Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations & Guidelines to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Prepared for
Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership Vienna International Center, Austria
w w w . t er i i n. or g www.teriuniversity.ac.in
T E R I. 2010 Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency, Bangalore City The Energy and Resources Institute. 154 pp. [Project Report No. 2009BS03]
T E R I University Centre for Research on Sustainable Building Science Group (CRSBS) Sou thern Regi on al Cen tre Bangalore 560 071 India
Tel. 25356590 E-mail minnim@teri.res.in Fax 25356589 Web www.teriin.org India +91 Bangalore (0) 80
TERI University Project Team Ms. Minni Mehrotra Ms. Mili Majumdar Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ms. Priyanka Kochhar Dr. Hina Zia Mr. T Senthil Kumar Mr. Nitish Poonia Mr. Kiriti Sahoo TERI University Project Advisor Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs) Mr. P R Dasgupta, I A S (Retd), Senior Advisor & Coordinator for TERI South Regional Centre Secretarial Assistance Ms. Jyothi
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the Government of Karnataka officials for their full co-operation and support to carry this project in Bangalore city. We would like to thank: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sri Bharat Lal Meena, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja Square, Bangalore 560 002 Sri Thirukangowdru, Joint Director Town, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja Square, Bangalore 560 002 Sri Siddaiah, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore 560 020 Sri R. Rangaswamy, Executive Engineer (Electrical) Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore 560 020 Sri T. D. Nanjundappa, Engineer Officer-III, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore 560 020 Sri Tushar Girinath, MD, Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001 Sri B. N. Sathyaprema Kumar, General Manager (HRD), Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001 Sri Shivananda Murthy H G, MD, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052. Dr H. Naganagouda, Assistant General Manager, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.
List of Contents
I N T R O D U C TI O N . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1 E X I S T I N G B Y E L A W S & R E V I S I ON S P R OP O S E D . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1 FR AM E
W O R K OF
E N V I R ON M E N TA L B UI L D I N G R E G U L A T I ON S
FOR
AND
G U I D EL I N E S
FOR
B A N G A L OR E C I T Y . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3 N E W B U I LD I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4 REV I SE D B YE LAW S .. 4 N E W B U I L DI N G S . . . . 4
DE SI GN F OR CLA US E T O B E INCL UDE D IN TH E F OR
SO L A R P A SSI V E
1 . 2. 1 S OL A R P A S S I V E D E S I G N . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4 1 . 2. 2 L A N DS C A PI N G . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5 1 . 2. 3 W A T E R B O DI E S . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5 1 . 2. 4 O R I E N TA TI O N . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 6 1 . 2. 5 B U I L DI N G
F OR M
S U R F A C E T O V OL UM E R A T I O
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8
1 . 2. 6 O P T I M I Z A TI O N 1 . 2. 8 T H E R M A L
OF B UI L D I N G E N V E L O P E . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8
1 . 2. 7 W A L L S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9
S TO RA G E
T H E R M A L CA PA CI T Y
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9 10
1 . 2. 9 C O N D U C TA N CE .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9 1 . 2. 1 0 T H ER M A L 1 . 2. 1 2 H E A T
I N S U L A TI O N . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . OF R O OF
1 . 2. 1 1 O P TI M I Z A TI O N
. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 10
G A I N S TH R O U G H R O OF S C A N B E R E D U C E D B Y A D O P T I N G TH E
F OL L OW I N G T E CH N I Q U E S .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 11 S H A D I N G . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 15
R EC OM M EN D E D EN V EL OP E I N C OM P A R IS ON
1 . 2. 1 3 F E N E S T R A T I ON 1 . 2. 1 5 .......B E N E F I T S
B UI L D I N G S I N
AND
1 . 2. 1 4 F I N I S H ES . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 15
OF
ECB C
W I T H C O N V E N T I O N A L B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E F O R A I R C ON D I TI ON E D
B A N G A L O R E . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 16
S H A D I N G OF T H E EN V E L OP E
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17
L I F E C Y C L E C O S T A N A L Y SI S . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17 D A YL I G H T I N T E GR A TI O N . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 18 B U I L DI N G LOW
E N V E L O P E O P TI M I Z A TI O N F OR N A T U R A L L Y V EN TI L A T E D B UI L D I N G S T O A C H I E V E TH E R M A L C OM F O R T . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . EN E R G Y
18
P A S S I V E C O OL I N G S TR A T E GI E S
COOLIN G
FOR
B A N G A L OR E . . . .. . . . . . . . 21
1 . 6. 1 V E N T I L A TI ON . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 21 1 . 6. 2 R A D I A T I V E 1 . 6. 3 S O M E
B EL O W .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 24 &
D E S I GN S T R A T E G I E S TH A T C O U L D B E
L OW ENER GY COOLIN G
A D OP T E D I N R E S I D E N T IA L B U I L D I N G S I N
B A N GA L O R E
OFFIC E
A R E DESC RI BE D S O F T W A R E. . . . IN
THESE
OF A
S T R A T E G I E S W E R E A N A L YS E D I N
T RNSYS
25
1.7 1.8
EX AM P L E
NA T U R AL L Y V E N T I L A T E D
BUILDIN G
B A N G A L OR E
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 25 S UM M A R Y : . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 26 1 . 8. 1 N A T UR A L L Y
V E N T I L A T E D B U I L DI N G S R E C OM M E N DA T I ON S . . .. . . . . . .
26
1 . 9 G L O S SA R Y : . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 26 1 . 10 R EF ER EN C E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 27
L I G H TI N G M A N UF A C T U R ER G U I D E LI N E S 2: P R O V I D E 2. 1 M A N D A T OR Y
C O N T A CT D E T A I L S
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 27 28 R E V I S E D B Y E L A W S .. . . . . . . 28
R O O F T R EA T M EN T T O C U T H E A T G A I N S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
CL A U S E T O B E I N C L U D E D I N T H E
2. 2 T E CH N I C A L G U I D A N C E . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 28 2 . 2. 1 B R I EF I N T R O D U C TI O N . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 28 2 . 2. 2 H E A T 2 . 2. 3 W H Y 2 . 2. 4 H O W 2. 3 2. 4 3. 1 3. 2
G A I N S T H R O U G H R O OF S C A N B E R E D U C E D BY A D O P T I N G TH E F OL L OW I N G T E CH N I Q U E S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . I S TH I S R E Q U I R E D ? I S I T B EN E F I CI A L ?
30
. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 34
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 34
G L OS S A R Y : . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 36 R E F E R E N C E S : . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 36 FOR
A I R - C O N DI T I ON E D B U I L D I N G S
G U I D E LI N E 3 : W I N D O W D E SI G N . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37 38
B UILDIN GS B U I L DI N G
F O R N O N - C ON D I TI O N E D 3 . 3. 1 W I N D O W S 3 . 3. 2 W I N D OW S
IN IN
B UI L DI N G S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
A I R - C ON DI T I ON E D
F OR
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 41 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 46 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 0
N ON - C O N DI TI O N E D NA T URA L
3 . 3. 3 W I N D O W D E S I G N 3. 4 3. 5
V E N TI L A T I ON
G L OS S A R Y .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 54 R E F E R E N C E S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 54
IN
G U I D E LI N E 4 : E N ER G Y E F F I CI EN C Y 4. 1. 1 F OR B U I L D I N G S 1 00
A R T I F I CI A L L I G H TI N G . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 56 56
W I TH C ON N E C T E D E L E C T R I C A L L O A D M O R E T H A N
K W . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
4. 1. 2 F O R R E SI D EN T I A L B UI L D I N G S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 56 4. 2. 1 C O M M E R C I A L & R E S I D E N T I A L B UI L D I N G S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 57 4. 3. 1 E F F I C I EN C Y
IN
A R TI F I CI A L L I G H TI N G S C H E M E . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 58
F OR
4. 3. 2 E XT E R N A L L I G H T I N G . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 58 4. 3. 3 I N T E R N A L L I GH T I N G 4. 3. 4 R E T R OF I T T I N G 4. 3. 6 R E T R OF I T T I N G G U I D E LI N E 5: E N ER G Y 5. 1 5. 2 4. 3. 5 I N T E R N A L L I GH T I N G
EF FI CI EN T
N EW C OM M E RC IAL E XI S TI N G E XI S TI N G N E W R E SI D EN T I A L
BUILDIN GS
. . .. . . . . . . 61 . . . . 77 ... 80 83 . . .. . . . . . . . 77
O P T I ON S I N F OR
O P T I ON S I N
R E SI D EN T I A L B U I L D I N G S
A I R C O N D I TI O N I N G
S Y S T EM D E S I G N F O R
B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
G U I D EL I N E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83 5 . 1. 1 M A N D A T OR Y 5 . 2. 1 A I R
CLAUSE T O B E IN CLUDED IN T H E
R E V I S E D B Y E L A W S 83 83
T E C H N I C A L N O T E S . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83
C O N DI T I O N I N G . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ON O PT I M I Z A TI ON OF C O OL IN G L O A D E S T I M A T I O N ON
5 . 2. 2 G U I D E L I N E S 5 . 2. 3 G U I D E L I N E S
E F F I CI E N C Y
. . . 84
AHU
S P E C I F I C A TI O N S T O A C H I EV E E N E R G Y
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 87
F O R E N ER G Y E F F I C I EN T F O R E N E R G Y EF F I C I EN T
5 . 2. 4 G UI D E L I N E S 5 . 2. 5 G U I D E L I N E S
C H I L L E R S . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 9 0 C O OL I N G T O W E R . . . . . .. . . . . . . 93
G U I D E LI N E 6 : R EP L A C E B EE
R A TED
EX I S TI N G E Q U I P M EN T B Y M I N I M U M
S TA R R A TE D
L A B E L ED A P P L I A N C E S E Q U I P M EN T A N D U S E M I N I M U M
STAR
B EE
LA B E L E D A P P LI A N C E S / EQ U I P M E N T I N A L L N E W
B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
94 94
MA N D A T O R Y
R E Q U I R E M EN T I N A L L P R O C U R E M EN T N O R M S F O R G O V E R N M E N T
A N D P U B L I C B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
6. 1. 1 S T A R
R A T I N G F OR F R O S T F R E E R E F R I G E R A T O R
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 96
6. 1. 2 S T A R R A T I N G - R O OM A I R C O N DI TI O N E R S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 97 6. 1. 3 S T A R R A T I N G - D I R EC T C O OL R E F R I G E R A T O R . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 97 6. 1. 4 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N : C E I L I N G F A N S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 98 6. 1. 5 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N : E L EC T R I C G E YS E R S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 99 6. 1. 6 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N C O L O U R T EL EV I S I ON S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 100 6. 1. 7 W H Y 6. 1. 8 H O W
I S T H I S R E Q UI R E D ? . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 103 I S I T B E N EF I CI A L ?
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 103
F OR
G U I D E LI N E 7 : S O L A R W A TER H E A TI N G S Y S T EM S
C O M M E R CI A L BU I LD I N G S
DOM ESTI C
A ND
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 10 5
7.1
MAN D AT OR Y
R E Q U I R EM EN T I N B Y EL A W . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 10 5 F OR D E S I GN , I N S TA L L A T I O N , A N D U S E O F S OL A R WA T E R
7 . 2. 1 G UI D E L I N E S 7 . 2. 2 G U I D E L I N E S 7 . 2. 3 G U I D E L I N E S 7 . 2. 4 H O W 8. 1 G U I D EL I N E
H E A T I N G S Y S T EM S . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 109 F O R S YS T EM S EL E C TI ON A N D U S E
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 11 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 11 0 111 B U I L D I N G S 116
F O R I N S U L A T E D H O T W A T ER PI P I N G
I S I T B E N EF I CI A L ? /W H Y I S T H I S R E Q U I R E D ? . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . FOR
G U I D E LI N E S 8 : E N E R G Y E F F I CI E N T E L E C T R I CA L S Y S T EM S
FOR
E N E R G Y E F F I C I EN T E L EC T R I C A L
S Y S T EM S F O R B U I L DI N G
R EV I S E D B Y E L A W S 116 116
E L ECTR IC AL
SY STEM S
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 116 . . . . . . .. . . . . . 117
E L E C TR I CA L
S Y S T EM D E S I G N . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
ON O P T I M I Z A T I ON OF E L EC TR I C A L L OA D ON
T R A N SF O R M E R R A T I N G
AN D
S E L E CT I ON . . .. . . . . . 119 122 12 5
ON S EL E C TI O N OF
E L EC TR I C A L M O T O R S . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12 0 P OW E R
F A C T O R . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . A N D M ON I T OR I N G . . . . . .. . . . . .
ON I M P R OV EM E N T OF ON
8. 2. 6. G UI D E L I N E S
C H EC K M ET E R I N G P O W ER
ON D I S T R I B U TI O N S Y S T E M L O S S E S ON ON B A C K U P S Y S T EM S
. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 126
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 129
P OW E R Q U A L I T Y . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 131 50 0
M A N D A T O R Y EN ER G Y A U D I T F O R EX I S TI N G
C O M M E R CI A L BU I LD I N G S W I T H C O N N E C T E D L O A D O F CA S E S O F
60 0 KVA
A N D A P P L Y EN E R G Y C O N S ER V A T I O N M EA S U R E S T O
R E D U C E EN E R G Y C O N SU M P T I O N I N E X I S TI N G C O M M E R CI A L / I N S T I TU TI O N A L B U I LD I N G S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
133
9. 1
G U I D EL I N E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133 9. 1. 1 M A N D A T O R Y
R E Q U I R EM EN T
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133
9. 2 9. 3 9. 4
G U I D A N C E N O T E S . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133 EN ER G Y AUDI T
D EM A N D A N D
OF I N DI V I D U A L S Y S T EM S SYSTEM
9. 4. 1 E L E C T R I C A L 9. 4. 3 HVAC 9. 5 9. 6 9. 7 C ON T R OL S
9. 4. 2 L I GH T I N G S Y S T EM . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 139
S Y S T E M .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 144 IN THE
HVAC
S Y S T E M R E C OM M EN D E D B Y
EN E R G Y
I NTRODUCTION
In phase II of the project framing of environmental building regulations and guidelines to achieve energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy in Bangalore city is completed. It is proposed that the recommended regulations shall become a part of the existing building bye laws of Bangalore city and a separate document on guidelines will be published. This separate guidelines document will be available along with the building bye laws of Bangalore for the citizens of Bangalore city. The study in the phase II was divided into two parts. 1. Study of existing building bye laws of Bangalore and identify sections which could be improved or detailed out for achieving energy efficiency in Buildings in Bangalore city. 2. A set of guidelines and regulations are proposed to achieve energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy in the city.
2 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City Section 3.3 Requirements of Building Services 3.3.1 Lighting and ventilation requirements Natural ventilation and area of opening According to the existing bye laws, rooms shall have, for admission of light and air, one or more openings. Minimum aggregate area of openings excluding doors, shall not be less than 1/6th of the floor area in case of residential buildings. In case of other public buildings like institutes, offices, hospitals etc minimum aggregate area of opening shall be not less than 1/5th of the floor area. Proposed guideline There is a separate guideline framed on optimization of window design for air conditioned and non air conditioned buildings. Section 3.3.3 Transformer According to the existing bye laws, where the specified load is 25kW or more a space for locating the distribution transformers and associated equipment as per KERC code leaving 3.0m from the building and without obstructing the fire driveway within the premises has to be provided. Revisions proposed A separate guideline along with some mandatory clause has been framed for installation and design of energy efficient electrical system in buildings. This includes a mandatory requirement of Transformers to comply with Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India requirements. Section 3.3.5 Electrical installations, Air conditioning and heating According to the existing bye laws, the planning, design and installation of air conditioning and heating installations of the building shall be in accordance with Part VIII of the National Building Code of India. Revisions proposed A separate guideline along with some mandatory clause has been framed for design of energy efficient air conditioning system for buildings in Bangalore. Section 3.4.10 Solar energy According to the existing bye laws, Solar lighting and solar water heating is mandatory for all new development/construction for different categories of buildings. If solar lighting and solar water heating is adopted, then refundable security deposit on fulfilling the conditions shall be returned with 2% interest. Solar photovoltaic lighting systems shall be installed in multi unit residential buildings (with more than five units) for lighting the set back areas and drive ways.
3 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Revisions proposed In the existing bye law, the requirements for different building types are not clear; this has been proposed in a separate guideline. Further incentives will be framed for all mandatory regulations in phase 3 of this project. For external solar lighting integration, separate guideline and mandatory clause has been framed.
Frame work of Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines for Bangalore City
Part II of this report below comprises of the environmental building guidelines and mandatory regulations framed for Bangalore city to achieve energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy. Briefly 9 sections of guidelines & regulations have been framed, which are described below and further detailed out later.
1. Solar passive design integration in new buildings. 2. Provide roof treatment to cut heat gains. 3. Window design for day lighting, ventilation and to reduce solar heat gains. 4. Artificial lighting a. Energy efficient external lighting b. Renewable energy based external lighting c. Efficient indoor lighting for new commercial buildings, follow ECBC prescriptive / mandatory criteria for lighting design d. Efficient indoor lighting for new residential buildings e. Retrofit options for existing commercial buildings f. Retrofit options for existing residential buildings 5. Energy efficient air conditioning design for buildings. 6. Use of BEE labeled equipments and appliances to achieve energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. 7. Solar water heating systems for residential and commercial buildings. 8. Energy efficient electrical systems for building 9. Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial buildings with connected load in cases of 500kW or 600KVA and reduce energy consumption by 20% over previous year.
Achieve thermal and visual comfort inside the building by using natural energy sources and sinks, such that there is significant reduction in energy consumption by conventional air conditioning and artificial lighting in a building.
Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2K) Maximum U-factor (W/m2Maximum SHGC for Climate K) WWR 40% Moderate 6.9 0.4
1.2
5 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City architecture design features and taking advantage of existing natural resources on the site. Designers can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro and micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features and take advantage of natural resources on site. Designers can achieve solar passive building design by following the below mentioned steps. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Modulating the microclimate of the site through landscaping Optimization of orientation and building form Optimization of building envelope and window design to reduce cooling demand Daylight integration to reduce artificial lighting demand. Low energy passive cooling strategies
1.2.2 Landscaping
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering micro climate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution. Landscaping can be used to direct or divert the air flow advantageously. Trees help to shade the building from intense direct solar radiation. Tree species could be selected depending upon climate zone and building design. Deciduous trees for example, provide shade in the summer and sunlight in the winter when their leaves fall. Planting Figure 1.1: Water and trees as landscape them on West and South West orientation of a building elements at Sangath, Ahmedabad provides natural shade. Evergreen trees provide shade and wind control round the year. Natural cooling without air conditioning can be achieved by locating trees to channel cool breeze inside the buildings. Additionally, the shade created by trees, reduces air temperature of the micro climate around the building through evapo transpiration. Properly designed roof gardens help to reduce heat loads in a building.
6 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.2.4 Orientation
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation, daylight and wind. The orientation of the building should be based on whether cooling or heating is predominant requirement in the building. The amount of solar radiation falling on a surface varies with orientation. In tropical climate zones for example, North Orientation receives solar radiation with minimum intensity as seen in figure 2. Thus in tropical climate like India long facades of buildings oriented towards North South are preferred. South orientation receives maximum solar radiation during winters which is preferable. East and West receive maximum solar radiation during summer. West is a crucial orientation because high intensity of solar radiation is received during evening hours, when the internal gains are also at its peak. Thus, designers need to be very careful while designing West faade and spaces behind west faade. Orientation also plays an important role with respect to wind direction. At building level, orientation affects the heat gain through building envelope and thus the cooling demand, orientation may affect the daylight factor depending upon the surrounding built forms, and finally the depending upon the windward and leeward orientation fenestration could be designed to integrate natural ventilation
Figure 1.2: Average daily solar radiation received on North orientation facade
7 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Figure 1.3: Average daily solar radiation received on South orientation facade
Figure 1.4: Average daily solar radiation received on East orientation facade
8 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
9 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City Choice of building material for the envelope is important to reduce the energy consumption of the building, through reduced solar heat gain or loss thus reducing air conditioning loads. Optimized selection of building material for external envelope also plays an important role in achieving thermal comfort in buildings where thermal comfort is achieved through passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation. Building envelope Building envelope components are the key determinants of the amount of heat gain or loss and wind that enters inside the building. The important components of building envelope which affect the performance of the building are: Walls Roof Windows Surface finishes
1.2.7 Walls
Walls are a major part of the building envelope, which are exposed to external environment conditions (solar radiation, outside air temperature, wind, precipitation). The composition of wall and thereby its heat storing capacity and heat conduction property has a major impact on indoor thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings and on cooling loads in air conditioned buildings. The wall material, thickness, finishes should be selected according to climate zone and buildings comfort requirement.
1.2.9 Conductance
Conductivity (K) is defined as the rate of heat flow through a unit area of unit thickness of the material, by a unit temperature difference between the two sides. The unit is W/mK (Watt per metre - degree Kelvin). The conductivity value varies from 0.03 W/mK for
10 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City insulators to 400W/mK for metals. Materials with lower conductivity are preferred, as they are better insulators and would reduce the external heat gains from the envelope.
Climate zone
24-Hour use buildings Hospitals, Hotels, Call centres etc. Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K)
Daytime use buildings Other building Types Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K) U-440
Moderate
U-0.440
Figure 1.6: Average daily Intensity of solar radiation incident on horizontal roof surface in Bangalore
11 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.2.12 Heat gains through roofs can be reduced by adopting the following techniques.
Green roof concept
Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation, evapo transpiration and thermal mass, thus reducing a buildings energy demands for space conditioning. The green roof moderates the heat flow through the roofing system and helps in reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing outside Figure 1.7: Roof of buildings with roof garden environment.
12 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil that is planted over waterproofing membrane. If widely used green roofs can also reduce the problem of urban heat island which would further reduce the energy consumption in urban areas.
13 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
14 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Cement concrete Cinder concrete Foam slag concrete Gypsum plaster Cellular concrete AC sheet GI sheet Timber Timber Plywood Glass Alluvial clay (40 percent sans) Sand Black cotton clay (Madras) Black cotton clay (Indore) Tar felt (2.3 kg/m3) 1 762 1 406 1 320 1 120 740 1 520 7 520 480 720 640 2 350 1 958 2 240 1 899 1 683 0.721 0.686 0.285 0.512 0.188 0.245 61.06 0.072 0.144 0.174 0.814 1.211 1.74 0.735 0.606 0.479 0.84 0.84 0.88 0.96 1.05 0.84 0.50 1.68 1.68 1.76 0.88 0.84 0.84 0.88 0.88 0.88
DENSITY (3) Kg / m3
Insulating Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Expanded polystyrene Expanded polystyrene Expanded polystyrene Foam glass Foam glass Foam concrete Foam concrete Foam concrete Cork slab Cork slab Cork slab Rock wool (unbonded) Rock wool (unbonded) Mineral wool (unbonded) Glass wool (unbonded) Glass wool (unbonded) 16.0 24.0 34.0 127.0 160.0 320.0 400.0 704.0 164.0 192.0 304.0 92.0 150.0 73.5 69.0 189.0 0.038 0.035 0.035 0.056 0.055 0.070 0.084 0.149 0.043 0.044 0.055 0.047 0.043 0.030 0.043 0.040 1.34 1.34 1.34 0.75 0.75 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.92 0.92 0.92
15 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded glass wool Resin bonded glass wool Exfoliated vermiculite (loose) Asbestos mill board Hard board Straw board Soft board Soft board Wall board Chip board Chip board (perforated) Particle board Coconut pith insulation board Jute fibre Wood wool board (bonded with cement) Wood wool board (bonded with cement) Coil board Saw dust Rice husk Jute felt Asbestos fibre (loose) 97.0 188.0 120.0 291.0 640.0 0.038 0.051 0.051 0.042 0.060 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.84 674.0 0.108 1.13 48.0 64.0 99.0 16.0 24.0 264.0 1 397.0 979.0 310.0 320.0 249.0 262.0 432.0 352.0 750.0 520.0 329.0 398.0 0.042 0.038 0.036 0.040 0.036 0.069 0.249 0.279 0.057 0.066 0.047 0.047 0.067 0.066 0.098 0.060 0.067 0.081 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.84 1.42 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.26 1.26 1.30 1.09 1.09 1.13
1.2.14 Finishes
The external finish of a surface determines the amount of heat absorbed or rejected by it. For example, a smooth and light coloured surface reflects more light and heat in comparison to a dark surface. Light colours have higher emissivity and hence should be preferred in Moderate climate zones like Bangalore where the intensity of solar radiation is very high. Emissivity is the measure of the capacity of a surface to emit radiation.
16 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City The internal surfaces should also be finished in light colours, as that helps in obtaining higher reflectance of light inside the space
1.2.15 Benefits of ECBC recommended envelope in comparison with conventional building envelope for air conditioned buildings in Bangalore
It is observed in air conditioned buildings, adopting ECBC envelope in building has high energy saving potential. Energy simulation engine was used to quantify energy saving potential in a daytime office building. It is observed that use of ECBC envelope results in annual electricity saving up to 12% in comparison with conventional envelope. In this analysis following was the ECBC and conventional envelope.
Walls ECBC case Conventional case Roof ECBC case Conventional case
Composition (External to internal) Stone cladding+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+230mm Brick wall + internal plaster External plaster +230mm brick wall + internal plaster Composition (External to internal) Roof finish+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+150mm Concrete slab + internal plaster Roof finish +150mm concrete slab + internal plaster
Glass ECBC case (Double glazed unit) U value: 1.31 W/m2K SHGC = 0.27 VLT = 40% Conventional case (Single glazed unit) U-value =6.16 W/m2K SHGC = 0.81 VLT = 0.88
LCC of conventional and ecbc envelope for air conditioned commercial buildings
90000000 80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000
Rs
Year
17 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.3
There can be three cases considered for optimized building envelope to provide maximum energy saving potential due to optimum selection of building envelope. These are: 1. Compliance of building envelope with ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) recommendations. 2. Shading of envelope to reduce to reduce solar heat gains. This includes shading of East and West orientation facades, shading of roof and shading of windows. 3. Shading of East & West walls, shading of roof and ECBC compliant window.
Case Base case ECBC envelope Shaded envelope Shaded walls, roof and ECBC window % Energy saving potential 13%% 16% 16% % Increment in initial cost 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% 1% 1.9% 1.9% % Saving in Life Cycle Cost (LCC) 8 years 5 years 5 years Pay back period
Thus it is recommended from the above analysis that : Windows in air conditioned spaces should comply with ECBC recommendation. Windows in naturaly ventilated spaces should be fully shaded. Roof should be either compliant with ECBC recommendations or should be shaded. East and West walls should be shaded.
18 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for building envelope options
120 110 100 90
Rupees (Million)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Years
Base case ECBC envelope case Proposed Shading envelope case Proposed shadingw all,roof+ecbc glass
1.4
Daylight Integration
Daylight is a natural source of light, which meets all the requirements of good lighting. Daylight provides a dynamic environment inside the building in consonance with the nature outdoors. Windows in buildings establish contact with nature through direct view and admit daylight inside. Adequate provision of daylight in buildings through proper planning of windows, in respect of position, area and shape is therefore an important aspect of a good building design. Daylight integration helps reduce dependence on artificial lighting and thus reduction in electricity consumption of the building. Details on daylight integartion is part of the window guideline.
1.5
Building envelope optimization for naturally ventilated buildings to achieve thermal comfort
Optimizing envelop requirement is one of the most important strategies to lower down heat built up in the interior space , hence plays a vital role in achieving thermal comfort as prescribed in the National Building Code 2005 for Naturally ventilated buildings. Optimize building envelope to reduce heat gains and maximize thermal comfort in naturally ventilated building.
19 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City 3. Building envelope should be as per the recommendations included in this guideline. This recommended envelope design is for naturally ventilated residential spaces with 6 air change per hour.
Composition Plaster + mud block + plaster Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene + plaster + stone Floor + stone + concrete Single glazing unit (fully shaded)
1. The U-Value prescribed in the table should be taken as recommendation while designing the roof, wall, and floor component. 2. For the clarity of the user it should be noted that, the different combinations of envelop differs from each other with respect to only wall material; while the roof , floor and glazing type remains the same.
20 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Figure 1.9: Zone Temperature conditions of non air conditioned space in office and residences on hottest day (April 11) of the year
21 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.6
Bangalore falls under moderate climate zone with favorable outdoor conditions to design hybrid low energy buildings. Weather analysis for Bangalore shows that design strategies such as shading from direct solar radiation and natural ventilation are very effective in achieving comfort in non air conditioned living spaces. High thermal mass and evaporative cooling are other effective design strategies shown in figure below reference: Climate calculator)
1.6.1 Ventilation
Ventilation fulfills a number of requirements associated with human comfort: Health: respiration, odour avoidance and pollutant removal. Cooling: removal of heat produced by internal and solar gains, both during daytime and at night time. Comfort: Provision of air movement to increase perceived cooling.
Methods of ventilation
Ventilation requirement could be met by the following ways: 1. Natural ventilation 2. Mechanical ventilation 3. Mixed mode ventilation
22 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure to move fresh air through buildings. Pressure difference can be caused by wind (cross ventilation) or the buoyancy effect created by temperature differences or differences in humidity (stack effect). In both the cases the amount of ventilation critically depends on design of openings, their size and placement. Natural ventilation unlike forced ventilation uses natural sources like wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into the building.
Cross Ventilation
A pressure is generated on a surface whenever moving air is obstructed or deflected. The distribution of pressure depends upon the wind direction and the geometry of the surfaces. Pressures will generally be positive on the windward sides of buildings and negative on leeward sides. The lateral pressure distribution gives rise to cross-ventilation; that is airflow from the windward Figure 1.10: Cross ventilation achieved through to the leeward side of the building. This requires that the openings interior of the building is not sealed by dividing walls, or that where rooms are double banked, openings at high level are provided. Cross ventilation was assisted by having high level openings in the internal walls and over doors in traditional houses.
Stack Effect
Air moves through a structure in response to pressure differences generated by either the thermal buoyancy (stack effect) or wind. Buoyancy pressures are generated by air warmer than its surroundings as the warmer air is of lower density than the cooler air.
The pressure generated is dependent upon the average temperature difference between inside and outside and the height of the 'stack' or column of warmer air. Where there are openings at the top and bottom of the stack, the cooler heavier air will enter the lower openings and displace the warmer lighter air at the top. This is known as 'displacement ventilation', and if there is a source of heat which maintains the stack, the flow will continue. It is important to note that in these conditions air temperatures low down will be close to outdoor temperatures and those higher up will be warmer.
23 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Traditionally, this concept was used very commonly by having high ceilings in conjunction with ventilators and low level openings, courtyards and atria.
3. Buildings should be sited where obstructions for summer winds are minimum. 4. Naturally ventilated buildings should have a narrow floor width, infact its difficult to naturally ventilate buildings with floor depth more than 45feet. 5. For total area of openings (inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30% of floor area, the average indoor wind velocity that could be achieved is around 30% of outdoor wind velocity. Even on increasing the size of window further, the maximum indoor wind velocity does not exceed 40% of outside wind velocity. 6. Window openings should be operable by occupants.
Direct evaporative cooling, source Passive cooling techniques, B. Mohanty
7. In addition to the primary consideration of airflow in and out of the building, airflow between the rooms of the building is important. Where possible, interior doors should be designed to be open to encourage whole-building ventilation. 8. Use of clerestories or vented skylights, A clerestory or a vented skylight will provide an opening for stale air to escape in a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The light well of the skylight could also act as a solar chimney to augment the flow. Openings lower in the structure, such as basement windows, must be provided to complete the ventilation system.
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporative cooling. This cooling strategy is also effective in Moderate climate of Bangalore. In evaporative cooling the
24 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City sensible heat of air is used to evaporate the water, thereby releasing energy and air gets cooled, which in turn cools the indoor living spaces. Increase in contact between air and water increases the rate of evaporation. Water bodies like ponds, lake or fountains in the landscape help reduce micro climate air temperature around the buildings. Traditionally also evaporative cooling has been used to cool the hot breeze. Water was used commonly to reduce local temperatures by evaporative cooling, to humidify the air and also to clean the air by capturing dust particles. It has been calculated that the temperature of 1 cubic metre of air will be reduced by 1 C by the evaporation of 0-5 g of water (Evans). In public buildings water in pools and fountains can be used as a cooling element combined with a cross-ventilating arrangement of openings.
Figure 13: Ways of integrating evaporative cooling Figure 12: HUL solar passive building in Bangalore with ponds integrated in the circulation areas to integrate evaporative cooling.
Long faade oriented towards North South East and West facades to be shaded Solar chimneys integration to enhance natural ventilation Insulated roof Roof pond in certain areas for radiant cooling Direct evaporative cooling
25 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.6.3 Some low energy cooling & design strategies that could be adopted in residential buildings in Bangalore are described below. These strategies were analysed in TRNSYS software.
1. Long faade oriented towards North South, this is based on the solar radiation analysis for Bangalore city. East and West faade receive higher intensity of solar radiation throughout the year and hence short facades of the building should be oriented towards East and West. This ensures minimum solar heat gain inside the building. 2. Insulated roof: Solar analysis of Bangalore predicts high intensity of solar radiation being received on horizontal surfaces. To reduce conduction gains from the roof, it is very esstial to insulate the roof from outside. 3. Solar chimneys to enhance natural ventilation, through stack effect. Inlet openings provided at lower level and outlet opening through solar chimney increase the temperature difference between the hot air and cool air, this enhances the air movement and therefore natural ventilation. Natural ventilation is very effective in Moderate climate of Bangalore as the outside air temperature falls under comfort zone. 4. Radiant cooling is also effectice in Bangalore and therefore roof pond could be provided wherever possible. 5. Evaporative cooling: In summer months in Bangalore which are April, May and June evaporative cooling is effective, as the outside temperature is high and Relative Humidity (RH) is lower. This can be integrated in buildings through evaporative coolers, or wet Khas Khas integrated around windows and through designing water bodies in the landscape.
1.7
TERIs South Regional office is located in Bangalore which forms an example of passive building in the Moderate climate zone of India. Following are some of key features of the building: The building is oriented with long facades oriented North South. The building has maximum openings in the North faade which helps bring inside the building glare free daylight and cool breeze. The skylights are oriented towards North, which provides uniform glare free daylight through out the building.
26 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Walls on the South faade are externally finished with black kadappa stone with a cavity wall. This behaves as a solar chimney. There are no openings at lower level in this wall, only ventilators at the top of the wall are provided for hot air to rise and escape. This creates a negative pressure and starts pulling fresh cool air from North side of the building. The building works in natural ventilation mode through out the year, and this is achieved as there are no floor to ceiling partitions in the whole building. There are roof gardens designed, which provide good insulation and moderates fluctuation in temperature. The month bill for energy consumption is about Rs 30,000 for the entire complex, with daily average demand of 12 kW (peak at 18 kW). With floor area being 26,663 square feet, the specific energy bill works out to be Rs 1.12 per square foot, which is almost onetenth of a conventional building with air conditioning.
1.8
Summary:
Recommendations for air conditioned buildings Long faade preferably towards North-South East West faade to be shaded Windows to comply with ECBC requirement. Roof to either comply with ECBC or to be fully shaded. Circular building form is preferable. Light colour external finish.
1.9 Glossary:
Orientation: It is the direction an envelope element faces, i.e., the direction of a vector perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element. Reflectance: The fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from a surface. Solar heat gain coefficient: Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of external solar radiation that is admitted through a window or skylight, both directly transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released inward. Transmittance: The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a surface.
27 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City U-factor: It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given area, under standardised conditions. The usual standard is at a temperature gradient of 24 C, at 50% humidity with no wind.
1.10 Reference:
Bureau of Indian Standards, 2005, National Building Code of India A Knowledge Bank for Sustainable Building Design CD, MNRE & TERI, New Delhi Energy Conservation Building Code 2007, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India VisualDOE version 4.1 Software Ecotect Version 5.0.
No. 28/3 1st Floor, 23rd Cross, Banashankari 2nd Stage Main Road, Near State Bank of India, Bangalore 560070 101-102, Oxford Chamber, No. 16, Rustam Bagh Main Road, Bangalore: 560017 Concorde block, UB City, 24, Vittal Malya Road, Bangalore-560001 Sai Comples, 4th Floor, 114, M G Road, Bangalore 560 001
Ph: 080-25202084
The roof insulation shall not be located on a suspended ceiling with removable Ceiling panels. (Mandatory)
Composition (External to internal) Roof finish+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+150mm Concrete slab + internal plaster Roof finish +150mm concrete slab + internal plaster
Shading of roof also has similar energy saving potential. This could be achieved by designing pergolas, trellis on roof or by installation of solar panels. Energy saving potential in a building with two floors and built up area 3200m2, after complying to ECBC recommendations and shading the roof are given below in the graph.
29 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Energy use in conventional building, building with ECBC compliant roof, building with shaded roof
Energy use (kWh) 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 base 0.30wwr
61% saving
62% saving
Glass Type ECBC case (Single glazed unit) Conventional case (Single glazed unit)
Properties U-value =6.16 W/m2K , SHGC = 0.81 , VLT = 0.88 U-value =6.16 W/m2K , SHGC = 0.81 , VLT = 0.88
The thermal comfort hours are further maximized when the surface reflectivity increased to 0.7 y using white paint on external roof surface and insulation thickness.
30 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
2.2.2 Heat gains through roofs can be reduced by adopting the following techniques
Green roof concept
Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation, evapo-transpiration and thermal mass, thus reducing a buildings energy demands for space conditioning. The green roof moderates the heat flow through the roofing system and helps in reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing outside environment.
Figure 2.1: Roof of buildings with roof garden.
31 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City Green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil that is planted over waterproofing membrane. If widely used green roofs can also reduce the problem of urban heat island which would further reduce the energy consumption in urban areas.
32 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
33 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
25. 26. 27. Black cotton clay (Madras) Black cotton clay (Indore) Tar felt (2.3 kg/m3) 1 899 1 683 0.735 0.606 0.479 0.88 0.88 0.88
DENSITY (3) Kg / m3
Insulating Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Expanded polystyrene Expanded polystyrene Expanded polystyrene Foam glass Foam glass Foam concrete Foam concrete Foam concrete Cork slab Cork slab Cork slab Rock wool (unbonded) Rock wool (unbonded) Mineral wool (unbonded) Glass wool (unbonded) Glass wool (unbonded) Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded mineral wool Resin bonded glass wool Resin bonded glass wool Exfoliated vermiculite (loose) Asbestos mill board Hard board Straw board Soft board Soft board Wall board Chip board Chip board (perforated) Particle board 1 397.0 979.0 310.0 320.0 249.0 262.0 432.0 352.0 750.0 0.249 0.279 0.057 0.066 0.047 0.047 0.067 0.066 0.098 0.88 0.84 1.42 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.26 1.26 1.30 16.0 24.0 34.0 127.0 160.0 320.0 400.0 704.0 164.0 192.0 304.0 92.0 150.0 73.5 69.0 189.0 48.0 64.0 99.0 16.0 24.0 264.0 0.038 0.035 0.035 0.056 0.055 0.070 0.084 0.149 0.043 0.044 0.055 0.047 0.043 0.030 0.043 0.040 0.042 0.038 0.036 0.040 0.036 0.069 1.34 1.34 1.34 0.75 0.75 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
34 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Coconut pith insulation board Jute fibre Wood wool board (bonded with cement) Wood wool board (bonded with cement) Coil board Saw dust Rice husk Jute felt Asbestos fibre (loose) 97.0 188.0 120.0 291.0 640.0 0.038 0.051 0.051 0.042 0.060 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.84 674.0 0.108 1.13 329.0 398.0 0.067 0.081 1.09 1.13 520.0 0.060 1.09
Figure 2.3: Average daily Intensity of solar radiation incident on horizontal roof surface in Bangalore
This can result in increased cooling load if the space below is air conditioned or high discomfort hours if the space below is naturally ventilated.
35 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City Energy modeling has been carried out to quantify energy saving potential of roof insulation and life cycle analysis has been carried out to calculate payback period for applying roof insulation in a day use office air conditioned building. It has been observed that due to high energy saving in single or double storey building after complying with ECBC thermal performance of the roof, pay back period in Bangalore will be less than one year.
In naturally ventilated buildings, roof insulation brings positive impacts on thermal comfort of non air-conditioned naturally ventilated spaces and can bring down the number of discomfort hours. Simulation using energy modeling was carried out to quantify reduction in discomfort hours. It has been observed that, the internal space under the insulated roof having high reflectivity, registers a 1 C drop in temperature compared to conventional roof. The graphical illustration shows that insulated roof works better in Moderate Climate of Bangalore showing a temperature drop of 1 C at peak hour of Day in April 11 which is regarded as the hottest day in Summer season.
Cost (Rs)
36 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
2.3
Glossary:
Extruded Polystyrene - Extruded Polystyrene is an improvement of Expanded Polystyrene material. This material is also comprised of beads / globules which are compressed to form slabs and pipe sections. Incase of Extruded Polystyrene the beads are very closely linked to each other so that the material become rigid and there is no air gap between the beads. It is a close cells material and a skin is formed on the top which stops water absorption.
2.4
References:
National Building Code of India 2005 SP41: Handbook of Functional Requirement of Buildings TRNSYS 16 software
heat transfer coefficient) for a fenestration product (including the sash and frame) should be determined as per ECBC 2007 requirements. 2. * The SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) for a fenestration product (including the sash and frame) should be determined as per ECBC 2007 requirements. 3. The U-factor and SHGC for the fenestration product determined as per 1 and 2, should confirm to the ECBC 2007 recommended values given in the table 3.1 ,3.2 below for vertical and horizontal fenestrations
Table3.1: For vertical fenestration Maximum U-factor (W/m2Climate K) Moderate 6.9 Table 3.2: For horizontal fenestration Maximum U-factor (W/m2-K) Climate With Curb Moderate
frame, to the gross exterior roof
11.24
Note SRR = Skylight roof ratio which is the ratio of the total skylight area of the roof, measured to the outside of the
4. Air leakage through fenestration shall not exceed the ECBC 2007 recommended value of 2.0 l/s-m2 5. The minimum Window Wall Ratio on a facade, correlated to the visible light transmittance of the glass should be read from the graph given below for different Height to Separation ratios for building
38 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
90 80 70 60 50
VLT
50%
60%
Note: If the window area for WWR value for a space, read from the graph above, is less than 1/5th of the floor area, then minimum window area which should be provided will be taken as 1/5th of the floor area.
6.
*The
maximum permissible WWR on a facade should not exceed 60% as recommended in ECBC,2007 *are all mandatory clauses
3.2
1. In the non-conditioned buildings, penetration of direct solar radiation needs to be regulated. The critical Horizontal Solar Angle (HSA) and Vertical Solar Angle(VSA) for fenestrations located on the cardinal directions (as shown in the figure) given below in the table should be cut down by designing appropriate shading devices
Table 3.3: Solar Angles Cardinal Directions North East West South North-East (NE) North-West (NW) South-East (SE) South-West (SW)
Note
Solar Angles to be cut on various cardinal directions HSA (Horizontal Sun Angle) in VSA (Vertical Solar Angle) in Degrees Degree 37.8 79.4 -1 33.2 -5.9 58 -68.9 85.1 44 42.3 -50.9 68.3 -46 43.3 39.1 64
39 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
o o Angles have been measured from the normal to the fenestration Angles measured anti-clockwise from the normal of the fenestration have been shown with negative sign for HSA (horizontal sun angle)
2. The minimum Window Wall Ratio on a facade, correlated to the different Height to Separation ratios for non-conditioned commercial and residential buildings should be read from the table given below (with clear glass)
Table 3.4: For non-conditioned commercial buildings H/S ratio (height to separation between buildings) 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1 Table 3.5: For non-conditioned residential buildings H/S ratios (height to separation between buildings) 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1 2:1 3:1 Minimum WWR (%)required for adequate day lighting 20 20 20 20 20
Note: If the window area for WWR value for a space, read from the table above, is less than 1/5th of the floor area, then minimum window area which should be provided will be taken as 1/5th of the floor area.
3. *The maximum permissible WWR on a facade should not exceed 60% as recommended in ECBC,2007 *are all mandatory clauses 4. Guideline for Ventilation Optimize window design to integrate natural ventilation inside the built environment. It is mandatory to meet the thermal comfort parameters specified in National Building code 2005 for naturally ventilated spaces and minimum air change per hour specified in SP41: Handbook on Functional Requirement of Buildings. 5. Window opening requirement for Naturally ventilated Low rise Residential and Office Buildings a. Window openings, in order to allow outside air to enter the space, should orient between 45 to the East-West direction to optimize heat and solar heat gain b. Location of window openings, in order to facilitate cross ventilation, should be located opposite to each other on walls parallel to each other. The location of windows should be preferably on east and west wall functioning as inlet and outlet openings to maximize ventilation of the space.
40 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City c. The inlet and outlet openings, when added up, should be in the range of 27-56% of the floor area of that space and window wall ratio (WWR) in the range of 1836 %, or whichever is critical. d. In order to achieve the required air change per hour in a given space, use cross ventilation and stack ventilation mode of natural ventilation.
6. Window opening requirement for naturally ventilated High-rise Residential and Office Buildings
High-rise buildings, with height going beyond 10m or Ground plus floor storey, opening area should follow the table as given below:
Table 3.6: Opening area for naturally ventilated space in high rise building Acceptable Percentage of Area of Building Height Opening with respect to floor area (m) (%) 10 3.19 - 1.60 13 2.91 - 1.46 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 2.71 - 1.35 2.55 - 1.27 2.42 - 1.21 2.32 - 1.16 2.23 - 1.11 2.15 - 1.07 2.08 - 1.04 2.02 - 1.01 1.96 - 0.98 1.91 - 0.96 1.87-0.94 1.83 - 0.91 1.79 - 0.90 1.76 - 0.88 1.72 - 0.86 1.69 - 0.85 1.67 - 0.83 1.64 - 0.82 1.61 - 0.81 1.59 - 0.80 1.57-0.78 1.55 - 0.77 1.53 - 0.76 1.51 - 0.75 1.49 - 0.75 1.47 - 0.74 1.46 - 0.73 1.44 - 0.72
41 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
100 1.43 - 0.71
2. Solar heat gains in the form of radiation-The direct solar radiation entering into a conditioned space adds to the cooling load in summers and reduces heating load in winters in a building.
3. Infiltration-Infiltration is the uncontrolled leakage of air into a space from the outside through joints and cracks around window frame, sash, and glazing. The air tightness of a window depends on both the characteristics of the windowsuch as sash type and overall quality of window constructionand the quality of the installation.
42 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City Given below are various parameters, related to the thermal performance, of a window which should be appropriately selected to achieve energy efficiency in a air conditioned building
U-factor of fenestration
U-factor is a measure of the rate of non-solar heat flow through a window per unit area per unit temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. The U-factor of a single pane window is mainly due to the thin films of still air on the interior and moving air on the exterior glazing surfaces. The glazing itself doesnt offer much resistance to heat flow. Additional panes if added can noticeably reduce the U-factor by creating still air spaces. In addition to conventional double-pane windows, many manufacturers offer windows that incorporate relatively new technologies aimed at decreasing U-factors. These technologies include low-emittance (low-E) coatings and gas fills. A low-E coating is a microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide coating deposited on a glazing surface. The coating may be applied to one or more of the glazing surfaces facing an air space in a multiple-pane window. The coating limits radiative heat flow between panes by reflecting heat back. The air-gap between windowpanes can be filled with gases which have better thermal resistance property than air such as argon, krypton etc. Window frames are usually made of aluminum, steel, wood, vinyl, fiberglass, or composites of these materials. Wood, fiberglass, and vinyl frames are better insulators than metal. Some frames are designed with internal thermal breaks that reduce heat flow through the frame. These thermally broken frames can resist heat flow considerably better than those without thermal breaks.
SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) of fenestration The SHGC is the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released
43 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Projection Factor
For horizontal overhang Projection factor for overhang is calculated by measuring the depth of the overhang and dividing that by the distance from the bottom of the window to the lowest point of the overhang. For vertical fins Projection factor for vertical fin is calculated by measuring depth of the vertical fin and dividing it by the distance from the window jamb to the farthest point of the external shading projection.
SHGC for a window having an external shading device can be calculated by multiplying the SHGC value of the window with the M factor read from the table given below for different projection factors for different orientations.
Orientation N E/W S N
Overhang 'M' factor for the projection factor 0.25 0.50.750.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 + 0.88 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.8 0.65 0.64 0.74 0.76 0.56 0.52 0.69 0.73 0.5 0.43 0.66
Vertical Fin 'M' factor for projection factor 0.25 0.5- 0.750.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 + 0.74 0.8 0.79 0.73 0.67 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.6 0.57 0.52 0.6 0.56 0.5
Overhang + Vertical Fin 'M' factor for projection factors 0.25 0.5- 0.750.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 + 0.64 0.6 0.6 0.59 0.51 0.39 0.33 0.44 0.39 0.24 0.1 0.32 0.31 0.16 0.02 0.23
44 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
than 150 North Latitude E/W S 0.8 0.78 0.67 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.53 0.5 0.8 0.74 0.72 0.65 0.63 0.57 0.58 0.5 0.61 0.53 0.41 0.3 0.26 0.12 0.16 0.04
45 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City which is equal to the window width plus one meter on each of the window as indicated in the figure below
Day lighted perimeter zone for the space shown above will be having dimensions Depth (m) = 2 x Y Width (m) = X + 1 +1 The fenestration area, located above 1m but below 2.2 m is considered as vision window area. The vision window area is usually provided with the glass with lower VLT in order to reduce glare. The fenestration area located above 2.2 m is considered as daylight window area. Larger the daylight window area more will be the daylight penetration into a space. The daylight window area is usually provided with glass with higher VLT so as to receive daylight to the greater depths of the space. The daylight window area can be designed in form of light shelves, as shown in the figure above, which enhance the penetration of daylight.
46 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
When there are buildings standing opposite to each other the amount of daylight entering through the window gets reduced. For different height to the separation ratio (H/S) for buildings one an choose the minimum WWR and VLT from the graph given below to achieve good day light in the space
90 80 70 60 50
VLT
50%
60%
47 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City window. Windows on facades, facing different cardinal directions, should be provided by the shading devices which can cut the direct incident solar radiation for the critical solar angles.
Shading Devices
The external shading devices can be designed in various ways to stop the solar radiation entering through the window. The figures of the commonly found shading devices are given below
48 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City 408mm placed at a distance of 750mm as shown in the figure. The length and spacing can be calculated either by the drafting softwares like auto-cad, sketchup etc. by graphical method or it can be manually calculated by the mathematical formula given below
Depth of shading device = Spacing between the shading device x {tan (90 -VSA)} For a given VSA either of the values for Depth or Spacing between shading overhangs can be selected to get the value of other one.
Depth of vertical fins = Spacing between the vertical fins x {tan (90 -HSA)} For a given HSA either of the values for Depth or Spacing between vertical fins can be selected to get the value of other one.
It is always desirable to break single overhang with larger depth into multiple overhangs of smaller length. It enhances the amount of daylight penetration in the space. The figure in right shows the comparison between amount of daylight penetration for two shading devices, one with
49 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City single deep overhang and the other with multiple smaller overhangs.
H/S ratio (height to separation between buildings) 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1
To get the adequate daylight in a residential non-conditioned building one can choose for different Height to separation ratio the required WWR while installing a clear glass from the table given below
H/S ratios (height to separation between buildings) 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1 2:1 3:1 Minimum WWR (%)Required for adequate day lighting 10 10 10 20 20 50 60
Example of H/S ratio related to WWR for a non-conditioned residential building Calculate minimum WWR, needs to be provided, on a face of the wall of a building which is 18m high. There exists another building of same height opposite to the given facade at a distance of 9m. The H/S ratio for the building = Height/ Separation = 18/9 = 2/1 So for the H/S ratio of 2:1 the minimum WWR, to be provided on a face for adequate day lighting in the space, value read from table given above comes to be 50 %.
50 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 3.7: Desirable Wind speed (m/s) for Thermal Comfort Conditions: Clause 5.2.3.1, National Building Code 2005 Dry bulb Relative humidity (%) temperature (deg C) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 28 * * * * * * * 29 * * * * * 0.06 0.19 30 * * * 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85 31 * 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10 32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 ** 33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 ** ** ** 34 1.85 2.72 ** ** ** ** ** 35 3.20 ** ** ** ** ** ** Table 3.8: Air change schedule SP41: Handbook on Functional Requirement of Buildings Space to be ventilated in Residence Bedrooms Living rooms Offices Required air change per hour 3-6 3-6 3-6
ii.
Perform thermal comfort analysis using recommended air change per hour and opening size and compare the results with the above mentioned codes. Envelop requirements for the space can be used as mentioned below:
Table 3.9: Envelope Specifications Envelope with brick wall Composition Wall Plaster + brick + plaster Roof Plaster + concrete + expanded
51 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
polystyrene + plaster + stone Floor + stone + concrete + insulation Single clear glass Composition Plaster + concrete + plaster Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene + plaster + stone Floor + stone + concrete + insulation Single clear glass
Floor Glass for opening Envelope with concrete wall Wall Roof Floor Glass for opening
The detailed properties of the above mentioned envelopes can be found in the annexure.
iii.
The design of the windows must facilitate easy operation and should help in regulating the amount of opening as mentioned in the guidelines. Difference between window area and opening area: Window area represents the overall area of operable and fixed area of the opening. Opening area represents the area which will admit air into the space for ventilation
iv.
Image to illustrate window and opening area and option to operate v. Design of the window must facilitate operation of the window with ease. In the above image it has been shown that, sliding window can be one of the options for such operations. When cross ventilation and stack ventilation is used to enhance the air change per hour, the total area of the opening should be in the range as specified in the guideline. Conditions where outside air temperature exceeds the indoor temperature conditions, only stack ventilation mode should be used.
vi.
vii.
52 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City ii. Opening size in the window must be coherent with the wind speed achieved at a particular height as shown in the figure below.
iii. The recommended area of opening must follow all the design recommendation as outlined in the technical guidelines for naturally ventilated Low rise Residential and Office Buildings.
53 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
iii. Naturally ventilated buildings should have a narrow floor width; in fact its difficult to naturally ventilate buildings with floor depth more than 45feet. iv. For total area of openings (inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30% of floor area, the average indoor wind velocity that could be achieved is around 30% of outdoor wind velocity. Even on increasing the size of window further, the maximum indoor wind velocity does not exceed 40% of outside wind velocity v. It is recommended to keep the bottom side of the opening at 85 % of the critical height related with following pattern of activities and related occupancy to enhance physiological cooling.
Table 5: Critical Height requirement for Physiological cooling Activities based occupancy For sitting on chair For sitting on bed For sitting on floor Recommended height of the bottom side of opening 0.75 m 0.60 m 0.40 m.
vi. Use of clerestories or vented skylights, a clerestory or a vented skylight will provide an opening for stale air to escape in a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The light well of the skylight could also act as a solar chimney to augment the flow. Openings lower in the structure, such as basement windows, must be provided to complete the ventilation system.
54 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
3.4
Glossary
U-factor: It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given area, under standardized conditions. The usual standard is at a temperature gradient of 24 C, at 50% humidity with no wind. Orientation: It is the direction an envelope element faces, i.e., the direction of a vector perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element. Natural Ventilation: Supply of outside air into a building through window or other openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building. Stack Effect: Convection effect arising from temperature or vapour pressure difference (or both) between outside and inside of the room and the difference of height between the outlet and inlet openings.
3.5 References
Bureau of Indian Standards, 1987, Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings National Building Code- 2007 Sustainable Architectural Design for Bioclimatic High rise Office Building by Ms Minni Mehrotra, MA Dissertation September 2004
55 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Annexure
Details of Envelops: Envelope with Brick wall WALL Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k kJ/kg . K Kg/m3 Plaster 1.39 1 200 Brick 0.89 1 1800 Plaster 1.39 200 Total thickness ROOF Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k kJ/kg . K Kg/m3 Plaster 1.39 1 200 Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 Expanded 1.47 25 polystyrene 0.04 plaster 1.39 1 200 stone 1.39 1 2000 Total thickness GROUND FLOOR Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k KJ/kg. K Kg/m3 Floor 0.07 1 800 Stone 1.39 1 2000 concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 insulation 0.04 0.8 40 Total thickness Envelop with concrete wall: WALL Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k kJ/kg . K Kg/m3 Plaster 1.39 1 200 Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 Plaster 1.39 1 200 Total thickness ROOF Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k KJ/kg. K Kg/m3 Plaster 1.39 1 200 Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 Expanded 1.47 25 polystyrene 0.04 plaster 1.39 1 200 stone 1.39 1 2000 Total thickness GROUND FLOOR Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Materials W/m. k kJ/kg . K Kg/m3 Floor 0.07 1 800 Stone 1.39 1 2000 concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 insulation 0.04 0.8 40 Total thickness Thickness (mm) 15 230 20 265 mm Thickness (mm) 15 300 100 40 20 475 mm Thickness (mm) 5 60 240 80 385 mm U-Value W/m2K U-Value W/m2K 2.203
U-Value W/m2K
0.349
0.417
Thickness (mm) 15 230 20 265 mm Thickness (mm) 15 300 100 40 20 475 mm Thickness (mm) 5 60 240 80 385 mm
U-Value W/m2K
0.349
U-Value W/m2K
0.417
*The
installed interior lighting power should not exceed the LPD (lighting power density) value as recommended by Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 (applicable for all new and existing commercial buildings) *Install lighting controls as recommended by ECBC 2007 (applicable for all new and existing commercial buildings) Select lamps with high Colour Rendering Index (CRI). Lamps Lamps used for general lighting scheme should comply to the following o Point Light Source All the point light sources installed in the building for general lighting should be CFL or LED based with minimum lamp efficacy of 50 lm/W o Linear Light Source All the linear light sources installed in the building for general lighting should be T-5 or at least 4 Star BEE rated TFLs (applicable for all new and existing commercial buildings) *Ballasts All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should be electronic or low loss copper ballasts (applicable for all new and existing commercial buildings) *are mandatory criteria
*The
*Ballasts All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should be electronic or low loss copper ballasts (applicable for all new and existing residential buildings) *are mandatory criteria
*Ballasts All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should be electronic or low loss copper ballasts *Integration with Renewable Energy Sources 15% of the total external lighting load or load of 25% (in numbers) of the total external lighting fixtures whichever is higher should be met from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel-cells and so on). *are mandatory criteria
Use of efficient Lamps Depending upon the kind of application, the following lamp types can
be used in external lighting scheme to improve the efficiency High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps (HPSV) High Pressure Sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. The efficacy of HPSV varies from 50 -140 lumens/watt and lamp life is around 16000 -24000 hrs. The color rendering index of these lamps is quite low. These lamps can be primarily used for applications where lighting from a height around 5m is desired such as for the drive ways in a campus or car parking etc.
Metal Halide Lamps (MH) Metal halide lamps are similar in construction and appearance to mercury vapor lamps. The addition of metal halide gases to mercury gas within the lamp results in higher light output, more lumens per watt (50-110 lumen/watt) and a higher color rendition index than from mercury gas alone. Metal halide lamps have shorter lifetimes (5,00020,000 hours) compared to both mercury vapor and high-pressure sodium lamps. Metal halide lamps in external lighting are used when better color rendition is required such as facade lighting etc.
Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamp is a lowpressure mercury electric discharge lamp with a glass tube filled with a mixture of argon gas and mercury vapour at low pressure. When current flows through the ionized gas between the electrodes, it emits ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the mercury arc which is then converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the tube. Fluorescent lamps are usually available in various colors i.e. warm white, normal white, cool white etc. Fluorescent lamp efficacy is around 40-100 lumen/watt and the average life of the lamp varies from 10000 24000 hrs. The color rendering of the fluorescent lamps is very good.
Table 4.1: Lamps and control gears used in outdoor lighting should be selected based on the minimum efficacy values given in the table below Light Source Minimum allowable luminous efficacy (lm/W) CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) 50 LEDs (light emitting diodes) 50 Fluorescent Lamps 75 Metal Halide Lamps 75 High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 90
The exterior lighting power for the applications as mentioned in the table given below as per ECBC 2007 should be calculated and it should be in the limit of recommended values in the table
Table 4.2: Exterior Lighting Power Densities Exterior Lighting Applications Power Limits 2 (1.3W/ft2) of canopied area Building entrance (with canopy) 13W/m Building entrance (without canopy) 90W/lin m (30 W/lin ft) of door width Building exit 60W/lin m (20 W/lin ft) of door width Building Facades 2W/m2 (0.2W/ft2) of vertical facade area
Lighting Design
Lighting systems and equipment shall comply with the provisions of Energy conservation building Code, 2007 as outlined below Lighting requirements are applicable to following Interior spaces of buildings,
Exterior building features, including facades, illuminated roofs, architectural features, entrances, exits, loading docks, and illuminated canopies, and, Exterior building grounds lighting that is provided through the building's electrical service.
Exceptions
The following lighting equipment and applications shall not be considered when determining the interior lighting power allowance, nor shall the wattage for such lighting be included in the installed interior lighting power. However, any such lighting shall not be exempt unless it is an addition to general lighting and is controlled by an independent control device. Display or accent lighting that is an essential element for the function performed in galleries, museums, and monuments, Lighting that is integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed by its manufacturer, Lighting specifically designed for medical or dental procedures and lighting integral to medical equipment, Lighting integral to food warming and food preparation equipment, Lighting for plant growth or maintenance, Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by the visually impaired, Lighting in retail display windows, provided the display area is enclosed by ceiling height partitions, Lighting in interior spaces that have been specifically designated as a registered interior historic landmark, Lighting that is an integral part of advertising or directional signage, Exit signs, Lighting that is for sale or lighting educational demonstration systems, lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, and film or video production Athletic playing areas with permanent facilities for television broadcasting.
Table 4.3: Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method Building Area Type Automotive Facility Convention Center Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food Dining: Family Dormitory/Hostel Gymnasium Healthcare-Clinic Hospital/Health Care Hotel Library Manufacturing Facility Motel Motion Picture Theater LPD (W/m2) Building Area Type 9.7 Multifamily Residential 12.9 Museum 14.0 Office 15.1 Parking Garage 17.2 Performing Arts Theater 10.8 Police/Fire Station 11.8 Post Office/Town Hall/ 10.8 Religious Building 12.9 Retail/Mall 10.8 School/University 14.0 Sports Arena 14.0 Transportation 10.8 Warehouse 12.9 Workshop LPD (W/m2) 7.5 11.8 10.8 3.2 17.2 10.8 11.8 14.0 16.1 12.9 11.8 10.8 8.6 15.1
In cases where both a general building area type and a specific building area type are listed, the specific building area type shall apply.
Table 4.4: Interior Lighting Power Space Function Method Space Function Office-enclosed Office-open plan Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose Classroom/Lecture/Training Lobby For Hotel For Performing Arts Theater For Motion Picture Theater Audience/Seating Area For Gymnasium LPD (W/m2) Space Function 11.8 Library 11.8 Card File & Cataloging 14.0 Stacks 15.1 Reading Area 14.0 Hospital 11.8 Emergency 35.5 Recovery 11.8 Nurse Station 9.7 Exam Treatment 4.3 Pharmacy Patient Room For Convention Center 7.5 Operating Room 29.1 8.6 10.8 16.1 12.9 7.5 23.7 11.8 18.3 12.9 LPD (W/m2)
Luminaire Wattage
Luminaire wattage incorporated into the installed interior lighting power shall be determined in accordance with the following: a. The wattage of incandescent luminaires with medium base sockets and not containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the maximum labeled wattage of the luminaires. b. The wattage of luminaires containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the operating input wattage of the specified lamp/ballast combination based on values from manufacturers catalogs or values from independent testing laboratory reports. c. The wattage of all other miscellaneous luminaire types not described in (a) or (b) shall be the specified wattage of the luminaires. d. The wattage of lighting track, plug-in bus-way, and flexible-lighting systems that allow the addition and/or relocation of luminaires without altering the wiring of the system shall be the larger of the specified wattage of the luminaires included in the system or 135 W/m (45 W/ft). Systems with integral overload protection, such as fuses or circuit breakers, shall be rated at 100% of the maximum rated load of the limiting device.
Luminaire efficiency
The efficiency of a luminaire is the ratio of luminaire lumen output to the lamp lumen output. Mirror optics of a luminaire and louvers decides the luminaire efficiency along with the improved visual comfort and glare control. Lighting simulation tools can be used to choose which luminaire will suit best the required application by analysing the lighting distribution and glare index. Efficient luminaire also plays an important role for energy conservation in lighting. The choice of a luminaire should be such that it is efficient not only initially but also throughout its life. Following luminaries are recommended by the NBC 2005 for different locations For offices semi-direct type of luminaries are recommended so that both the work plane illumination and surround luminance can be effectively enhanced. For corridors and staircases direct type of luminaries with wide spread of light distribution are recommended. In residential buildings, bare fluorescent tubes are recommended. Wherever the incandescent lamps are employed, they should be provided with white enamelled conical reflectors at an inclination of about 45from vertical.
Ballasts
All discharge lamps, including fluorescents, require ballast for proper operation. Typical ballast losses are taken as approximately 15% of the lamp wattage. It is important to include calculation of ballast losses when comparing consumption and savings of different kinds of lamps.
New electronic or solid state ballasts, now available in market, save approximately 20 30% in energy consumption over standard ballasts. Electronic ballasts usually change the frequency of the power from the standard mains (e.g., 50 Hz in India) frequency to 20,000 Hz or higher, substantially eliminating the stroboscopic effect of flicker associated with fluorescent lighting. In addition, because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamps actually operate at about 9% higher efficiency above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Because of the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the improvement of lamp efficiency by operating at a higher frequency, electronic ballasts offer higher system efficiency.
T-5
Bureau of energy efficiency, India in its appliance energy labelling program has rated various tubular fluorescent lamps, by different manufacturers, on the basis of the energy consumption and light output. Given below is the table listing out the BEE rated TFL lamps
Table 4.5: BEE (bureau of energy efficiency) rated TFL lamps S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Product TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL Brand OSRAM OSRAM OSRAM PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS WIPRO WIPRO WIPRO CROMPTON CROMPTON Samsung SURYA GALAXY MYNA SURYA SURYA GALAXY GALAXY OSRAM OSRAM OSRAM PHILIPS PHILIPS WIPRO WIPRO WIPRO ANCHOR ANCHOR CROMPTON CROMPTON CROMPTON BAJAJ BAJAJ HIND HIND MYNA MYNA GE Watt 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 36 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 36 W 36 W 40 W 40 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 40 W 36 W 36 W 40 W 40 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 36 W 36 W Lamp Type HL Tubular Fluorescent Lamp HL Tubular Fluorescent Lamp HL Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Ultralite Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Ultralite Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Ultralite Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Power-Lux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Power-Lux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp SUPER BRIGHT Tubular Fluorescent Lamp SUPER BRIGHT Tubular Fluorescent Lamp high lumen Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp K SLIMLITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp SLIMLITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp OSRAM BASIC PLUS TFL Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp PREMIUM Tubular Fluorescent Lamp SAFELITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Super Saver Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Brightlux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp GE SLENDER TFL Star Rating 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 4 Star 4 Star 4 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL TFL
40 W 36 W 40 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 40 W 36 W 40 W 40 W
GE Standard TFL CEMA Energy Saver CEMA TC 3 Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Lamp
3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 2 Star
Light emitting diodes LEDs are small in size but can be grouped together for higher intensity. The efficacy of a typical residential application LED is approximately 20 lumens per watt though 100 lumens per watt have been created in laboratory conditions. LEDs are better at placing lighting in a single direction than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. LED strip lights can be installed under counters, in hallways, and in staircases; concentrated arrays can be used for room lighting. Waterproof, outdoor fixtures are also available. Some manufacturers consider applications such as gardens, walkways, and decorative fixtures outside garage doors to be the most costefficient. LED lights are more rugged and damage-resistant than compact fluorescents and incandescent bulbs. LED lights don't flicker. They are very heat sensitive; excessive heat or inappropriate applications dramatically reduce both light output and lifetime. Uses include: Task and reading lamps Linear strip lighting (under kitchen cabinets) Recessed lighting/ceiling cans Porch/outdoor/landscaping lighting Art lighting
Night lights Stair and walkway lighting Pendants and overhead Retrofit bulbs for lamps LEDs last considerably longer than incandescent or fluorescent lighting. LEDs don't typically burn out like traditional lighting, but rather gradually decrease in light output.
Occupancy sensors
These devices also known as motion detectors turn lights off and on in response to human presence. Once sensitivity and coverage area is established, sensors are selected from two predominant technology types.
Ultrasonic sensors
These detect movement by sensing disturbances in high-frequency ultrasonic patterns. Because this technology emits ultrasonic waves that are reflected around the room surfaces, it does not require a direct line of sight. It is more sensitive to motion towards and away from the sensor and its sensitivity decreases relative to its distances from the sensor. It also does not have a definable coverage pattern or field of view. These characteristics make it suitable for use in layer-enclosed areas that may have cabinets, shelving, partitions, or other obstructions. If necessary, these technologies can also be combined into one product to improve detection and reduce the likelihood of triggering a false on or off mode.
Photocells
These measure the amount of natural light available and suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications. When available light falls below a specified level, a control unit switches the lights on (or adjusts a driver to provide more light). Photocells can be programmed so that lights do not flip on and off on partially cloudy days.
Case Study Methodology to design an efficient lighting scheme for a new building
In order to arrive at the optimum combination, the following options have been analysed 1. Case 1 Analyse the proposed case (given by architect) 2. Case -2 Modification in the proposed case to achieve visual comfort if not met 3. Case3 Select Luminaire with twin fitting of 28 W T-5 lamp with higher luminaire efficiency 4. Case-4: Use efficient low glare fixture with twin 36W CFL lamp mirror optic luminaries/lamps/ballasts
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken for the analysis: Project maintenance factor = 0.8 Reflectance of Ceiling = 0.7 Walls = 0.5 Floor = 0.3 The existing lighting design incorporates luminaire which is Philips TMC501 with 40W fluorescent tube lights (2450 lumen is the output of standard T12 40W tube light)
Observation:
In order to achieve the desired illuminance levels as recommended by NBC, the number of fixtures has to be optimised so that the lighting power density should not exceed the ECBC 2007 guideline. The desired lux levels and uniformity can be achieved for lower lighting power density values with a combination luminaires with better mirror optics and high efficiency triphosphor tube lights and CFLs.
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 1 below that the average lighting levels of the office room is 84 and it is not conforming the recommended NBC-2005 standard. b. The energy efficiency point of view, the overall LPD achieved for the office room is 3.85 W/m2 which is below the ECBC 2007 recommended value. c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.49
Table 4.6: Case 1 Illumination level and LPD of the office room Floor Area No. of fixture Average illumination level (lux) 84 LPD (W/m2) Uniformity ratio (Min/Avg) 0.49 NBC illumination level (lux) 300-500 ECBC recommended LPD 11.8
Ground floor
3.85
Figure 4.1: Rendered image and Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Case 2 analysis: Modification in the proposed case to achieve visual comfort if not met
The lighting scheme consists of the same mono-phosphor lamp but the number of fixtures has been increased in order to meet the illuminance levels as recommended by NBC. Given below is the luminaire specification 1. Manufacturer : Philips 2. Luminaire Type : TMC501 3. Lamp Type : 1x40 W TLD 4. Lumen Output : 2450lm/lamp 5. Ballast power loss : 15W 6. Total power consumption of lamp : 55W/lamp
Observation:
1. It has been observed from the table 2 given below that the average lighting levels of the office room is 403 and it is not conforming the recommended NBC-2005 standard. 2. The energy efficiency point of view, the overall LPD achieved for the office room is 13.42 W/m2 which is higher than the ECBC 2007 recommended value. 3. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.74
Table 4.7: Case 2 Illumination level and LPD of the office room Average No. of illumination LPD(W/m2) Floor Area fixture level (lux) Ground floor (Office) Staff for seating 21 403 13.42
Figure 4.2: Rendered image and Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Case 3 analysis: Select Luminaire with twin fitting of 28 W T-5 lamp with higher luminaire efficiency
The general lighting schemes in this case has been designed considering the 2 x 28W advanced recessed luminaries with D8 Micro-optics, with excellent glare control. Given below is the luminaire specification Manufacturer :Philips Luminaire Type :TBS 814 Lamp Type :2x28 W TLD Lumen Output :2900lm/lamp Ballast power loss :2W Total power consumption of lamp :30W/lamp
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 3 given below that the average lighting levels of the office room is 412 and it is conforming to the recommended NBC-2005 standard. b. The overall LPD achieved for the office room is 6.7 which is below the ECBC 2007 recommended value. c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.48, same as the previous case.
Table 4.8: Case 3 Illumination level and LPD of the office room Average No. of LPD Floor Area illumination fixture (W/m2) level (lux) Ground floor (Office) Staff for seating 18 412 6.7
Case 4 analysis: Use efficient low glare fixture with twin 36W CFL lamp mirror optic luminaries/lamps/ballasts
The general lighting schemes in this case has been designed considering luminaire with 2 x 36W CFL, highly efficient with wide paralite P5 louvres to achieve low glare. Electronic ballast with nominal power factor of 0.90- 0.95 has been considered. The luminaire specifications are given below Manufacturer : Wipro Luminaire Type : WIP48236 Lamp Type : 2x36 W CFL Lumen Output : 2900lm/lamp Ballast power loss : 4W Total power consumption of lamp : 40W/lamp
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 4 given below that the average lighting levels of the office room is 464 and it is conforming to the recommended NBC-2005 standard. b. The overall LPD achieved for the office room is 11.8 which is exactly the same as recommended in ECBC 2007. c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.53, which seems to be better than other.
Table 4.9: Case 4 Illumination level and LPD of the office room Average No. of LPD Floor Area illumination fixture (W/m2) level (lux) Ground floor (Office) Staff for seating 20 464 11.8
Summary of analysis
Table 4.10: Summary of analysis and recommendation of the artificial lighting Average Illumination level achieved Typical Lighting power density achieved (W/m2) Area (lux) Illumination level (lux) as per NBC 2005 ECBC 2007 recommen ded LPD 11.8
Case1
Case2
Case3
Case4
Case1
Case2
Case3
Case4
Office room
84
403
412
464
300-500
3.85
13.42
6.7
11.8
Table 4.11: Life cycle cost comparison Outputs Units Lamp wattage Initial cost Operating hr/d Energy consumption/yr Energy rate Maintenance cost Energy cost LCC KW Rs Hrs/day KWh/yr Rs/kWh Rs Rs/yr Rs
Recommendation
It is clear from the Figure 5, that initial cost for case 3 is slightly high in but at the end of the cycle time, it gives better saving. Hence case 3 option i.e. TBS 814/228 D8 HF is the best option among the other alternatives.
Conclusion
The main findings of the study are as follows: With proposed design i.e. the case 1, the illumination levels are very low. No doubt lighting load will be less but this may cause visual discomfort and not advisable.
Inefficient lighting luminaire (along with lamp) may produce required illumination but at a higher lighting power density value which will increase the lighting energy consumption, Use of efficient lighting fixtures along with efficient lamps will not only produce the required illumination but also provide check on the increasing energy demand. Therefore it is highly recommended to use such fixtures in place of inefficient ones in existing lighting schemes. Using efficient lighting equipment will definitely increase the initial or first cost but the total cost or the life cycle cost, which includes both the first cost and recurring cost (energy & maintenance cost) of such lighting schemes, if calculated for a period of fifteen years, comes out to be less than the LCC of a system which is designed with cheaper and inefficient equipment to produce same illumination.
1.
Lighting power density Lighting power density in a residential building should comply with ECBC recommended value given above in Table 3, 4. Following can be applied in order to keep LPD in the recommended value a. Lamp Selection Lamps with high efficacies, examples given in the above part, should be used for general lighting. b. Ballasts Electronic ballasts or low loss copper ballast can result in higher system efficacies and reduce losses. c. Luminaire efficiency The decorative luminaires used in the residential building in general have translucent surfaces which reduces the luminaire efficiency of a fixture and results in installing more number of fixture for same illuminance levels. While selecting the lamp, fixtures having high translucency should be selected. 2. Reflectance of surfaces Spaces which have finishes dark in color leads to install more number of lamps for similar illuminance levels. Ceiling, wall and other surfaces should be of light color so as to achieve better light distribution and illuminance levels. 3. Lighting Design Lighting design in a residential area plays key role in governing the efficiency of the design. Following factor should be kept in mind while designing lighting scheme for residential building Lamps with suitable wattage need to be selected for different spaces depending upon the space geometry. It is always desirable to have multiple fixtures instead of providing single fixture of higher wattage. Lamp placement should be such that o One can achieve better light distribution in space o One can utilize the natural light available in daytime from the fenestration and dont have to switch on lamps unnecessarily
Case Study
The case study described below for a 3-BHK apartment shows the importance of all the above mentioned parameters such as lamp selection, control gear selection, placement of fixtures etc. in making a lighting scheme efficient one
7.5 x 13 = 97.5
7.5 x 28 = 210
7.5 x 52 = 390
Connected load including ballast 4 x (40 + 15) = 220W 3 x 60 = 180W Total = 400W Upper limit = 390W Hence inefficient design
Option 1
Now, for Option 2, as shown in the figure, the linear lighting sources are 28 W T5 FTLs with electronic ballasts and point sources are 15 W CFLs with electronic ballast. The lighting load in Option 2 for the space comes out to be 165 W only which is quite low than the upper limit value of 390 W; hence the lighting scheme in Option 2 is an efficient one.
Connected load including ballast 4 x (28 + 2) = 120W 3 x 15 = 45W Total = 165W Upper limit = 390W Hence efficient design
Option 2
2. Lighting Design Existing lighting design needs to be studied on factors mentioned below and if possible should be modified appropriately as given in the case study above a. Light distribution in space b. Utilization of daylight during day time from windows c. Placement of lighting fixtures
Lighting Manufacturer contact details SN 1 Name Asian Electronics Address 1799/430, 490, Srigandakavala, Magadi Main Road, Sunradan Kahle Vishsaneedam , Banglore-560091 Bajaj Bhavan, NO 16, Residency Rod Bangalore - 560025 CENTRAL ELECTRIC & RADIO CO. 14-16, Lohar Chawl, Mumbai - 400 002. (India) 5, Lok Nayak Bhawan, Khan Market New Delhi - 110003 Plot No. 42/1 & 45/14 Electronic City - Phase II Bangalore 560100 No.6, "Legacy" 1st Floor Convent Road, Richmond Town Bangalore - 560025 6th Floor, Emerald, Madras Bank Road (Lavelle Road) Bangalore - 560001 15, Shree Krishna CHS, Opp. Prince Mangal Karyalya Near Apsara Theatre Pune - Maharashtra India 411 037 Unit No# 301 - 303, MADISON ,4th Floor, Airport Road (1/3 Kodihalli Main Road) Bangalore - 560008 The Estate, 4th floor (North Wing) (Next to Manipal Centre) 121, Dickenson Road Bangalore - 560042, India. No.98, 1st Floor Main New timber Yard Layout Mysore Road Bangalore - 560026 Doddakannelli, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore - 560035 Contact details Ph: 080 3488974
Bajaj Electricals
Ph: 080-2238984 Fax: 080-2214878 Ph: 022-2208 1125 / 2208 1183 Fax: 022-2200 1693 Ph: 011-24617795, 24692863 Fax: 91-11-24633004 Ph +91-80-28528355 / 375 to 380 Fax: +91-80-28528366 Ph: 080-30527032
CERCO Lighting
4 5
Halonix Lighting
Ph: 080-39882100, 080-30515801, 080-30515802/3/4 Fax: 080-22112663 Ph. 020-26455525, 26455526 Mobile 93255 10557, 92700 52758
10
11
Surya Roshni
12
Wipro Lighting
Achieve inside design condition in a conditioned space as recommended by National Building Code with energy efficient HVAC design by following mandatory requirements as recommended in Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India.
5.2
Technical Notes
Following are the guidelines to achieve energy efficiency in air conditioning system design
It should be noted that first step to reduce energy consumption in an air conditioning system is to reduce dependence on air conditioning. Therefore it is suggested to delineate spaces that need air conditioning and that do not need air conditioning. Reduction of air conditioned area can reduce both AC loads and energy consumed. Areas such as lobbies, corridors, and atrium need not be air conditioned in the Moderate climate of Bangalore. Next step is to optimise cooling load by judiciously selecting inside design conditions, outdoor design
84 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
conditions, ventilation rate and pre-cooling of fresh air required for maintaining good indoor quality by properly heat or energy recovery from cooled exhaust air. Finally its the efficient equipment selection coupled with adequate computer operated controls which optimises the energy performance of the air conditioning systems.
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii)
Office Buildings Radio and Television Studios Departmental Stores Hotel Guest Rooms Class Room Auditoriums Recovery Rooms Patient Rooms Operation Theatres Museums and libraries Telephone Terminal Rooms
85 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
MCWB 19.6
DB 33.1
MCWB 19.2
WB 23.5
WB 22.5
MCDB 27.7
* DB: Dry bulb temperature, MCWB: Mean coincidental wet bulb temperature, WB: Wet bulb temperature, MCDB: Mean coincidental dry bulb
temperature
Values of ambient dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures against the various annual percentiles represent the value that is exceeded on average by the indicated percentage of the total number of hours. The 0.4 %, 1.0% and 2.0% values are exceeded on average 35, 88 and 175 hours in a year. For normal comfort jobs values in 1% column should be used for cooling load estimation. For critical applications values in 0.4% column should be used for cooling load estimation.
Air Class
86 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
person Office Buildings Office space Reception areas Telephone/data entry Main entry lobbies 5 5 5 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
#/100 m2 5 30 60 10 17 7 6 11
Supply Air
Outdoor Air
EA and OA Filters
87 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Air handling units or treated fresh air systems that have both a design supply air capacity of 5000 cubic feet minute (cfm) or greater and have a minimum outdoor air supply of 70% or greater of the design supply air quantity shall have an energy recovery system with at least 50% recovery effectiveness. Fifty percent energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change in enthalpy of outdoor air supply equal to 50% of the difference between the outdoor air and return air at design conditions. Provision shall also be made to bypass or control the energy recovery system to permit air economizer operation.
5. Cooling demand
It is recommended that for different building typologies in Bangalore the cooling demand or load shall not exceed 500 Sqft /TR.
(1) Air system design shall be equipped to operate in 100% outside fresh air mode.
Night purging In daytime occupied buildings which are only occupied in day time, air conditioned systems are kept switched off during nigh and on week ends. That means excessive heat is not removed from spaces during that period. This heat remains in the space and when air conditioned systems are switched on next day in the morning this heat built up need to be removed. That compels air conditioning system to operate at higher load and for longer duration and increases energy consumption. At night when outside temperature drops in Bangalore the cooled air can be used to flush the excessive heat from the spaces during night
88 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
and this is termed as night purging. However, night purging is only possible if more and more outside fresh air is pumped in the spaces during night or early morning. The existing AHUs are designed to provide only required outside fresh air which is generally 20% of the total air quantity circulated by the AHUs. In night purging recirculation of air is unwanted since it would not able to remove excessive heat therefore AHUs shall have provision with the help of sensors, dampers and supply and/or return fans to operate in 100% fresh air mode for nigh purging to eliminate or reduce heat built up during night and week ends.
Free cooling
Air-side economizers They can save energy in buildings by using cool outside air as a means of cooling the indoor space. When the enthalpy of the outside air is less than the enthalpy of the re circulated air, conditioning the outside air is more energy efficient than conditioning re circulated air. When the outside air is sufficiently cool, no additional conditioning of it is needed; this portion of the air-side economizer control scheme is called free cooling. Air-side economizers can reduce HVAC energy costs in cold and temperate climates while also potentially improving indoor air quality and shall be used in moderate climate of Bangalore wherever applicable. Air side Economizers should be designed in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1.2007 which is explained below. Design capacity Air economizer systems shall be capable of modulating outdoor air and return air dampers to provide up to 100% of the design supply air quantity as outdoor air for cooling Control signal Economizer dampers shall be capable of being sequenced with the mechanical cooling equipment and shall not be controlled by only mixed air temperature. However, the use of mixed air temperature limit control shall be permitted for the systems controlled from space temperature e.g., single-zone systems High-limit shutoff All air economizers shall be capable of automatically reducing outdoor air intake to the design minimum outdoor air quantity when outdoor air intake will no longer reduce cooling energy usage. The high-limit shutoff control types and settings for those controls shall be as recommended in ASHRAE standard 90.1.2007.
89 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
conjunction with the cooling demand that would lead to over cooling which in turn cause both discomfort and energy wastage. The AHUs used in most of the comfort cooling are constant air volume that means the air quantity they circulate is constant and hence fan operates as constant speed. The part load operating capacity of AHUs can be controlled either by increasing the supply air temperature which is possible by varying the chilled water flow in coil with same air quantity or by varying the air quantity but keeping the supply air temperature same. However, it has been observed that the best comfort conditions can be provided if AHUs have provision for both. It is recommended that AHUs shall have provision to vary supply air quantity in response to the varying cooling demand with a minimum supply air capacity up to 50% of the design supply air capacity. This can be achieved by installing variable frequency drives on constant speed fans fitted in AHUs. Variable frequency drives are devices used for varying the speed of fans to exactly match the supply air quantity required to provide required cooling in the conditioned space. A VFD consists of an input rectifier (which converts AC to DC) followed by an inverter (that inverts DC to AC) connected through a DC intermediate voltage link and operates in response to the return air temperature.
(kW)
0.37 0.55 0.75
90 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.1 1.5 2.2 3.7 5.5 7.5 9.3 11 15 18.5 22 30 37 45 55 75 90 110 125 132 160
82.8 84.1 85.6 87.5 88.6 89.5 90 90.5 91.3 91.8 92.2 92.9 93.3 93.7 94 94.6 95 95 95.3 95.3 95.5
83.8 85 86.4 88.3 89.2 90.1 90.5 91 91.8 92.2 92.6 93.2 93.6 93.9 94.2 94.7 95 95.2 95.5 95.5 95.8
1. Chiller efficiency as per ECBC recommendations (foot note of ASHRAE 90.1.2007 to be included).
All cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented in Tables below: Minimum Minimum S No. Equipment Class Test Standard COP IPLV
91 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1 2 3 4 5 6 S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 19 and <40 kW ( 5.4 and <11 tons ) Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 40 to <70 kW (11 to Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 70 kW (20 tons) Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner <19 kW (<5.4 tons) Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner 19 and <40 kW (5.4 and <11 tons ) Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner <40 kW (11 tons ) Equipment Class Air Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) Air Cooled Chiller 530 kW (150 tons) Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW (<150 tons) Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller 530 and <1050 kW ( 150 and <300 tons) Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller 1050 kW ( 300 tons) Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller all sizes Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller (<150 tons) <530 kW Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller 530 and <1050 kW (150 and <300 tons) Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller 1050 kW ( 300 tons) 5.75 Minimum COP 2.9 3.05 5.8 5.8 6.3 4.2 4.7 5.4
3.08 3.08 2.93 4.1 4.1 3.22 Minimum IPLV 3.16 3.32 6.09 6.17 6.61 5.05 5.49 6.17 3.02 2.99
ARI 210/240 ARI 340/360 ARI 340/360 ARI 210/240 ARI 210/240 ARI 210/240 Test Standard ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998 ARI 550/590-1998
6.43
ARI 550/590-1998
92 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
efficiency of chiller and whatever advantage is gained in saving pumping energy ay be lost in increased chiller energy. Bangalore climate also does not demand a lower chilled water temperature for humidity control. Therefore it is recommended that for water chillers in comfort applications the supply chilled water temperature shall not be lower than 44 o F.
4. All unitary systems (split & window unit) shall be BEE 5 Star rated. BEE standard & labeling program
The Objectives of Standards & Labeling Program is to provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy saving, and thereby the cost saving potential of the marketed household and other equipment. This is expected to impact the energy savings in the medium and long run while at the same time it will position domestic industry to compete in such markets where norms for energy efficiency are mandatory. The scheme was launched in May, 2006 and is currently invoked for equipments/appliances (Frost Free(No-Frost) refrigerator, Tubular Fluorescent Lamps, Room Air Conditioners, Direct Cool Refrigerator, Distribution Transformer, Induction Motors, Pump Sets, Ceiling Fans, LPG, Electric Geysers and Color TV).
Table5.5: Star rating band valid from 01 January to 31 December 2012 Star Rating Min EER (W/W) Max
93 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
It is recommended that only a BEE five star rated room air conditioners shall be used for air conditioning of spaces.
G UIDELINE 6: Replace existing equipment by minimum 3 star rated BEE labeled appliances equipment and use minimum 3 star rated BEE labeled appliances/equipment in all new buildings
All the new buildings have to be equipped with the appliances labeled by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). BEE has labeled refrigerators, Tube lights, distribution transformer, air-conditioners and induction motors. Minimum 3 star rated appliances should be used. Retrofit and replacement in existing premises shall be made only by minimum 3 star rated BEE labeled appliances Note: (As of January 2010, Labeling is mandatory for frost free refrigerator, air conditioner, tubular fluorescent lamp and distribution transformer. Minimum level of labeling is 1 star)
Mandatory requirement in all procurement norms for government and public buildings
All the new buildings have to be equipped with the appliances labeled by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). BEE has labeled refrigerators, Tube lights, distribution transformer, airconditioners and induction motors. Minimum 3 star rated appliances should be used. Retrofit and replacement in existing premises shall be made only by minimum 3 star rated BEE labeled appliances
6.1
Guidance Notes
95 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Installing an AC
While installing an AC, ensure that the exterior (or back) of the AC is not exposed to direct sunlight and is away from heat sources such as chimneys. Efficient airflow across the exterior would ensure efficient operation of the AC. Make sure that air does not escape through doors and windows by sealing them properly. This would help in reducing energy consumption. To optimize the efficiency of the AC ensure that equipments such as televisions, computers or lamps are placed away from it.
Operating an AC
The energy consumed by an AC is also affected by its operation. Set the temperature higher to reduce energy consumption. It is estimated that a temperature setting of 23 C consumes 10% more energy than a temperature setting of 26 C. A few ACs equipped with the sleep mode enable savings during operation.
Maintaining an AC
Regular maintenance of ACs helps in improving their efficiency. Clean the filters of the AC at least once in 15 days to ensure efficient airflow and cooling. Also, to enable the AC to operate efficiently, the exterior part (or back) of the AC should be free fromdust, preventing blockage.
Refrigerators
Refrigerators are one of the highest consumers of electricity in houses. However, they have become significantly efficient in the past few years, and are still improving. A typical refrigerator has a lifespan of 1520 years. The cost of running it over that time period is several times the initial purchase price. So buy the most efficient model available; investing a little more in a refrigerator with higher efficiency offers solid payback. When you buy a new refrigerator, buy the most efficient model available. A listing of energy efficient appliances can be found at the Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website - www.bee-nic.in & www.energymanagertraning.com. Smaller models will obviously use less energy than larger models. Generally, the larger the refrigerator, the greater the energy consumption. Don't buy a refrigerator that's larger than you need. But one large refrigerator will use less energy than two smaller ones with the same total volume. Models with top- or bottom-mounted freezers average 12% less energy use than side-by-side designs. Features like through-the-door ice, chilled water, or automatic ice-makers increase the energy consumption, purchase price and also greatly increase energy use and are far more likely to need service and repair. Avoid these costly, troublesome options.
96 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Be willing to pay a bit more initially for lower operating costs. A five-star refrigerator that costs more initially, but costs less per year to operate due to better construction and insulation, will pay for itself in less than four years compared to a two-star refrigerator. Recycle older or second refrigerators. Dont keep the old, inefficient refrigerator running in the occasional refreshments. It could cost you significantly more per year in electricity. Star rating plan for various appliances as per Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
Table 6.2: Star level valid from the date of publication of these regulations till 31.12.2011 Star Rating Band 1 Star * 2 Star * * 3 Star * * * 4 Star * * * * 5 Star * * * * * Minimum CEC 0.8716* Vadj_tot_nf+759 0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607 0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311 Maximum CEC <0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607 <0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 <0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 <0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311
97 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 6.3: Star Rating Band valid from 01 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 Star Rating Band 1 Star * 2 Star * * 3 Star * * * 4 Star * * * * 5 Star * * * * * knf Constant Multiplier 0.4463 0.3570 0.2856 0.2285 0.1828 cnf Constant Fixed Allowance 389 311 249 199 159
Table 6.4: Star level valid from 01.01.2012 to 31.12.2013 Star Rating Band 1 Star * 2 Star * * 3 Star * * * 4 Star * * * * 5 Star * * * * * Minimum CEC 0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607 0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311 0.2856* Vadj_tot_nf+249 Maximum CEC <0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 <0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 <0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311 <0.2856* Vadj_tot_nf+249
98 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Star Rating Band (SRB)dc = kdc * Vadj_tot_dc + c dc Where, Kdc= Constant Multiplier (kWh/Litre/Year) Vadj_tot_dc= Total Adjusted Storage Volume for Direct Cool (Litre) Cdc= Constant Fixed Allowance (kWh/Year)
Table 6.6: Star Rating Band valid from 01 January 2009 to 31 December 2011 Star Rating Band 1 Star * 2 Star * * 3 Star * * * 4 Star * * * * 5 Star * * * * * kdc Constant Multiplier 0.413 0.330 0.264 0.211 0.169 cdc Constant Fixed Allowance 346 277 221 177 141
Table 6.7: Star Rating Band valid from 01 January 2012 to 31 December 2014 Star Rating Band kdc Constant Multiplier 0.330 0.264 0.211 0.169 0.108 cdc Constant Fixed Allowance 277 221 177 141 91
99 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
The star rating plan for ceiling fans is as follows: Star Rating Index Calculation for Ceiling Fans Star Rating 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star Service Value for Ceiling Fans* 3.2 to < 3.4 3.4 to < 3.6 3.6 to < 3.8 3.8 to < 4.0 4.0
*Where x is the base service value as per IS 374:1979. BEE has proposed a base service value of 3.2 at present and would upgrade it to higher value once the BIS value is finalised. *The BIS has proposed from the year 2010 the service value of 3.5. *All ceiling fans covered under this standard shall comply with minimum Air Delivery of 210 cu m/min.
Capacity(Liters) Standing Losses (kwh/24 hour / 45_C) 0.792 & >0.634 0.634 & >0.554 0.792&>0.693 0.910&>0.797 1.109&>0.970 1.267&>1.109 1.466&>1.282 1.663&>1.455 1.901&>1.663 2.138&>1.871 2.376&>2.079 0.554 & >0.475 0.693&>0.594 0.797&>0.683 0.970&>0.832 1.109&>0.950 1.282&>1.099 1.455&>1.247 1.663&>1.426 1.871&>1.604 2.079&>1.782 0.475& >0.396 0.594&>0.495 0.683&>0.569 0.832&>0.693 0.950&>0.792 1.099&>0.916 1.247&>1.040 1.426&>1.188 1.604&>1.337 1.782&>1.485 0.495 0.569 0.693 0.792 0.916 1.040 1.188 1.337 1.485 0.396
100 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Maximum Annual Power Consumption P = (0.964 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.876 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.788 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.701 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.613 x A) + 4.38
Maximum Annual Power Consumption P = (0.964 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.876 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.788 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.701 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.613 x A) + 4.38
101 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 6.11: Star Rating Equations for CRT TVs from 1st January 2010 onwards Star Rating 1 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 2 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 3 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 4 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 5 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) Table 6.12: Star Rating Equations for LCD and Plasma TVs Star Rating 1 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 2 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 3 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 4 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) 5 Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year)
Where A = Screen area in square centimetre
Maximum Annual Power Consumption P = (0.1494 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1358 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1222 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1086 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.0950 x A) + 4.38
Maximum Annual Power Consumption P = (0.1494 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1358 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1222 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.1086 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.0950 x A) + 4.38
Table 6.13: Star Rating Bands for CRT TVs of Typical Screen Sizes from 1st January 2010 Screen Size (inches) Screen Area (sq inches) A 14 21 29 32 94.1 211.7 403.7 491.5 1Star P = (0.964 x A) + 4.38 95 208 394 478 Max Annual Power Consumption for (kWh/Year) 2Star P = (0.876 x A) +4.38 87 190 358 435 3Star P = (0.788 x A) + 4.38 79 171 322 392 4Star P = (0.701 x A) + 4.38 70 153 287 349 5Star P = (0.613 x A) + 4.38 62 134 252 306
102 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 6.14: Star Rating Bands for LCD and Plasma TVs for Typical Screen Sizes
Energy Consumption Allowances for LCD and Plasma Screen Size (inches) Screen Area (sq inches) Max Annual Power Consumption for 1 Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.964 x A) + 4.38 20 26 32 37 42 46 50 55 170.9 288.9 437.6 585.0 753.8 904.2 1068.2 1292.6 169 283 426 568 731 876 1034 1250 Max Annual Power Consumption for 2 Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.876 x A) +4.38 154 257 388 517 665 796 940 1137 P = (0.788 x A) + 4.38 139 232 349 465 598 717 846 1023 Max Annual Power Consumption for 3 Star (kWh/Year) Max Annual Power Consumption for 4 Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.701 x A) + 4.38 124 207 311 414 533 638 753 910 Max Annual Power Consumption for 5 Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.613 x A) + 4.38 109 181 273 363 466 559 659 797
Table 6.15: Star Rating Bands for LCD and Plasma TVs for Typical Screen Sizes Energy Consumption Allowances for LCD and Plasma Screen Screen Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual Size (cm) Area (sq Power Power Power Power cm) Consumption for Consumption for Consumption for Consumption for 1 2 3 4 Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.964 x A) + P = (0.876 x A) P = (0.788 x A) + P = (0.701 x A) + 4.38 +4.38 4.38 4.38 50.8 434.1 169 154 139 124 66.0 733.8 283 257 232 207 81.3 1111.5 426 388 349 311 94.0 1485.9 568 517 465 414 106.7 1914.7 731 665 598 533 116.8 2296.7 876 796 717 638 127.0 2713.2 1034 940 846 753 139.7 3283.2 1250 1137 1023 910
Max Annual Power Consumption for 5 Star (kWh/Year) P = (0.613 x A) + 4.38 109 181 273 363 466 559 659 797
103 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
104 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
The efficiency of an AC is determined by its energy efficiency ratio or EER (ratio of coiling output to total electric energy input) The number of stars on the BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) label indicates the efficiency of an AC; the higher the number of stars the more efficient the appliance. For instance, a BEE 3-star (EER of 2.7) rated 1.5-tonne window AC would consume 1500 units of electricity in a year (205 days @ 6 hours/day operation per year) compared to a 1 star rated (EER of 2.3) of the same size that would consume 1750 units during the same period. An efficient 3 star 1.5-tonne AC would cost about Rs 19500, whereas an 1 star AC would cost about Rs 18 000. The additional Rs 1500 invested on the efficient AC will be recovered in a little over one year due to savings in the electricity bill.
Refrigerators are one of the highest consumers of electricity in houses. However, they have become significantly efficient in the past few years, and are still improving. A typical refrigerator has a lifespan of 1520 years. The cost of running it over that time period is several times the initial purchase price. Comparison between a specific make of 5 star vis a vis 3 star refrigerator showed that the initial incremental investment pays back in the 3rd year of operation itself.
7.1
Current provision
The building bye law of Bangalore has the following provision for installation of solar water heating system: Solar lighting and solar water heating is mandatory for all new development / constructions as per Table 10 for different categories of buildings. If solar Lighting and Solar Water heating is adopted, then refundable security deposit on fulfilling the conditions shall be returned along with 2% interest.
106 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table: (Bye law 3.4.10) Solar lighting and water heater requirements Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Restaurants serving food and drinks with seating / serving area of more than 100 sq. m and above Lodging establishments and Tourist Homes Hostel and guest houses Industrial canteens Nursing homes and hospitals Kalyana Mandira, Community Hall and Conventional hall (with dining hall and kitchen) Recreational clubs Residential buildings a)Single dwelling unit measuring 200 sq.m of floor area or site area of more than 400 sq.m whichever is more 9 b) Solar photovoltaic lighting systems shall be installed in multi unit residential buildings (with more than five units for lighting the set back areas and drive ways) Type of use 100 liters per day shall be provided for every unit 40 sq. m. of seating or serving area 3 rooms 6 beds / persons capacity 50 workers 4 beds 30 sq. m of floor area 100 sq. m of floor area
Revision proposed
Provide solar water heating system for residential, commercial and institutional buildings to meet the byelaw requirement or a minimum of 50% of water heating requirement on annual basis, whichever is higher.
The following typologies of buildings should be added to the list of building with mandatory provision for solar water heating:
Office buildings Apartment blocks Hotels
Existing buildings shall also be required to install solar water heating system as per the above requirement. Pre-feasibility shall be carried out to determine applicability.
107 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
It is felt that sizing norms can be developed based on water heating needs for various applications and reflected in the bye law provisions Some of sizing norms that could be applied are as follows: Guidelines for system sizing Hot water demand can be assumed as follows. For bathing (using bucket water) = 15 litres per person per bath (one bucket) For shower bath = 25 litres per person per bath For tub bath = 3550 litres per person per bath For cooking = 5 litres per person per day For washing clothes = 10 litres per person per day For washing utensils = 5 litres per person per meal For making tea/coffee = 150 ml per person per cup
(Consumption figures may vary, depending on the lifestyle, age, habits, and weather conditions) UNDP/GEF is conducting a study (under publication) on assessing the potential of solar water heating systems in India. Some indicative benchmark numbers that are available for estimation of solar water heating requirement for various applications are as follows: Hotels: 4 star and above: 150lpd/room 3 star : 125 lpd/room 2 star and below: 50 lpd/room Hospitals: 30lpd/bed for government/private hospitals 190lpd/bed for multi speciality hospitals Hostels: 30lpd/student
Applying the above , the hot water demand per bed/person for hostel/guest houses can be estimated as follows: For bathing (using bucket water) = 15 litres per person per bath (one bucket) For cooking = 5 litres per person per day For washing clothes = 10 litres per person per day For washing utensils = 5 litres per person per meal
Hence total hot water demand can be estimated as 30-35lpcd and hence 6 beds would require a minimum of 180-210lpd (say 200lpd) instead of 100lpd specified in the current byelaw. The current byelaw provision shall meet 50% of the water heating requirement
Applying the above , the hot water demand per worker can be estimated as follows: For cooking = 5 litres per person per day For washing utensils = 5 litres per person per meal
Hence per person requirement is about 10lpd and hence one 100 lpd is required per 10 workers, in place of 50 workers. The current byelaw provision would thus meet 20% of the hot water need for this application. The apartment blocks that have dwelling units lower than 200 sqm should also be covered by byelaw and provision for solar water heating system should be mandated. In case of apartment buildings, the available roof area could determine the capacity of solar water heating systems to be provided.
108 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
7.2
Guidance
Solar water heating system The system is generally installed on the terrace and requires minimum maintenance. It works automatically and one does not have to operate any part of the system.T ypically, a surface area of 3 sq m is required to install it.The system can also be installed on a south-facing window sill if space is not available on the terrace. Two types of systems are being promotedone based on FPC (flat plat collectors) and the other on ETC (evacuated tube collectors). The life of FPC-based systems is generally 1520 years, and they are costlier than ETC-based systems. There are 57 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)-approved manufacturers of these systems,(the ones in Karnataka have been listed below) and they have had a stable market in the country for the last many years. ETC-based systems are relatively new and could be more reliable for colder regions and regions that have hard water. The life of these systems is, however ,less since their collectors comprise glass tubes, which are fragile. .The installation of a solar water heating system in a home/building needs to be planned at the time of its construction. The following points may be kept in mindwhile planning for the same.i) A 3-4 sq m (per 100 lpd system) shadow-free areashould be available on the terrace for installation.
109 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
heating system should be well insulated to minimize thermal losses. The insulation should be further protected by suitable aluminium, FRP, or HDPE (high density polyethylene) pipe cladding. Various insulation materials such as asbestos rope, glass wool, rock wool, or PUF (polyurethane foam) are used as insulation. For pipes measuring up to 25 mm in diameter, insulation of 25 mm thickness is recommended. Insulation of 50 mm thickness is recommended for pipes with 2575 mm diameter. If hot water pipes are concealed in walls, they must be insulated; otherwise, there is a chance of the walls developing cracks due to expansion of the metallic pipes. For concealed pipes, asbestos rope is normally used for insulation; however, it is recommended to use 25-mm-thick rock wool/glass wool insulation. Nowadays, composite pipes and polymer pipes, which are considered suitable for hot water applications, are also available. Controls and instrumentation Valves are used for control of water flow. Gate valves or ball valves of suitable ratings are used. Pressure and vacuum release valves or open vents are provided to take care of the pressure build-up or vacuum formation problems. A temperature gauge is provided for temperature measurement. Additionally, thermostatic controllers, electronic temperature controllers, and pumps are provided for large systems.Use a proper vent or vacuum-release valve / pressure-relief valve for safe operation of the solar water heating system
7.2.1 Guidelines for design, installation, and use of solar water heating systems
Solar collector should face true south for maximum solar radiation collection. The solar collector tilt should be equal to the latitude of the place for maximum annual energy collection. The solar collector tilt equal to latitude +15 gives maximum energy collection in winter. Solar collector tilt equal to latitude -15 gives maximum energy collection in summer.
110 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Always check the load-carrying capacity of the roof before placing the solar water heating system. Typically, each solar collector with a 2 m2 area weighs approximately 50 kg. When filled with water, the solar tank weighs about 1.21.4 kg per litre capacity of the tank (for example, a 100-litre capacity tank weighs around 120130 kg). Ensure proper anchoring of the system, duly considering wind conditions. Solar collectors and tank must be easily accessible for cleaning and maintenance. Typically, the solar water heating system requires approximately 1.31.5 times collector area for installation. For example, a single-collector system with a capacity of 100 litres and an area of 2 m2 needs about 3 m2 of floor area for installation. Gap between nearest tall building and collector surface should be at least twice the building height for buildings in south and east west sides. Plumbing to be insulated and if possible inside the wall. Check water quality TDS /hardness should be less than 100 ppm consult expert if some minerals are more ( refer ISI standard for water quality)
111 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
conductivity compared to GI (galvanized iron)/copper pipes, resulting in lower heat losses as they have better corrosion resistance than metal pipes. While using metal pipes, use the BIS-approved class B or higher quality GI. Set water heater temperature to an optimu level. The human body can tolerate temperatures up to 45 C. Human skin burns at water temperatures above 55 C. Therefore, storage water heater temperature can be set at approximately 55(+5) C.
112 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
The detail of capital subsidy is as given below: @ Rs.1100/- per sq.m. of collector area will be available to registered institutions and @ Rs.825/- per Sq.m. of collector area to registered commercial establishments. The main objective of the Scheme is to promote the widespread use of solar water heaters through a combination of financial and promotional incentives. The subsidy will be provided on re-imbursement basis after the systems have been installed. The applications are to be submitted to the State Nodal Agencies. SNAs will be provided service charges @ Rs.100/- sq. m. of installed collector area. The Municipal Corporations, Central/State Govt. departments will also be eligible to receive similar service charges for the claims processed and forwarded by them to the Ministry. To encourage the use of solar water heaters, which helps in reduction of peak loads, the rebate of 50 ps per unit with a maximum limit of Rs. 50 per installation is being provided by all Electricity Supply Companies.
List of solar water heater manufacturers/providers in Bangalore Sl. No 1 Name M/s. Sundrop Solar Systems Address 44/2a, Industrial Estate, Opp Gangadhareshwara Kalyana Mantapa NH 7, Bellary Road, Hebbal Bangalore 560024 2 M/s. Sudhanva Industries 65/18, 1st Main,0 7/08/2008 1st Cross, Andrahalli Main Road, Hegganahalli, Bangalore Pin : 560091 3 M/s. Kinara Power Systems and Projects Pvt Ltd, M/s. Om Shakthi Industries, Unit 2, 10,10th Cross, Patel Channappa Indl Estate, Andrahalli Main Road, Peenya 2nd Stage, Viswaneedum Post, Bangalore 560091 No2 S.T. Narayana Gowda Industrial estate, Sri Gandha Nagar, Doddanna Industrial Estate, Near Peenya II Stage, Bangalore - 560091. 5 M/s. Sabha Solar Energy, 3/1 Behind Balaji Petrol Bunk, 2nd Cross, Lakshmaiah Block, Ganganagar, Bangalore-560032 Pin : 560032 Tel : 28362967,56982645 Mobile : 9448062867 Email : shakthisolar@yahoo.co.in Tel : 28365944 Tel : 28366832, Mobile : 9845313912 Email : govindnag@gmail.com Contact No. Tel : 23620077 Mobile : 9844068721 Web : www.sundropsolar.net
113 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Tel : 23418630,23417940,23512799 Mobile : 9844050723 Email : info@kamalsolar.com Web : www.kamalsolar.com Tel : 23355333/23385500 Fax : 23355333 Email : peekayarr@yahoo.com Tel : 8398471 Email : disol@vsnl.net
45/29-1, Gubbanna Industrial Estate, 6th Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore 560010 No 814, Chowdeshwari Nagar, Laggere Main Road Laggere, Peenya Post, Bangalore Pin : 560058 System Pvt Ltd, No 93 7th Main 3rd Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058 No.16 Byraveshwara Industrial Estate, Andrahalli Main Road, Peenya 2nd Stage Bangalore B-4, Jayabharat Industrial Estate, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022
M/s. Shringar Engineering & Energy M/s. Perfect Solar Bangalore Pvt Ltd,
Tel : 28398197 Email : suryakanthi@vsnl.net Tel : 28362515/1129 Fax : 28362515 Mobile : 9845106037 Email : perfect@bgl.vsnl.net.in Tel : 23328533,23523644 Fax : 23425115 Email : solar@bgl.vsnl.net.in Web : www.sunrisesolarsystem.com Tel : 23580066,23581154
10
11
12
M/s. Sustainable Power Developers India Pvt Ltd, M/s. Tata BP Solar India Ltd
604/677, Magadi Road, P&T Layout Road, Sunkadakatte, Bangalore 560079 Plot No. 78, Electronic City Phase 1, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100 378 10th Cross, 4th Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058
13
Tel : 080-56601300 Fax : 080-28520972/28520116 Email : tatabp@tatabp.com Web www.tatabpsolar.com Tel : 28363330,28362136 Fax : 28362347 Email : kotakurja@gmaill.com Web ; www.kotakurja.com Email : info@emmvee.in Web : www.emmveesolar.com Tel : 23282145, 23214777 Mobile : 56979935
14
15
Survey No 13/1 Bellary Road, Jala Hobli Sonnapanahalli, Bettahalsur Post, Bangalore 562157 , Balagangadhara Nagar, Mallathahalli, Behind Sanfordcollege,
16
114 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Bangalore 560056 17 M/s. Nuetech Solar Systems Pvt Ltd, P.B.No.9167, B.M. Shankarappa Industrial Estate, Sunkadakatte Vishwaneedam Post Magadi Main Road Bangalore 560091 18 M/s. Solar Energizers P Ltd, M/s. Dheemanth Industries, M/s. Technomax Solar Devices Pvt Ltd, M/s. Digiflic Controls (India) Pvt Ltd, 36/3, 1st Cross, Pukhraj Layout, Bannerghatta Road, Adugodi, Bangalore - 560030 35, Behind, Check Post, Kamakshipalya Layout, Bangalore 560079 No 21/B, 4th Main, 1st Cross, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022 21 Sit2e8 /03/2008 No. 9, 2nd Cross, Rajagopala Nagar, Main Road Bangalore Pin : 560058 22 M/s. Kateel Engineering Industry (P) Ltd 19 & 20, Bhadrappa Estate, Magadi Main Road, Kamakshipalaya, Unit I Bangalore Pin : 560079 23 24 M/s Solar Hitech Geysers M/s. EmmVee Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd., M/s. Vijaya Industries, No. 4, Sri Krishna, Behind Bhima Jyothi LIC Colony, West of Chord Road, Bangalore 560 079 #55, Solar Tower, 6th Main, 11th cross, Lakshmaiah Block, Ganganagar, Bangalore 560 024. Katapady 574 105, Udupi Dist, Karnataka
Email : sunzonesolar56@yahoo.co.in Tel : 080-23483766,23481905 Fax : 080-23281730 Email : info@nuetechsolar.com Web: www.neutechsolar.com Tel : 22245481 Fax : 22225804 Email : nazumm@hotmail.com Tel : 23489377/2342617 Tel : 3418723
19 20
Tel : 080-28366839 Fax : 080-28362689 Email : sales@digiflic.com Tel : 23481305,23484179 Fax : 23481305 Email : info@kateel.com
Fax: 080-23223152, 23221511 e-mail: solarhitech@gmail.com Tel: 080-23337428, Fax: 08023332060 e-mail: info@emmvee.in Tel: 0820-2557127 Fax: 0820-2557327, Mobile: 09448377327 e-mail: vijayasolar@yahoo.com
25
26
27
115 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
e-mail: kn.ramesh@orbenergy.com website: www.orbenergy.com 28 M/s. Anu Solar Power Pvt. Ltd., Wipro Eco Energy (A division of Wipro Ltd.) M/s Hamshine Electronics & Energy System M/s. Legend Solar Energy Systems Private Limited 248 3rd Cross, 8th Main, 3rd Phase Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560 058. Wipro Eco Energy, S.B.Towers. 88, MG Road, Bangalore-560001 B.Katehalli Industrial Area, Plot No.7A/1, Hassan 573201 (Karnataka) Tel: 080-28394259, 28393913 e-mail: info@anusolar.com website: www.anusolar.com 29 Tel: 080-41994004, 919900582662 sudarshan.ananth@wipro.com 30 Tel: 8172-240219 Mob: 9448140219 e-mail: hamshine@hotmail.com 295B, KIADB Industrial Area Bommasandra Jigani Link Road, Jigani Bangalore. Tel:- 80-7825595 , e-mail:sunakti@legendkingdom.com web-site:www.legendkingdom.com 32 M/s. G.C. Solar Industries 977, Ground Floor, ITI Society Layout, Outer Ring Road, Nagarabhavi Road, Banglore 560072 Tel: 080-23210848/ 23183060/ 9845023816 (Mob) Fax: 080-23210848 e-mail: info@gcsolarindustries.com website: gcsolarindustries.com
31
Buildings
8.1 Guideline for Energy Efficient Electrical systems for building
Achieve energy efficient and reliable electrical system design for buildings. Also the guide line should have compliance with the existing BESCOM regulations.
8.2
Electrical Systems
Electrical System in a building comprises of the infrastructure that brings in electrical supply. The main infrastructures are Electrical Substation, transformers, distribution systems, circuit breakers, Electrical meters, capacitors etc. The objective of having an efficient electrical system in a building installation is to have energy efficient delivery systems thereby the losses in the electrical infrastructure is kept to minimum. Also the installed electrical system should have suitable safety mechanism for providing reliable power supply.
117 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Any system planning should include certain basic considerations as given below that will support the overall flexible design and efficient operation of the electrical system: Safety of life and property including equipment. Reliability of system input supply and tolerance limit of interruptions Flexibility of plant distribution system Location of the plant sub-station and its deployment Data of electrical equipment, regulation and initial cost including capitalisation Simplicity /flexibility of operation and maintenance Overall cost including running cost Providing quality service Technical parameters and specifications of materials to follow standards in construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance Adherence to laid down procedures with accountability Table 1 indicate possible loss as percentage of full load for few electrical equipment
Table 8.1: Loss percentage in electrical equipments
Sl. No. A C Motors i. 750 Watts - 7.5 kW 7.5 kW 150 kW - 150 kW - 1000 kW 14 - 35 6 - 12 4-7 2.3 - 4.5 0.4 - 1.9 1-4 Equipment % loss of max load
Above 1000 kW ii. iii. iv. Transformers Cables Switch gear L.T. Medium voltage up to 11 kV
118 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
This includes peak load, load fluctuations under various operating conditions, nature of load, PF and its variation, calculated daily, monthly and annual load factor, and anticipated seasonal variation, effect of large motor starting. 2. Involves anticipation of the present demand over a period of time, peak load, maximum demand and demand, diversity and load factors. 3. Future demand forecasting and planning (building expansion plans). 4. Determination of the voltage level required for the building. Power is fed to a building through a transmission and distribution (T&D) network. This can be provided using either high voltage & low current or vice versa. The selection of the voltage level is determined by current national and international standards, safety regulations and, of course, the economic considerations. Large consumers can reduce energy losses by drawing power at a high voltage level and distribute it inside their premises at required load centres using their own step-down transformers to match the voltage level to the equipment. 5. Voltage application required in the plant and voltage drops at all levels and at critical points. An industry classification, based on load and preferred incoming voltage, is given in Table 2.
Table 8.2: Industry Classification of Voltage Preferences Industry 100 MW and above Between (10 - 50 MW) Between (1 to 10 MW) Up to 50 kW Preferred Incoming Voltage Level 220 kV 132 - 66 kV 33 - 11 kV 3 , 440 Volts Voltage Class as per I.E. Rule Extra High High Medium/Low
6. Calculation of short circuit analysis and selection of correct rating for circuit breaker with review of selection of protective devices. 7. Station house-service unit requirement (parallel, standby or emergency operation). 8. Preliminary layout drawing including provisions for future expansion. 9. Detailed single line diagrams, covering all loads/supplies, including main and distribution transformers, switch gear, primary and secondary cabling, protection, insulation level co-ordination, motor starter panels and capacitor banks.
119 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Up to 11 kV 100 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500
Up to 22 kV
At the time of installation of a new transformer the size is decided based on the expected loading on the transformer. Normally maximum efficiency; of the transformer is designed at the loading in the range of 50 to 65% of' its full load capacity. If the average load is 80% or
120 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
more of the rated power, a bigger transformer or a second transformer should be considered because the short-circuit losses become a large portion of the total losses. Capacity and Number of Transformers The main factors which should be taken into account when determining the number and capacity of shop transformers are: The number of transformers depends upon the operating duty of the station or industry. The load curve may show that the installation of two transformers instead of one is more attractive economically. This is usually the case when the load capacity factor is low (less than or equal to 0.5). In this case disconnecting devices are necessary to connect and disconnect the power transformers to ensure economical operation. Where possible the installation of either one transformer or two transformers connected through a common circuit breaker should be contemplated. If the reliability of supply necessitates the installation of more than one transformer should be sought. When designing substations, redundancy features (Reserve facility) should be taken care of as follows: The building should be supplied from two independent sources, where continuity of supply is required. The capacity of the transformers should be so selected that if one of the transformers fails, the remaining transformer shall ensure supply to the equipments without undue overload. In selecting transformer capacity, it should be ensured for economical operation so that when one of the transformers is out of service, the load on the transformer in operation as far as temperature is concerned shall not affect its service life. It is always a good practice to provide / or install transformers of one step higher in capacity. For example: If two transformers each rated for 1000 kVA are installed their foundations and structures should be so designed as to make possible the installation of two transformers of 1500 kVA each without much material modifications. Reduction in transformer losses through proper load distribution The objective of the review of transformer system is to provide better quality of power to different load centers in the plant at high overall efficiency. In a medium and large industrial unit, there are number of transformers feeding power to the loads in the plant. These distribution transformers are sometimes not optimally loaded and there exists energy saving opportunity by shifting the load from overloaded transformer to the under-loaded one.
121 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.
All permanently wired polyphase motors of 0.375 kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than1500 hours per year and all permanently wired poly phase motors of 50 kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than 500 hours per year shall have a minimum acceptable nominal full load motor efficiency not less than IS 12615 for Energy Efficient motors. The technical features and benefits of Energy Efficient motors are listed below: High efficiency motors are usually manufactured from materials, which incur lower energy losses compared with standard motors. More care is taken with the design and geometry of the motor construction. The high efficiency motors have been improved in four areas: Longer core lengths of low loss steel laminations to reduce flux densities and iron losses Maximum utilization of the slots and generous conductor sizes in the stator and rotor to reduce copper losses Careful selection of slot numbers and tooth/slot geometry to reduce stray losses Less heat is produced by a more efficient motor so the cooling fan size is reduced. This leads to lower windage losses and therefore less waste power.
The advantages of usage of high efficiency motors are as follows: Optimum use of energy as operating losses are lower Reduced magnetic loss resulting in cooler applications Low life cycle cost Robust design to take care of wider supply variations ( 10%) and ambient temperature up to 80C Efficiency figures remain constant up to 75% of the rated output and drop maximum by 1% at 50% rated output
2. Motors of horsepower differing from those listed in the table shall have efficiency grater than that of the next listed kW motor. 3. Motor horsepower ratings shall not exceed 20% of the calculated maximum load. 4. Motor nameplates shall list the nominal full load motor efficiencies and the full load power factor. 5. Motor users should insist on proper rewinding practices for rewound motors. If the proper rewinding practices cannot be assured, the damaged motor should be replaced with a new, efficient one rather than suffer the significant efficiency penalty associated with typical rewind practices. 6. Certificates shall be obtained and kept on record indicating the motor efficiency. Whenever a motor is rewound, appropriate measures shall be taken so that the core characteristic s of the motor is not lost due to thermal and mechanical stress during
122 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
removal of damaged parts .After rewinding, a new efficiency test shall be performed and similar records shall be maintained. 7. Motors should be installed with soft start energy savers and Variable Speed drives based on the application required.
123 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Power factor improvement by installing capacitors is the widely followed method. Capacitors can be significant energy savers, if they are properly applied. A capacitor bank is also a load albeit with very low loss (0.2-0.4 W/kVAr). So it should be disconnected when VAr support is not required. If a fuse blows on a large capacitor, an unbalanced voltage occurs along with resultant increases in system and motor losses. Therefore, the fuse integrity of capacitor banks should be closely monitored. A high harmonic content in the power supply has been known to cause either capacitor failure or unplanned operation of protective devices. Hence use of latest semi conductor devices with appropriate technology can prove beneficiary in the long run. Capacitors should be installed across the terminals of motors. However, the capacitor value should not exceed the no load kVAr value of the motor. Table 3 gives the approximate value of capacitors that need to be connected for different rating of the motors.
Table 8.3: Recommended capacitor rating for direct connection to induction motors (To improve power factor to 0.95 or better)
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is Motor H.P. 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 3000 r.p.m. 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1500 r.p.m 1 2 3 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 11 11.5 12 12.5 13.5 14..5 15.5 16.5 17 19 1000 r.p.m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5 6 6.5 7 8 9 9.5 10 11 11.5 12 13 14 14.5 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 750 r.p.m 2 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8 9 10 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 14 15 16 16.5 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 600 r.p.m 2.5 4 5 6 7.5 8.5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 500 r.p.m 2.5 4 5.5 6.5 8 9 10.5 12 13 14.5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 31 32 34 Motor H.P. 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is 3000 r.p.m 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 45 1500 r.p.m 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 1000 r.p.m 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 43 44 45 46 47 47 48 49 50 750 r.p.m 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 51 52 600 r.p.m. 36 38 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 61 62 63 64 65 500 r.p.m. 41 43 44 46 47 49 50 52 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
124 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is Motor H.P. 85 90 95 3000 r.p.m. 18 19 20 1500 r.p.m 20 21 22 1000 r.p.m 23 24 25 750 r.p.m 25 26 27 600 r.p.m 31 33 34 500 r.p.m 35 37 38 Motor H.P. 235 240 245
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is 3000 r.p.m 46 46 47 1500 r.p.m 48 48 49 1000 r.p.m 51 51 52 750 r.p.m 53 53 54 600 r.p.m. 65 66 67 500 r.p.m. 74 75 75 76
100 21 23 26 28 35 40 250 48 50 53 55 68 Note: The recommended capacitor rating given in the above table is only for guidance purpose. (The capacitor rating should correspond approximately to the apparent power of the motor on no-load).
Another chart for calculating the capacitors required for improving the Power factor in a building is given in table 4.
Table 8.4: Multiplying factor for calculating the sizes of capacitor for power factor improvement
Power facto r of load before applying capacitors 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 1.230 1.179 1.130 1.076 1.030 0.982 0.936 0.894 0.850 0.809 0.769 0.730 0.692 0.655 0.618 0.584 0.549 0.515 0.483 0.450 0.419 0.388 0.358 0.329 0.299 0.270 0.242 0.213 0.186 1.360 1.309 1.260 1.206 1.160 1.112 1.066 1.024 0.980 0.939 0.899 0.860 0.822 0.785 0.748 0.714 0.679 0.645 0.613 0.580 0.549 0.518 0.488 0.459 0.429 0.400 0.372 0.343 0.316 1.501 1.446 1.397 1.343 1.297 1.248 1.202 1.160 1.116 1.075 1.035 0.996 0.958 0.921 0.884 0.849 0.815 0.781 0.749 0.716 0.685 0.654 0.624 0.595 0.565 0.536 0.508 0.479 0.452 1.532 1.473 1.425 1.370 1.326 1.276 1.230 1.188 1.144 1.103 1.063 1.024 0.986 0.949 0.912 0.878 0.843 0.809 0.777 0.744 0.713 0.682 0.652 0.623 0.593 0.564 0.536 0.507 0.480 1.561 1.502 1.454 1.400 1.355 1.303 1.257 1.215 1.171 1.130 1.090 1.051 1.013 0.976 0.939 0.905 0.870 0.836 0.804 0.771 0.740 0.709 0.679 0.650 0.620 0.591 0.563 0.534 0.570 1.592 1.533 1.485 1.430 1.386 1.337 1.291 1.249 1.205 1.164 1.124 1.085 1.047 1.010 0.973 0.939 0.904 0.870 0.838 0.805 0.774 0.743 0.713 0.684 0.654 0.625 0.597 0.568 0.541 1.626 1.567 1.519 1.464 1.420 1.369 1.323 1.281 1.237 1.196 1.156 1.117 1.079 1.042 1.005 0.971 0.936 0.902 0.870 0.837 0.806 0.775 0.745 0.716 0.686 0.657 0.629 0.600 0.573 1.659 1.600 1.552 1.497 1.453 1.403 1.357 1.315 1.271 1.230 1.190 1.151 1.113 1.076 1.039 1.005 0.970 0.936 0.904 0.871 0.840 0.809 0.779 0.750 0.720 0.691 0.663 0.634 0.607 1.695 1.636 1.588 1.534 1.489 1.441 1.395 1.353 1.309 1.268 1.228 1.189 1.151 1.114 1.077 1.043 1.008 0.974 0.942 0.909 0.878 0.847 0.817 0.788 0.758 0.729 0.701 0.672 0.645 1.737 1.677 1.629 1.575 1.530 1.481 1.435 1.393 1.349 1.308 1.268 1.229 1.191 1.154 1.117 1.083 1.048 1.014 0.982 0.949 0.918 0.887 0.857 0.828 0.798 0.769 0.741 0.712 0.685 1.784 1.725 1.677 1.623 1.578 1.529 1.483 1.441 1.397 1.356 1.316 1.277 1.239 1.202 1.165 1.131 1.096 1.062 1.030 0.997 0.966 0.935 0.905 0.876 0.840 0.811 0.783 0.754 0.727 1.846 1.786 1.758 1.684 1.639 1.590 1.544 1.502 1.458 1.417 1.377 1.338 1.300 1.263 1.226 1.192 1.157 1.123 1.091 1.058 1.027 0.996 0.966 0.937 0.907 0.878 0.850 0.821 0.794 1.988 1.929 1.881 1.826 1.782 1.732 1.686 1.644 1.600 1.559 1.519 1.480 1.442 1.405 1.368 1.334 1.299 1.265 1.233 1.200 1.169 1.138 1.108 1.079 1.049 1.020 0.992 0.963 0.936 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to
125 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Power facto r of load before applying capacitors 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.159 0.132 0.105 0.079 0.053 0.026 0.289 0.262 0.235 0.209 0.183 0.156 0.130 0.104 0.078 0.052 0.026 0.425 0.398 0.371 0.345 0.319 0.292 0.266 0.240 0.214 0.188 0.162 0.136 0.109 0.083 0.054 0.028 0.80 0.85 0.90
Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
0.453 0.426 0.399 0.373 0.347 0.320 0.294 0.268 0.242 0.216 0.190 0.164 0.140 0.114 0.085 0.059 0.031 -
0.480 0.453 0.426 0.400 0.374 0.347 0.321 0.295 0.269 0.243 0.217 0.191 0.167 0.141 0.112 0.836 0.058 0.027 -
0.514 0.487 0.460 0.434 0.408 0.381 0.355 0.329 0.303 0.277 0.251 0.225 0.198 0.172 0.143 0.117 0.089 0.058 0.031 -
0.546 0.519 0.492 0.466 0.440 0.413 0.387 0.361 0.335 0.309 0.283 0.257 0.230 0.204 0.175 0.149 0.121 0.090 0.063 0.032 -
0.580 0.553 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.447 0.421 0.395 0.369 0.343 0.317 0.291 0.264 0.238 0.209 0.183 0.155 0.124 0.097 0.066 0.034 -
0.618 0.591 0.564 0.538 0.512 0.485 0.459 0.433 0.407 0.381 0.355 0.329 0.301 0.275 0.246 0.230 0.192 0.161 0.134 0.103 0.071 0.037 -
0.658 0.631 0.604 0.578 0.552 0.525 0.499 0.473 0.447 0.421 0.395 0.369 0.343 0.317 0.288 0.262 0.234 0.203 0.176 0.145 0.113 0.079 0.042 -
0.700 0.673 0.652 0.620 0.594 0.567 0.541 0.515 0.489 0.463 0.437 0.417 0.390 0.364 0.335 0.309 0.281 0.250 0.223 0.192 0.160 0.126 0.089 0.047 -
0.767 0.740 0.713 0.687 0.661 0.634 0.608 0.582 0.556 0.530 0.504 0.478 0.450 0.424 0.395 0.369 0.341 0.310 0.283 0.252 0.220 0.186 0.149 0.107 0.060 -
0.909 0.882 0.855 0.829 0.803 0.776 0.750 0.724 0.698 0.672 0.645 0.620 0.593 0.567 0.538 0.512 0.484 0.453 0.426 0.395 0.363 0.329 0.292 0.250 0.203 0.143
Example: Given 100 kW load to be improved from 0.77 to 0.95 Power Factor. Factor from table is 0.500. Capacitor required (kVAr) = 100 x 0.500 = 50 kVAr.
126 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
The above analysis helps in bench-marking to arrive at optimum specific energy consumption and reduce process irregularities The production of reactive energy by the compensating units of the building may be monitored and corrective steps can be adopted It helps in identifying the optimum usage of demand allocation, thereby improving the load factor Any consumers supplied via the building substation may be charged. Energy accounting for the corresponding sections (i.e. individual profit centre concept) can be initiated towards input cost analysis. Energy accounting shall help in correlating the daily, fortnightly, monthly, or annual energy consumption index with indication of deviation from the benchmark or the set target.
b. Monitoring and Control It is always the best practice to install energy meters, hour meters (time totalisers) on major equipment/systems (HVAC system, Compressed air system, Pumping system, etc.,) consuming significant amount of energy. This shall help in accounting energy consumption on a shift-wise basis, daily basis, month-wise and yearly basis. Co-relation of these consumption patterns with the production details (shift-wise production, equipment-wise production) shall lead to identify energy saving opportunities. The summation of all sub-meter energy consumption should be compared with the summation of main plant energy meter (check meter for grid energy meter) and the energy meters of the DG sets. Energy accounting error of about 3-4% ( accounting for cable and equipment losses)between the summed values of sub-metering, main plant check meter and DG set energy meter to that of grid energy meters is reasonable. Enormous percentage error in the readings recorded needs to be viewed seriously.
127 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 8.5: I2R Losses per Phase (in Watts) of Various Sizes (in mm2) of Aluminium Cables of 10 m Length in a 3 Phase System
Size (mm ) Amps 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
7.4 11.6 16.7 22.7 29.7 37.5 46.4 56.1 66.7 78.3 90.8 -
5.9 9.2 13.3 18.1 23.6 29.9 36.9 44.6 53.1 62.4 72.3 83.0 94.5 -
7.0 10.1 13.8 18.0 22.8 28.1 34.0 40.5 47.5 55.1 63.3 72.0 81.3 91.1 101.1 112.5 -
5.6 8.1 11.0 14.4 18.2 22.5 27.2 32.4 38.0 44.1 50.0 57.6 65.0 72.9 81.2 90.0 99.2 108.9 119.0
Loss Reduction Power losses in lines depend upon the resistance of the lines and the current carried. The resistance of lines may be considered constant. Then it follows that the only way to reduce the loss of power is to reduce the current. The current may be reduced by using as many reserve lines as possible. Dual lines should be connected in parallel for a more economical operation. Cable laying should be done strictly in accordance with carefully and systematically planned schedule. Drawing of this should be available at site and should be preserved at sub-stations. All cable ends should be suitably labelled to facilitate easy identification. In all control cables adequate number of spare cores should be included. For cables, use IS:1255-1958, IS:9621965 and IS:3043-1966 standards.
130 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Standby Power supply Mode (Emergency Power Supply): Captive power generation set utilised in this mode shall meet the plant part load or total load requirement during the failure of utility power supply (Grid supply system). Peak Loading Mode (Peak Lopping/Peak Shaving):
The captive power generation units are chosen to come into operation during peak load periods to supplement the utility supply (Grid supply) to limit the peak demand drawn from utility and thereby saving the electricity cost paid towards maximum peak demand. Base Load Mode (Primary Supply Mode):
This mode of operation is required in locations where there is no utility power supply or the utility supply is highly unreliable with frequent outages. A part or whole of the plant load is supplied on a continuous basis in this mode of operation. This mode of operation can also be termed as Total Energy mode. Industries where the requirement of heat and cooling water supply, apart from electricity opt for this mode of operation in the initial design stages.
The specific energy generation ( SEGR) of the DG sets varies with size and loading on the DG sets. A SEGR of 4 kWh/l is said to be an efficient design. B. UPS/ Inverters An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery back-up, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short515 minutes being typical for smaller unitsbut sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment. While not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption and/or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering entire data centers, buildings. The efficiency level of the inverters varies from 92 -95 % based on the capacity.
131 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Voltage adopted for the system Distribution system Sub-transmission Transmission Transmission
The primary sub-transmission voltage is 33 kV (in a few states, it is 66 kV). The 33 kV network is extended from 220 / 132 / 33 kV substations. The secondary sub-transmission voltage is standardised at 11 kV. The low-tension voltage is either 415 V or 240 V, supplied to consumers. B. Phase Voltage Imbalance in a Three Phase System Most utilities adopt a three-phase, four-wire, grounded-star primary distribution system, so that single-phase distribution transformers can be connected directly to supply lines to cater to single-phase loads, such as residences and street lights. Variations in single-phase load distribution cause the currents in the three-phase system to vary, producing different voltage drops and causing the phase voltage to become unbalanced. Phase to phase voltage imbalances by even 2.5 % of the nominal voltage can reduce motor efficiency up to 10 %. This causes excessive heating due to the high negative sequence current. Imbalance of more than 5 % should therefore not be permitted. Perfect balance can never be maintained since loads continuously change. Blown fuses on three phase capacitor banks also unbalance the load and cause phase voltage imbalance. Proper balancing of single-phase loads on the three phases on both branch circuits and feeders is necessary to keep the load and corresponding phase-voltage imbalance within reasonable.
132 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
C. Effects of Phase Voltage Imbalance Unequal loads on individual phases, negative and zero phase sequence components cause overheating of transformers, cables, conductors and motors thus increasing the losses and motor malfunction. The limit of negative phase sequence as per 1EC34-1 is 2% of the voltage. When unbalanced phase voltages are applied to three phase motors, additional negative sequence currents circulate in the motor, increasing heat losses in the rotor. The most severe condition occurs when one phase is open and the motor runs on single-phase power. In general, single-phase loads should not be connected to three phase circuits supplying equipment sensitive to phase-voltage imbalance. A separate circuit should be used to supply such equipment.
133 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
G UIDELINE 9: Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial buildings with connected load of cases of 500 kW or 600 KVA and apply energy conservation measures to reduce energy consumption in existing commercial/institutional buildings
9.1 Guideline:
Energy audit should be carried out in all commercial/institutional buildings that have connected load more than 500kW or 600 kVa. Energy performance indices should be derived for audited buildings and evaluated vis a vis Bureau of Energy Efficiency star rating (note: presently the BEE does not have EPI for rating of office buildings in temperate zone ;however it is under development; BEE star rating band is available for BPO buildings only) Target should be set to achieve a minimum of 3 star rating by applying energy conservation measures (as and when developed).
9.2
Guidance Notes
Energy audits can be considered as the first step towards understanding how energy is being used in a given facility. Energy Audit indicates the ways in which different forms of energy are being used and quantify energy use according to discrete functions. Energy audits do not provide the final answer to the problem. It identifies where the potential for improvement lies, and therefore, where energy management efforts must be directed. Also, energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least cost effective opportunities for energy savings. The following are the key steps for carrying out energy audit of a building
134 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
9.3
Energy consumption: The different sources of energy used in the building have to be identified with the help of facility people.
Step 1 -Data Collection Energy Bill: The Format in which energy bill needs to be collected and compiled is given below in the table 1.
Table 9.1: Building energy consumption Building Energy Consumption Sanctioned demand Monthly Pattern Energy Consumption Cost Month January February March April May June July August September October November December kW h KV A P F k W Energy Charges Demand Charges Total Cost
KVA
Fuel Bill: In case DG is also installed then monthly energy generated by DG and the cost of fuel has to be collected for an year. Total Area: The total built up area of the building needs to be collected.
Step 2 -Analysis:
135 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Energy performance Index (EPI): Energy performance index is a measuring tool to evaluate the performance of the building in terms of the total energy consumption and the total built up area. It is calculated by dividing the total energy consumption for a year and total built up area. The units are kWH/annum/m2. Total Energy Consumption: Energy bill + fuel bill Total built up area: m2 Energy Performance index: kWh/ annum/m2 The table given below should be used to demonstrate the comparison of actual EPI with BEE recommended EPI for various buildings:
Table 9.2: EPI Comparison EPI Comparison Actual EPI BEE recommended EPI (kWH/annum/m2) (kWh/annum/ m2)
Parameter
The above table gives the star rating index for BPO buildings in Bangalore . for other buildings, the index is under development. Specific energy generation ratio: It indicates the no. of units (kWh) produced in one litre of fuel. The units are kWh/litre.
Step 3- Observation and Recommendation Comment on the Energy Performance of the building. Comment on DG performance Comment on Tariff Rate Step 4- Energy Conservation Measures
136 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Usage of efficient lighting system, HVAC system and other energy efficient products in order to reduce the building energy consumption and reducing the EPI within the recommended limit.
137 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
9.4
The motor design details needs to be collected and compiled in the format given below in the table.
Table 9.4: Motor rated parameters Motor Rated details Motor Description Voltage Current Chilled water pump -1 Chilled water pump -2 Condenser water pump -1 Condenser water pump -3 CT Fan -1 CT Fan -2 AHU Motors and others
Power factor
Actual KW
Step2-Measurement
Building load profile: Building load profile has to be analysed for a single day at the main incomer of the building with the help of power analyser. The parameters that are needed to be analysed are voltage, power factor, frequency and current.
138 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Motor performance: Motor load test has to be carried out to find out their loading percentage. Electrical parameters like voltage (V), current (I), power factor (PF), and input electrical energy (kW) has to be measured with the help of tong tester
Table 9.5: Motor measured parameters Motor Percentage Loading Actual Percentage loading Motor Description KW Rated KW (%) Chilled water pump -1 Chilled water pump -2 Condenser water pump -1 Condenser water pump -3 CT Fan 1 CT Fan 2 AHU Motors
Transformer no- load test: Transformer no- load test has to be carried out on to find out their loading percentage. Electrical parameters like voltage (V), current (I), power factor (PF), and input electrical energy (kW) has to be measured with the help of tong tester
Step 3 -Analysis:
Motor loading: Based on the data collected during motor performance test which is given in table 5 the motor loading percentage has to be estimated in the format which is given the table 6.
Table 9.6: Motor loading (%) for the motors Motor Percentage Loading Actual Rated Percentage loading Motor Description KW KW (%) Chilled water pump -1 Chilled water pump -2 Condenser water pump -1 Condenser water pump -3 CT Fan 1 CT Fan 2 AHU Motors
139 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
140 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 9.8: Lighting fixtures and lamps Details of lighting fixtures and lamps Sl. Type of Type of No. of No. Floor Location lamp luminaries lamp 1 2 3 4 5 6
Area (m2)
Step 2- Measurement
Illumination level: During the Energy audit, the illumination level has to be measured with the help of digital lux meter. The format in which the illumination level needs to collected and complied is given below in table.
Table 9.9: Illumination levels details area wise S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Area wise illumination level details Area Average lighting level (lux) Office area_enclosed Ofice area_open plan Corridor Restroom Conference Reception Library Others
Lighting Power Density (LPD): It is the maximum lighting power per unit area of a building. It is calculated by dividing lighting load (W) for a specified region of the building by the area of that specified region. During the Energy audit, the lighting load needs to be calculated across different areas of the buildings which is listed in table 8. On the basis of that collected data LPD is calculated and is given in the table 10:
141 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 9.10: Lighting power density area wise Area wise lighting power density S No. Area Average LPD (W/m2) 1 Office area_enclosed 2 Ofice area_open plan 3 Corridor 4 Restroom 5 Conference 6 Reception 7 Library 8 Other areas
Step 3 -Analysis:
Estimated lighting consumption: The lighting consumption for a year needs to be compiled in the following format. The consumption can be taken from the log books which are generally maintained by the facility in charge. The consumption gives an estimation of the contribution of lighting to the building consumption
Table 9.11: Monthly Lighting Consumption Months January February March April May June July Augst September October November December Total Monthly lighting consumption Load (kW) Total Consumption
Illumination level: The table 12 given below shows the comparison of illumination level inside the building with NBC (National building code -2005) recommended illumination level
142 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Table 9.12: Illumination level comparison Area Office area enclosed Ofice area open plan Corridor Restroom Conference Reception Library Illumination level comparison Average lighting level (lux) NBC Recommended 300-500 300-500 50-100-150 100-150-200 300-500 200-300-500 200-300-500
Lighting power Density (LPD): It is defined as the ratio of total operating load in a particular area to the built up area of that particular area. The units are W/m2. The table given below shows the comparison of ECBC recommended value with the actual LPD.
Table 9.13: LPD comparison LPD Comparison Average LPD (W/m2)
Area Office area_enclosed Ofice area_open plan Corridor Restroom Conference Reception Library
Over all Lighting power Density (LPD): It is defined as the ratio of total operating load in a building to the built up area. The units are W/m2. The table given below shows the comparison of ECBC recommended value with the actual LPD.
Table 14: Overall LPD Comparisons Overall LPD Comparison Area Average LPD ECBC (W/m2) Recommended Over all 11.8
143 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Building
a) other spaces, the automatic control device shall function on either: A scheduled basis at specific programmed times. An independent program schedule shall be provided for areas no more than 2,500m2 and not more than one floor ; or, Occupancy sensors that shall switch OFF the lights within 30 minutes of an occupant leaving the space.. There should be a manual switch capable to switch ON the lights when the space is occupied. According to the Energy Conservation Building Code following lighting controls are mandatory b) Space Control Each space enclosed by ceiling and wall partitions, shall have at least one control device to control the general ligting within the space. The control devices should be activated either manually or automatically by sensing an occupant. Each control device shall: Control a maximum of 250m2 inside a space less than or equal to 1,000m2 and a maximum of 1,000m2 for a space greater than 1,000 m2. It should be able to override the shutoff control. The control device should be readily accessible and located so that the occupants can see the control.
144 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
145 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
No. of pumps installed Equipment Type Capacity Head Rated motor kW No. of pumps installed Equipment Capacity Fan motor rating No. of CTs installed Make Cooling Tower Condenser water pump
Chiller performance testing: The operating parameters of Chiller plant has to be monitored for one day. The supply chilled water temperature (SCHWT) and return chilled water temperature (RCHWT) have to be taken. Similarly the entering condenser water temperatures and leaving condenser water temperatures has to be taken. The chilled water flow and condenser water flow has to be established with the help flow measurement taken near chilled water pumps and condenser water pumps
146 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Pump performance testing: The operating parameters of all the pumps in all the pumping systems has to be measured. Heads has to be measured with the help of digital pressure meter, flows with the help of non-intrusive type flow meters. Electrical parameters has to be measured along with flow and head measurements
AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the help of digital air flow meter at AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the help of digital air flow meter at different places and average air velocity near filter or coil was worked out. The supply and return air dry-bulb and wet bulb temperatures have to be measured to estimate the load on individual AHUs. Motor loading has to be measured with the help of digital power multimeter. AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the help of digital air flow meter at AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHU has to be calculated with the help of digital air flow meter at different places and average air velocity near filter or coil was worked out. The supply and return air dry-bulb and wet bulb temperatures have to be
147 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
measured to estimate the load on individual AHUs. Motor loading has to be measured with the help of digital power multimeter
148 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Cooling tower performance testing: Temperature, RH has to be taken near the sump of cooling tower. Fan power has to be taken with the help of multimeter. Flow has to be taken at the condenser water line with the help of non intrusive type flow meter.
149 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
discussion made with the engineering and maintenance staff the energy consumed in AC system has to be estimated. The estimated energy consumption is given in the Table 16 below.
Table 9.16: Monthly estimated consumption Monthly Estimated HVAC Consumption CHW Cooling water pump and Months Chiller AHUs pump CT fan April May June July Augst September October November December January February
The estimated AC system consumption helps in analysing which equipment wise consumption of HVAC. Performance evaluation of chiller: Based on the operating data collected, the specific power and the coefficient of performance of different plants at operating load have to be calculated. The complete analysis of chiller performance evaluation is summarized in Tables below.
Table 9.17: Performance evaluation for chiller
Performance Evaluation of Chiller Description Units Water side Leaving Chilled water temperature Deg. C Entering Chilled water temperature Deg. C Temp. Difference Deg. C Chilled water flow M3/hr Leaving Condenser water temperature Deg. C Entering Condenser water temperature Deg. C Temperature Difference Deg. C Input power KW Capacity TR KW/TR COP
Parameters Chiller
150 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Performance Evaluation of Pumps: The table given below shows the format in which measured and actual operating data for pumps has to be compiled.
Table 9.18: Performance evaluation for pumps Performance Evaluation for pumps Actual Rated KW CHW Primary Pump No-1 CHW Primary Pump No-2 CDW No-1 CDW No-3 Actual KW Flow GPM Rated Flow GPM Actual Head M Rated head M
Efficiency %
Performance Evaluation for Cooling Towers Parameters Air discharge area (ft 2) Air velocity (ft/min) Air flow (CFM) Entering water temp (0 C) Leaving water temp (0 C) Ambient wet bulb temp (0 C) Range (0 C) Wet bulb approach (0 F) Effectiveness (%)
Performance evaluation of AHUs: The table given below shows the format in which measured and actual operating data for AHUs has to be compiled.
Table 9.19: Performance evaluation for Air Handling Units
151 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Performance evaluation of cooling towers: Different measurements that have to be taken on the cooling towers are given in Table 20. The average cooling towers wet bulb approach that is defined as the difference of leaving water temperature and the ambient wet bulb temperature. The average thermal efficiency of cooling towers which is defined as the ratio of range to the sum of range and approach has to be calculated
Table 9.20: Performance evaluation for Cooling Towers Performance Evaluation for Air handling units AHU Actual Rated Actual Location Capacity Capacity Capacity Units Basement First Floor 1 2 3 4 5 Second Floor 6 7 8 9 Third Floor 10 11 12 13 CFM CFM TR Rated Capacity TR
Cooling demand: It is defined as the ratio of total built up area of the total to the total cooling demand of the building. The units are ft2/TR. The table 21 given below shows the comparison of ASHRAE recommended value with the actual cooling demand.
Table 9.21: Cooling demand comparison Description Over all Building Cooling Demand Comparison Design Peak cooling demand ASHRAE recommended cooling demand (ft2/TR) (ft2/TR) 250-300
152 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Thermal comfort: The table 22 given below shows the thermal comfort performance of the building, which is defined in terms of Temperature and Relative humidity, maintained inside the building. The table also shows the comparison with NBC recommended thermal comfort.
Table 9.22: Thermal comfort Thermal Comfort NBC Recommended temperature deg C 24-26 24-26
Building
Location
Average Temp.
Average RH
9.5
1.
Controls in the HVAC system recommended by Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
All mechanical cooling and heating systems shall be controlled by a time clock that:
153 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day-types per week. Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours, and Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the system for up to 2 hours. All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled. The controls shall be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3deg.C within which the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum. All cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors, pony motors, or variable speed drives controlling the fans.
9.6
Benefits
Energy Audit provides act as a tool that can be used to analyze building load profile, equipment efficiencies and the energy optimization scope for a building. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. The direct and indirect advantages of Energy audit are summarized as follows Tells you where you are, what you should focus on first and what environmental and cost benefits can be achieved. Assessing the performance efficiency of utility systems & equipment. Evaluating the present status in comparison with the standard specific consumption norms and set up a baseline which helps in comparing the current energy scenario ( includes HVAC, lighting and electrical system) with ECBC recommended Targeting recurring savings of approximately 5% to 10% on Energy cost and with favorable payback period of usually less than a year. Identifying, short term & long term measures for implementation. Improving awareness of employees about energy conservation through proper training at all levels. Increased comfort of building occupants Reduced environmental impacts By saving energy, industries can reduce the emission of green house gases (GHG) into the atmosphere
9.7
Glossary
154 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines framed fro Bangalore City
1.
Lighting Power density (LPD): It is calculated by dividing the total lighting load in wattage with total area (m2). The units are W/m2. 2. Energy Performance Index: It is calculated as the ratio of total building energy consumption in a year to the total built up area. 3. Chiller Performance: It is calculated based on the formula given below: The refrigeration TR is assessed as TR = Q x Cp x (Ti To) / 3024 Where Q is mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr Cp is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C Ti is inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in C To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in C.
The above TR is also called as chiller tonnage. The specific power consumption kW/TR is a useful indicator of the performance of refrigeration system. By measuring refrigeration duty performed in TR and the kiloWatt inputs, kW/TR is used as a reference energy performance indicator. 1. Pump Performance: Pump efficiency can be calculated based on the formula given below:
Efficiency: hydraulic power/electrical input power Hydraulic power: Q (m3/s) x Total head, (hd hs) (m) x (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000 Where hd discharge head, hs suction head, density of the fluid, g acceleration due to gravity 2. Cooling tower performance: cooling tower performance is calculated based on the formula given Efficiency: range/ (range + approach) Range: Difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature. Approach: Difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature.