Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

IEC 60071-1

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-1-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Continuous (power-frequency) voltage"

Power-frequency voltage, considered having constant r.m.s. value, continuously applied to any pair of terminals of an insulation configuration f = 50 Hz or 60 Hz T1 3 600 s Any power-frequency voltage lasting for 1 h or more is considered a continuous voltage! Conversion into

Standard voltage Standard voltage

"Standard power-frequency voltage" see next slides

A sinusoidal voltage with frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz T1 up to 2 years! T1 to be specified by the apparatus committees

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-2-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Example: Cable tests at power-frequency voltage Example:

Lifetime characteristic:

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-3-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Example: Cable tests at power-frequency voltage Example:

11.4 years
Source: Brugg Cables
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-4-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Temporary overvoltage"

Power-frequency overvoltage of relatively long duration. The overvoltage may be damped or undamped. In some cases its frequency may be several times smaller or higher than power frequency. 10 Hz < f < 500 Hz 3 600 s T1 0.02 s Highest values by following main reasons: phase-to-earth earth faults and load rejection phase-to-phase load rejection longitudinal phase opposition during synchronization of two grids Conversion into
Example [THI-01]

Standard voltage Standard voltage

"Standard short-duration power-frequency voltage"

A sinusoidal voltage with frequency between 48 Hz and 62 Hz T1 = 60 s

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-5-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Transient overvoltage"

Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Slow-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 5000 s Tp > 20 s T2 20 ms Main reasons: line faults, switching Conversion into

Standard voltage Standard voltage

An impulse voltage of Tp = 250 s T2 = 2 500 s
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

"Standard switching impulse"

Example [THI-01]

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-6-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Transient overvoltage"

Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 20 s T1 > 0.1 s T2 300 s Main reasons: lightning strokes, switching Conversion into

Standard voltage Standard voltage

An impulse voltage of T1 = 1.2 s T2 = 50 s
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

"Standard lightning impulse"

Example [THI-01] Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2 -7-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Transient overvoltage"

Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Very-fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional Tf < 100 ns (Tt 3 ms) basic oscillation (1st harmonics) 30 kHz < f < 300 kHz superimposed oscillations 300 kHz < f < 100 MHz Main reasons: switching of disconnectors in GIS Conversion into

Standard voltage Standard voltage

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

not standardized
Example [THI-01]

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-8-

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification

Classification of real stress Classification of real stress
"Combined (temporary, slow-front, fast-front, very-fast-front) overvoltage"

Consisting of two voltage components simultaneously applied between each of the two phase terminals of a phase-to-phase (or longitudinal) insulation and earth. It is classified by the component of the higher peak value. Conversion into

Standard voltage Standard voltage

"Standard combined switching impulse"

Combined impulse voltage having two components of equal peak value and opposite polarity. The positive component is a standard switching impulse and the negative one is a switching impulse whose times to peak and half value should not be less than those of the positive impulse. Both impulses should reach their peak values at the same instant. The peak value of the combined voltage is, therefore, the sum of the peak values of the components.

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

-9-

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Reasons for temporary overvoltages: earth faults load rejection resonance phenomena In case of earth faults the overvoltage amplitudes depend on neutral earthing fault location. Important parameter: Earth fault factor k

IEC 60071-1

... in other "words": k =

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

U LE Ub / 3

ULE ... phase-to-earth voltage of sound phase during fault Ub ... phase-to-phase voltage at same location before fault
- 10 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

The earth fault factor depends on the ratio of the complex impedances Z1 and Z0 of the positive and zero sequence systems (German: "Mitsystem", "Nullsystem"). In case of neglecting the resistances (possible in high-voltage systems) it depends on the ratio of the reactances X0 and X1:
k = 3 1 + X 0 / X1 + ( X 0 / X1 ) 2 + X 0 / X1
2

solidly earthed neutral

resonant earthed not for neutral, practical use! isolated neutral

resonant earthed neutral, isolated neutral

a ratio of X0/X1 = -2 must be avoided!

according to [BAL-04]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 11 -

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Treatment of neutral in Germany (VDEW, 1998):
treatment of neutral isolated resonant earthed solidly earthed 10 kV 8.6% 77.8% 13.6% 20 kV < 0.1% 92.8% 2.2% 110 kV 0.0% 80.9% 19.1% 380 kV 0.0% 0.7% 99.3%
according to [BAL-04]

Pictures: VATech

Earthing reactor (Petersen coil): fixed or switchable type

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Earthing reactor (Petersen coil): variable core type

Caused by several recent blackouts it Caused by several recent blackouts it has been considered internationally to has been considered internationally to increasingly operate sub-transmission increasingly operate sub-transmission systems (Us 170 kV) in the resonant systems (Us 170 kV) in the resonant earthed mode in order to increase earthed mode in order to increase reliability of power supply. [Information reliability of power supply. [Information from a Cigr meeting in Frankfurt, from a Cigr meeting in Frankfurt, October 2005] October 2005]
- 12 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Drive

Lead screw (the core is actually in 100% position) core movement

Fixed part of the core

Active part of a high-voltage reactor with variable core

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 13 -

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:

according to [BAL-04]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 14 -

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:

fault
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

according to [BAL-04] - 15 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:

fault clearing

k = 2 due to capacitances of zero sequence system, charged to a direct voltage

according to [BAL-04]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 16 -

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system: new fault after initial fault clearing

voltage of faulty phase

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

according to [BAL-04] - 17 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system: new fault after initial fault clearing

voltage of sound phase

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

according to [BAL-04] - 18 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:

voltage of the zero sequence system

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

according to [BAL-04] - 19 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

k 3 ... 2

k 1.4

1.4 < k < 1.8

k 3 ...1.85

IEC 60071-1
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 20 -

Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Example 1)

Increase in generator Increase in generator voltage of 120% voltage of 120% voltage increase on highvoltage increase on highvoltage side of generator voltage side of generator transformer: transformer: from 380 kV from 380 kV 460 kV 460 kV for 1.4 s duration! for 1.4 s duration!

Example according to [ETG-93]

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Increase in frequency Increase in frequency leads to repeated phase leads to repeated phase oppositions at the open oppositions at the open circuit breaker for several circuit breaker for several minutes, see next slide minutes, see next slide
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2 - 21 -

Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Example 1)

Phase opposition between open circuit breaker terminals stress of longitudinal insulation Phase opposition between open circuit breaker terminals stress of longitudinal insulation

Example according to [ETG-93]

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 22 -

Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Example 2)

Voltage increase by factor of 1.35; Voltage increase by factor of 1.35; decrease to factor of 1.2 after 2 s. decrease to factor of 1.2 after 2 s.

2: Constant excitation (manual regulation) 1: Excitation by rotating rectifiers

Example according to [DOR-81]

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 23 -

Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Example 3)

TOV at the end of a long transmission line TOV at the end of a long transmission line caused by capacitive currents can be controlled by parallel compensation Ue ... voltage at end of line Ua ... voltage at line entrance 1 ... phase angle of the positive system 1 = a

Ua Ue = cos 1

v1

v1 ... phase velocity of the positive system v1 =

1 L1C1

Not an issue for "normal" Not an issue for "normal" length transmission lines length

[DOR-81]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 24 -

Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Summary)

Temporary overvoltages caused by load rejection depend on the rejected load the system layout after disconnection the characteristics of the sources (short-circuit power, generator type and regulation) Extremes: Low values of temporary overvoltages in systems with relatively short lines and high values of the short-circuit power at the terminal stations. High values of temporary overvoltages in systems with long lines and low values of shortcircuit power at the generating side (= typical situation of extra-high voltage systems in their initial stage). Voltage increase factors due to load rejection: Voltage increase factors due to load rejection: moderately extended systems: < 1.2 p.u. for up to several minutes moderately extended systems: < 1.2 p.u. for up to several minutes widely extended systems: 1.5 p.u. for some seconds widely extended systems: 1.5 p.u. for some seconds close to turbo generator: 1.3 p.u. close to turbo generator: 1.3 p.u. close to salient pole (German: "Schenkelpol") generator: 1.5 p.u. close to salient pole (German: "Schenkelpol") generator: 1.5 p.u.
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 25 -

Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena

Temporary overvoltages caused by resonance phenomena generally arise when circuits with large capacitive elements, such as lines cables series compensated lines and inductive elements having non-linear magnetizing characteristics, such as transformers shunt reactors are energized, or as result of load rejections.

Can easily be avoided by de-tuning the system from the resonance frequency!

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 26 -

Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena (Example 1)

Energizing a transformer in a grid tuned to resonance at 3rd harmonics (150 Hz) Energizing a transformer in a grid tuned to resonance at 3rd harmonics (150 Hz)
[DOR-81]

Grid tuned to 150 Hz

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

TOV of 1.9 p.u.

Grid tuned to (150 Hz 7%)

TOV of 1.2 p.u.

- 27 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena (Example 2)

Load rejection with transformer in a grid tuned to resonance at 5th harmonics (250 Hz) Load rejection with transformer in a grid tuned to resonance at 5th harmonics (250 Hz)
[DOR-81]

length of line: a

Length of line: 174 km fr = 250 Hz th harmonics 33% 5 TOV = 1.7 p.u.

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Length of line: 116 km fr = 300 Hz 5th harmonics 10% TOV = 1. p.u.

- 28 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

Temporary Overvoltages and Surge Arresters

Surge arresters cannot limit TOV! Surge arresters cannot limit TOV! Exception: resonance effects may be suppressed or even avoided by MO arresters. Exception: resonance effects may be suppressed or even avoided by MO arresters. Care has then to be taken not to thermally overload the arresters! Care has then to be taken not to thermally overload the arresters!
5

Possible voltages without arresters Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

4

Withstand voltage of equipment

3

region of impressed current region of impressed current voltage develops according to voltage develops according to U-I-characteristics U-I-characteristics region of impressed voltage region of impressed voltage current develops according to current develops according to U-I-characteristics U-I-characteristics
1,3 1,25

Voltages limited by arresters

k t ov = U /U r
0
Lightning overvoltages (Microseconds) Switching overvoltages (Milliseconds) Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment (Seconds) (Continuously)

1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,1 1 10 100 1000

Time duration of (over-)voltage

t /s

Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2

- 29 -