Dielectrics and Waves

Arthur von Hippel

Artech House Boston London

CONTENTS

I Macroscopic Approach 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Survey Complex Permittivity and Permeability Polarization and Magnetization Coulomb and Dipole Fields Space-Charge Fields Correlations between Electric and Magnetic Phenomena Maxwell's Field Equations Electromagnetic Waves in Unbounded Space Dimensions and Units Description of Dielectrics by Various Sets of Parameters Forces Field Energy and Radiation Polarized Radiation Dipole Radiation Boundary Conditions Fresnel's Equations Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves by LossFree Dielectrics Standing Waves Measurement of Dielectrics by Standing Waves; Interference Optics Skin Effect Reflection and Refraction by Media with Loss Guided Waves Electromagnetic Fields in Wave Guides Measurement of Dielectrics in Shorted Wave Guides Short-Circuited Guides and Cavity Resonators Treatment of Field Phenomena by Equivalent Circuits Representation of Dielectrics by Lumped Circuit Equivalents II M o l e c u l a r A p p r o a c h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Survey Molecular Mechanisms of Polarization The Clausius-Mosotti-Lorentz-Lorenz Equation Electronic Polarization Anomalous Dispersion and Resonance Absorption Various Aspects of Electromagnetic Radiation Bohr's Quantum Theory Wave Mechanics 93 95 97 99 100 104 108 111
xi

8 - The Structure of Atoms 1 3 6 8 12 15 19 20 21 26 38 40 43 45 48 50 53 55 58 61 64 67 69 73 77 82 86

Atoms in Electric Fields; Stark Effect 10 Atoms in Magnetic Fields; Zeeman Effect 11 The Energy Level Diagram of Atoms 12 Atoms in Electromagnetic Fields; the Dispersion Formula of Quantum Mechanics 13 The Formation of Molecules 14 Wave Functions of Molecules and the Concept of Quantum-Mechanical Resonance Bond Energies and Dipole Moments of Diatomic 15 Molecules 16 Static Dielectric Constants and Dipole Moments of Polar Gases 17 Polyatomic Molecules 18 Vibration and Rotation 19 Electronic, Atomic, and Orientation Polarization of Gas Molecules 20 The Bandwidth of Spectral Lines 21 Microwave Spectroscopy 22 Pressure Broadening and Debye's Relaxation Equation 23 The Mosotti Catastrophe and the Local Field 24 Formation and Structure of Liquids and Solids 25 Various Models for the Discussion of Orientation Polarization in Liquids and Solids 26 Piezoelectricity 27 Dipole Moments, Piezoelectricity and Crystal Structure 28 Ferroelectricity 29 Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 30 Ferromagnetic Metals and Semiconductors 31 Interfacial and Space-Charge Polarization 32 Conduction and Breakdown
9

114 123 127 131 135 137 141 144 148 150 155 161 166 169 174 178 181 187 193 198 202 213 219 228 234

Appendix
A Problems and Illustrative Examples

I Macroscopic Approach 1 Interrelation between the real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity or permeability Depolarization and demagnetization Image dipole, image force, and electron emission Wilson's bipolar thundercloud Cyclotron and Betatron

253 253 253 254 254 256 256

xii
6 Maxwell's equations and the conservation of charge 7 Shrinkage of the wavelength of an electro magnetic wave in a semiconductor 8 Dimensional analysis 9 Macroscopic analysis of the frequency-re sponse characteristic of a ferrite 10 Electric and magnetic balances 11 Mass spectrographs 12 The electromagnetic field energy and its flow according to Maxwell's equations 13 Boundary condition for the electric and magnetic flux densities 14 Interference filters 15 Microwave optics Molecular Approach 1 The Compton effect 2 Plasma resonance and dispersion of an electron gas 3 Wave functions of the harmonic oscillator in an electric field

Contents
257 258 258 258 259 260 260 260 261 261 262 262 262 263 4 The Kerr effect 5 The Faraday effect 6 The ionic atmosphere in the DebyeHckel theory of strong electrolytes 7 Dipole moments in polar liquids according to Onsager's theory 8 The Franck-Condon principle 9 Born's lattice theory and the compressibility of ionic crystals 10 The Born-Haber cycle 11 Electronic and heat conduction in metals according to the classical theory 12 Space-charge-limited current flow Elements of Vector Analysis Values of Physical Constants 264 265 266 266 267 268 269 270 270 271 273 274 276 279

D Table of Symbols E Reference List of Books and Summarizing Articles

Index