Microprocessor & Microcontrollers

Dept of ICE & EIE

2012-2013

QUESTION BANK UNIT I : 8085 and 8086 PROCESSOR PART A 1. Classify the different groups of 8085 instruction set with example. An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire groups of instructions are called the instruction set. It determines what function the microprocessor can perform. The different classifications are: Data Transfer(copy)instructions e.g-MOV A,B ; MVI C,05H Arithmetic instructions e.g-ADD B ; SUB M Logical instructions e.g-ANA D ; ORA C Branch instructions e.g-JMP address; CALL address Machine control & I/O instructions e.g-HLT, IN FEH 2. List the different machine cycles of 8085. Opcode fetch Memory read Memory write I/O read I/O write Interrupt Acknowledge Bus idle 3. List five flags of 8085 & explain. (a) S-Sign flag-After the execution of an arithmetic or logic operation,if bit D7 of the result is 1,the sign flag is set. (b) Z-Zero flag-The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero and flag is reset if the is not zero. (c) AC-Auxiliary Carry flag-In an arithmetic operation, when the carry is generated by the digit D3 and passed on to digit D4, the AC flag is set. (d) P-Parity flag-After an arithmetic operation or logical operation, if the result has even number of 1, the flag is set.If it has odd number of 1, the flag is reset. (e) CY-Carry flag-If an arithmetic operation results in a carry,the carry flag is set,otherwise it is reset. 4. List four 8-bit microprocessor. Intel 8085 Zilog Z80 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 5. Explain the function of program counter in 8085. The program counter contains the address of the next instruction to be executed & places it on the address bus. It sequences the program execution. 6. List the 16 bit registers of 8085 Microprocessor. BC pair DE pair HL pair Program counter (PC) Stack pointer (SP) 7. Explain (a) T-State (b)Machine cycle (c)Instruction cycle (a) T-State: T-State is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period. (b) Machine cycle: Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory,I/O or acknowledging an external request.This cycle may consist of 3 to 6 TStates.Instruction cycle: Instruction cycle is defined as the time required to complete the execution of an instruction. The 8085 instruction cycle consists of 1 to 6 machine cycles or 1 to 6 operations. 8. Explain (a)Assembly language (b) Machine language (c) Mnemonics (d)Assembler.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 (a) Assembly language:Assembly language are written in English like words . These are specific to a certain machine & are not transferable from one machine to another. (b) Machine language: Machine language is used to write instructions in binary digits (0s & 1s) which specify what operation the machine should perform (c) Mnemonics: It is difficult to understand a program written in hexadecimal numbers. So mnemonics are used which use a symbolic code for each instruction. The mnemonic for a particular instruction consists of letters that suggest the operation to be performed by that instruction. (d) Assembler: The assembler is a utility program that translates the mnemonics entered by the ASCII keyboard into the corresponding machine codes of the microprocessor. 9. List the general-purpose registers of 8085 Microprocessor. B register C register D register E register H register L register 10. Explain the need to demultiplex the bus AD0-AD7. The address on the high order bus remains on the bus for the entire cycle. However, the low-order address lines are also used as data lines after the first clock period. Hence the address on the low order address lines are need to be latched & used for identifying the memory location .So we need to demultiplex the bus AD0-AD7. 11. Mention the function of the status signals S0, S1 & ALE. Status Signals: The status signals S0 & S1 along with the IO/M signals are used to identify the various operations like op code fetch, memory read, memory write, I/O read, I/O write, etc. Address Latch Enable (ALE): This is a positive going pulse generated every time the 8085 begin an operation (machine cycle). It indicates that the bits of AD7-AD0 are latched on to a latch. 12. Explain the use of auxiliary carry flag. In an arithmetic operation, when a carry is generated by the digit D3 and passed onto digit D4 the AC flag is set. The flag is used only internally for BCD operation & is not available for the programmer. 13. Explain the following 8085 instructions. (a)XHTL (b)XCHG (c)DAA (d)SPHL (a) XTHL-This instruction is used to exchange the contents of HL register pair & top of stack. (b) XCHG-Used to exchange the contents of HL pair & DE pair. (c) DAA-This is called Decimal Adjust Accumulator.Used to adjust accumulator content to packed BCD after adding 2 BCD numbers. (d) SPHL-Used to move the contents of HL register pair to stack pointer. 14. Explain: (a) PCHL, (b) CMP M, (c) PUSH H, (d) POP H. (a) PCHL-Used to copy the contents of HL register pair to program counter. (b) CMP M-Used to compare the contents of memory with the accumulator. (c) PUSH H-Used to move(copy) the contents of HL register to the top of stack. (d) POP H-Used to move(copy) the contents of the top of the stack to HL register. 15. List four branch instructions of 8085. JUMP (JMP 16 bit address) CALL (CALL 16 bit address) RETURN (RET) RESTART(RSTn) 16.Name the instructions used in direct I\O IN 8-bit port address OUT 8-bit port address. 17. What are the important buses of a microprocessor? The important buses of a microprocessor are Data bus , Address bus & control bus. 18. Why does a system need both RAM & ROM.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 ROM is used to store user programs that do not need alternations. RAM is used to store user programs and data. The information stored in this memory can be easily read and altered, ie. Both read and write operations are possible in RAM.Thus a system needs both ROM &RAM. 19. What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcomputer? A microcomputer consists of input devices, output devices and memory in addition to microprocessor, which acts as its Central Processing Unit (CPU). 20. What is the function of accumlator? It holds one data to be processor by the ALU. It also temporarily stores the result of the arithmetic and logical operation performed by the ALU. 21. Differentiate between operand and an op code. Operand: The data to be operated on is called the operand. Opcode: The operation to be performed in the coded form is called opcode. Each instruction has two parts opcode and operand. 22. Explain the function of address bus and control bus. Function of address bus: It is used to transfer information (instruction/data) between the microprocessor and memory and between the microprocessor and I/O device in both the directions. Function of control bus: It is used to control the flow of information and provide necessary timing and control signals to any part of the microprocessor and its peripherals. 23. What are the limitations of 8085 microprocessor ? The limitations of 8085 microprocessor are: The low-order address bus of the 8085 microprocessor is multiplexed (time-shared) with the data bus. The buses need to be demultiplexed. Appropriate control signals need to be generated to interface memaory and I/O with the 8085. 24. List the signals of 8085 microprocessor? The signals can be classified into six groups: Address bus Data bus Control & status signals Power supply and frequency signals Externally initiated signals Serial I\O signals. 25. What do you mean by multiplexing the bus? The signal lines AD7-AD0 in 8085 are bi-directional. They are used as the low-ordre bus as well as the data bus. In executing an instructions, during the earlier part of the cycle, these lines are used as the low-order address bus. During the later part of the cycle, these lines are used as the data bus. This is knowm as the multiplexing the bus. 26. What are the functions of RESET IN and RESET OUT pin? RESET IN and RESET OUT pin are externally initiated signals. RESET IN: When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to zero, the buses are tri-stated and the MPU is reset. RESET OUT: This signal indicates that MPU is being reset. It can be used to reset other devices. 27. What is the purpose of timing and control unit? The timing and control unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with the clock and generates the control signals necessary for communication between microprocessor and peripherals. 28. What is the purpose of instruction register and decoder? When the instruction is fetched from memory, it is loaded in the instruction register. The decoder decodes the instrution and establishes the sequence of events to follow. The instruction register is not programmable and cannot be accessed through any instruction. 29. What is a buffer?

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 A buffer is a logic circuit that amplifies the current or power. It has one input line and one output line. It is used primarily to increase the current driving capability of the logic circuit. It is also known as a driver. 30. List out the rotate instructions. The rotate instructions are: RAL - Rotate accumulator contents left through carry: CY flag is modified according to bit D7. Carry flag content is placed in bit D0. All other flags are not affected. RAR - Rotate accumulator contents right through carry: CY flag is modified according to bit D0. Carry flag content is placed in bit D7. All other flags are not affected. RLC - Rotate accumulator left: D0 & CY flag is modified according to bit D 7. All other flags are not affected. RRC - Rotate accumulator right: D7 & CY flag is modified according to bit D 0. All other flags are not affected. 31. Give the different complement instructions. The different complement instructions are: (1) CMA- complement accumulator. No flags are affected. (2) CMC- the carry flag is complemented. The carry flag is modified. No other flags are affected. 32. What are machine control instructions? The instructions that control machine functions are machine control instructions, namely: DI- Disable interrupts: the interrupts enable flip-flop is reset and all the interrupts except the TRAP are disabled. No flags are affected. EI- Enable onterrupts: the interrupts: the interrupt enable flip-flop is set and all interrupts are enabled. No flags are affected. HLT- Halt and enter wait state: no flags are affected. NOP: No operation is performed. The instruction is fetched and decoded; however no operation is executed. No flags are affected. 33. Give some applications of 8085 microprocessor. 8085 microprocessor are used in, Data acquisition system Temperature controller Traffic light Stepper motor controller. 34. Define machine cycle. (NOV-2010) MACHINE CYCLE: It is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory, I/O or acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of 3-6 states. The instruction cycle and the machine cycle are the same. There are T machine cycles: Opcode fetch cycle Memory read cycle Memory write cycle I/O read cycle I/O write cycle Interrupt acknowledge cycle Bus idle 35. List the functions of HOLD & HLDA signals of 8085 processor. (NOV-2010) Hold and hold acknowledge signals are used for the Direct Memory Access (DMA) type of data transfer. The DMA controller place a high on HOLD pin in order to take control of the system bus. The HOLD request is acknowledged by the 8085 by driving all its tristated pins to high impedance state and asserting HLDA signal high. 36.What are the functionalities of the READY and ALE pins in 8085. (April/May 2011)

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 READY: It is used by the microprocessor to sense whether a peripheral is ready or not for data transfer. If not, the processor waits. It is thus used to synchronize slower peripherals to the microprocessor. ALE: Address Latch Enable pin is used to latch the lower half byte of address bus (A 0 A7) in 8085 microprocessor with the help of an external latch. 37.What is the purpose of CLK signal in 8085 system? (April/May 2011) CLK signal is used to generate internal device timing in IC 8085. 38.Define Address bus and data bus. (NOV 2011) Address bus is used to indicate the address of data. IC 8085 has a 16 bit address bus (ie. A0 A15) Data bus is used to share data between CPU, memory and I/O devices. IC 8085 has a 8 bit data bus. (ie. D 0 D7) 39.What are interrupts? (NOV 2011) The processor fetches, decodes and executes instructions in a sequence. Interrupts are used to disturb the normal operation of the microprocessor. The IC 8085 has RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5, TRAP and INTR interrupts and an acknowledge signal INTA. PART B 1. Design a 8085 microprocessor system such that it should contain 2K byte of EPROM and 2K byte of RAM with starting addresses 0000H and 6000H respectively. 2. Design a schematic of interfacing I/O devices using memory mapped I/O technique with 8 DIP switches which control various relay operated processes.(DIP switches are decoded with address FFF9H and Relays are decoded with address FFF8H). 3. With neat diagram, explain the memory interfacing with 8085. 4. Design the hardware required for memory address range from 8000 H to 83FF H. 5. Explain the 8086 architecture with neat sketch (16)(NOV 2010) 6. Write an assembly program for searching a string in an array 7. Explain in detail about the MIN mode of operation of 8086 8. Discuss in detail about the applications of Hardware interrupt in 8086. 9. What do you mean by pipelining mechanism in bus interface unit of 8086? 10. Explain the 16-bit registers of Execution unit of 8086 microprocessor. 11. Draw the schematic representation of 8086 CPU working in the maximum mode and explain the function of the components involved. 12. Discuss about the interrupts of 8086. 13. Draw the pin details of 8086 and explain the function of each pin. 14.(i). List out the functions of following signals of INTEL 8085 Microprocessor. READY,HOLD,HLDA,SOD.(8)(NOV 2010) (ii).Discuss the interrupt structure of 8085 Microprocessor.(8) 15. i. With a neat sketch, describe the architecture of the 8085 microcontroller.(10) (April/May 2011) ii. Discuss the classification of interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. (6) (April/May 2011) 16. i. Explain the data transfer instruction set in 8085. (12) (April/May 2011) ii. Explain the flag register of the 8085 processor. (4) (April/May 2011) 17. Draw the functional Block Diagram of 8086 microprocessor and Explain. (16) (Nov 2011) 18. Explain the architecture of 8085 processor with a neat block diagram. (16) (Nov 2011) UNIT II:PROGRAMMING OF 8085 PROCESSOR 1.Define Opcode and operand.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 Opcode (Operation code) is the part of an instruction / directive that identifies a specific operation. Operand is a part of an instruction / directive that represents a value on which the instruction acts. 2. What is Opcode fetch cycle? The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an instruction stored in memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle. 3. What operation is performed during first T -state of every machine cycle in 8085? In 8085, during the first T -state of every machine cycle the low byte address is latched into an external latch using ALE signal. 4. Why status signals are provided in microprocessor? The status signals can be used by the system designer to track the internal operations of the processor. Also, it can be used for memory expansion (by providing separate memory banks for program & data and selecting the bank using status signals). 5. How the 8085 processor differentiates a memory access (read/write) and 1/0 access (read/write)? The memory access and I/0 access is differentiated using I0 I M signal.The 8085 processor asserts 10 I M low for memory read/write operation and I0 I M is asserted high for 1/0 read/write operation. 6. When the 8085 processor checks for an interrupt? In the second T -state of the last machine cycle of every instruction, the 8085 processor checks whether an interrupt request is made or not. 7. What is interrupt acknowledge cycle? The interrupt acknowledge cycle is a machine cycle executed by 8085 processor to get the address of the interrupt service routine in-order to service the interrupt device. 8. How the interrupts are affected by system reset? Whenever the processor or system is resetted , all the interrupts except TRAP are disabled. fu order to enable the interrupts, El instruction has to be executed after a reset. 9. What are Software interrupts? The Software interrupts are program instructions. These instructionsare inserted at desired locations in a program. While running aprogram, if software interrupt instruction is encountered then the processor executes an interrupt service routine. 10. What is Hardware interrupt? If an interrupt is initiated in a processor by an appropriate signal at the interrupt pin, then the interrupt is called Hardware interrupt. 11. What is the difference between Hardware and Software interrupt? The Software interrupt is initiated by the main program, but the Hardware interrupt is initiated by an external device.In 8085, the Software interrupt cannot be disabled or masked but the Hardware interrupt except TRAP can be disabled or masked. 12. What is Vectored and Non- Vectored interrupt? When an interrupt is accepted, if the processor control branches to a specific address defined by the manufacturer then the interrupt is called vectored interrupt. In Non-vectored interrupt there is no specific address for storing the interrupt service routine. Hence the interrupted device should give the address of the interrupt service routine. 13. List the Software and Hardware interrupts of 8085? Software interrupts: RST 0, RSTl, RST 2, RST 3, RST 4, RST 5, RST 6 and RST 7. Hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR. 14. What is TRAP? The TRAP is non-maskable interrupt of8085. It is not disabled by processor reset or after reorganization of interrupt. 15. Whether HOLD has higher priority than TRAP or not? The interrupts including mAP are recognized only if the HOLD is not valid, hence TRAP has lower priority than HOLD.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 16. What is masking and why it is required? Masking is preventing the interrupt from disturbing the currentprogram execution. When the processor is performing an important job (process) and if the process should not be interrupted then all the interrupts should be masked or disabled.In processor with multiple 'interrupts, the lower priority interrupt can be masked so as to prevent it from interrupting, the execution of interrupt service routine of higher priority interrupt. 17. When the 8085 processor accept hardware interrupt? The processor keeps on checking the interrupt pins at the second T-state of last Machine cycle of every instruction. If the processor finds a valid interrupt signal and if the interrupt is unmasked and enabled then the processor accepts the interrupt. The acceptance of the interrupt is acknowledged by sending an OOA signal to the interrupted device. 18. When the 8085 processor will disable the interrupt system? The interrupts of 8085 except TRAP are disabled after anyone of the following operations 1. Executing El instruction. 2. System or processor reset. 3. After reorganization (acceptance) of an interrupt. 19. What is the function performed by Dl instruction? The function of Dl instruction is to enable the disabled interrupt system. 20. What is the function performed by El instruction? The El instruction can be used to enable the interrupts after disabling. 21. How the vector address is generated for the INTR interrupt of 8085? For the interrupt INTR, the interrupting device has to place either RST opcode or CALL opcode followed by l6-bit address. I~RST opcode is placed then the corresponding vector address is generated by the processor. In case of CALL opcode the given l6-bit address will be the vectored address. 22.What are the operations performed by ALU of 8085? The operations performed by ALU of 8085 are Addition, Subtraction,Logical AND, OR, Exclusive OR, Compare Complement, Increment,Decrement and Left I Right shift 23. What is a flag? Flag is a flip flop used to store the information about the status of the processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently. 24. List the flags of 8085 There are five flags in 8085. They are sign flag, zero flag, Auxiliary carry flag, parity flag and carry flag. 25. What is the Hardware interrupts of 8085? The hardware interrupts in 8085 are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5 and RST 5,5. 41. 26.Which interrupt has highest priority in 8085? What is the priority of other interrupts? The TRAP has the highest priority, followed by RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR. 27. What is an ALE? The ALE (Address Latch Enable) is a signal used to demultiplex the address and data lines, using an external latch. It is used to enable the external latch. 28. Explain the function of IO/M in 8085. The IO/M is used to differentiate memory access and I/O access. For IN and OUT instruction it is high. For memory reference instructions it is low. 29. Where is the READY signal used? READY is an input signal to the processor, used by the memory or I/O devices to get extra time for data transfer or to introduce wait states in the bus cycles. 30. What is HOLD and HLDA and how it is used? Hold and hold acknowledge signals are used for the Direct Memory Access (DMA) type of data transfer. The DMA controller place a high on HOLD pin in order to take control of the system bus. The HOLD request is acknowledged by the 8085 by driving all its tristated pins to high impedance state and asserting HLDA signal high. 31.What is Polling?

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 Polling is a scheme or an algorithm to identify the devices interrupting the processor. Polling is employed when multiple devices interrupt the processor through one interrupt pin of the processor. 32. What are the different types of Polling? The polling can be classified into software and hardware polling. In software polling the entire polling process is govern by a prograrn.1n hardware polling, the hardware takes care of checking the status of interrupting devices and allowing one by one to the processor. 33.Identify the contents of the accumulator & flag status after the following instructions are executed. (NOV-2010) MVI A,7FH ORA A CPI A2H A=7FH CY=1 AC=0 P=1 34. List any two instructions that clear accumulator & carry flag. (NOV-2010) XRA A ANI 00H XRI 00H 35.Differentiate Register addressing mode and register indirect addressing mode with an example. (April/May 2011) Register addressing mode When a microprocessor wants to store a byte of information in memory, or retrieve a byte of information from memory, it needs to refer to the address of the byte in the instruction. Ex: MOV A,B Register indirect addressing mode When a microprocessor wants to retrieve a byte of information from memory, it needs to refer to the address of the byte in the instruction with the help of a memory location. Ex: MOV A,M Where M is the address of memory stored in HL pair.

36.Define look up table. (April/May 2011) A look up table, is what it say, a list of data that is used in programing of micro controllers, it is a table that the program use to look up data that it need to do the job, it is a list of data and each data item is associated with a index, in other words where in the table it is, look at the examples at this link. 37.What is a Stack? (NOV 2011) The stack is an area of memory identified by the programmer for temporary storage of information. In other words, the programmer defines the bottom of the stack and the stack grows up into reducing address range. 38.What is indirect addressing? (NOV 2011) Indirect addressing mode in an 8085 is when the address of the operand is contained within a register, rather than directly within the instruction itself. Instructions that do this are LDAX, STAX, and any of the move, arithmetic, logical, or compare instructions that use M as the source or destination. PART B 1. Write an algorithm to sort an array of data in ascending order. Write an assembly language program using 8085 instructions. Draw the flow chart. 2. Explain the Architecture and Logic instructions of 8085 microprocessor. 3. i. Discuss the various addressing modes of Intel 8085, with suitable examples. ii. How is address decoding done in microprocessors? 4. i. Draw the timing diagram of memory read and memory write operations of 8085 microprocessor. ii. Explain what is meant by counting, looping and indexing. 5. i. Explain the functions of subroutines with a suitable example. ii. Write 8085 based assembly program to convert a packed BCD number into its binary equivalent. 6. How are instructions of 8085 microprocessor classified? Explain with an example. 7. Explain the functions of Stack pointer and Program counter with suitable examples.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 ii. Write short notes on subroutine. 8. Write an algorithm to multiply two 16 bit data . Write an assembly language program using 8085 instructions. Draw the flow chart. 9. i. Write an 8085 assembly language program to convert an 8 bit binary number in to a BCD number. ii. Write an 8085 microprocessor based assembly program to sort an array of data in ascending order. 10. i. Explain how the instruction set of 8085 are categorized quoting an example for each. ii. With schematics represent the instructions RRC and RAR. 11. Write an assembly language program to find the maximum of an array of ant chosen numbers. 12. Write an algorithm to divide two 16 bit data . Write an assembly language program using 8085 instructions. Draw the flow chart 13.(a).(i).Explain the addressing modes of INTEL 8085 microprocessor with suitable examples.(8)(NOV 2010) (ii).Write an 8085 ALP to convert a hexadecimal number into unpacked BCD form.(8) 14.(a).(i).Write a note on stack & subroutine.(10)(NOV 2010) (ii).Write an ALP to generate a square wave of frequency 1 KHz.(6) 15.Write an 8085 assembly language program with flowchart to arrange the data bytes in ascending order. (16) (April/May 2011) 16. Describe the various addressing modes of the 8085 microprocessor in detail. (16) (April/May 2011). 17. Develop a program to transfer 50 bytes of data from memory location starting from 2000H to 3000H using the string instruction MOVSB. (16) (Nov 2011) 18. Convert a two digit BCD Number stored in memory into hexadecimal number. Use the NEAR procedure call. (16) (Nov 2011) UNIT III:PERIPHERAL INTERFACING FOR 8085 PART A 1.Name the two basic modes of PPI. The two basic modes of PPI are, a. Bit set / reset mode, b. I/O mode. The I/O mode is further divided into 3 modes, 1.Mode 0 simple I/O, 2.Mode 1 Handshake mode, 3.Mode 2 Bi-directional I/O. 2.Write command word to set/reset PC bit using BSR mode. To set bit PC7 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 BSR mode 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 0F H To reset bit PC3 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 BSR mode 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 = 06 H 3.What is the use of BSR mode in 8255? BSR mode is used to set/reset the port C lines individually so that handshake lines are generated. 4.How many I/O devices of word length 1 bit can be connected to 8255 PPI? Maximum of 24 I/O devices can be connected to such a PPI. 5.What is the function of STB and OBF signals in 8255 PPI when programmed in mode1 operation? STB - input control signal OBF - output control signal STB (strobe input) A low on this input loads data into input latch. OBF (output buffer full) Goes low to indicate that the CPU has written data out to specified port. Its set by the rising edge of the WR input and reset by the ACK input being low. 6.Mention major blocks of 8255 PPI. 1. Data bus buffer 2. Read/write logic 3. Cascade buffer/comparator

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 4. Control logic 5. In service register (ISR) 6.Priority resolver 7.Interrupt request register (IRR) 8. Interrupt mask register (IMR). 7.Whats USART? INTEL 8251 Universal synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART), designed for data communications with Intels microprocessor families. The USART accepts data characters from the CPU in the parallel format and then converts them into a continuous serial data stream for transmissions. Simultaneously it can receive serial data stream and convert them into parallel data characters for the CPU. 8.Explain TXD & TXE. TXD (Transmitter data): Transmit buffer sends serial stream of data on TXD output line on the falling edge of TXC (Transmitter clock).TXD line will be held high (Marking set) upon a master reset. TXE(Transmitter empty): When the 8259A has no characters to send, the TXE output will go high .It resets upon receiving a character from CPU if the transmitter is enabled. TXE remains high when the transmitter is disabled. 9.Whats the HUNT mode for the 8251 USART when programmed for synchronous mode? In the synchronous mode, ENTER HUNT command is included as a first command instruction. Data on the RXD line is then sampled on the RXC rising edge. The content of the RX buffer composed at every bit boundary with the SYNC character until a match occurs. When SYNC characters have been detected the USART ends the HUNT mode. 10.Relate TXC frequency to BAUD rate in 8251. (TXC CLOCK FREQUENCY) BAUD RATE FACTOR = --------------------------------------(BAUD RATE) 11.What type of signals are generated on the SL0 to SL3 scan lines of 8279 keyboard display controller when its programmed in decode mode? The SL outputs are active low and only one of the four outputs is low at any given instant. The decoded outputs repeat pattern: 1110, 1101, 1011 & 0111. 12.How many words of RAM available in the display controller 8279? 16 words of RAM. 13.How many seven segment displays can be connected to 8279? Sixteen seven segment displays can be connected to 8279. 14.Whats the purpose of a keyboard debounce routine? Keyboard debouncer is used to solve the problem of keybounce, which typically arises when a key is pressed or released. 15.How to overcome the problem of keyboard bouncing? Mechanical switches are used in most of the keyboards. When a key is pressed the contacts bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20 ms). Even though a key is actuated once, itll appear to have been actuated several times. This problem is called keybouncing. This problem can be solved by confirming the key press after allowing for a settling time of 20ms. 16.Whats meant by double buffering of DAC? When 10 or 12 bit DAC is interfaced with 8-bit microprocessor, the data bus is timeshared by using two output ports: One for the first 8 bits and the second for the remaining 2 bits. A disadvantage is that the DAC output assumes an intermediate value between the two output operations. This difficulty can be circumvented by using a double buffered DAC such as AD7522.(A 10 bit D/A converter with an input buffer and a holding register).The 10 bits are loaded into the input register in 2 steps using 2 o/p ports. Then all 10 bits are switched into a holding register for conversion. Thus using 2 buffers (I/P buffer & holding register), the data is presented to the I/P & DAC. This is called double buffering of DAC. 17.Hows the 8-bit code corresponding to the key position is assembled when a depressed key is detected in 8279?

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 If the key is pressed, the 8279 produces a 8-bit code which represents the pressed key. The 3 bits of this code represent the no. of the row in which the 8279 found the pressed key and another 3 bits represents the column of the pressed key. The upper 2 bits of the code produced represents the status of those two keys. 18.The clock input pin of 8279 Keyboard display controller is connected to a system clock of f=3.1MHZ.What will be the internal clock frequency within the 8279 as soon as reset is applied to 8279? The system has a clock frequency of 3.1 MHZ. When the 8279 is reset the clock frequency gets divided by 31 to provide the scan frequency of approximately 100KHZ.(internal clock frequency). 19. Whats meant by handshake I/O interfacing? Handshake I/O is used where more co-ordination is required between the sending and receiving systems. The I/O device sends a STB (active low) signal to the micro- processor. The microprocessor sends an acknowledge signal ACK (active high) to the I/O device. Then the I/O device sends a byte of data and raises its STB high. Then the microprocessor drops its ACK line low and waits for another request (STB). This type of parallel data transfer is called handshake I/O. 20. Why all the programmable port devices initialize their port lines as inputs when reset? If port lines are initialized as output lines on reset the logic values sent on these O/P lines may cause damage to the devices connected to it. Hence port devices initialize their port lines as I/P lines on reset. 21. Why must data be sent to a printer on a handshake basis? Before the data is to be sent to a printer, CPU should know whether the printer is powered up or paper is available for printing etc., To know such information, handshake I/O technique is the suitable one. 22. Give the voltage levels used to represent logic 1 & 0 in RS 232 serial standard. Logic 1 - (-3V to 15V) Logic 0 - (+3V to +15V) 23. What is a null modem? The crossover connection between the two data terminal equipments is often called a null modem. The TXD from the DTE 1 sends data to the RXD input of the DTE 2. Likewise, the TXD from the DTE 2 sends data to the RXD input of the DTE-1. The handshake signals are also crossed over. 24. Name the two digital coding schemes commonly used in the bipolar operation of DAC circuit. They are a. Symmetrical offset binary coding scheme b. Offset binary coding scheme. 25. What for is modem being used? Its the acronym for MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR. Its a communication device used to convert digital information into analog information and the vice versa. 26.What are DTE and DCE? DTE: Terminals and computers that are sending or receiving the serial data are referred to as Data Terminal Equipment. (DTE). DCE: Modems and other equipment used to send serial data over long distances are known as Data Communication Equipment.(DCE). 27.Whats the use of START and STOP bit in serial communications? They are used for the purpose of synchronization in case of serial communications. 28.Whats the purpose of line drivers in serial communication in RS232 standard? The purpose of line drivers is to convert RS232 signals to TTL signals and vice versa. The drivers used are MC1488 & MC1489. 29. Define Baud. THE BAUD = 1/(1BIT CELL TIME); sometimes 2 or 3 information bits can be encoded within 1 bit cell time. BAUD RATE is also expressed as a fraction of transmitter clock. 30.Calculate full scale output for an 8 bit DAC for (0-10V) range. (NOV-2010) Output = (Vfs /2n)[20+21+22+23+24+25+26+27] Where Vfs=10;n=8;

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31.Distinguish between half duplex & full duplex transmission. (NOV-2010) Half duplex---- no simultaneous both side transmission i.e though transmission &reception can be done through the same channel they cant be done simultaneously. Full duplex---- no simultaneous both side transmission i.e though transmission &reception can be done through the same channel they cant be done simultaneously. 32.What are the features of 8051 microcontroller? (April/May 2011) Inbuilt memory Inbuilt ADC and DAC Programmable with ALP and high level languages such as C

33.Distinguish between timers and counters. (April/May 2011) A counter accumulates an unknown quantity of external events over a known interval of time. The measurement of interest is typically frequency when the events are periodic. If the events are random, the measurement involves event density over time. A timer accumulates a series events of a known interval over an interval that is being measured. The measurement of interest is typically the time elapsed between two events. If the start and stop events recur periodically, multiple measurements can be made and averaged, allowing for increased resolution. Counter/timers in MPU's are typically just counters that count external events in counter mode and processor cycles in timer mode. 34.What are the modes in which 8255 can be operate? (NOV-2011) The two basic modes of PPI are, a. Bit set / reset mode, b. I/O mode. The I/O mode is further divided into 3 modes, 1.Mode 0 simple I/O, 2.Mode 1 Handshake mode, 3.Mode 2 Bi-directional I/O. 35.What is key debouncing? (NOV-2011) Debouncing is a provision in electronic/electrical devices having switches to prevent the spikes in output. Details: When we press any switch manually and release it it bounces due to inherent elasticity, this causes multiple make and break of electrical contact. If the response time is very large then it won't create any problem, but if it is small then we get multiple responses for a single keypress PART B 1. Explain the internal architecture of 8251 USART. 2. What are I/O ports, the programmable and non-programmable ports? Illustrate the control word format of PPI 8255 for the mode 1 in output configuration using its control word, control signals and status word. 3. Explain about RS232C and RS485. 4. Explain the standard I2C block diagram 5. Interface a ADC chip with 8085 processor through 8255 ports and write an ALP to use BSR mode to START conversion and STATUS CHECK mode to read output data. Explain the complete circuit and programs. Use memory mapped I/O configuration 6. Explain in detail the internal architecture, operating modes and programming of 8255 PPI.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 7. Explain the mode 1 input configuration of 8255 programmable peripheral interface using its control word, control signal and status word. 8. Explain the function of major components in 8279 keyboard display controller. 9. Show and explain DAC interfacing with a microprocessor. 10. Explain the pin configuration, operating modes and programming of 8251 serial interface. 11. Write short notes on the following with neat figures. (a) Interfacing 8-bit ADC to 8085 microprocessor. (b)GPIB 12. Explain how 8255 can be used to interface with a 4 x 4 keyboard matrix and write a matrix keyboard subroutine. 13.(a).(i).Explain the architecture of INTEL 8253 timer/counter with a neat block diagram(16)(NOV 2010) 14.Explain the working of INTEL 8255 programmable peripheral interface with a neat block diagram.(16) (NOV 2010) 15.With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8279 keyboard display controller. (16) (April/May 2011) 16. With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8255 PPI. (16) (April/May 2011) 17. Explain how a 8255 PPI is interfaced to 8085. (16) (Nov 2011) 18. Describe how 8279 keyboard and display controller is interfaced to 8085. (16) (Nov 2011) UNIT IV:8051 MICROCONTROLLER PART A 1. List the register banks and SFR of 8051. B0-B3, TMOD,TCON,P0-P3,T0,T1,SCON,SBUF,PCON 2. What are the differences between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?

Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose

Microcontroller 1. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip 2. fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports 3. for applications in which cost, power and space are critical 4. single-purpose

3. What are the alternate function of port3 in the 8051 microcontroller? RxD,TxD,INT0,INT1,T0,T1,WR,RD 4. What are the two memory address pointers in 8051 microcontroller? Program counter, Data Pointer 5. State any four important features of 8 bit microcontroller. 8-bit data bus 16-bit address bus 34 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less). 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes. Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports). 16-bit program counter and data pointer 6. Write the various interrupts supported by 8051 with priority level and vector address IE0 0003h highest TF0 000bh IE1 0013h TF1 001bh RI+TI 0023h lowest 7. What are the usage of TIMER and COUNTER?

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 Timers can be used to count external events, when it is defined as counter. When clocked with an internal clock, these counters may also be used as timers. The timers are designed to count upwards. 8. What is the operation of PSEN signal in 8051 microcontroller? PSEN is the control signal used to enable the external program memory. When the device is executing out of external memory, PSEN is activated. PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal program memory 9. Define SBUF register in 8051 and mention its use. Serial data buffer is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive buffer register. When data is moved from accumulator to SBUF, it goes to the transmit buffer where it is held for serial transmission. When data is moved from SBUF to accumulator, it comes from receive buffer into accumulator. 10.What is the significance of timer registers of 8051? The timer registers are the 16 bit counting registers for Timer/Counter 0 and 1 respectively 11. How is a microcontroller more efficient than a microprocessor? Microcontroller is concerned with rapid movement of bits within the chip. The microcontroller can function as a computer with addition of no external digital parts. Microprocessor must have many additional parts to be operational. 12.What is the purpose of an input port and an output port? Input port is used to read the data from external device. Output port is used to write the data into external device. 13.How does 8051 differentiate between the external & internal program memory? Using EA(External Address), when it is held high CPU executes the instructions from internal program ROM memory, when it is low forces the CPU to execute the instruction from external memory regardless of the program counter value. 14.How many ports are available in 8051 ? 4 ports 15.Name any four additional hardware features available in micro controllers when compared to microprocessors. Serial port, parallel port, timer/counter and memory 16.What is the size of RAM in 8051? 128 bytes 17. What is the necessity for providing 4 banks of general purpose registers R0 to R7 in 8051? How can you switch over to bank1 from bank0? The microcontroller has only two general purpose registers. To perform math & logical operations, registers banks are used along with A & B. Switch over from bank1 to bank0 is done by changing the bits PSW.3& PSW.4 from 01 to 00. 18.State the function of RS1 and RS0 bits in the flag register of Intel 8031/8051 RS1 0 0 1 1 RS0 0 1 0 1 Space in RAM Bank0 00h-07h Bank1 08h-0Fh Bank2 10h-17h Bank3 18h-1Fh 19. List the

significance of data pointer, DPTR in 8051. The DPTR register is used as a pointer to hold the address of external memory location to access. 20.What is the clock frequency and word length of 8051? Clock frequency varies from 1Mhz to 16Mhz. & its word length is 8bits. 21.Specify the purpose of overflow flag in 8051 Microcontroller. (NOV-2010)

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3 R S 0

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V g g g g is is is is t t t t

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22.Name any two bit addressable special function registers of 8051 microcontroller. (NOV-2010) NAME Function A Accumulator B Arithmetic IE Interrupt enable control IP Interrupt priority P0 Input/Output port latch P1 Input/Output port latch P2 Input/Output port latch P3 Input/Output port latch PSW Program status word SCON Serial port control TCON Timer/Counter control 23. What is the need for D/A converter?. (April/May 2011) Internal RAM Address 0E0 0F0 0A8 0B8 80 90 0A0 0B0 0D0 98 88

D/A converter (Digital to Analog Converter) is used to interface the microprocessor output with the external device. 24.List the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller. (April/May 2011) There are 5 interrupts of 8051 names that is it timer, external, serial communication interrupts 25.Name a few differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller. (Nov 2011) Microcontroller 1. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip 2. fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports 3. for applications in which cost, power and space are critical 4. single-purpose 26.What are the distinct address spaces supported by 8051(Nov 2011) The 8051 architecture supports several distinct physical address spaces. a) On - chip program memory b) On - chip data memory c) External program memory, d). External data memory, e).On-Chip special function registers. PART B 1. Explain each PORT circuitry available in 8051. 2. Explain the internal architecture of 8051 microcontroller.(16)(NOV 2010) 3. With necessary diagram of control word format, explain the different operating modes of timer in 8051 microcontroller. 4. Explain the programming model of 8051 microcontroller. Microprocessor 1. CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. 2. Expansive, 3. versatility, 4. general-purpose.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 5. How a program memory and a data memory are interfaced with 8051. 6. With a neat diagram, explain the memory organization of 8051 microcontroller(10)(NOV 2010) 7. What are interrupts available in the 8051? What are control registers available in the SFR area to control these register? Explain. 8. Explain the different serial communication modes of operation of 8051 microcontroller. Draw the bit pattern of program status word of 8051 and explain the significance of each bit with examples. 9. List the special function registers of 8051 microcontroller and explain their functions. 10. With a neat pin diagram 8051, explain the functions of each pin in detail. 11. Discuss the interrupt system of the 8051 microcontroller(10)(NOV 2010) 12. What is the difference between LJMP and SJMP in 8051. 13. Write briefly on bit manipulation instructions of 8051. 14. What are the different addressing modes of 8051 give example of each mode. 15. Write a 8051 assembly language program to evaluate Q = (u(v + w)) + (x . y) + z. 16. Write a program to find the sum of first N natural numbers 17. Write briefly on arithmetic instructions of 8051 18. What is a microcontroller? Explain any one microcontroller architecture interrupt system. Describe a typical application for which it can be made use of. 19. List out the steps involved in programming Timer 0 is model.(6) (NOV 2010) 20. i. With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8051 microcontroller. (16) (April/May 2011) ii. Explain in detail about the 8081 I/O ports and their functions. (16) (April/May 2011) 21. Explain in detail how serial communication is implemented in 8051 microcontroller. (16) (April/May 2011). 22.With suitable block diagram, explain the architecture of 8051 microcontroller. Also explain the function of each block. (16) (Nov 2011) 23.Explain the different modes of operation by serial port in 8051 in detail with its associated registers. (16) (Nov 2011) UNIT V: MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING & APPLICATIONS PART A 1. Specify the single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register (of 8051), without affecting the remaining bits. CLR B.7 2. Classify the instruction set of 8051. 1. Data transfer instructions 2. Arithmetic instructions 3. Logical instructions 4. Bit manipulation instructions 5. Program branching instructions 3. Differentiate between ACALL & LCALL in 8051. ACALL sadd : Absolute subroutine call. Jump to absolute short range address. LCALL ladd : Long subroutine call. Jump to long range address 4. List the various bit level operations possible in 8051. CLR C ; Clear carry CLR bit ; Clear direct bit SETB C ; Set carry SETB bit ; Set direct bit ANL C, A.7 ; AND MSB of Accumulator to carry. CPL bit ; Complement direct bit. 5. Explain the operation of watch dog timer in a micro controller. A watchdog timer contains a timer that expires after a certain interval unless it is restarted. It resets the microcontroller and starts the software over from the beginning if the software does not restart it periodically. 6. Write a program using 8051 assembly language to change the data 55H stored in the lower byte of the data pointer register to AAH using rotate instruction.

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE MOV 82H, #55H MOV A, 82H RLC L1: SJMP L1 7. List out the different addressing modes in 8051. The addressing modes in 8051 are as follows: Register addressing ; e.g., MOV A,R3 Direct byte addressing e.g., ADD A,50H Register indirect addressing e.g., MOV A,@R0 Immediate addressing e.g., MOV A,#52H Register Specific e.g., SWAP A Index e.g., MOVC A,@A+DPTR

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8. Write an ALP to add the values ABH and 47H. Store the result in R1. MOV A, #AB H ADD A, #47 H MOV R1, A L1: SJMP L1 9. Find the 2s complement of a number stored in R0 MOV A, R0;- (A) (R0) CPL A; - 1s complement of A ADD A, #01; - Add 1 to it to get 2s complement L1 SJMP L1 10. What is the function of RET instruction? When RET instruction (Return) is executed, the CPU pops off the top two bytes of the stack into the program counter and starts to execute from this new location. 11. What are the ports available in 8051? Port 0, Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3 Each port has 8 bits. These ports can be used for input or output. 12. Write a program that finds the number of 1s in a given byte. MOV R1, #00 MOV R7, #08 MOV A, #DATA L1: RLC A JNC L2 INC R1 L2: DJNZ R7, L1 13. Explain the instruction: SWAP SWAP instruction works only on the accumulator (SWAP A). It swaps the lower nibble and the higher nibble. The lower 4 bits are put into the higher 4 bits and the higher 4 bits are put into the lower 4 bits. 14.Draw the block diagram of microcontroller. CPU I/O Port RAM Timer ROM

Serial COM Port 15.What is the significance of Interrupt Priority Control Register in 8051 micro controller Register IP bits determine if any interrupt is to have a high or low priority. Bits set to 1 give the accompanying interrupt a high priority; a 0 assigns a low priority. 16.Define PSW

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17.Discuss the register set of MCS-51 family of microcontrollers. 34 general purpose registers; A, B, and banks B0-B3; each bank has 8 registers 18.Write briefly on the use of watch dog timer of a microcontroller. A watchdog timer contains a timer that expires after a certain interval unless it is restarted. It resets the microcontroller and starts the software over from the beginning if the software does not restart it periodically. 19.List few applications of stepper motor. Used in automatic bottle filling. Used in position control 20.What is the DC value of the PWM output? Ranges from zero to whatever maximum value is used to power the motor. 21. Explain the mode3 of 8051 serial ports? In this mode,11 bits are transmitted(through TXD)or received(through RXD):a start bit(0), 8 data bits(LSB first),a programmable 9th data bit ,& a stop bit(1).In fact ,Mode3 is the same as Mode2 in all respects except the baud rate. The baud rate in Mode3 is variable. In all the four modes, transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. Reception is initiated in Mode0 by the condition RI=0&REN=1.Reception is initiated in other modes by the incoming start bit if REN=1. 22.Explain the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller? The interrupts are: Vector address External interrupt 0 : IE0 : 0003H Timer interrupt 0 : TF0 : 000BH External interrupt 1 : IE1 : 0013H Timer Interrupt 1 : TF1 : 001BH Serial Interrupt Receive interrupt : RI : 0023H Transmit interrupt: TI : 0023H 23.Write A program to perfom multiplication of 2 nos using 8051? MOV A,#data 1 MOV B,#data 2 MUL AB MOV DPTR,#5000 MOV @DPTR,A(lower value) INC DPTR MOV A,B MOVX @ DPTR,A 24.Write a program to mask the 0th &7th bit using 8051? MOV A,#data ANL A,#81 MOV DPTR,#4500 MOVX @DPTR,A LOOP SJMP LOOP 25.List the addressing modes of 8051? Direct addressing Register addressing Register indirect addressing. Implicit addressing

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Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Dept of ICE & EIE 2012-2013 Immediate addressing Index addressing Bit addressing 26.Write about CALL statement in 8051? There are two subroutine CALL instructions. They are *LCALL(Long CALL) *ACALL(Absolute CALL) Each increments the PC to the 1st byte of the instruction & pushes them in to the stack. 27.Write about the jump statement? There are three forms of jump. They are LJMP(Long jump)-address 16 AJMP(Absolute Jump)-address 11 SJMP(Short Jump)-relative address 28.Write program to load accumulator ,DPH,&DPL using 8051? MOV A,#30 MOV DPH,A MOV DPL,A 29.Write a program to find the 2s complement using 8051? MOV A,R0 CPL A INC A 30.Write a program to add 2 8-bit numbers using 8051? MOV A,#30H ADD A,#50H 31.Write a program to swap two numbers using 8051? MOV A, #data SWAP A 32.Write a program to subtract 2 8-bit numbers &exchange the digits using 8051? MOV A,#9F MOV R0,#40 SUBB A,R0 SWAP A 33.Write a program to subtract the contents of R1 of Bank 0from the contents of R0 of Bank 2 using 8051? MOV PSW,#10 MOV A,R0 MOV PSW,#00 SUBB A,R1 34.Write an 8051 assembly language to copy 10 bytes from RAM starting at 35H to RAM starting at 60H. (NOV-2010) ORG 0030H MOV R0,#35H MOV R1,#60H MOV R2,#10 REPT:MOV A, @RO MOV @R1,A

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35. Differentiate among SJMP, AJMP & LJMP instructions of 8051 microcontroller. (NOV-2010) SJMP short jump, two byte instruction, offset -127 to +128 AJMP Absolute jump, two byte instruction, offset within 2Kbytes LJMP Long jump, three byte instruction, offset within 64 Kbytes 36.Why do we put a driver in between the microcontroller and the stepper motor? (April/May 2011) A driver is the major interfacing device used between the stepper motor and the microcontroller. It is used to transfer the excitation signal from the microcontroller to the stepper motor. 37.What are the registers involved in the serial data communication circuit of an 8051 microcontroller. (April/May 2011) The 8051 has a serial data communication circuit that uses register SBUF to hold data. Register SCON controls data communication, register PCON controls data rates and pins RXD (P3.0) and TXD (P3.1) connect to the serial data network. 38.Name four Data Transfer instructions.

Data transfer instructions move the content of one register to another. The register the content of which is moved remains unchanged. If they have the suffix X (MOVX), the data is exchanged with external memory.
MOV, MOVC, MOVX, PUSH direct, POP direct, XCH, XCHD 39.What is the angle through which a stepper motor will rotate for every output Step pulse from the microcontroller? The angle through which the stepper motor will rotate is known as the step angle. It depends on the number op poles of the stepper motor. PART B 1. Draw the hard ware circuit required for interfacing a four phase stepper motor to a microprocessor. Give the flowchart of the software driving it in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. 2. Explain the operation of a four phase stepper motor interface circuit with a neat diagram for both full and half step drive signal order. 3. Explain how to interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller. 4. Draw the hardware circuit required for interfacing a four phase stepper motor to a microprocessor. Give the flowchart of the software driving it in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. 5. Explain how you can control servo motor using IC8051.(16)(NOV 2010) 6. Explain with necessary diagram, how to control washing machine using microcontrollers. 7. With proper sequence, explain the traffic light control interface. 8. Write a program to display hour, min & sec, by interfacing real time clock with microprocessor & explain 9. Explain in detail a microcontroller based system to control the speed of a DC motor.

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10. Write an 8085 ALP to transfer a message YES serially at 9600 band,8 bit data,1 bit stop. Do this 11. Explain in detail the procedure for interfacing the keyboard to the 8051 microcontroller. (16)
(April/May 2011) 12. i. Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 Mhz, write a program to generate a square wave of 2 Khz frequency. (10) (April/May 2011) ii. Explain the data transfer instructions used in the 8051 microcontroller.(6) (April/May 2011) 13. Explain how stepper motor is interfaced to 8051 to enable the motor to rotate in the clockwise direction. (16) (Nov 2011). 14. Describe how washing machine actions are designed using a microcontroller. (16) (Nov 2011).

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