands ring Floor level Ground level Masonry wall Tension member

Figure 5. Typical cross section

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Figure 7. Finished roof structure

Table 1. Roof member axial forces for permanent loads in kN (finished structure) Inner ring Load case Self-weight Permanent loads Roof columns 121 213 Outer ring 26 188 Upper chord 990 1 147 Lower chord 1 081 1 719 Radial members 156 250

Figure 8. Lower spatial structure

the problem posed by the need of the +7,20 floor to reach the top of the lower stands ring, stretching between the existing walls with no structural contact. The construction (Fig 8) is supported by two groups of columns: (i) a group of 44 outer columns aligned with the radial masonry walls and distributed along a circumference of radius 43,2 m and (ii) a group of 47 inner columns located between masonry walls and distributed along a circumference of radius 32 m (clearance in the three entrance spans requires duplication of the columns, hence the difference in the number of them). The columns in each group are connected by rectangular box girders at the intermediate floor level and at the upper stands ring top and bottom levels. Horizontal loads transferred from the roof are resisted by local bending of the top part of the columns and by the ring action of the upper box girder ring.
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Radial beams connected to the box girders support the floor level. They are grouped in three units for each cantilever between radial walls: two are next to the walls and the third is located in the middle. The stands are also supported by radial members with the necessary slope. The inner lines of the upper stands and the cantilevering floor are connected by a trussed ring. Loads on the floor between walls are transferred by cantilever action to the box girder rings; they are resisted by bending and torsion of the box girders. Columns are S355J0H CHS 406,2 12,5 mm, box girders are S275J0H RHS 400 200 16 mm. The 120 mm thick composite floor deck is made with C25/30 concrete on a folded plate. Transverse beams are IPE400 (variable to IPE260 for cantilevering parts).

3. KINEMATICS OF XTIV AS PANT ADOME

Xtivas Pantadome system has been designed as follows: (a) The vertical movement of the inner compressiontension ring is unrestrained. This freedom is permitted by the temporary absence of (i) outer ring members between lattice girder pairs, of (ii) other circumferential members between lattice girder pairs and of (iii) the inner bracing ring. (b) Movements along the free direction require three groups of hinged connections with fully permitted rotations: the bases of the roof columns are hinged to the top of the lower structure supports; the top of the roof columns is hinged to the outer lattice
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girder joints, and the inner joint of the lattice girders is hinged to the upper chord of the inner ring. The three pairs of hinges, corresponding to a pair of columns and lattice girders, share parallel axes; they are perpendicular to the radial bisector plane of the lattice girder planes. (c) During the deployment the following parts of the structure move as rigid solids: (i) the inner trussed ring travels along the vertical direction, (ii) the 22 pairs of braced lattice girders travel and rotate around their hinged joints, and (iii) the 22 pairs of braced columns supporting the girders rotate around their hinged bases. In the final position every lattice girder and the corresponding radial tension member are located in a vertical radial plane. This is, however, not the case in the starting position, due to the fact that the lattice girders are rotated in pairs, and to the orientation of the rotation axes. In this initial position, girders are not contained in vertical planes and the provisory tension members are not coplanar to the girders. The angular deviation was considered negligible and was not considered in the design of the deployable system details. The special feature in Xtivas Pantadome system is the absence of temporary vertical jacks. Instead of using vertical jacks to push up the inner ring, the movement was achieved by shortening 44 radial tension members that connect the lower lattice joints with the lower chord of the inner ring. The movement is schematized in Fig 9. The total weight of the structure during the lifting was 4 530 kN. The inner ring travels 16,868 m upwards and the length d of the radial members is shortened in 5,33 m. Along this movement the supporting columns rotate (angle ) from an inward inclination of 21,3 (from the vertical) to a vertical position, with a maximum outward inclination of 3,4 in an intermediate position. The pitch of the truss girder (angle between the
1

horizontal and the plane joining external hinge lines of the truss girder) varies from 31,3 to 11,6. The kinematical relationships can be explicitly represented as functions of . The expressions include the following representative dimensions: the column height a = 7,80 m; the girder length between hinges 2b = 22,66 m and the girder depth c = 4,22 m; the inner ring depth h = 8 m, and the horizontal distance between column hinges and the inner ring r = 22,2 m. Eqn 2 and 3 provide the variable length d of the tension members and the elevation z of the upper chord hinge (see Fig 10left). sin = (2b cos r ) / a d 2 = b 2 + c 2 2h(b sin + c cos ) + h 2 z = a cos + 2b sin (1) (2) (3)

Fig 11 shows the angles and the upward travel as functions of the length decrease of the tension members obtained from the above expressions. Since the (common) length of the strands controls the kinematical freedom of the Pantadome system, the evolution of the jack forces during the lifting can be represented as a function of the strand shortening from a virtual work calculation. Assuming that the weights of the structure are applied at the lattice girder extreme hinges n and m (Wn = 62,5 kN and Wm = 46,9 kN), the virtual work of the weights over the variation of the elevation of the hinges plus the virtual work of the strand tension T over the variation of the strand length d must vanish (refer to Fig 10right): T d Wn z n Wm zm = 0 From Eqn 3, zn = a sin
2

(4)

(5)

Figure 9. Deployment of the Pantadome. Cross section

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n
2b

Wn Zn

T
d

Wm m
d

Zm

Figure 10. Parameters of Xativa's Pantadome system (left) and forces and virtual displacements (right)
18 16 14 Upward travel (m) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 Shortening of strands (m) 5 6 40 50 0 1 2 3 4 Shortening of strands (m) 5 6 Angles (degrees) 0 10 20 30 20 10

Figure 11. Evolution of the upward travel (left) and the angles (right) vs. strand shortening

zm = a sin + 2b cos

(6)

280 260 240 Jack force (kN) 220 200 180 160 140 Theoretical Measured

Using Eqn 1 and 2, the variations and can be written as functions of d. b cos = 2 sin a 2d d = 2bh cos + 2ch sin Therefore, T= 2bd ((Wn + Wm ) h(c sin b cos ) sin tan + Wm cos ) Fig 12 shows the resulting tensile forces as functions of the shortening of the strands, and table 2 (9) (7) (8)

120

2 3 4 Shortening of strands (m)

Figure 12. Evolution of the jack forces (theoretical and measured)

summarizes the axial forces in the main members of the Pantadome mechanism at the beginning and the end of the deployment.

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Table 2. Roof member axial forces due to the self-weight in kN (Pantadome system) Inner ring Roof columns Starting position Final position 119 103 Outer ring Upper chord 1 514 880 Lower chord 1 264 909 Radial members 241 131

4. DET AILING OF THE PANT ADOME

The decision of building the structure by means of the Pantadome method required a special design of some connections and members of the roof. Fully rotational hinges have been already mentioned. Additional questions were posed by the active members which were to be shortened and their connection to the lattice girders and the inner ring. The first idea was to use these members not only as temporary elements but also as definitive structural members. This possibility was strongly conditioned by the available lifting system and procedure. After studying some proposals it was decided to lift up the Pantadome using post-tensioning strands and jacks. The necessary materials and the control of the process were commissioned to the company VSL. The VSL post-tensioning system is composed by groups of high-grade steel 7-wire strands, anchor blocks, anchor wedges and pulling jacks. The system is originally designed for post-tensioning of concrete elements. For such applications strands are allocated inside a hull which is filled with a protecting mortar, and the anchor blocks are elaborated trumpet-shaped devices with inner deviator and anchor plates, the whole system being designed to be cast into the concrete element. However in a lifting application the system is reduced to a minimum: merely the bare strands, anchor plates and wedges are present. The system is thus completely unprotected and the design of a durable protection is complicated and uneconomical. For this reason the original idea was disregarded and it was decided to

transfer the loads to permanent steel double- 30 70 mm plate members after the lifting had been completed. Therefore, the lifting would be achieved by means of 44 jack units located and distributed along the inner side of the lower chord of the ring, each jack acting on four strands provisory anchored to the lower joints of the lattice girders. In the design of these joints both the provisory anchorages for the strands and the jacks, and the connections for the permanent members had to be considered. Special pieces were pinned to the lower joints of the lattice girders, consisting of two side plates provided with holes for the pin-connection of the permanent members (distance between pin centers equal to 610 mm), and one intermediate perforated thick plate to thread the strands and accommodate their anchor block, transversely welded to the side plates. During the lifting process these pieces directly transmitted the tension in the strands to the lower joints of the lattice girders, being thus collinear to the strands (Fig 13). After completion of the lifting process, variable distances between the joints to which the plate members should be pinned were to be expected, due to imperfections and tolerances of the system. To absorb these differences, a short rod (310 mm between pin centers) connected to the lower chord joint in the inner ring was designed: after the Pantadome has reached the target position every permanent member should be pinned to each short rod; the tensioned strand, the permanent plates and the short rods forming a triangle before the transfer. At the target position, the elevation

Figure 13. Anchor joint at the truss girder. Lifting situation (left) and permanent situation (right)

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10.273 0.610 9.454

0.3

10

10.374 0.610 9.454 0.310

Figure 14. Kinematics of the force transfer system

of the inner ring should be slightly higher than the design elevation, so that the distance between joints for the permanent members should be smaller. In this way the permanent members could be joined to the special pieces at the lattice girder joints and to the connecting rod with enough tolerance, and they would be put in tension by releasing the tension in the jacks. Finally, the permanent members and the short rods would be tensioned and aligned. Nevertheless the tolerance was limited to a rather narrow range (considering the overall dimensions) by the geometry of the system. The sum of the lengths of the special anchor piece, the permanent double plate and of the short rod (referred to the centers of the pin joints) determines the maximum allowable distance between pins: 610 + 9 454 + 310 = 10 374 mm. The minimum distance was conditioned by the fact that the short rod could, at most, rotate 47 (measured from the line of strands) making no contact with the lower flange of the lower chord, being equal to 10 273 mm (Fig 14). The joint at the lower chord has to accommodate a number of elements leading to a non-trivial arrangement (Fig 15). It is located into a square opening (conveniently stiffened) in the web of the Imember. It consists of (i) a hinged perforated block to allow for the threading of the strands and their rotation during the lifting process, (ii) the short rod formed by

two plates pinned at the sides of the block, (iii) provisory elements for the attachment of the jack. The weight of the jack (15 kN) posed an additional problem: as the jack rotates during the deployment, it has to be bolted to the hinged block (i). To avoid local bending of the strands, a special deviator piece to be attached to the inner side of the hinged block was designed. The set formed by the deviator, the hinged blocks and the jack works as a rocking lever. Once the strands are in tension, the weight of the jacks is balanced by a transverse force acted on the deviator by the strands. In this way, stresses due to bending of the strands are negligible. This piece was formed by two 830 mm long rectangular plates joined by a perforated transverse plate, and was dismantled together with the jack anchoring pieces once the strands were removed.

Figure 15. Lower chord joint at the inner ring. Jack and strands (green), jack anchor pieces and deviator (red), permanent tension members and short rods (blue), and hinged block (grey)

0 47.0

5. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Assembly

The lower part of the structure was erected from January to August 2006. Between August and November 2006 the intermediate floor and the stands were completed. Roof assembly began in December 2006. Firstly the inner ring was assembled on 44 provisory concrete blocks (2 m high). Then the 22 pairs of lattice girders and the corresponding pairs of columns were connected to the upper chord of the ring and to the column heads (Fig 16). All these operations were performed with the help of two automobile cranes and several pneumatic platforms in a safe near-ground position. With the positioning of the jacks and the threading of the strands, the assembly of the basic Panta was completed on February 20, 2007. At this stage the structure was prepared for the deployment (Fig 17left).

Lifting
The 44 jacks had a capacity of 1050 kN and could safely deliver a pulling force of 700 kN. They were grouped in four sectors (see table 3). All jacks in a sector were serially connected and pressurized by one

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Detailing and Construction of the Pantadome roof structure for a bullring in Xtiva (Spain)

Figure 16. Assembly of truss girders

Figure 17. Jacks in lifting position and lower chord just after the lift off

Table 3. Lifting sectors and control radii Sector A1 A2 B C1 C2 D Jack denomination J1 to J6 J7 to J12 J13 to J22 J23 to J28 J29 to J34 J35 to J44 No. of units 6 6 10 6 6 10

compressor. The machines were commanded from a central control located in the arena. Each compressor could be operated simultaneously or individually. The stroke of each jack was equal to 140 mm, with which the inner ring could travel about 0,54 m (this value was variable due to the progressive change in the geometry) (refer to the diagram in Fig 11). 39 strokes were needed to complete the whole travel.
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The lifting sequence was as follows: The Pantadome was detached from the temporary supports (lift off) on the evening of February 23, 2007 (Fig 17right). On February 24 the structure travelled 8,7 m upward in 19 strokes. The operation was resumed on February 25 and ended after 20 additional strokes. Figs 18 and 19 show inner and outer views of the deployment. As mentioned in the previous section, the estimated pulling forces during the lifting process follow a decreasing sequence from 241 kN at the starting position to 139 kN at the target geometry. The detachment of the first support took place with 67% of the project force (162 kN) and the complete lift off of the structure needed about 109,5% of the project force (263 kN). The difference can be put down to readjustments of the structural system and friction in the joints. The paradoxical steep fall of the forces led in some isolated case to the slackening of one of the four strand units. Fig 12 shows the measured forces in
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Figure 18. Lifting sequence (inner view)

Figure 19. Lifting sequence (outer view)

Table 4. Measurements during the lifting sequence Stroke no. lift off 2 4 6 10 14 18 19 23 27 31 35 38 39 Shortening avg. (m) 0,014 0,290 0,575 0,851 1,415 1,973 2,534 2,573 3,133 3,695 4,255 4,816 5,236 5,374 Upward travel avg. (m) 0,055 1,079 2,126 3,104 5,018 6,816 8,576 8,707 10,416 12,117 13,791 15,443 16,647 17,039 Jack force avg. (kN) 262,50 227,28 195,13 182,44 166,03 155,53 148,97 151,38 146,34 147,22 143,94 141,75 137,59 136,60

the jack versus the strand shortening. The difference between theoretical and measured values is kept into the range of 0 to 10 % along the whole process. Force values were obtained from the values of the oil pressure at the compressor equipments. Table 4 summarizes the measured values of the representative variables during the process. A geometrical control of the lifting process was carried on. The following items were inspected at 8 radii during the deployment: (i) shortening of the strands, (ii) elevation and planimetry of the upper chord, (ii) elevation and planimetry of the lower chord.
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The first item was controlled by the travel of a thread attached to the jack going to and returning from a pulley located at the anchor of the strands (VSL own system). The second and third items were measured using classical topography. Geometrical surveillance was made every two strokes at the beginning (up to stroke number 6), and then every four strokes (the sequence can be followed in table 4). The evolution of the geometry of the inner ring can be followed in Figs 20 (vertical geometry) and 21 (planimetry). The diagrams in Fig 20 show the differences between measured upward travels and
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Table 5. Position of control points and radii Control radius 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jack no. J5 J10 J16 J21 J27 J32 J38 J44

(deg.)
44,8 3,8 44,9 85,9 134,9 176,7 225,8 266,0

geometry, with a difference of less than 0,08 m between points 3 and 5, was satisfactory. The rest of the strokes up to the no. 39 caused much smaller vertical distortions with z differences lower than 0,1 m (Fig 20right). Concerning the changes in the radius of the inner ring, Fig 21 shows a similar pattern as for the vertical geometry. The correction stroke causes a slight improvement of the geometry and the distortion decreases as the target geometry is approached. It has to be mentioned that due to the position of the topographic stations on the arena, the accuracy of the measures decreased as the inner ring traveled upwards.

their average value at eight control points at each representative step or stroke. Fig 21 shows the differences between radial coordinates of the control points and their average. All values are relative to the initial geometry (prior to the lift off). At the beginning of the lifting process the distortion of the vertical geometry of the ring showed a rapid increase (Fig 20left). After stroke number 18 the difference in the z coordinate between control points 3 and 5 went beyond 0,1 m. It was then decided to correct the geometry of the ring by pulling 20 mm with jacks J1 to J22 (sectors A and B) and 60 mm with jacks J23 to J44 (sectors C and D); this operation is referred to as stroke 19 in the diagrams. The resulting vertical
Difference between z and average z (m) Difference between z and average z (m) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.) 300 350 Lift off Stroke 2 Stroke 6 Stroke 10 Stroke 14 Stroke 18 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0 50

End of the lifting

The target position of the structure was determined by the final geometry. In this situation the theoretical distance between tension member pins should be equal to 10 374 mm (plate length equal to 9 454 mm). After the last stroke the real distance between pins to install the tension members should lie in the interval [10 273 mm, 10 374 mm] (see previous section). To determine the magnitude of the last stroke, distances between pins at the 8 control radii after stroke number 38 were measured, with an average value equal to 10 454 mm. A target average value of 10 316 mm was fixed, corresponding to an angle of 35 between the short rod and the strands. Therefore, the last stroke
Difference between z and average z (m) Stroke 18 Stroke 19 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.) 300 350

Stroke 19 Stroke 23 Stroke 27 Stroke 31 Stroke 35 Stroke 39

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

Figure 20. Evolution of the vertical geometry of the inner ring. From lift off to stroke no. 18 (left), situation after the correction stroke (center) and from stroke no. 19 to stroke no. 39 (right)
R referred to the original geometry (m) R referred to the original geometry (m) R referred to the original geometry (m) 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50

Lift off Stroke 2 Stroke 6 Stroke 10 Stroke 14 Stroke 18

Stroke 18 Stroke 19

Stroke 19 Stroke 23 Stroke 27 Stroke 31 Stroke 35 Stroke 39

50

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

50

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

50

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

Figure 21. Evolution of the planimetry of the inner ring. From lift off to stroke no. 18 (left), situation after the correction stroke (center) and from stroke no. 19 to stroke no. 39 (right)

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Table 6. Control distances for the transfer process Control radius no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average / Target Distancebefore last stroke (mm) 10 485 10 451 10 403 10 439 10 498 10 457 10 406 10 496 10 454 Final distance (mm) 10 347 10 313 10 265 10 301 10 360 10 319 10 268 10 358 10 316

members allowed their installation into a slightly shorter distance. The different distances (ranging 95 mm) were compensated after the transfer by the flexibility of the lower chord of the inner ring.

T ransfer and completion

At stroke no. 39 the structure reached the top position prior to transfer with an average upward travel equal to 17,039 m. Then the inner bracing ring bars were added, and the permanent radial tension members were installed as explained in section 4. Jack forces were released individually (Fig 22) and the permanent members gradually reached the necessary tensioned state. After this operation the inner ring accommodated to a final average travel equal to 16,873 m, with differences within a range of 25 mm, which was considered fully satisfactory considering that the target upward travel was 16,868 m (refer to Section 3). The survey before and after the transfer (Fig 23) shows the flattening of the inner ring geometry, with total differences of z smaller than 0,035 m (1/3750 of the inner ring perimeter). The effect of the transfer in the planimetry is opposite: a planimetric increased

(no. 39) was determined to be 138 mm. Table 6 shows the pin distance measures and the final distances after the last stroke. All distances are lower than 10 374 mm. Nevertheless, final distances of control radii nos. 3 and 7, are respectively 8 mm and 5 mm shorter than the minimum 10 273 mm. This inconvenience was not relevant because the flexibility of the long plate

Figure 22. Force transfer to the tension members. Note the position of the jack (2nd from left) prior and after releasing the tension
Difference between z and average z (m)

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50 0 50

Stroke 39 Situation after transfer

R referred to the original geometry (m)

0.08

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 50

Stroke 39 Situation after transfer

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

50

100 150 200 250 coordinate (deg.)

300

350

Figure 23. Geometry before and after the transfer. Upward travel increments (left) and changes in the radius (right)

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Carlos Lzaro, Alberto Domingo

distortion was measured, with maximum final differences lower than 0,09 m (1/1450 of the inner ring perimeter). Both values were judged as acceptable. Thereafter the remaining radial members and bracing members were added to complete the final structural system. A special feature of this Pantadome system is that it is unnecessary to add the remaining structural members prior to the transfer because the system is self-stable for a fixed length of the tension members. With the addition of a folded plate, thermal insulation, and tin-coated waterproofing the roof was finished.

force transfer could be easily executed using short rod pieces which permitted the necessary tolerances to install the permanent tension members. Geometrical survey at several steps of the lifting played an important role to control that the overall deformation of the structure was kept into allowable values. The overall duration of the deployment was mainly conditioned by the time needed for the survey after every two or four strokes. The new erection system allowed the construction of the dome in a quick and safe way.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Xtivas bullring roof has been financed by the municipality of the town and the Valencian Regional Government. Authors are grateful to the major Mr. Alfonso Rus for the daring decision of allowing the unprecedented Pantadome lifting. The realization was achieved thanks to the engineering work of the staffs of Kawaguchi & Engineers and CMD Ingenieros. The contributions of Eng. Francisco Palacios (CMD), Dr. Minoru Matsui (K&E), Eng. Javier Martnez of VSL Heavy Lifting and Mr. Jos L. Jimnez of Llanera Construccin deserve special acknowledgement.

6. CONCLUSION
The construction and detailing of a roof structure, erected by means of an innovative variant of the Pantadome system conceived by Prof. M. Kawaguchi, has been described. The roof is spherical domeshaped, has an inner opening of 42 m in diameter and an exterior diameter of 101,6 m. It is supported on 44 columns located on a circumference of diameter 86,4 m. The structural system is formed by radial truss lattices pinned to the columns and to the inner ring and supported by the action of an outer tension ring, radial tension members and tension (upper chord) and compression (lower chord) in the inner ring. Lifting of the 4 530 kN heavy Pantadome was achieved by pulling and shortening 44 groups of four provisory strands, by means of jacks attached to the lower chord of the inner ring. Once the target geometry was achieved, radial forces were transferred to permanent tension members. In contrast to previous Pantadomes, no vertical jacks were needed for the lifting. The deployable system is self-stable because the pulling devices constitute a part of it; therefore it was not necessary to complete the structure with the remaining members prior to the force transfer. Hinges and special pieces for fixing the strands and jacks needed to be carefully studied and especially designed once the pulling system was decided. The

REFERENCES
[1] Lzaro C., Domingo A., Kawaguchi M., et al., Renovation of the bullring arena of Xtiva (Spain), in Majowiecky M. (ed.), Structural Architecture: Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2007, Venice, 2007. Kawaguchi M., Space structures with changing geometries, Bulletin of the IASS, vol. 31 (1-2), no. 102103, 1990, pp. 3345. Kawaguchi M., Abe M., Design and construction of Sant Jordi Sports Palace, Bulletin of the IASS, Vol. 33(2), no. 109, 1992, pp. 6988 Chilton J., Space Grid Structures, Architectural Press, 2000 Une H., Shimizu H., Matsui E., Kawaguchi M., Abe M., Design and realization of a large-scale coal storage facility. Part 2 The analysis of the structure during the pushing up work. Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2001 (Theory, Design and Realization of Shell and Spatial Structures), H. Kuneida (ed.), Nagoya, 2001

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