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Detection and Classication of Multiple Power-Quality Disturbances With Wavelet Multiclass SVM
Whei-Min Lin, Member, IEEE, Chien-Hsien Wu, Chia-Hung Lin, and Fu-Sheng Cheng
AbstractThis paper presents an integrated model for recognizing power-quality disturbances (PQD) using a novel wavelet multiclass support vector machine (WMSVM). The so-called support vector machine (SVM) is an effective classication tool. It is deemed to process binary classication problems. This paper combined linear SVM and the disturbances-versus-normal approach to form the multiclass SVM which is capable of processing multiple classication problems. Various disturbance events were tested for WMSVM and the wavelet-based multilayer-perceptron neural network was used for comparison. A simplied network architecture and shortened processing time can be seen for WMSVM. Index TermsDisturbances-versus-normal (DVN) approach, power-quality disturbances (PQD), support vector machine (SVM), wavelet multiclass support vector machine (WMSVM).

I. INTRODUCTION HE POWER-QUALITY (PQ) study has become a more important subject lately. Harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag, and the power interruption could downgrade the service quality. In recent years, the high-speed railway (HSR) and massive rapid transit (MRT) system have been rapidly developed, with the applications of widespread semiconductor technologies in the autotraction system. The harmonic distortion level worsens due to the increased use of electronic equipment and nonlinear loads. To ensure the PQ, power disturbances detection becomes important as well to further detect the location and disturbance types. Traditionally, PQ was judged by visual inspection of the disturbance waveforms, so the engineers knowledge plays a critical role. As always, the PQ engineer is inundated with an enormous amount of data for inspection. It is desirable to develop automatic methods for detecting, identifying, and analyzing various disturbances [1][4]. Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) [2] has been applied to the steady-state phenomenon but short-time duration disturbances require the
Manuscript received November 30, 2006; revised November 27, 2007. First published July 9, 2008; current version published September 24, 2008. Paper no. TPWRD-00780-2006. W.-M. Lin and C.-H. Wu are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: wmlin@ee.nsysu.edu.tw). C.-H. Lin is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kao-Yuan University, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: eechl53@educities.edu.tw). F.-S. Cheng is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: fscheng1129@yahoo.com. tw). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2008.923463

short-time Fourier transformer (STFT) to aid in the analysis. The choices for sizes of the time window affect the frequency and time resolution when using STFT. In order to improve these limitations, wavelet theory [5][7] has been applied to model several short-term events. It allows for the convenient reconstruction of short duration with a tool to examine the effects of the short-term transient effects on the power system. For this reason, a method based on wavelet transformation (WT) for PQ analysis has been presented [1]. This method uses multiresolution signal decomposition and reconstruction by means of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In order to improve the processing time for detection, [3] and [4] applied a multilayer-perceptron neural network (MLP) to detect the harmonics. MLP is well known for its learning and recognition ability. However, MLP has difculties in determining a proper architecture, such as the number of hidden layers and nodes. Training MLP is time-consuming and very slow without a guaranteed global minimum [8]. In [3], a partial connecting network was proposed to detect harmonics, but the training process is still very slow. Applying MLP to detect tasks from distorted waves, it is necessary to sample an input amplitude for each input node of MLP. Accuracy will be affected by the limited number of samples. Considering these limitations, the support vector machine (SVM) [9][13] with strong classication capability was studied and proposed in this paper. The standard SVM often adopts the one-versus-one (OVO) approach or one-versus-rest (OVR) approach to solve the multiclass problems [11], [13], but these multiclass SVM (MSVM) methods may have problems with the network size, heuristic solution scheme, or complicated training data preparation. To improve the structure, we present the disturbances-versus-normal (DVN) approach for MSVM and then integrate WT to form the wavelet multiclass support vector machine (WMSVM). First, WT is used to extract the characteristic features from disturbances, and then MSVM performs on the multiclass problems, such as PQD. With selected locations for measurements, the proposed WMSVM can not only identify the type but also the location of a disturbance. The WMSVM can simplify the design architecture and reduce the processing time for detection. Furthermore, the simple architecture can be effectively used for multiple disturbances detection, which is not easily attainable with other methods. A sample power system will be studied for example. Computer simulations will show test results and the comparisons with wavelet MLP (WMLP).

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for non-SVs. Using the SVs, margin can be calculated as

and

of Fig. 1 and (2), the

(4) Maximizing is equivalent to minimizing

(5)
Fig. 1. Maximum margin classier.

subject to (6) is an inner product. where Minimization of the cost function (5) and constrain (6) leads to a simple quadratic optimization problem with a unique solution. In this paper, linear SVM is proposed to solve the nonlinear PQD problem. Instead of solving (5) and (6) directly, it is much easier to solve the dual problem (7) with (8) in terms of the Laby maximizing [11] grange multipliers

II. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY A. Support Vector Machine (SVM) SVM is a new universal learning machine of one output, and can deal with linear and nonlinearly separable models based on theoretical results from the statistical learning theory [11]. This structural risk minimization (SRM) framework formally generalizes the empirical risk minimization principle that is usually applied for neural-network (NN) training [12]. The number of hidden units is equal to the number of the so-called support vectors (SVs) which are the learning data points, closest to the separating hyperplane. As a result, the classication becomes very effective. Once a case exists which does not belong to either of the binary classes, a relatively closer one with minimal error will be chosen. , where is Consider a training set a real valued -dimensional input vector (i.e., ) and is a label that determines the class of . The SVMs employed for two-class problems are based on hyperplanes to separate the data, as the example shown in Fig. 1 [10], [14]. The hyperplane indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 1(a) and a bias , which is determined by an orthogonal vector . By nding a hyidenties the points that satisfy perplane that maximizes the margin of separation , it is intuitively expected that the classier will have better generalization ability. The hyperplane with the largest margin on the training set can be completely determined by the closest points to the hyand in Fig. 1(b), and they perplane. Two such points are are called SVs because the hyperplane (i.e., the classier) depends entirely on them. In its simplest form, SVMs learn linear decision rules by (1)

(7) subject to

and

(8)

This optimization problem can be expressed in the matrix notation by maximizing [10] (9) subject to and where , (10)

), and with Then we have

denotes the Hessian matrix ( is a unit vector . If can solve the problem, the training points are the SVs, and (7) depends entirely on them.

(11) are determined to correctly classify the training so that examples and to maximize . To show the reasons for doing this, consider the fact that it is always possible to scale and so that (2) The optimal discriminate function is thus given by for the SVs, and with (13) (3)
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And

can be calculated using (2) to obtain (12)

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In the simplest form, SVMs learn decision rules as

(14) In [11] and [14], SVMs can be represented as a feedforward multilayer network. For highly complicated data, the SVM can be extended to work in the high dimensional feature space formed by the nonlinear mapping of the -dimensional input vector into a -dimensional feature space through instead of the inner the use of a kernel function [10], [11]. Linear SVM is used in this paper. product B. Wavelet Transformation (WT) WT functions as a lter which provides good resolution at both the high and low frequencies. For computer implementation, DWT was used for analysis. DWT has a nite number of wavelet parameters depending on the dilation and translation . The mother wavelet function has the form [6], [7], [16] of (15) , , and . In this paper, wavelet functions are chosen as Gaussian wavelets, which act as a preprocessor for distortion detection and feature extraction. For problems of nite energy signals as the ones discussed in this paper, Gaussian functions are optimal in terms of the timefrequency localization [6], [16]. The localization property can be controlled by using the dilation and translation parameters to measure the content of unknown signals in a certain frequency band within a certain time interval. The features will be constructed from various patterns, including harmonics and voltage disturbances. where III. PROPOSED DESIGN ARCHITECTURE A. DVN Approach and WMSVM The architecture of the proposed WMSVM is shown in Fig. 2. The activation functions in the wavelet layer can be derived from the mother wavelet [6] as (16) is a common and effective term [6] used where to adjust the dilation and translation. Equation (16) possesses superior localization performance in the time and frequency domain [16]. That is, the activation function of the th wavelet node has the form of

Fig. 2. Structure of the proposed WMSVM. TABLE I CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION AND OUTPUT PATTERN

where dilation parameters here; translation parameters; continuous-time fundamental wave; sequence of samples obtained from an unknown signal ; number of sampling points; sampling period. Note that the node number of the wavelet layer is equal to the number of sampling points . The property of (17) would act as a lter, and is used to eliminate the fundamental wave. Sequence activation functions as a preprocessor for feature extraction and can construct various patterns for disturbances. The input vector is connected to the wavelet layer, and inputs are the sampled data from the distorted wave. Then, the enhance features transformed by WT would be fed to the MSVM. In our design, MSVM is built by the use of basic SVM elements with the DVN approach. Each linear SVMs input vector is , and is designed by comparing a preselected disturbance event with the normal condition as shown in Table I. It only

(17) (18) (19)

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Fig. 4. SVM unit training for a known disturbance.

Fig. 3. Architecture of the WMSVM-based DEDS.

can be created easily by decreasing/increasing the nominal voltage at certain percentage intervals for all OLs. Voltage normal and interruption can be created similarly. For harmonics, the harmonic power ow (HPF) [18] was used in this paper. For a particular harmonic disturbance, the HPF voltages will be collected at each OL, and then be sampled with a chosen rate . Every set of input samples, together with the known disturbance, is used for training and is called a training are set. Elements of output patterns displayed by using signal 1 for Abnormal and 1 for Normal. D. SVM Training Procedure According to Section II, SVM training has become a simple quadratic optimization problem to be solved by using the quadratic-programming (QP) technique. Since the DVN approach is adopted; only four SVMs are needed for the four basic disturbances (i.e., harmonics, sag, swell, and interruption). Fig. 4 shows the training of one SVM for its related disturbance at an OL, where contains all of the training sets of a disturbance plus the normal data and has elements . Note that although SVM is a relatively complex concept, its application can become so simple as a QP problem. The same SVM architecture can be built in portable devices, and a eld crew can collect various data at various OLs for training. Besides harmonics, the sag, swell, and interruption data can be predened to train the related SVM. Furthermore, the untrained disturbances could be continually added for training such a sag rung between 0.1 and 0.7 p.u., voltage icker, and oscillatory transients. The detection can only work after SVM training with a known disturbance. IV. CONFIGURATION OF THE TEST EXAMPLE A 14-bus system is used, for example, as shown in Fig. 5. The system has ve generator buses, 15 lines, ve transformers, and eight nonlinear devices as shown in Table II. The bus and line data are provided in [19]. Most harmonics are related to power rectiers or converters with constant harmonic current modes. Buses are dened as the locations in this paper and the buses with harmonic sources are the interested buses with measurements for observation, and there are eight OLs in two electrically distant areas in this example. In this system, voltage sags are 70 90% nominal voltage, swells are 110 130% nominal voltages, voltage interruptions and complex disturbances are also considered. In a power system, the harmonic source also causes voltage distortion for neighboring buses. In this example, we also consider various harmonic load combinations, work durations, and intermittence loads such as dc motors. With HPF, we can simulate harmonic voltages

needs four binary linear SVM classiers to form MSVM for the nonlinear PQD problem, and there will be four elements in the . It has to be noted that output vector the binary classier provides a relative comparison (i.e., if an event does not belong to either of the two classes), a relatively near class of the two will be chosen. B. Disturbance Events Detection System (DEDS) The architecture of the proposed WMSVM-based DEDS is shown in Fig. 3. DEDS is capable of dealing with detecting various disturbances at the chosen observation locations (OLs). , bus voltage records are taken from At OLthe data acquisition (DA) and each full cycle of a distorted wave , where is used for detection by WMSVMis the number of OLs. Every OL has the same WMSVM architecture. In each WMSVM, the sampled data are provided in time-domain, the wavelet layer enhances the voltage feature with WT, and MSVM will perform the pattern recognition. C. Training Patterns Creation In this paper, four single disturbances plus the normal condition and two more complex disturbances comprised seven disturbance events. According to [17], the disturbance events can be summarized as: harmonics: existing harmonic sources with total harmonic ; voltage distortion voltage sag: a sudden voltage drop with 10 90% nominal, lasting from 0.5 cycles to several seconds; voltage swells: a voltage rise above 110% nominal with a duration of 0.5 cycles to 1 min; voltage normal: a voltage between 95 105% nominal; voltage interruption: an event with either a severe voltage sag or complete blackout for not exceeding 1 min; complex event 1: voltage sag involving harmonics; complex event 2: voltage swell involving harmonics. In order for WMSVM to detect disturbances from distorted voltage waves, it is necessary to create all aforementioned training patterns for WMSVM. Voltage sag/swell training data

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TABLE III ARCHITECTURE OF THE WMSVM

Note: W (I)-S-O: Wavelet (input) layer-SVM layer-output layer TABLE IV ARCHITECTURE OF THE WMLP

Fig. 5. IEEE 14-bus system.

Note: W (I)-H-O: wavelet (input) layer-hidden layer-output layer

TABLE II TEST CASE FOR SAMPLE POWER SYSTEM

V. SIMULATION RESULTS At each observing location, ve disturbance events (four single disturbances plus the normal condition) with 41 sets of training data were rst used. Bus 12 of Area 2 is used for example, and Area 1 is considered too remote to be effective. We have: harmonics: harmonic load combinations with seven sets of training data. For example, combinations {Bus 12}, {Bus 12, Bus 6}, {Bus 12, Bus 11}, {Bus 12, Bus 13}, {Bus 12, Bus 6, Bus 11}, {Bus 12, Bus 6, Bus 13}, {Bus 12, Bus 11, Bus 13} at observing location Bus 12; voltage sag: 70 90% nominal voltage with 11 sets of training data, 2% voltage change each set; voltage swell: 110 130% nominal voltage with 11 sets of training data, 2% voltage change each set; voltage interruption: voltage magnitude of less than 10% of nominal voltage with six sets of training data, 2% voltage change each set; voltage normal: 95 105% nominal voltage with six sets of training data, 2% voltage change each set. Another two complex disturbance events are: 1) voltage sag involving harmonics: with 11 sets of training data containing different sags with the most serious harmonic combinations simultaneously; 2) voltage swell involving harmonics: with 11 sets of training data containing different swells with the most serious harmonic combinations simultaneously. There are a total of 63 sets of training data. The 41 and 63 sets of training data were used for various tests. The DEDS was designed on a Pentium IV PC with 256-MB RAM and Matlab software. Three sampling types of WMSVMs for each OL are shown in Table III. For comparison purposes, WMLP was also developed with the combination of WT and MLP for tests. Table IV shows the architecture of WMLP which consists of three layers. The rst layer contains wavelet nodes (i.e., input nodes) with the same activation functions as in (17)(19). A traditional network is used for training with a back-propagation learning algorithm [5], [21]. WMLP has the

Note: SFC: Static frequency converter; TCR: Thyristor-controlled reactor

Fig. 6. Harmonic voltage spectrum with various nonlinear loads.

at these selected OLs. Fig. 6 shows the harmonic voltages used for HPF training for various devices, and the harmonics with between 1.2% 5.2% were used for various tests in the next section. The Nyquist sampling theorem requires a double frequency for effective sampling [20]. Since the highest harmonic order is 25 (1.5 kHz) in the test, a suitable sampling rate greater than 3 kHz is needed. However, to show the strong classication capability of WMSVM, three sampling rates including both the lower and higher rates were considered for tests as: Type I: 30 samples with a sampling rate of 1.8 kHz; Type II: 60 samples with a sampling rate of 3.6 kHz; Type III: 90 samples with a sampling rate of 5.4 kHz.

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Fig. 8. (a) Time-domain waves at Bus 12. (b) WT patterns at Bus 12. Fig. 7. Detection results of Bus 12. TABLE V DETECTION OF THE DISTURBANCE AND LOCATION

Note: (1) : Disturbance Event; (2) : Bus k output

0: Normal

same number of input and output nodes as WMSVM. As in general cases, one hidden layer is used [10], [11] and the number of hidden nodes is determined by the experience formulas in [21] (i.e., the square root of the number of input nodes times the output nodes). In our method, the SVM layer also functions as a hidden layer. The output vectors indicate the possible disturbance events at the OL with signal 1 for Abnormal and 0 for Normal. To avoid the effect of overtting or undertting [9], [11], a suitable range of learning rate (Lr) for WMLP training was determined by the cross validation [9], [11] and a tested tedious trial-and-error procedure with in this paper. All weights are frozen when a satisfactory mean square error (MSE) is reached. Through various tests, yields the best result and is chosen in this paper. To show the effectiveness, many tests were conducted and a few case studies were chosen for demonstration. Note that only the 41 sets of training data with the lowest sampling rate (Type I) are used to show the strong classication capability of WMSVM in Sections V-A, B, and D. A. Study Case 1: Single Even With a single harmonic source at Bus 12, sampled data were applied to each WMSVM for detection. Time-domain analysis was conducted to detect the distorted waves with 30 cycles (0.5 s), and harmonics were detected after 20 cycles as shown in Fig. 7. In Table V, the results also show the detected event and location of Bus 12, with normal conditions at all of the other buses. B. Study Case 2: Multiple Harmonics Involving the Complex Event With multiple harmonic sources already detected at Bus 6, Bus 9, Bus 12, and Bus 13, an additional voltage sag event occurred from heavy motor loads at Bus 12 after 20 cycles.

Fig. 9. Detection results of Bus 12. TABLE VI DETECTION OF THE DISTURBANCE AND LOCATION

Sampled data were then applied to each WMSVM for detection. Time-domain analysis was conducted to detect the distorted waves with 30 cycles (0.5 s). For Bus 12, Fig. 8(a) and (b) shows the time-domain waves and WT patterns. When voltage sag suddenly dropped 13%, periodic sampling was performed in the data processor. Fig. 9 shows the results of Bus 12. Other buses can be detected similarly. Table VI shows the detection results for the locations and events. This conrms that the proposed models have the capability for distinguishing the periodic and nonperiodic voltage variances. C. Detection Accuracies Test Both the 41 and 63 sets of training data with various sampling rates were used to test the accuracies of the proposed method. Combinations of 395 sets of various disturbance data were tested. Loc-11 with a six-pluse rectier is used for example. Fig. 10 shows the detection accuracies, and other locations have similar results. For a simulated disturbance at a given location, the accuracy of WMSVM is higher than the WMLP. From the tests, it can be seen that it is condent enough for WMSVM with 41 training sets and 30 input nodes. It shows the strong classication capability of the proposed method. Reducing the

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TABLE VII COMPARISON OF WMSVM AND WMLP

E. Performances Test
Fig. 10. Accuracies of detection for WMSVM and WMLP. Note: (1) Accuracy (%) = (N =N ) 100% (2) N : the number of successful sets in identication; N : total number of test sets, N = 395 here.

Table VII compares the learning performance of MSVM and WMLP for sampling Type I at Loc-12. is chosen for WMLP training. With various tests, we can see that the training time of WMSVM substantially outperformed WMLP by a great scale, with the testing time very close to each other. WMSVM has a fast learning process with neither estimation for the number of layers nor hidden nodes. With the same training data, the proposed WMSVM shows better overall performance. VI. CONCLUSION DEDS with WMSVMs was developed in this paper. WMSVMs were designed with a simple network architecture to shorten the processing time. The proposed architecture could effectively detect information from distorted waves using WT and MSVM techniques. In a real power system, where DA is not available, training data could be periodically collected by portable recording instruments placed at measurement points. The special patterns could also be extracted from real-world monitors at measurement points including oscillatory transients, sag rung between 0.1 and 0.7 p.u., and voltage icker. Some advantages of the WMSVM-based DEDS are that: WMSVM has a fast processing procedure; WMSVM has a strong classication capability with less sampling rates; WMSVM uses the simple QP technique to produce a unique optimal solution; a minimum-sized network can be built using simple learning algorithms with minimal training data; the DVN approach and linear SVM are used to solve the nonlinearly separable problems, such as PQD; WMSVM can work either with existing DA interface or portable recorders; WMSVM could detect multiple harmonics and voltage disturbances simultaneously at each observation location; WMSVM has good classication performance, detection accuracy, and robustness. Computer simulation shows that WMSVM-based DEDS are precise, easy to work with, and are very effective and robust. REFERENCES
[1] L. Angrisani, P. Daponte, M. D. Apuzzo, and A. Testa, A measurement method based on the wavelet transform for power quality analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 990998, Oct. 1998. [2] T. Kwan and K. Martin, Adaptive detection and enhancement of multiple sinusoids using a cascade of IIR lters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 936947, Jul. 1989.

Fig. 11. Output value against voltage magnitude variances.

input nodes from 90 to 30, the data storage can be substantially reduced without losing originalities. We can minimize data storage, shorten preprocessing needs, and reduce the network size. However, it is difcult for WMLP to use 41 training sets, because it cannot classify the complex disturbances unless these disturbances are specically trained. It can also be seen that the accuracy of WMLP increases signicantly with 63 sets of training data. D. Robustness Tests In order to test the robustness of the proposed method, the 41 sets of training data and sampling Type I were used for WMSVM at Loc-7. Testing data were produced with voltage magnitudes varying and then Gaussian from 0 to 1.7 p.u., where noises were further added randomly to the voltage with zero mean and 10% variance. Fig. 11 shows the output value against the voltage magnitude variances for testing data, including interruption, sag, normal, and swell. With a specic sag range between 0.7 and 0.9 p.u. for voltage sag training, voltages between 0.44 and 0.95 p.u. were strongly identied as sag events. The same results can also be observed for the voltage swell between 1.05 and 1.7 p.u. The voltage interruption was gradually identied with the magnitude below 0.44 p.u. This conrms that the proposed method has a better capability for enhancing the classication performance and is very robust.

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[3] N. Pecharanin, H. Mitsui, and M. Sone, An application of neural network for harmonic detection in active lter, Proc. IEEE World Congr. Computational Intelligence, Int. Conf. Neural Network, vol. 6, pp. 37563760, 1994. [4] A. A. M. Zin, M. Rukonuzzaman, H. Shaibon, and K. L. Lo, Neural network approach of harmonics detection, Proc. Int. Conf. Energy Management Power Delivery, vol. 2, pp. 467472, 1998. [5] L. Angrisani, P. Daponte, and M. D. Apuzzo, Wavelet network-based detection and classication of transients, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 14251435, Oct. 2001. [6] Y.-C. Huang and C.-M. Huang, Evolving wavelet network for power transformer condition monitoring, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 412416, Apr. 2002. [7] C.-K. Lin, Adaptive tracking controller design for robotic systems using Gaussian wavelet network, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Control Theory Appl., vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 316322, July 2002. [8] W.-M. Lin, C.-H. Lin, and Z.-C. Sun, Adaptive multiple fault detection and alarm processing for loop system with probabilistic network, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 6469, Jan. 2004. [9] V. Vapnik, Statistical Learning Theory. New York: Wiley, 1998. [10] V. Kecman, Learning and Soft Computing. Cambridge, MA: Mass. Inst. Technol. Press, 2001, pp. 11298. [11] N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-Based Learning Methods. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000, pp. 31112. [12] S. R. Gunn, Support vector machines for classication and regression, IRIS Res. Group, Univ. Southampton, Southampton, U.K., 1998, pp. 128, Tech. Rep.. [13] C.-W. Hsu and C.-J. Lin, A comparison of methods for multi-class support vector machines, IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 415425, Mar. 2002. [14] L. S. Moulin., A. P. A. da Silva, M. A. EI-Sharkawi, and R. J. Marks, II, Support vector machines for transient stability analysis of large-scale power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 818825, May 2004. [15] I. Daubechies, The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization, and signal analysis, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 9611005, Sep. 1990. [16] G. Luo, D. Osypiw, and M. Irle, Application of time-scale Gaussian wavelet based fast algorithm for vibration transients detection, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Seminar Time-Scale and Time-Frequency Analysis and Application, 2000, pp. 16/116/7. [17] IEEE Recommended Practices for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, ANSI/IEEE Std. 1159-1995. [18] Y. H. Yan, C. S. Chen, C. S. Moo, and C. T. Hsu, Harmonic analysis for industrial customer, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 462468, Apr. 1994. [19] W.-M. Lin, C.-H. Lin, K.-P. Tu, and C.-H. Wu, Multiple harmonic source detection and equipment identication with cascade correction network, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 21662173, Jul. 2005. [20] A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, and J. R. Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999, pp. 142150. [21] Y.-Y. Hong and Y.-C. Chen, Application of algorithms and articial intelligence approach for locating multiple harmonics in distribution system, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Distrib., vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 325329, May 1999.

Whei-Min Lin (M87) was born in 1954. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Chao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C., the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1985. Currently, he is with National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C., where he has been since 1991. He was a Visiting Researcher with Chung-Hwa Institute for Economic Research, Taiwan, in 1985. He joined Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, MN, in 1986 and was with Control Data Asia, Taipei, in 1989. His main interests are geographic information systems (GIS), distribution system, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), and the automatic control system. Dr. Lin is a member of Tau Beta Pi.

Chien-Hsien Wu was born in 1970. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1994, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 2001, and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree at National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung. His research interests include fault diagnosis in power systems, applications of soft computing in power systems, power system operation, and harmonic analysis.

Chia-Hung Lin was born in 1974. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Tatung Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1998, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 2000, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, in 2004. Currently, he is Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kao-Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, where he has been since 2004. His research interests include fault diagnosis in power systems, neural network computing, and harmonic analysis.

Fu-Sheng Cheng received the Ph.D. degree from the National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2001. He has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering of Cheng-Shiu University, Taiwan, since 1990. He is interested in AI applications on power system operation.

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