Fatimah Al TuahifaCollege of Computer Engineering and Science, PMU

Essay #1.
Artificial Intelligence (COSC 4362-201)
Instructor
Dr. Alessandro Agostini

October 19, 2010

Table of Contents

Introduction ..2
Knowledge based system..3 The structure of the knowledge based system ....3 Knowledge representation ....3-4 Types of knowledge based system 4 Expert System 5 Structure of expert system 5-7 The application of the expert system ...7 The different between human expert and the expert system 8 The advantages of the expert system ..8 The disadvantages of the expert system ..8 Expert system in Saudi Arabia ....8-9 Conclusion .9

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Knowledge Based and Expert System

Fatimah Al Tuahifa 200700818@pmu.edu.sa October 19, 2010

Introduction
With development of humanity, the technology develops and takes expand demission. Starting with the past until now, the human develops amazing things in every field; such as, medicine, chemistry, physics, electronic, engineering, technology and more than can be imagined.Thesedeveloping came from the desire to live a perfect, easy and cheap life. Human does not stop only in making devices that facilitate the work, but also, extend into device that do his/her job, think with him/her and make a decision. This type of devices has hand with each science in the world. For that, human creates science called artificial intelligent. This science study the cases for making machine or system that act and think like human. Under this science comes Knowledge based system which has a huge of knowledge which is collected by knowledge engineering, this system helps human to find solution for their problems and make decision based on the collected knowledge. Expert system is application of Knowledge based system that its knowledge based in collecting experts. Knowledge based system constant of knowledge based, inference engine and user interface. It has several ways of representation the knowledge. Also, it has several types, such as, Case Based Reasoning, Artificial Neural Network and Expert System. The expert system has same structure of knowledge based system in addition to explanation mechanism and knowledge of fact. Also, the expert system has advantage and disadvantage and it has different with the human

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expert. Saudi Arabia has started focus on expert system to make their projects and work.

Knowledge based system

Knowledge based system is field comes under Artificial Intelligent to provide decisions with explanation for these decisions such as human. It has a store of database which contains a huge information and expiration for answering some questions and solving problems (Wikipedia, 2008).

The structure of the knowledge based system

Knowledge based system is structured on three main functions which they are knowledge base, inference engine and user interface. These functions work from top to down, starting from knowledge base and ending with user interface(Farhan.H, Abu ra.M, Owaid.H,2010).

1. Knowledge base Knowledge base is a collection of data which is organized for solving specific problems. As Artificial Intelligent acts like human, these data is collected as human collects them by using the five senses and they are called the five information processing systems. These five information processing systems are information system for vision, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling(Farhan.H, Abu ra.M, Owaid.H,2010). Human readable and Machine readable are two types of knowledge base. Human readable knowledge base is knowledge that human collect and has the ability to read and share with the others. Such as, helpdesk, manual, troubleshoots the problem and white paper. Machine readable knowledge base is storing data in such a way that machine can read them like binary or codes. Example of machine readable, are magnetic disks, tapes, cards and optical disks.The knowledge usually is described by data in logical stable while the structure of data can be defined by ontology. The ontology represents the type of the entities and their relationships (wikipidia). 2. The inference engine This application based on knowledge base for solving and reasoning the problem.

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3. User interface Because the software or the programs usually are written in unreadable language for human, the user interface comes to facilities the communication between the human and the system. In knowledge based system there are three forms in the user interface. One of them is to enable the user to access to the queries, the second one is to represent the question and the third one is to show message if there is an error in the queries or if there is no enough information in the queries. The information and question in the user interface will be displayed by natural language which is the usual language the human can read and understand(Farhan.H, Abu ra.M, Owaid.H,2010).

Knowledge representation
It is a way of representing the knowledge in easy way to helps inferences engine. There are five ways of knowledge representation. These ways are surrogate, ontological commitments, theory of intelligent reasoning, medium for efficient computation and medium for human expression(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993). The surrogate used to reasoning the object in the world and its important. It thinks about the world before doing act. Because the surrogate cannot represent everything in the world, it focuses in specific properties and object. It captures the object that is only belongs to the reasons(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993). An ontological commitment represents knowledge that is based in conceptualization to simplify the view of the world. It describes the definition of the names and the relationship between the entities(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993). Theory of intelligent reasoning, due to different in goals, conception of intelligent reasoning, artifacts and definition of success, building intelligent machine is difficult. When the theory intelligent reasoning is chosen, the method of the possibilities for inference on the knowledge base is affected(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993). The medium for efficient computation is a role that controls the representation that facilitates the process of recommended inferences by organizing information(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993). Medium for human expression is the role that enables human to understand the system. Also, it helps in understanding the information or the knowledge that the system has and how to deal with(Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter,1993).
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Types of knowledge based system In knowledge based system, there are several types; such as, case based reasoning, natural networks and expert system. Case based reasoning is a system that depends on solution of the past or pervious problem for solving the new problem by comparing the symptoms between them.This system makes understanding problems solution easier for the user because it provides the solution with example for similar problemand how this similar problem is solved(Harrison.I, 1997). Case based reasoning works through four steps process. These steps are retrieve, reuse, revise and retain.
1. Retrieve step searches in the memory for similar cases that have

relative solution for the given problem then the cases are retrieved to be an example and to show how the solution are derived . 2. Reuse, capturing solution from the past problem and trying it on the new problem. 3. Revise, because the new problem is not exactly as same as the pervious problem, the solution for the pervious or the past problem will need tobe fixed tofit the new solution. 4. Retain, when the solution has been compatible with the new problem, it is stored in new place at memory(Harrison.I, 1997). Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the idea of the Artificial Neural Network came from neural network. ANN almost is structured like neural networks structure. It contains of several artificial neural cells andprocesses informationthat contact with each other and with the computation. It is designed as nodes that are connected to each other(Artificial Neural Networks, 1999) Expert system is software which its solutions depend on humans experts. So, most of the knowledge or data that knowledge based has in Expert system contains experts that humans face in their life. Then the expert system drives the solution from these experts. This report focuses more on expert system (expert system).

Expert system Expert system is a system that has a knowledge based include humans expert for supporting decision making. It is used in medicine, agent, computer system, chemistry and geology.
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There are two types of expert system which are expert system for making decision and expert system for supporting decision. Expert system for making decision helps in providing decision for problem solving that person are unfamiliar with. This type of expert system can be found more in industrial system. On the other hand, the expert system decision support provides points that the decision maker forget to put it in account in his/her decision (Expert system).

Structure of expert system

Because the expert system is type of the knowledge based system, it has the same structure. Its structure consists of knowledge based, inferences engine and user interface. In addition to that, it has expert knowledge engineering, database of facts and explanation mechanism.This structure has two circles (Structure of Expert Systems). The first circle began with expert knowledge which is collected by the knowledge engineers then the knowledge engineers structures the knowledge based depending on the expert knowledge. The knowledge based will provides the inferences engine with solution for the problem.Then the knowledge based is connected to the inferences engine which is connected to the user interface. The user interface is used by the user (Structure of Expert Systems). The second circlebegan with the database of facts which is connected with the inferences engine. The inferences engine has a relationships with the user inter face which end with the user (Structure of Expert Systems). The third circle began with the database of facts and has a connection with the inferences engine. Then a relationship between inferences engine and explanation mechanism represents. Explanation mechanism is connected with the user interface which the user will use (Structure of Expert Systems). The fourth circle start with collecting expert knowledge by knowledge engineers. This expert supports the knowledge based. Then the inferences engine captures the knowledge from the knowledge based. Then the inferences engine has a connection with explanation mechanism (Structure of Expert Systems).

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User User Interface

Explanation Mechanism Expert knowled ge Inference engine

Knowledge Engineer Knowledge based Database of facts

The structure of Expert System Database of facts:space of knowledge that is built up once the inferences engine asked the user for facts or once the user start inserting facts about the problem. So the database of facts has collection of knowledge that is based on facts(Structure of Expert Systems). The following is an example of building up database of facts: Body parts: Outer body: Hair Feathers Scales Exoskeleton Number of legs:
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Two

Three

Four

Two

Four

Six

Eight

Knowledge based: is a space of memory that contains of knowledge which is built from connection data and information with each other and give the analysis for these data and information. This is known as expert which can be gain by learning and experience. But in computer case expert cab be gain by rules(Structure of Expert Systems). Inferences engine: it has relationship with knowledge based and explanation mechanism. It reads the problem from user by one of the rule ways than provides user with the solution. There are two main rules that inferences engine in expert system depends on. These rules are forward chain and the backward chain. The forward chain drives the solution for the problem depends on the characters of the case. This can be represented as If -> Then. While the backward chain knows the goal and it give you the way for reaching this goal. This case considers as Then -> If(Structure of Expert Systems). Explanation mechanism:this part explains to the user why the expert system comes up with the current decision of solution that belongs to the problem(Structure of Expert Systems).

The application of the expert system

There is several application of the expert system and all of them are interesting and has huge benefits which affect the world positively. One of the expert systems applications is SCREENER. This system provides the user with the impacts of environment on the project that he/ she will do it. It reads the environment situation from the user that will include the project then it tells the user one these result: (1 - no impact; 2 - insignificant impacts; 3 - mitigable impacts; 4 - unknown impacts; 5 significant impact). System like this will be useful for civil engineering or for project that cost much of money (EIA,1997). PROSPECTOR is system that evaluates the geologist of the site. This system analyses the rocks, the situation and structural control. INTERNIST-I is a system that is developed due to the fourth year medicine students expert. This system is used in hospital(EIA,1997). . PXDES this system analyses the X-ray. It reads the shadows of X-ray by the inference engine and examines it. This helps in determining the type and degree of the disease. Usually, the knowledge based of this system
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contains the expert about the X-ray. The result is determined by using the neural network. Also, it uses the IF- THEN rule. The following is an example (Kubiska.M, Herzner.J, 1992). IF-THEN IF-THEN-UNLESS IF forced volume capacity is high (.625) IF forced volume capacity is high AND Bronchoscopy results are positive (.250) AND Bronchoscopy results are positive AND local symptoms are present (.125) AND local symptoms are present THEN surgery is probably necessary THEN Surgery is probably appropriate IF Metastasis is present (.500) UNLESS Metastasis is present OR Contraindications to surgery exist (.500) OR Constraindictions to surgery exist THEN surgery is probably not appropriate

The different between human expert and the expert system

Human Expert Knowledge and skills can be lost. Improving human expert cost much and can be ended with bad result. Humans decision cab be affected by environment and situation. Cost high salary. Creative. Procedural. Expert system the knowledge and skills stable. Expert system easy to improve and transfer from one system to another. Expert systems decision stable and cannot be affected by the situation. It is cheap to fix and deal with. Uninspired. Declarative.

(Expert system).

The advantages of the expert system

1. Can deal with user before and after the solution. 2. Has the ability to analyze and explain the result to the user. 3. Save cost.
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4. Quick replication.

5. Make recommendation. 6. Has the ability to expand its knowledge.

The disadvantages of the expert system

1. Cannot always explain the solution. 2. The system can provides wrong solution which leads to fatal mistake in decision. 3. Knowledge based needs to change for make the system compatibles with the environment.

Expert system in Saudi Arabia

In these days the attentionof expert system in Saudi Arabia has taken place. It does not spread in fast but the first step has been taken. Even the students began direct their project to expert system. One of the projects that are developed in expert system is Arabized expert system. This is an expert system that analyzes the crack in concrete buildings in Saudi Arabia. The sponsor for this project is the Ministry of Public Works and Housing in Saudi Arabia. This system analyzes the cracks that appear in roof, foundations, columns, slabs and beams. It is the first expert system that supports the Arabic language.The knowledge based for this system is collected from the specialized journals, books and from Ministry of Public Works and Housing in Saudi Arabia. The system follows same ways that engineering follow in analyzing the cracks and providing the solution. The method that this system follows is that the user determines the concrete building that has crack. Then the system will provide the user with pictures of types of cracks. After choosing the picture, the system asks for more information about the cracks (Alsugair.A, Almasry.S, Al-Ashikh.A, 2004). The other expert system that plane to develop in Saudi Arabia is expert system for evaluating the environmental quality of office buildings.Because the environment of the office impacts the employees and their works, the system analyze the quality of the offices environment and how this environment can affect the employees and their works. It focuses on the place of the office, the light and the weather.

Conclusion

Everything in these days related to IT world or technology. We cannot separate our lives from technology. Everything studding, medicine, playing, traveling and working is done with technology. The technology extended to act and think like human under the name of artificial
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intelligent. This science has hand in making decision and founding solution for problems with the knowledge based system. As some of the problems need some expert to solve, expert system plays an important role in case the solution needs to expert. With all these improvement, our world going to be the most amazing world.

References and Further Reading Alsugair.A, Almasry.S, Al-Ashikh.A (2004) , Arabized expert system for diagnosing common cracks in concrete buildings, 2004 , http://digital.library.ksu.edu.sa/paper1115.html Artificial Neural Networks, 1999, http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/ai/nn.html

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Davis.R, Shrobe.H, Szolovits. Peter (1993), What is a Knowledge Representation? ,http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/ftp/psz/krep.html#role1 EIA (1997), Application of Expert Systems, December 1997,http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Environment_Impact/chap8.p df Expert system, http://library.thinkquest.org/11534/expert.htm expert system, http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expert_system.html Farhan.H, Abu ra.M, Owaid.H (2010). Applications on Knowledge-Based System, March 2010 http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/201003/20100331.pdf Harrison.I (1997),Case Based Reasoning, 30th May 1997, http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/links/cbr.html Kubiska.M, Herzner.J (1992), Expert System Example, December 1992, http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/EXPERT/expmed.html Richard W (1991) What Is An Expert System? ERIC Digest, 6 1991,http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/expert.htm Structure of Expert Systems, http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/ipt/dss/3294/expert_chain.htm Wikipedia (2008),Knowledge base,November 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base Wikipedia, Machine-readable medium ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_medium

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