CHAPTER 6

Floor systems
6.1
FUNCTIONS OF FLOOR SYSTEMS
The Iloor system generally serves two purposes.
Primarily the Iloor carries vertical dead and imposed load and transmits these loads through beams to the columns/walls.
The Iloor also has to act as a horizontal diaphragm that ties the building together, stabilizes the walls and columns and
transmits horizontal wind load to rigid Irames, braced bays or shear walls.
The aims in design oI the Iloor system are:
to deliver the main vertical loads saIely by the most direct and eIIicient route to the columns/walls without excessive
deIlection or vibration;
to have the necessary horizontal strength/rigidity;
to achieve a uniIorm arrangement and spacing oI beams where possible to reduce costsalternative layouts may need
investigation;
to keep construction depth to the minimum while accommodating necessary servicesthis reduces overall building costs;
Ior all components to have adequate resistance to or protection against Iire.
Types oI Iloor systems are described below.
6.2
LAYOUTS AND FRAMING SYSTEMS
The layout oI the Iloor Iraming depends on the shape and structural system used Ior the building. In steel-Iramed structures,
the column arrangement deIines the Ilooring divisions. Primary beams Irame between the columns and may Iorm part oI the
main vertical structural Irames. Depending on spans, secondary beams may be provided to subdivide the intercolumn areas.
Column spacings normally vary Irom 4 to 8 m in rectangular-shaped buildings but can be much greater. Secondary beams are
normally spaced at 3 to 4 m centres.
Tall buildings generally have a central core and perimeter columns or tube-wall construction. The Iloor beams or girders
Irame between the core and outside wall. This arrangement allows maximum Ilexibility in the division oI Iloor areas using
lightweight partitions.
Some Iloor Iraming systems are shown in Figure 6.1. These include buildings with:
one-way normally transverse Iraming where
slab spans one way longitudinally,
secondary beams span between Irames and slabs span transversely;
two-way Iraming with two-way spanning slabs;
square, circular and triangular Iloor areas with beams spanning out Irom the core.
6.3
TYPES OF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION
Various types oI Iloor construction in steel-Iramed buildings are shown in Figure 6.2. These can be classiIied as Iollows.
Cast-in-situ concrete slabs, one- or two-way spanning, supported on steel beams or lattice girders. Ribbed or waIIle slabs
can also be used Ior long spans.
Precast, prestressed concrete slabs, one-way spanning, supported on steel beams. Slabs can be solid or hollow or double-T
in Iorm. Units can also be supported on shelI angles to reduce Iloor depth as shown in Figure 6.2.
Composite deck, where the slab is poured on proIiled steel sheeting which is embossed with ribs to ensure composite
action. Design where the steel decking acts only as permanent Iormwork can also be made.
Cast-in-situ slab or composite concrete deck made to act compositely by stud shear connectors with the steel Iloor beams.
This system gives considerable savings in weight oI Iloor steel.
Fig. 6.1 Floor Iraming systems.

102 FLOOR SYSTEMS
Lattice girders or castellated beams are more economical than universal beams Ior long spans. Lattice girder construction also
permits services such as air conditioning ducts to be run through the open web spaces.
The stub girder Iloor is a special development aimed at giving long-span, column-Iree Iloor spaces. The system is only
economical Ior long spans oI 1015 m. The construction gives up to 25 saving in weight oI Iloor steel, a reduction in depth
oI Iloor and provides openings Ior services. Structurally, the stub girder acts like a modiIied Iorm oI composite Vierendeel
girder. The validity oI the system has been proved by extensive research and testing.
6.4
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS
6.4.1
General comments
The composite Iloor is cast on proIiled steel sheets which act as permanent shuttering, supporting the wet concrete,
reinIorcement and construction loads. AIter hardening, the concrete and steel sheeting act compositely in carrying the loads.
Mesh reinIorcement is provided over the whole slab. It is required to resist hogging moments. Alternatively, the concrete may
be designed to carry the Iinal loads without composite action when the sheeting acts as shuttering only.
Composite Ilooring is designed to BS 5950: Part 4. Decking manuIacturers load/span tables can be used to select the slab
and sheeting Ior a given Iloor arrangement (John Lysaght, n.d.; Precision Metal Flooring, 1993). For example, Precision Metal
Flooring (1993) gives the maximum span, slab thickness and metal decking gauge Ior single- and double-spanning slabs and
propped slabs Ior various values oI imposed load. The tables are based on:
construction load 1.5 kN/m
2
;
deIlection span/180 (construction), span/350 (composite slabs);
decking Grade Z 28 yield strength 280 N/mm
2
.
concrete Grade 30;
mesh to BS 5950: Part 4;
shear connectionembossing and deck shape.
Fire load/span tables are also given to select slab thicknesses Ior various improved loads and Iire rating times.
6.4.2
Design procedure
The design procedure Irom BS 5950: Part 4 is set out brieIly as Iollows.
(a) Decking strength and serviceability. This depends on:
eIIective section oI compression Ilange and webthese are reduced due to buckling;
support capacity;
web strength;
deIlection limit.
Design is to be in accordance with BS 5950: Part 6.
(b) Composite deck. Strength and serviceability checks are made to include:
moment capacity Ior sagging moments at mid-span and hogging moments over supports;
shear-bond capacitysome Iactors in the code expression must be obtained by tests on given decking;
vertical shear capacity;
deIlection oI the composite slab.
Expressions are given Ior simply supported and continuous slabs.
A composite deck section and sections Ior sagging and hogging moments are shown in Figure 6.3.
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 103
6.5
COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN
6.5.1
Design basis
Design oI composite beams is to conIorm to BS 5950: Part 3.
The composite beam is Iormed by connecting the concrete slab. The commonly used connector is the headed stud. The slab
is to be a reinIorced concrete Iloor slab or a slab supported on proIiled steel sheeting.
Fig. 6.2 Types oI Iloor construction.
104 FLOOR SYSTEMS
The design process is outlined brieIly. Detailed application oI the code clauses is shown in the examples Iollowing.
6.5.2
Effective section
ReIerring to Clause 4.4.1 and Section 4.6 oI the code and to Figure 6.4, the eIIective section Ior calculating moment capacity
depends on the Iollowing.
(a)
Effective breaath of slab
This depends on the direction oI the slab span, whether perpendicular or parallel to the beam. For example, Ior a slab
spanning perpendicular to the beam the total eIIective breadth B
e
is the sum oI eIIective breadths b
e
on each side:
b
e

Lz
/8 halI the distance to the adjacent beam
where L
z
is the distance between points oI zero moment, equal to the span oI a simply supported beam.
Detailed provisions are given Ior other cases.
(b)
Composite slab
For a slab spanning perpendicular to the beam, neglect ribsuse only concrete above ribs. For a slab spanning parallel to the
beamuse Iull concrete section.
(c)
Portions neglectea on the effective section
Neglect concrete in tension, the proIiled sheets in a composite slab and nominal mesh or bars less than 10 mm diameter.
6.5.3
Plastic moment capacity
The moment capacity oI a composite section is based on (Clause 4.4.2):
concrete stress in compression0.45 f
cu
, where f
cu
is the concrete grade;
reinIorcement in tension0.87 f
y
, where f
y
is the characteristic strength.
Fig. 6.3 Floor sections: (a) composite deck; (b) moments in slabs.

COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 105
Only plastic and compact universal beam sections are considered.
6.5.4
Construction
The weight oI wet concrete and construction loads is carried by the steel beam. For both propped and unpropped construction,
beams may be designed assuming that at the ultimate limit state, the whole load acts on the composite member (Clause 5.1).
6.5.5
Continuous beam analysis
See Section 5.2 oI the code, on which the analysis may be based.
(a)
Elastic analysis ana reaistribution
The analysis is based on the value oI the gross second moment oI area oI the uncracked section at mid-span (Figure 6.4(e)).
Concrete in the ribs may be neglected (Clause 5.2.3 oI the code).
Section 4.1 oI the code gives an expression Ior calculating the eIIective modular ratio
e
Ior the concrete. This depends on
the proportion oI the total load that is long term.
The imposed load is to be arranged in the most unIavourable realistic pattern. The patterns to be investigated are
Alternate spans loaded;
Two adjacent spans loaded.
Dead load Iactors need not be varied. The resulting negative moment may be reduced by an amount not exceeding values
given in Table 4 in the code. For plastic sections, 40 redistribution is permitted.
(b)
Simplifiea methoa
The moment coeIIicients Irom Table 3 oI the code can be used Ior uniIorm beams with uniIormly distributed loads. Detailed
requirements are given in Clause 5.2.2.
(c)
Plastic Analysis (Clause 5.2.4)
This may be used Ior uniIorm beams with uniIorm distributed load.
6.5.6
Design of members
(a)
Jertical shear (Clause 5.3.4)
The vertical shear must be resisted by steel beam web. The moment capacity is reduced by high shear load.
(b)
Positive moment (Clause 5.3.1)
The moment capacity is the plastic moment capacity oI the composite section.
106 FLOOR SYSTEMS
(c)
Negative moment (Clauses 5.3.2 ana 5.3.3)
The moment capacity is based on the steel section and eIIectively anchored tension reinIorcement within the eIIective breadth
oI the concrete Ilange.
(a)
Stability of the bottom flange (Clause 5.2.5)
In continuous beams the stability oI the bottom Ilange requires checking at supports Ior each span. Provisions Ior making the
check are given in the clause. Lateral supports may be required. The unsupported length may be taken as the distance Irom the
support to the point oI contraIlexure.
6.5.7
Shear connectors (Section 5.4 of code)
The shear connector must transmit the longitudinal shear between the concrete slab and steel beam without crushing the
concrete and without excessive slib or separation between the slab and beam. Headed studs welded to the beam are the main
type oI connector used.
Fig. 6.4 EIIective section: (a) plain slab; (b) sheet perpendicular to beam; (c) sheet parallel to beam; (d) negative moment; (e) transIormed
section.

COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 107
(a)
Connector capacity
In a solid slab the capacity oI a connector is:
positive moments, Q
p
0.8 Q
k
;
negative moments, Q
n
0.6 Q
k
.
Q
k
is the characteristic resistance oI a connector Irom Table 5 in the code, e.g. Ior a 19 mm stud 100 mm high in Grade 30
concrete, Q
k
100 kN.
(b)
Number of connectors requirea
For positive moments the number N
p
F
p
/Q
p
, where F
p
is the compressive Iorce in the concrete at the point oI maximum
positive moment.
For negative moments, the number N
n
F
n
/Q
n
, where Fn is the Iorce in the tension reinIorcement.
The total number oI connectors between the point oI maximum moment and the support is N
p
N
n
connectors should be
spaced uniIormly. The minimum spacing is Iive times the stud diameter.
(c)
Characteristic resistance of heaaea stuas
Resistance values Ior solid slabs are given in Table 5 in the code. Formulas are given Ior modiIying these values when
proIiled sheets are used.
6.5.8
Longitudinal shear (Section 5.6 of code)
Transverse reinIorcement runs perpendicular to the beam span. Longitudinal shear Irom the connectors is resisted by the
concrete Ilange, the transverse reinIorcement and the steel sheeting iI used.
(a)
Longituainal shear
The longitudinal shear Iorce per unit length is
vNQ/S
where N is number oI connectors per unit length, S is unit length and Q is Q
p
or Q
n
(section 6.5.7).
(b)
Shear resistance
An expression is given in the code Ior calculating the shear resistance per shear surIace Ior normal and lightweight concrete.
This includes contributions Irom the transverse reinIorcement, the concrete slab and the proIiled sheet iI used. The Iormula
and its application are described in the examples Iollowing sections 6.6 and 6.7.
(c)
Shear surfaces
Transverse shear surIaces Ior a solid slab and slab on proIiled sheets are shown in Figures 6.5 (section 6.6.2) and 6.15
(section 6.7.6).
(a)
Profilea sheeting
Clause 5.6.4 sets out the method oI calculating the contribution oI the proIiled steel sheeting (section 6.7.6).
108 FLOOR SYSTEMS
6.5.9
Deflection (Section 6 of code)
(a)
Construction
In unpropped construction:
steel beam carries concrete slab and beam;
composite section carries the imposed loads.
In propped construction, the composite section carries all loads. The behaviour is taken as linear elastic.
(b)
Simply supportea beams
Calculate deIlection using the properties oI the gross uncracked section (section 6.5.5 (a) above).
(c)
Continuous beams
Allowances are to be made Ior:
Pattern loadingdetermine moments due to unIactored imposed load, on all spans then reduce support moments by 30;
shakedowndescribed in the code.
Clause 6.1.3.5 oI the code gives an expression Ior calculating the mid-span deIlection
c
Ior a continuous beam under uniIorm
load or symmetrical point loads. In this expression, the simply supported beam deIlection is modiIied according to the values
oI the span support moments as modiIied as noted above. (An example is given in section 6.7.7 below).
6.6
SIMPLY SUPPORTED COMPOSITE BEAM
6.6.1
Specification
Consider the simply supported steel Iloor beam in the structure shown in Figure 5.1. The characteristic loads on the beam are:
dead load
slab and steel beam23 kN/m;
tiles, screed, partitions, ceiling, services12 kN/m;
imposed load(3.5 kN/m
2
)17.5 kN/m.
The design load on the composite section is 77 kN/m, and
M778
2
/8616 kN/m
The materials are:
concrete, with f
cu
30 N/mm
2
;
steel, with p
y
275 N/mm
2
.
The slab is 180 mm thick and the steel beam is 533210 UB 92 with no composite action; the span is 8 m.
Redesign the beam as a composite section.
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 109
6.6.2
Moment capacity (Section 4.4 of code)
Concrete Ilange breadth:
B
e
Span/42 m
Try 457152 UB 52, with A66.5 mm
2
, D449.8 mm, t7.6 mm, I21300 mm
4
. The composite section is shown in
Figure 6.5.
Assuming the neutral axis lies in the slab, the depth is
x27566.510
2
/(0.
45302000)67.7 mm
Lever arm Z180(67.7/2)
(449.8/2)371.1 mm
Moment capacity M
p
27566.
510
2
371.1/10
6
678.6 kNm
~applied moment616 kNm
The section is satisIactory Ior moment.
6.6.3
Shear (Section 5.3.4 of code)
The shear capacity is
P
v
0.5275449.87.6/10
3
470 kN ~applied shear308 kN
This is satisIactory.
6.6.4
Shear connectors (Section 5.4 of code)
Provide headed studs 19 mm dia.100 mm high, with characteristic resistance Q
k
100 kN. The capacity in a solid slab under
positive moment is
Q
p
0.810080 kN
The number oI connectors each side oI the centre oI the beam is
N
p
(27566.5)/(8010)23 Spacing in pairs40002/22364 (say 300 mm)
6.6.5
Longitudinal shear
The surIaces subjected to longitudinal shear Irom the connectors and the slab reinIorcements are shown in Figures 6.4 and 6.5
(b). The top bars reinIorce the slab Ior hogging moment. The bottom 10 mm dia. bars at 180 mm centres, A
sv
436 mm
2
/m, resist
shear due to composite action (Section 5.3.1 oI code).
The longitudinal shear is
v2100080/300533.3 kN/m
The Ilange resistance (Clause 5.6.3), where the length oI shear surIace a-a is 340 mm approx. and oI shear surIace b-b is
2180 mm, is given by
J
r
|(0.74364602)(0.03340100030)|/10
3
586 kN/m
This is satisIactory.
6.6.6
Deflection (Section 6.1 of code)
The beam is to be unpropped. The deIlection oI the steel beam due to selI-weight and slab (23 kN/m) is
The composite section carries the imposed load plus Iinishes and partitions, total 29.5 kN/m. The deIlection is calculated
using the properties oI the gross uncracked section.
The modular ratio
e
is determined using Clause 4.1. The imposed load is one-third long term. The proportion oI the total
loading which is long term is
P
e
(52.517.5/3)/52.50.89
e
6(0.8912)16.7
The transIormed section is shown in Figure 6.5 (c). Locate the neutral axis
110 FLOOR SYSTEMS
I
G
(2130010
4
)(6650241.5
2
)(119.8180
3
/12) (180119.573.4
2
)7.7510
8
mm
4
The deIlection oI the composite section is
This is satisIactory.
6.7
CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAM
6.7.1
Specification
(a)
Builaing
A two-storey building and part Iloor plan Ior the Iirst Iloor is shown in Figure 6.6. Design the end span oI the continuous
three-span Iloor beam ABCD. The beam is continuous over the ground Iloor columns. The loads are given below.
(b)
Flooring
The Iloor construction is PMF Com Floor 70. This is double-spanning, unpropped, span 3m, 1.2 mm gauge decking with
normal weight concrete. The decking is shown in Figure 6.7. From the manuIacturer`s load/ span tables (Precision Metal
Forming, 1993), Ior imposed loading oI 6.7 kN/m
2
, the maximum permitted span Ior a slab thickness oI 150 mm is 3.39 m.
The required span is 3 m. The Iire load/span tables give a permitted span oI 3.68 m Ior 90 m in Iire rating, which is
satisIactory. The imposed load on the slab including ceiling, Iinishes etc. is given below. The slab dead load is 3.1 kN/m
2
.
Fig. 6.5 Composite beam: (a) moment capacity; (b) longitudinal shear; (c) transIormed section.
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 111
6.7.2
Floor loads
(a)
Separate characteristic loaas
(i) During construction (Figure 6.9(a), Section 6.73)
The dead load oI the slab, deck and secondary beam is 3.2 kN/m, thus
Point load at E3.28376.8 kN
The dead load oI the continuous beam and base is 0.5 kN/m
2
.
The imposed load (Clause 2.2.3) is 0.5 kN/m
2
, thus
Point load at E0.58312 kN
The design loads are
Point load(76.81.4)(121.6)126.7 kN Distributed load1.40.50.7 kN/m
(ii) Dead load on composite beam
The distributed load is 2.7 kN/m
2
(Iinish 1 kN/m
2
, ceiling 0.5 kN/m
2
, services 0.2 kN/m
2
, partitions 1 kN/m
2
), thus
Point load at E2.78364.8 kN
The uniIorm load Ior beam and protection is 1.5 kN/m.
(iii) Imposed load carried by composite beam
The imposed load is 3.5 kN/m
2
(Figure 6.8 (c)), thus
Point load at E3.58384 kN
Fig. 6.6 Two-storey building: (a) section; (b) part Iloor plan.
Fig. 6.7 Com Floor 70 decking.

112 FLOOR SYSTEMS
(b)
Check imposea loaa on aecking
Imposed Iloor load(3.5 kN/m
2
)Finish(1 kN/m
2
)
Ceiling and services(0.7 kN/m
2
)Partitions(1 kN/
m
2
)
6.2 kN/m
2
6.7 kN/m
2
(c)
Design loaas on the composite beam
(i) Dead load-permanent loads
Point load(76.864.8)1.4198.2 kN Distributed load1.51.6614.4 kN/Span
The dead load Iactor is not varied.
(ii) Imposed load
This is arranged to give maximum moments.
Point load841.6134.4 kN
The design loads are shown in Figure 6.8(b)(d) (section 6.7.3).
6.7.3
Elastic analysis and redistribution
Elastic analyses are carried out Ior the end span AB under pattern loading. A redistribution oI 30 oI the peak support
moment is then carried out. (Table 4 in the code).
(a)
Approximate si:e of steel beam
Design one 6 m span as a simply supported beam. Neglect the selI-weight.
M(198.2134.4)6/4498.9 kNm S498.910
3
/2751814 cm
3
Reducing by say, 40 gives S1088cm
3
. Try 457152 UB 52, with S1090 cm
3
.
(b)
Distribution factors
(i) Effective modular ratio (Clause 4.1)

s
P
l
(
l

s
)

l
long-term
modulus18

s
short-term
modulus6
P
l
portion oI total load which is
long term (section 6.7.2(b))
(9.4(3.5/3))/9.40.88

e
60.88(186)16.6
(ii) Second moment of area ,
*
Use the gross uncracked Ior the elastic global analysis (Clause 5.2.3). For the gross value oI I
G
use the mid-span eIIective
breadth uncracked, but neglect concrete in the ribs (Clause 4.2.2).
The eIIective breadth oI concrete Ilange (Section 4.6 and Figure 2 oI code) is:
Ior span AB,
B
e
0.86000/41200 mm
Ior span BC,
B
e
0.76000/41050 mm
The gross and transIormed sections are shown in Figure 6.8 Ior span AB.
For the steel beam oI 457152 UB 52, A66.5 cm
2
, I
X
21300 cm
4
(dimensions on Figure 6.8).
For the transIormed concrete, A68.7 cm
2
, I
X
517 cm
4
.
The neutral axis is
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 113
For span AB,
I
G
(66.516.63
2
)21300(68.716.12
2
)517 58060 cm
4
For span BC,
I
G
56309 cm
4
(iii) Distribution factors
The analysis should be based on the assumption oI a uniIorm glass uncracked beam.
(c)
Elastic analysis
The moment coeIIicients Irom the Steel Designers Manual (1986) are used in the analysis. Analyses are perIormed Ior:
construction loads on the steel beam;
Iinal loads on the composite beam (Clause 5.2.3.2, Pattern loads) Ior
dead load,
imposed load on spans AB, BC,
imposed loads on spans AB, CD.
The loads, moments and shears Ior the Iour load cases are shown in Figure 6.9.
The maximum design actions Ior the end span Ior elastic analysis are:
Ior steel beamconstruction loads,
M
E
135.2 kNm
Ior composite beam,
M
B
187141.1328.1 kNm M
E
214.5173.4387.9 kNm J
BA
137.590.7228.2 kN
Fig. 6.8 Span ABsection.
114 FLOOR SYSTEMS
(a)
Reaistribution
Reduce the peak support moment oI 328.1 kNm by 15 to give
M
B
278.9 kNm The redistributed moment and shears are shown in Figure 6.10.
Sagging moment395.1 kNm Shear211.7 kN Unsupported length oI compression Ilange1.1 m
Fig. 6.9 Design actions Ior end span AB: (a) construction loads on steel beam; (b) permanent dead load on composite beam; (c)
imposed load on spans AB, BC; (d) imposed load on spans AB, CD.
Fig. 6.10 Redistributed shears and moments.

COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 115
6.7.4
Section design checks
(a)
Steel beam auring construction
Assume that the length oI the bottom Ilange in compression Irom support B to the point oI contraIlexure is 2.5 m.
Try 457152 UB 52, with S1090cm
3
, r
Y
3.11 cm, x43.9, 80, p
b
190 kNm (Table 19):
M
c
1901090/10
3
207 kNm~135.2 kNm
(b)
Composite beamsagging moment (Clause 4.4.1)
The sagging moment capacity oI the composite beam at mid-span is based on:
eIIective Ilange breadth B
e
;
the Iull concrete area including the ribs where the ribs are parallel to the beam;
the sheeting, concrete in tension and reinIorcement in compression is neglected.
The plastic moment capacity is Iound using (Clause 4.4.2):
concrete stress, 0.45 f
cu
, where the concrete grade f
cu
30 N/mm
2
;
design strength oI steel p
y
275 N/mm
2
.
The composite beam section is shown in Figure 6.11.
The trial steel beam is 457152 UB 52, with A66.5cm
2
.
Check location oI neutral axis. The concrete Ilange capacity (Figure 6.7) is given by
0.4530|(120095)(13626)455|/10
3
15394812020 kN
The steel beam capacity is
27566.5/101829 kN
Try locating neutral axis in ribs. Assume that the neutral axis lies y
1
below the top oI the rib (Figure 6.11). The depth oI rib in
compression is
15394|0.47y
2
(1880.94y)y|0.4530/10
3
1829
y
1
31 mm
The portion oI the rib in compression is shown in Figure 6.11 (a). The area oI Iour ribs is 21500 mm
2
, with centroid 15.1 mm
Irom top. The capacity is given by
0.453021 500/10
3
290 kN
The Iorces and their lever arms with respect to the neutral axis are shown in Figure 6.11 (b). The moment capacity is
M
C
(15390.078)(2900.016)(18290.249) 580 kNm ~Sagging moment 370.3 kNm
In (d) and (e) below, the stability oI the bottom Ilange is considered and the moment capacity is recalculated.
(c)
Composite beamhogging moment (Clauses 4.4.1, ana 4.4.2)
The capacity is based on:
neglecting the concrete in tension and the proIiled sheets;
including the stresses to design strength p
y
and reinIorcement in tension at design strength 0.87 f
y
, where f
y
is its
characteristic strength.
The trial steel beam is 457152 UB 52, where S1090 cm
3
, giving capacity Ior design strength p
y
as
M
c
2751090/10
3
229.8 kNm ~Support moment 278.9 kNm
The stability oI the bottom Ilange requires investigation (Clause 5.2.5). The span is loaded with the Iactored dead load and the
negative moment at the support is taken as M
c
, the plastic design moment. This need not be taken as more than the elastic
moment without redistribution, i.e. 328.1 kNm Irom section 6.7.3(c).
116 FLOOR SYSTEMS
The loads, reactions and moments Ior span AB are shown in Figure 6.12. Solve Ior distance XB2.07 m, the unsupported
length oI bottom Ilange in compression.
For 457152 UB 52, r
y
3.11 cm; u0.859; x43.9; 2070/31.1 66.5; /x1.51; v0.96 (Table 4);
LT
uv 54.8; p
b

226.5 N/mm
2
(Table 11).
Capacity oI the steel beam247 kNm 278.9 kNm (redistribution moment) shown in Figure 6.10
The trial section is 457152 UB 52 with Iour 16 mm dia. bars, Grade 460 (Figure 6.13). Assume that the neutral axis lies in
the web:
(0.87460804)(15210.9226.5)(y7.6226.5) |(428y)7.6226.5|(152.410.9226.5) y120.6 mm
The moment capacity is
M
c
(321.80.241)376.3(0.1260.313)(207.60.06)(529.20.154) 336.8 kNm
(f)
Jointbeam to column
The joint arrangement is shown in Figure 6.14. This can be shown to be adequate.
Fig. 6.11 Composite beam: (a) sagging section; (b) Iorces.
Fig. 6.12 End spandead load and elastic moment.
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 117
(g)
Beam shear
From Figure 6.9, the shear is
137.590.7228.2 kN
The shear is resisted by the web oI the steel beam.
The shear capacity oI 457152 UB 52, with a/t53.6, is
449.87.60.6275/10
3
564 kN
This is satisIactory.
6.7.5
Shear connectors
Stud connectors 19 mm dia.100 mm nominal height are to be provided. The characteristic load Ior Grade 30 concrete is
Q
k
100 kN per connector in a solid slab (Table 5 oI code).
Fig. 6.13 Forces in composite section.
Fig. 6.14 Jointbeam to column.

118 FLOOR SYSTEMS
ReIerring to Clause 5.4.7.3, in slabs with ribs parallel to the beam where (Figure 5 in code)
Mean width oI rib b
r
149 mm Overall depth oI sheet D
p
55 mm b
r
/D
p
2.7~1.5(k1)
There is no reduction in the value oI Q
k
.
ReIerring to Clause 5.4.3, the capacity oI shear connectors is
Positive moment Q
p
0.8
Qk
80 kN Negative moment Q
n
0.6 Q
k
60 kN
ReIerring to Clause 5.4.4.1, Irom Figure 6.11(b) the longitudinal Iorce Ior positive moments is 15392901829 kN.
Total number oI connectors1829/8023
To develop the positive moment capacity, i.e. the number required each side oI the point oI maximum moment.
ReIerring to Clause 5.4.4.2, Irom Figure 6.12 the longitudinal Iorce Ior negative moment is 321.8 kN.
Number oI connectors321.8/606 in span AB
ReIerring to Clause 5.4.5.1, the total number oI connectors between a point oI maximum positive moment and each support in
span AB is 2323652. Spacing the studs equally,
Spacing S6000/52115 mm Minimum spacing 5a95 mm along beam.
6.7.6
Longitudinal shear
The arrangement oI the decking Ior positive and negative moments is shown in Figure 6.15. The mesh reinIorcement Ior the
slab is discussed below.
(a)
Positive moment (Clauses 5.6.1 ana 5.6.2)
The sheeting and other transverse reinIorcement can act as reinIorcement to resist longitudinal shear Irom the shear
connectors.
The longitudinal shear per unit length v at any point is determined by the connector spacing S:
vNQ
p
/S
where N is the number oI connectors per unit length. Account is to be taken oI the proportion oI the eIIective breadth lying
beyond the Iailure section in determining the shear at that section.
From Figure 6.15(a), the Iailure sections are aa and bb. For 1 m length:
N1000/1159 say, Q
p
80 kN
For section a-a:
v980720 kN/m
For section b-b:
v720300/600360 kN/m
ReIerring to Clause 5.6.2, the resistance oI the concrete Ilange Ior normal weight concrete is
where
f
cu
30 N/mm
2
f
y
460 N/mm
2
A
cv
concrete area per unit length
A
sv
area per unit length oI reinIorcement
v
p
contribution oI sheetingt
p
p
yp
t
p
thickness oI sheeting1.2 mm
p
yp
280 N/mm
2
(PMF Com Floor 70)
Try steel mesh A2528 mm wires at 200 mm centres, with A
sv
252 mm
2
/m. This complies with Clause 25 oI BS 5950: Part
4.
For section a-a, the resistance oI two surIaces is
v
r
2|(0.7252460)(0.
0395100030)(1.
22801000)|/10
3
2(81.185.5336)1005 kN/
m
20.89510
3
30
0.5
/
10
3
832.5 kN/m
~720 kN/m(stud shear Iorce)
For section b-b at a joint in the sheeting,
COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 119
v
r
81.1(0.0315030)216.1 kN/m ~180 kN (halI the stud shear Iorce)
Both sections are satisIactory.
(b)
Negative moments (Figure 6.15 (b))
For section c-c:
v960540 kN
For section d-d:
v270 kN
This is satisIactory.
6.7.7
Deflection (Clause 6.1.1)
The beam is unpropped. DeIlections are based on properties oI:
dead load (selI-weight oI concrete and steel beam) on the steel beam;
imposed load on the composite section.
(a)
Deaa loaa on steel beam
ReIerring to Figure 6.16(a) and section 6.7.1,
M
B
(0.1576.86)(0.136)70.9 kN/m
The deIlection at the centre oI the end span is
where, Ior 457152 UB 52, W
1
76.8 kN, W
2
3 kN, M
B
70.9 kNm, L6 m, E205 kN/mm
2
, I21300 cm
4
.
(b)
Imposea loaa on composite beam (Clause 6.13.2)
ReIerring to Figure 6.16(b) and section 6.7.1, to allow Ior pattern loading, the beam is loaded on all spans with the unIactored
imposed load. The support bending moment is reduced by 30 to give
Fig. 6.15 Moments: (a) positive; (b) negative.
120 FLOOR SYSTEMS
(c)
Transformea section
ReIerring to section 6.7.3, I
G
58959 cm
4
.
(a)
Deflection calculation (Clause 6.1.3.5)
Simple beam deIlection due to the imposed load
The maximum moment in simply supported beam is
M
0
846/4126 kNm M
1
M
B
52.9 kNm
Ior a continuous beam with symmetrical point loads,

c
3.18(10.652.9/126)2.38 mm
This is very small. The beam is larger than required.
Fig. 6.16 Loads: (a) deadsteel beam; (b) imposedIloor.

COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS 121