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DISSERTATION
51774
P 2644095'
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
IN
VKRFASST UND DER HOHEN PHILOSOPHISCHEN FAKULTAT DER KGL. BAYER. JULIUS-MAXIMILIANSUNlVERSITAT^iJRZBURG
FEBRUAR
1914
VON
KRISHNAJI J0SHL3
AU8 POONA
I.
A.
(BOMBAY)
(INDIEN)
LIBRARY
APR 141953
LEIPZIG
\j
DUUCK VON
G.
UNIVERSITY Of CAlthORNlA
KREYSING
1914
I.
The study
known.
of
a language
is
greatly facilitated,
when the
origin,
is
takes
its
The
lopment of
language,
it,
show us
knowledge throws
difficult to
a flood of light on
many a
point in
it
the development of a
which otherwise
of
its
features
own,
it
many
peculiarities
tendencies,
language.
is
features adequately,
its origin.
The
known language of the Aryans in India This was the language of literature
Side by side with the language of
is
as
lite-
common
people;
for it
can
refined
language
is
of
The
existence
of such a language
new conquered
to utter the
alien
races,
new
and
of the conquerors,
the ever present tendency of economizing effort and simplifying the pronounciation as far as possible.
in
Prakrits.
there must have been in this Vedic period, but perhaps be-
cause
so
its
peculiarities
to
be entitled to be called a separate dialect, or perhaps because there was no literature in it, no traces of it are left behind, unless there be some peculiarities that
got assimilated in Pali later on.
pronounced as
is
It is the
known
period,
By
this time
the Aryans had extended their possessions far and wide, and
brought many new provinces and new races under their influence, which gave rise to a number of Prakrit dialects in
this period.
The number
is
of
namely Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadhi and Paisaci. These names were given to the Prakrits after the provinces in which the different dialects were spoken 1). Here we have only to deal with the Maharastri Prakrit as the source from which Marathi takes its origin. The Aryans of the North gradually began to emigrate towards the South. In the time of Panini they had no knowledge of the territory south of the Vindhya mountains. Nearly two centuries later, Katyayana shows a knowledge of
four,
the grammarians
the country as
By
the time of
knew
and had conquered and brought under their influence the whole of the Dandakaranya. This Dandakaranya is the modern Maharastra, named so after the Rathas or Rastrakiitas'-). The language of this province is Maharastri^). This language
is
and
also
by Hemacandra and other Prakrit grammarians. As Maharastri in its turn began gradually
the dignity of the language
1) Cf.
to
assume
of literature,
the language of
2) Cf.
3) Cf.
PiscHEL, Pr. Gr. 5, 12. Bhandabkar, Early History of the Deccan pages
12.
8,
10.
it became more and more regular and fixed by grammatical rules. Popular languages as a rule do not bear so many strict restrictions, and there came into being an Apabhramsa, known From as Maharastri Apabhramsa or Apabhranisa simply.
this
Apabhramsa evolved
and tendencies Marathi 2).
in
course
of
time
the
Marathi
of
language.
many
the
peculiarities
preserved in
The
plate at
in
document as yet found is the copper Manga] vedhem dated Sake 410 (A. D. 488) published
oldest Marathi
There is a second copper plate at Prabhata Dhulia. Cikurdem dated Sake 658 (A. D. 736) published in Visvavritta Then there is a series of copper plates and Kolhapur. inscriptions down to the twelfth century^). Thus the first evidence of Marathi is from A. D. 488. From this it can not
even then,
It will not
still
From
is
down
to the
neshwar there
lost to us.
It
may be
to
the
wave
of
Samski'itism that came over the land at that time, and drove
the
1)
field
for
a time.
I.
The evidence
34.
2, 5, 6,
of
the language as
Dandin Kavyadarsa
2) Cf. also
12.
Grierson, L.
S. J.
Vol.
VII, Introduction.
Rajwade, Introduction to DnyaneshwarT. evidence of Marathi (a language evolved out of Maharastri through ApabraiMsa) going so far back as 488 A. D. it seems very
3) Cf.
4)
The
is
much
is
older than
it is
generally supposed to
came conclusion.
seen in Dnyaneshwar's works shows, that the language was not used for the
for
first
Certain
till
it is
that there
is
no literature
available at present
Dnyaneshwar's time.
shwar.
is some controversy about the date of DnyaneThere are two versions given. According to the first he was born in Sake 1193 (A. D. 1271) and died in Sake 1215 Kartika Vadya 13 (A. D. 1293); according to the second
There
version he
8^^ of
13*^
of
an Abhanga by Janabai
cited
fiffrft 3TT^^,
Ti^Z^
II
II
II
II
il^inii^Tt ^T^Tf,
^WTt ^f^^-^
^Vfi
II
^^ ^^
only a remark
is
'k^,
^TfT
II
is
cited;
made that the whole occasion is beautifully described by Namadeva in his Abhangas^). But this In very Abhanga gives the date of the second version.
support of the birth date of the second version, the same
Abhanga by Janabai
is
cited,
t^^ffr ^^T^
wnz^
II
II
T^inTrin^Tr
^fi5i%
^m^^
^"hflf
ii
ii
srift
vfBi ^^'^
iTTfT
II
II
1) Cf.
Introduction to Amritanubhava.
In addition to this there can be cited many Abhangas by the contemporary saints who give the same date with Thus Namadeva writes full particulars.
^T^m^H
fTf^ ^F^TEift
II
<^
II
II
!^
II
^
I
^^
Syi?Ff
^%^T
particulars.
In
5^ ^^
^TTWt
^ tJWf^^
m'T^
31T\ft
II
^^TV>
II
Tflim^TTnilif 3Tf%|^
3T^T^
ii
w^
^rrfS^
J^^ ^^^ift
8
ififTTft
^T^T ^'TftH
^W^^nft
II
II
^nRTTf^ f^^ilT'T
II
II
All the particulars given in this Abhanga are fully borne out in the Abhangas of the other saints^). Thus the
first
version
particulars,
It
gives
to test
no them
and thus fix the date. The second version gives full particulars, which are the same as given by the various saints; moreover the particulars tally well with the calender. The
death took place on a Thursday, and on the day given by
1) Cf.
-^
the
it
was a
and
all
Thursday.
The evidence
the contemporary
there
is
reason to believe
it to
Thus
right date.
Dnyaneshwar the
Maharastra
in the reign of
19**'
,
He was
born on the
of
the son of Govindpant Kulkarni of Apegaon, a village some eight miles from Paithan on the banks of Godavari, and his mother Rukmini, the daughter of Sidhopant Kulkarni of Alandi near Poona, both came of Vitthal who families noted for their devotion and piety. was extremily religions, and took very little interest in worldly matters, became a Sanyasin soon after his marriage and lived in Benaras as the disciple of Ramananda. Ramananda on his tour of pilgrimage came to Alandi, learnt that Yitthal had become a Sanyasin without the consent of his wife, and ordered him to resume his wordly duties, and live with his wife again. Vitthal obeyed his teacher, and in
of
whom
the
son.
the
life
They repaired
Bramhans to raise them from the rites of Bramhanism. The Bramhans refused and Dnyaneshwar who according to popular tradition, was supposed to possess supernatural powers, performed some miracles. This overawed the Bramhans, and they nullified the ban by issuing a certificate of absolution (Suddhipattra). This happened between 1284 and 1290^).
to Paithan, to request the
this ban, as it excluded
1) Cf.
During
this
sometimes at Alandi,
time
the
brothers were
sometimes at Apegaon and sometimes at Newasein. Diiyaneshwar had also made acquaintance of the famous devotee
Nrtmadeva, a considerably prolix writer, whose works are handed down to us in very modern form. It was here at Newiivsem in the year 1290 that Dnyaneshwar gave his
commentary on Gita, the Bhavarthadipika, populary known as Dnyaneshwari. The last verse of this work gives this date.
written copy of
it
is
said to
but
it
is
not
original
work
Amritanubhava
on a tour of pilgrimage.
on the 25*^ October 1296 the ceremony of living-interment in the presence of his brother and numerous disciples.
Of the minor works
a short pamphlet
pasasti,
of
of
somtimes argued
is
that
these Abhangas,
diiferent
language of which
so
modern
and
his
work.
But
argument alone
is
it is
generation
Abhangas which are handed down from generation to orally, have gradually assumed this modern form, like the Abhangas of Namdeva his contemporary. One commentary on Yogavasistha is also ascribed to him, but it
Dnyaneshwar's works are mainly religious and philosophical. In Dnyaneshwari and Amritanubhava, he advocates
is lost.
He seems
to
have
the
common
people.
his
He draws
his
for
is
The
great.
life
and
"
10
full
society,
of
imformation about
From
standpoint
order.
literature,
is
they
are
of
an exceptionally
high
father of Marathi poetry and a consummate master of style. His style is racy, powerful, confident and beautiful. His vocabulary is unending, and he could light upon the aptest words and expressions with an amazing ease. His descriptions are at times perfect gems
He
the
His argu-
ments
are
convincing
are often
the
first
and
to
the point.
times they
short he
is
repeated
and
lose
charm.
In
Marathi poet, both chronologically and in merit, and remains unrivalled in Marathi literature.
It is interesting to see that there is a striking similarity
lives and works of Sankaracarya and DnyaBoth were consummate masters of style and argument; both were propagators of a new creed, and set the religion free from the imminent dangers, one from the meshes of Buddhism, the other from the sophistry of philosophers;
between the
neshwar.
both advocated the doctrines of Advaita philosophy, both wrote commentaries on Gita, both died so young, and lastly the life-works of both are honoured even to this day in
India.
How
far
is
the language
of
Dnyaneshwar a type
for
it
of
the
spoken
language
that
is
period;
artificial.
is
how
far
language to make
for his
it suit his
thoughts.
in
metre and make it a fit vehicle The language has made such a vast
progress,
many
of the forms
and expressions
But
this
On
the
quite
a dilferent conclusion.
many
of
the modern
back
ficial
11
works.
to
the
These
language used
of
by one poet.
forms
is
developments
language.
the
then
to
current
use
in
the
Thus there
reason
Secondly Dnyaneshwar
With
this
object in view,
it
used an
artificial
language, for
his
incompatible
with
in
aim.
Moreover
mentioned
ignorant^).
it
his works.
is
He
says that he
writing in
to the
such a language as
intelligible to the
young and
An
of
artificial
the means
probable
always
differs
little
But beyond
this
much,
was not the actual language then spoken in Maharastra. The editions of Dnyaneshwar*s works consulted by
me
It
are
1.
in
1907 Bombay.
is
The
Two
of these are as
good, and sometimes better readings and older forms are left
in the footnotes.
But being a
from so many
This edition
named
2.
A.
with an introduction.
oldest
He holds that the MS. is the MS. of Dnyaneshwari as yet found. This is corroborated by the evidence of the language, the form of which is undoubtably older than any as yet published. I have
found by the author at Beed.
1) Cf.
Dnyaneshwari 181743.
compared the
is
12
This edition
named
B.
3. Sartha Dnyaneshwari by Sakhare. Published in 1910 Poona with a prose translation. The forms in this edition are much modern. I have quoted it as C. 4. Sartha Satipa Dnyaneshwari by Athalye. Published in 1902 Bombay with a prose translation. This edition agrees
almost with C.
it differs, the readings are always have very rarely quoted it as D. 5. Amritanubhava by Deshmukha. Published in 1905 Bombay with a prose translation. The form of the language at times is modern. I have not quoted it at all.
Where
more modern.
11.
All the nouns in Marathi end in vowels.
The Samskrit
nouns ending in
t, n,
and
or
s,
31T
^).
the
old
samskrit consonant
and the neuter. In Maharastri and Apabhramsa of some of the saniskrit nouns are changed. Marathi has taken up the genders of the Prakrit for the most part; but some of them are also found to be changed. The
feminine,
e. g.
W^,
>rt
etc.
They
neuter nouns.
There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. In Samskrit there is a third number, the dual. In the
Prakrits
plural
was
always
in
used
for
the
Sk.
dual*).
Marathi
PiscHEL, Pr. Gr. 355, 399, 408 etc. 3) In modern Marathi some of the Sk. words are sometimes written, with consonant endings as in Sainskiit; but in declension they are con2)
Vocative (^^^^TT).
accepted, there
is
14
and the
'of
the cases to be
Marathi grammarians.
In Prakrits there
is
The purpose of the Dative was served by using the Genetive. The old Marathi case termination f% or and the new Marathi ^ and ^T are derived from the Sk. Genetive terminations and fT^. These were taken as the Dative terminations, and a new termination ^ varying according to gender into ^T-^^-^ came into use as
no dative^).
have mostly the sense of adjectives. This adjectival use of these forms, and the fact that they take all the case terminations again to form
affix.
a Genetive case
These forms in
new
case.
cases,
why
Genetive
is
rejected
as
it
The Accusative
case
has
no
separate
terminations.
forms in
Damle
tives,
rejects
It
is
the nature
of possessive adjec-
and
in
Marathi
also
termination ^.
It is derived
from Sk.
and
forms in
is
new
termi-
nations to form
new
cases.
forms
is
not possible
1)
(Vr.
6, 44.)
Hemachandra
it
132)
and Prof.
PiscHEL also gives some examples of the Dative singular forms, found
in the Prakrit literature.
solitary
(Pischel, Pr. Gr. 361.) But these are only few examples, and the D. had practically disappeared.
2) Joshi,
M. Gr. page
116.
3) Ibid. 119.
4)
343, 344.
5) Ibid.
either,
15
T[
unless
These will have no place in grammar if the Genetive is The Accusative has no separate terminations in rejected. Marathi. The forms of Nom. and Ace. are identical. The Accusative of old has a tendency of having the same forms
as
the Nominative.
In Prakrit
identical
any other more conclusive argument, the fact alone, that the Ace. has no separate terminations, is not sufficient to reject the case from the language alin the absence of
have Thus
always the same as the Nom. dual, and the neuter nouns all the three forms in the Nom. and Ace. identical.
together.
The
Singular
Plural
^
it,
ftr
or ^Tf
^,
ftr
or
Dative
Ablative
^-^
w,
^
^
1,
^t%, ^if^
31T,
^f%, ^ff
3Tt,
Genetive
Locative
t %
^
> aft in
is
1
ft
all
^
^
Vocative
^. Nominative
termination 3T^.
It is
in
Apabhramsa^).
The
The development
as fellows
ar^
>
aft Maharastri
>
Ap.
>
old Marathi.
in
The Sk. nom. sing, neuter termination ar^i; also becomes Ap. The masculine and neuter nouns in ^ only lake
termination optionally in the nom. and aec. singulars.
this
aft. Like
3ft
is
Sk.
ar^
>
Mh.
1)
>^
old Marathi.
Vr.
51.
2)
He. 4-331.
nally had f, ^,
optionally
in
r,
16
letters,
the Norn,
and Ace.
singulars.
and Ace.
plural.
for different
is its Nom. The ways of forming the plural are different bases. They are discussed under those declensions.
The
plural of a noun
TJ.
These
>
Tl^jj
terminations are
Sk
Instr. termination
TJ^T.
The developt|
ment
is
Sk.
TJ'T
>
Tjoi
Maharastri^)
"oi
or
Ap.
> T^T,
^
old Marathi.
changed into f in Marathi. and the neuter nouns in Tj and the mas. nouns in 3T, i;,
is
31T
X,
Tj
in
the
Instr. singular.
f^.
The
t^
is
is
obscure.
Several
"ftf
old
Marathi.
becomes f but
in
never becomes ^.
as
in tlie
Prakrit endings
terminations
(ex.
is
Marathi,
seen in
many
other
cases
OT^m^
c)
(Sk.
^,
m4).
It is derived
W^
(d)
from the
to be
locative of ^^.
The
f^ from ^f seems
^f
This termination
is
of
all
bases;
sometimes
an
but sometimes
it is
consonant.
Plural
This
^.
termination
Sk.
is
^:
becomes ff
in
Maha-
1)
Vr. 5-4.
^
rastri
17
^
or
and
Ap.*).
This f^ becomes
development
All
>
>
iii
Marathi.
The
>
Marathi.
and the
feminine in
Dative^.
From
this
This
^.
Mh.
is
singular termination
Sk.
Ap.
^
i;
the Marathi
Sk.
W>^
The
>^
for
becomes
is
in
derived.
Ap.
^ new
Marathi
i;
old
Marathi.
in
usually found
also the
old Marathi
Compare
Ablative termination
^t^
it
^^.
is
% The
is
not clear.
It
quite
probable that
Sk.
has suggested.
3T^
old Marathi.
and the
plural.
Ablative
^T-f'T. This
ff'I?^^)
f^rlt
derived from
in Pr.^)
'^ +
From
<T^
was
this ff fft or ^fft is the Marathi ^T derived. The development is Sk. WR, or Mh. t^^ft t^rft or < Ap.
>
W^
>
^f^ by dropping
The termination
^f^,
^T
is
found in
as
W^,
^,
etc.
^R
is
has
also
similar forms.
Genetive
Ap.
sing.OT. This
^.
termination
derived from
>
in Mh. and Thus ysp^ becomes JtTW Mh. and or yrff f in Ap. From this ^rf^ by dropping the ^-J^^T by sandhi ^TTT-^rfT old Marathi. The development is Sk. Mh. 3IT3T an old Marathi. All the nouns W, ^, Ap. ^iTf
Sk.
becomes
^^
>
>
>
^>W
1)
Vr.
55
2) Vr.
58.
5)
4)
365.
except the mas. and
fern,
18
in
short ^,
This
is
forms.
3Tt. This
aTT^.
is
termination
Sk.
an^
>
the
^^^^
^nH^
UTi|u[*l^.
This
"grit
becomes gTTTf
in Marathi.
>
f as t Ap.
This ^.
usual
Thus Sk.
^T^
>
is
>
Mh.
^^-3Tt
old Marathi.
suffix f'TST
becomes
in
Maharastri^) as
^W"^ and
so on.
This Maharastri
has become
That the Sk. W becomes ^ in Marathi This becomes ^TW in is also seen from such words as ^W. Hindi but ^T^ in Marathi. Thus Sk. W Mh. and Ap.
^ in Marathi.
W>
>>
"^ in
Marathi.
This
is
changed into
'^T-^-^
the noun they qualify, for these forms are possessive adjectives
in old Marathi.
Locative
Sk.
loc.
or t-
This
termination
Sk.
is
termination f^T^.
in
Ap.^).
and f^
Sk.
This Ap. ff
in
Marathi by
dropping the
f^ >
All
as usual.
Thus
in
fw{ Mh.
old Marathi.
nouns
except
in
mas. in
31T, S;
and ^,
fern,
3TT,
sing,
XT.
This
aw,
t;,
is
derived
bases.
from
TJ
for
fem. in
This termination
also
used in
Thus
of
is
it
is
and
bases.
This termination
3T.
used in the
Vr.
loc. sing, of
mas. nouns in
Sk.
^%
1)
3, 27.
2)
Vr. 5-9.
4) Vr.
3)
6-22.
becomes jTrfwr,
19
5^ft
15
^%
it
in
is
Thus
in
this
case
in
11
Ap.
>
Mh.
>
in
"R
Ap.
art.
>
1^
Marathi.
is
This
it is
But when
Ti
the process
it.
irregular.
in
"if
Then there
before
The neuter
Adesa
a
art as
way
be said to be regular, for before a termination beginning with a vowel no oblique forms are made. The masculine
nouns in 3^ take this termination in the Instr. plural also. This is after the usage of the Ap. where the Instr. and Loc.
plurals
were always
identical.
is
Vocative
ft. This
A
is
termination ft.
also
it is
In Marathi Ap. has ft in the plural 2). mostly used in the plural. In the singular there
general rule would be
that
is
are
no
terminations.
the
This rule
not
without exceptions, for sometimes ft is used in the singular also, and sometimes a base form is also used.
Before the case terminations are added the crude forms
of
certain variations
and
modifications;
modified form
is
or Samanyarupa^).
for other cases.
The Prakrits
also
show a tendency
and
the Genetive for nearly all other cases, except the the
Nom. and
whole
simplifying
reducing
the
Vr. 5-9.
PiscHEL, Pr. Gr. 372. 3) Id Marathi there are really no crude forms for the nouns as in Sainskrit. The crude form and the Nominative singular are always the same; but before the other case terminations are added the final vowel
2)
of this form has to be modified, like that of the crude form in Samskrit.
it
a crude form.
the
GiBnetive.
20
is
especially
This tendency
prakrit.
Its
marked
in
the
Apabhramsa
There remained
(including
the
Nominative
Genetive.
the
Ace )
the Instrumental
and
the
Of these the
Loc. pluraP).
Instr. plural
was always
its
identical
with the
Marathi at
followed
it.
and
But
to
different
To obviate this ambiguity, new cases came into use. But as the
the
of
new
terminations were
added
to
these
forms
instead
Thus
The new Marathi cases therefore are practically compound cases. Thus ff^t^ the Dative plural of ^^ fem. is really a compound case, the old Genetive plural ff^^ + the Dative termination. For a long time the use of the mere oblique forms and the use of the new case forms were side by side current in the language. Gradually
the use
ofiise,
the mere oblique forms for other cases fell out and the new case forms became more and more current. Unfortunately there is no evidence available of the form of the language before the time of Dnyaneshwar. But as far as could be judged from a list of words in 3T bases from the copper plate at Chikurdem dated A. D. 736, given by Rajwade in his grammar, it is found that there
of
,
all
any case terminations i. e. are the oblique or Genetive forms. In Dnyaneshwar's works, the use of the mere oblique forms
is
much used
as
those
forms.
1)
of the 15*^ century) there
is
21
Tukaram
case
(17^''
In
modern
Marathi
no
forms
without
Now
time.
was no Samanyarupa
all
the Marathi
language then;
for
The second part of the assumption is evidently true, as the modern Marathi language is but a futher developed form of the language spoken in Maharastra in the 13^^ century. But
this
fact
first
sition.
all
Here
(b)
three important
questions;
whether
forms
made
in
the crude
if
whether there were any variations and modifications form of a word before adding the case
so,
terminations;
(c)
whether
evolved
is,
Marathi.
is
When
it
is
generally meant
that
many
of the peculiarities
and tendencies
there
are
of
new language
These
thus deviate in
But side by side which make the develop certain peculiarities of its own, and some respects from the original language.
are
naturally few,
peculiarities
them makes it difficult to trace all the forms back to the original. That is why in Marathi all the forms can not be traced back to the original forms in Maharastri or Apabhranisa. That it is so can be well shown from the old Marathi declension. The declensions of the short i;, ^ and lang t;, feminine bases in Maharastri and Ap. are almost identical^).
1)
In Marathi there
of the short ^,
is
22
made
in the declensions
fern, bases.
a clear difference
i;,
The short X, ^ bases take the terminations after simply lengthening the final
and long
short vowels,
\i,
vowels regularly to X^, and ^%, in the singular and to XyUf "^^ in the plural. Both these different kinds of forms can not well be traced back to the original identical
forms in Mh. or Ap.
i;,
X^
^m
said
of
the short
and long
f^,
The
declensions of
bases
exceptions.
in
IT
nouns in
b)
in the Prakrits.
to
Marathi only,
In
certain modifications
nations
are added.
similar
as
is
In
Marathi
it
is
clear
from
form,
that
the
terminations
crude form.
ft^^f%
and trif'f^T^f^
f em.,
^f^
f^
f em.
These forms can be explained in two possible ways; by taking the final X, f^ and ^ of the and '^T'ft mas. respectively.
three bases to have
before the Abl.
sing,
changed into
termination
t;,
^f^
or
by taking three
is
^Of,
Tl^t^
and 3TT^1^.
not
probable,
for the
terminations
initial
In Pr. the
stt^ttI'^).
The
initials
1)
2)
3)
PiscHEL, Pr. Gr. 383. Vr. 5, 11 to 13, 18, 21, 31, 35 and others.
Vr. 57.
the termination before
it
23
is
different
added to
it
is
bases,
for
when a change
is
made
in
the termination
it is
expressly
final
f^,
^
%
the final
\,
The case of the Dative There the Genetive forms are always used as in the Pr. and when the new terminations are added they are added to these Genetive forms. The terminations and ^
^f^,
is
T^
and
tfT'ft'
respectively.
very
clear.
can
not
initial
vowels.
The changes
vowels
of other bases,
can also be
are
These modifications in those languages therefore, can not be a general common modified form before all the case terminations. The case of Marathi
properly termed Samanyariipa
is
quite different.
The modifications in the bases in Marathi common before the different case termiIn the
This
is
in Marathi,
in
all
and the modified forms or the so called oblique forms are only these Genetive forms. Thus the mas. 3T change the final 3T into OT sing, and art plu. before'
the case terminations beginning with a consonant.
is
modified form
a vowel.
forms.
These forms in
fern, in f;
vowels are modified into \^, xyu sing, and X^l plural for the fem. bases, and into sing, and xyiT plural for the
T^
Here
1)
Vr.
5,
to 10, 14 to 16 etc.
2)
The same
final
is
24
true
of other bases.
vowel being so regular and common before the case terminations beginning with consonants, and the same modified
form being used without terminations in those cases where the terminations begin with vowels, it is aptly termed
Samanyariipa,
form common to
all cases
is
This Samanyariipa
is
The Samanyariipa
'"
Singular.
made
in 3T,
as follows
^,
f^,
Masculine
is
^,
^.
for
nation
this Ap.
is
for masculine
nouns in
all bases.
the final of
is
the base
is
lengthened.
The f
then dropped as
usual
in Marathi.
Thus
3T
3TTf
31T
tf
t ^
t^f
^3if
^
in
if
^3lTf
formed in
derived
from
are
the
3TT
= TJ^T
sing,
The Genetive- forms of this pronoun and TJ + art imJ plural. Thus
Tj
have the
final
V^J
in
sing,
and TJ^t
plural.
3T,
Feminine
in 31T,
^, ^.
nouns are
The Maharastri Genetive singular terminations for the fem. 3T, an, Tj, ^i). Thus for all the feminine bases
Vararuci in the next rule excludes 3T and 3^ for 22.) 1) (Vr. 5 the fem. in 31|. But the Genetive singular form 7VX^T3T is given by PiscHEL (Pr. Gr. 374).
T
-
25
3n,
TJ
W3T-3fTXr
by Pararupa
t^T
t^^-tll
t ^
--
^3T
^91T, ^11
^
The
fem. in
--
i;^T, IJ^
by Sandhi
by Sandhi
^
^^T,
^%
OT or
i;
according
1[.
as
nouns ending in 3n or
Plural.
is
^.
bases and
bases.
bases.
But they are used indifferently also; thus # is used bases und f for the fem. X, t i;, i;, B, In Marathi t is taken for all bases. Thus we get
and feminine
3T mas. only
9nt
Si{lt
OT fem. only
^
t^
^
IC
^3TTf
t
Masculine
3T
3IT
t3^f
Singular
m
art
^ ^^
T
x^i
Plural
3Tt
an
wr
t
11^
T t
V^ ^
^3^T
^
Feminine
T^ ^ ^^
Plural
3Tt
TJ
Singular
3TT,
an
t
T^T,
t V
T^
^
^TT,
^%
T^ ^ ^m
Neuter
3T
26
Plural
Singular
an
T^T
^
tT
^^
vyrt
^^
form
is
made.
Then the
of
final of
Sandhi in Marathi;
(1)
when two
vowels are to be joined, the latter alone remains and the former is dropped, it is called Pararupa Sandhi (2) when the
;
is
dropped,
is
it is
called Piirva-
rUpa Sandhi.
generally
is
used
in
The use
of
the latter
seldom.
[II.
Masculine nouns.
Masculine
in 3T.
bhraina,
have given Samskrit, Maharastri, Apaand new Marathi forms in tables. The Maharastri and the Apabhramsa forms are taken from Pischel's Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen and sometimes
For comparison
old
Marathi
Sk.
Mh.
Ap.
0.
M.
n.
M.
N. sing.
T9
grn
S3' 5^
??
N. plu.
Ace. sing
^ ^
??
Ace. plu.
Instr. sin^ J.
Instr. plu,
5^^
3%:
TO^-ftr also 5crt'ff-^'f
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abi. sing,
M-^i^
trTfT3T
3%*^:
grni
5^^:
grnafr
gTlt-:F
Os
Os
Abl. plu.
G. sing.
^^^
grf^
T^?.
T^
??T-^
SPT^T-^"^-^
Sk.
28
0.
Mh.
^TTTin-liT^
Ap.
M.
n.
M.
G. plu.
L. sing.
5^Tm^
5%
^TTTf jTff
,
^cTt-^
iqcTt^T-^-^
^clTf, ^cTrrT
JrTfwT,
^ ?%-^,5^ff
T^ff 5^ff
.
??, i*f
H^T^
5cfT, ^rT
L. plu.
g^3
^^g-l'J:
H'^T-gTr
^, i^trf
^c!T
Voc. sing.
^
3^
^tT
vocpiu.
jttt
gTfft
?5^,I^tfr i.?ffr,imft
Nominative
In Samskrit the nouns have crude forms or bases to
In Marathi
are
the
crude
Norn,
singular
generally the
same There are very few exceptions to this rule, and even then there are optional forms with terminations, in addition
to
in 3T take the
and aft optionally in the Nom. singular. Thus there are two forms like ^cT and H^ in the Nom. singular. "5?^ + ^ "53 by Para. Sandhi. The masculine 3T which have %, \, nouns in f preceeding the final vowel
terminations
'^ +
aft
= "^Tt
by Para. Sandhi.
(181638), ^^, ^^^=1, ^^^ (2117), W^Z, TWK.IZ (198), ^^^T'T^ (190), ^^Tif^^ (1105),
Ex.
-ff^T^
W^,
f^ (18409),
367), ^rr^ftifTft
Sometimes the
and
are dropped.
f^^
In
(18388),
9W^
(181286).
final
the
3T
"grfT.
undergoes
no
^tT.
Marathi
?^?n:
^'J, gtT, ^T (181675), "RTH? (1135), The Accusative like the Nom.
Sing.
(1 59).
138),
3Tf?flfr
,.
IT^T? (16148),
4^T^ (181525), 'T^T (181533), i^^T^ (16 "^^ (16148), f%wf (18837),
(224),
^fiT^
(18763).
"qxi-R
Plu.cTtT,^^,Htl(16 133),
13
29
180
and
885
f^
Nom.
plural),
^T^
etc. in
Instrumental sing.
nation
is
?5^
+ 1 = "^
added
to the Instru.
(18-1653), 3^^^, ^7f (18-1555), m% (181630), TT^^ (181609), ^^*ftr (150), 9W^T4 (155), W^^T
(6475),
Plu.
^"^^Tf
(3203).
"SJpf-
"SJ^
+^=
No
TfHfTHTf (145),
+ f^ =
ft
or
?fft^.
Dative
Sing.
form
is
the terminations
^ and
'^;
^T
Plu.
(138), irftTT,
f^T^-re^ (2299),
^^ (1215),
^^1
(1642),
^iiIT?f (1123).
is
used
^Tlt.
Wt
(3198*),
724),
^T^
(2181),
^t
S>lt^(2 14),
(397),
^t?f
3T^W
Ablative
Sing.
"gTTT
+ J^ =
"JRTT^f'T;
oblique
form
plus
the
termination.
The
as
jrf'T,
is
^ft, W^f^,
^f^^T,
^^
The termination
^T
etc.
^^f^,
UTt^fif
aftf^
iTxt^*^f^.
Wi'^f^ (12
^frt^ (15371).
There are also forms
like ^Tff'T (5
62).
Plu.
30
oblique
plural
Like
^^T
the singular;
form
is
used.
^^^Tm^f^r
Sing.
irffTBTT
(1692),
^if^f^^fiT
(1134).
(17118).
Locative
the
T = J^'y the form in Prakrit form 5%, 5^. f^^Rlf (16142), ^f^ (18267),
Sing. "grf
T[
or
T[
formed after
m^ (16-259), ^^
(1-79), "^
(18-18).
Piu.-^cT
+f=
icrTf,
^
TPTrTft
TT^
(1203).
Plural
to the crude
form ^ff
+ ft =
^t +
ft
"g^Tfft.
Masculine in a^.
in
3lT
in
Prakrit.
No
^mi
Old Marathi
N. sing.
New
aiim
3TT^
9{[mT
Marathi
3T?an
N. plu.
Ace. sing. Ace. plu.
9m
9{tmi
^m
9^
31
New
Marathi
3^rl2IT^-lff
3^fi2rr'ft-i|1f
Old Marathi
Instr. sing.
Instr. plu.
3^T^-fiT, a^^fftr
3TT^
31ldl^T-^-?[
D. sing.
OTf3RlT^-^T-^
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
3^^t-^'>-?r
OTfi2rf^-^-rT-^
31Tf3RIT^^
S^flJlt^'T
3TT^T^fiT
Abl. plu.
W^^f^f^
SnSl^T-^
3^51 <<i-^
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing.
OTfizrr^-^-if
OTfizrf'^T-^'^-if
L. plu.
an^cT
31T?i2lf?r
arraRiT
aiT^^Ct
in 31T in
3^?i2rf^
old Marathi are mostly
3TT
to
the
This termination 3^
Nom. singular and plural forms of the pronoun from the Pr. I53T, Sk. TJffc^. These forms are
All
derived
and
the
adjectives
terminations.
In
but
especially
the
the pronominal
found to be true,
bases 2).
In Gothic
and
is
in
old high
German
influenced
1) Cf.
by the pronominal
In English the
Macdonell, Vedic Gr. 390 page 299. Cf Brugmann, Kurze vergleichende Grammatik 462, 452 4. 3) Cf. Streitbero, UrgermaDische Grammatik 188 and Bbaune, Althochdeutsche Grammatik 245.
2)
apostrophe
's,
32
is
the
sign
of
the Possessive
the remains of
Here
it
But
this
where
in
is
the Indo-german
found.
after
of
family of languages,
an analogus case
Thus here
is
the masculine in
inflection.
the Genetive
3Tr
pronominal
be
3lT^rr;
^Wl +
would,
of
regularly joined
into
final 31T
Jim
art
= 3TT^^.
These forms
for
a^^T
oblique forms
by Para. Sandhi.
In the Instrumental
plural and the Locative sing, and plural the termination art
added.
But here as
3TT
looked upon as
other
no oblique
form
Thus
an^T + art =
Plu.
arrgrt
by Para. Sandhi.
(14127),
aTT(in
Nom.
W^fT (1136),
W\v;dSl
^T^t
(1135),
^, g^W%
^fB51
^T^
(424).
"^T^^ (18438),
Plu,
^<^
^T^*^ (1182),
(II
(776),
^a& (6
16-3).
Instr. sing.
^iiiBf^ (1125)
has
C and
read W,
^TTm^f (2202),
^f^
(385)
C and D read % ^%0t (3262) B has f^m; ^"^T (8212, 13197) C and D read again ^, in the first verse quoted. an^'lf^ (18-296), irT^T^f (18529). Plu. ^<Tt (157, 13-634), %n,m (36) C and D read 'f^; ^>35t (1629,
961,
359),
^35t (11583),
^^
(18438).
In the
first
have no Anusvar.
D.
sing.
33
9{mm
(17-105), OT^Rn^
*r^m
all
(423),
aiifT^m^
(101139); B has
given; forms with
in
Tl^
Plu.
as in the table
the Genetive
^35^
(123
(6-27),
reading, 16-170),
^cT^
(3275, 624),
^7{^^
^^%^?f (6-227).
Abl. sing, ^^i^f^ (939); this form is irregular; ^Ot^n^f% (17139), B reads rightly but a plu ^%^8n^^. Gen. sing. f^^T (16101), ^TfTcH^ (12-241), ^W^l (1388), 3rNl5^T (9306). Plu. 9^^^^ (181054), ^r%^ (974), ^fT^^'^ (44).
^iTTTt (1846),
a^rart
%^^
C and D have the forms both in 3nn and TJ^, and sometimes an oblique form with a compound letter as in
new
Marathi.
Masculine
anfir
in
i;*
Sk.
Mh.
Ap.
anipr
artTinifr
O.M.
a^ft,
n.M.
N. sing. N. plu.
3Tf^:
arqij:
3TT^
anf^-^
a^Or-^
a^-'ft
3Tfl^-lft
an^
a^f^-^
Ace. sing.
Ace. plu.
3Tt^
3T^t^
arO'lH,
3Tr4*l*i
arfrinift
an^
awtif-ii
Instr. sing.
arftmr
3Tf4IDIl
3!nft-f^
Instr. plu.
art^f^:
amf^t^-f^
an^frtf-f^
air^
an^iRf-illf
34
Sk.
Mh.
Ap.
0.
M.
n.
M.
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
3Tftw:
3T^:
Abl. plu.
arfqwr:
G. sing.
3T^:
G. plu.
L. sing.
a^^^T-^-^
a^raRfT
L. plu.
arr^cT
an^T^
a^^fr-'ft
In the Nom.
are used.
rupa.
The Genetive
and Ace. both the short and long forms is already explained under Samanyaas oblique forms.
is
In the
is
Instr. singular,
form
formed anf^
== air^.
The Loc.
is
formed
arrf'l
+ ^ = an^;
also
an
Anuswar are
used.
From
vowel should always be long, but in with short vowels are found.
Nom.
sing.
^f^
^fif
wrfir
(l 151, 2103);
reads long
^.
B
reads
vt
long;
tif>ft^
Plu.
W^
(16-163,
13-66),
^TrfT (18873),
Dat. sing,
(13-69)
(1847),
(15468).
Abl. sing.
35
(18-944),
3nf^
(9
479), ^xm^
ri^W\
Gen. sing.
a B
3^^ (18
3Tt4^
(18^"^"^ (18193),
f'F.
^^^ no ^^ (18951),
ftlffe'^
(18
^ B
reads a short
'
Voc. sing,
ffr (11529),
(2286).
Masculine
in t.
t;
and
^ in Prakrit,
f;,
the
the declension
of the long
^,
I
t;,
bases-).
bases.
irnift
Old Marathi
New
inrflr
irnflt
Marathi
Nom.
Nom.
sing.
plu.
TnTj!ty iTTift,
irrfwr
infxn^
TTTftl^T
HlUlt,
irnft
W[Tn\,
ITTfuT^
mrft
ITTT^T^-ir^
irrPTif-W
Instr. plu.
imft,
"RTfuiiiifii
UTTRThRf-^
irn^T^-^T-7f
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
Abl. plu.
irrf^^-^-?f
infoi^Tt-^>'S
ITT^^-^T-fT-^f
IT'n^T^'T
TTTfuien^fH
irrfwf^f^
HTfui^T-^
ITTfural-^
Hl"lMl
G. sing.
irn^'^T-'^-^
G. plu.
TTT'?rNT-^>^
1)
He. 3-43.
PiscHEL, Pr. Gr. 383.
2)
L. sing.
L. plu.
36
New
Maratlii
Old Marathi
tttPr^
"RTfllT^t
itT^cT
mmrT
UTt^^IT
Voc. sing.
"RT^, TTTftp^T
Voc. plu.
m^fr,
irfiii^ft
ini2itift
an
sing,
and
TJ
plural optionally.
iTTift,
m^,
TTT^
already
The
Instrumental
formed
TTTftlif ;
vowels are added according to Pararupa Sandhi rule, but is a Sandhi formed as
D. and Abl. as usual.
The
Loc.
"RT^
art
is
also
Wt
fft^T, ftfn^ (8-136), ^f^^T (13488), (3-41). Plu. inPn^ (17-56, 9514), ^if^^ (2263),
(2-102),
f^%^
^^ (167), ^'t^TOt
^Tt^T
inftil^
(163).
Ace. sing.
(16351),
(18-44),
(14259).
I.
Plu.
%^
sing.
120).
Plu.
ih^^i
(6143),
reads differently.
(18 1297), ^Tf^RH (18-449), '^ff^T^'t (14-173), ^jf^RH^'t (3 258). Plu. Wrf^^(16-2), mfxil^ (16-286, 388), ^-fTf%^
D. sing.
mOr^
(18198), ftt^T,
^f^T
(113),
fft^H
^f^Rt^
before prepositions.
Wtfwn
Voc
plu.
f^^^tft (1351).
The forms in ^ and the Gen. forms before prepositions, have not quoted here. The sense of the Locative is usually
^f^,
wg
etc.
after Genetive
37
in
Masculine
^.
^i^
Sk.
Mh.
Ap.
o.M.
n.M.
N. sing.
^n^:
iT^'r:
TT^
1
m^
^"R^
1
'n^-^
^T^-^
N. plu.
Ace. sing. Ace. plu.
Instr. sing Instr. plu.
.
Tf^niftjTr^ TT^^Wt,
TT^ ^T^-1
*"U
^T^
^fT^
c(|ij.f|
m^H^
TT^iftj^T^
^-11
^i*!-1L
^-1
'T^
^T^5xjfr,^iv*
^T^ii?,
^T^m
TRrff-ff
TT^
^^ftr
^Tt
^n^-^>"5f
TT^-Upf
^l^'flf-ljlf
^T^f^:
D. sing. D. plu.
Abl. sing.
^^
TRf^ft
^T^f-ft
^T^-^-^
<ii^*i-?rr-rT-'^
TT^
^l^^4
TT^^fft
Abl. plu.
^T^:
TPft:
^T^
Tr^3W-3ft
'Tt^
^T^-^ ^1-=^
t
^li^^
Tt^'^TT-^-^
G. sing. G. plu.
L. sing.
Tr^%
^T^f-ir
'"T^'i; ^^1I?-TII^
^Tt5T-'^-f
^T^
TRfwT
qi^f^
^1
^t
^f,-^
'"t^
L. plu.
^^^
^T^"Y
^1^-^
^T^-^
Tr3T^
the
ease
of
m*!^
^^3-^
TT^ft
the
^T^-^
^l^*I>
^^^:
As
in
^t?^
i;
mas. in
the
mas. in
have
the
in the
The Gen.
Loc.
is
already explained.
the
oblique
Here
^^ (13-118),
(13-401),
ftr^ (18-1424).
Plu.
ft^ (13601).
Ace. sing.
38
^T^ (1376,
144),
(13553).
Plu.
^^
(13-290).
Instr. sing.
^^
t^ (11^i|^
404),
reads short ^;
(13380),
In
has ^.
the Instr. A,
C and
the terminations ^, R;
in
these
Evidently these
in A,
^n^
(13-380),
often.
^Of (1323)
C and
C has a long
^; 5!I^ (13401); ^T-gW (9125), B has short ^; ^T^h'^ (12211), B ^; ITT^^f (131010), B reads short ^; f?:^
(18866).
singular;
Plu.
^T^^'^ (793),
(18
reads
^T^
and C has a
^^
106),
reads
^,
C has
^ without
B
and
Anuswar.
Abl. sing.
^<f^
C have ^^f'T.
Gen. sing, rf^ (1572); fr^(15 87),
reads differently;
^^T^^T
(6-474),
B and
Plu. ^BT^^T
(1-82),
^^<T^^
f^^
and C
read differently.
Plu.
^^
i.
e.
reads ft^.
Voc. sing.
524, 525),
^^
39
Masculine
in
^.
fH
Old Marathi
N. sing.
New MaratM
N. plu.
Ace. sing.
Ace. plu.
I. I.
fn f^ T T
f5*^-f^
f^,Tf, rt%^\vi
f^r5^-'^-^
tH T T
1L
ftx^T^-lll
f^N^^Tf-?pf
sing.
plu.
D. sing.
ft^'re-wr-Tf
R't<ii*i-^-n-7(
M'>=^l^l
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
ft^-^-"?!
T<l'd<i(I^TI
Abl. plu.
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing.
t^T-^
L. plu.
f^J
ft^n
t^rf^fft
f^NltcT
Voc. sing.
Voc. plu.
ft^^
R^i^ft
The
Instr.
singular
Instr. plural.
Vocative as usual.
Nom.
sing.
Ace. sing.
(18360),
sing.
^W^
Plu.
(18-962),
^^
reads
(16100).
fli?'flf;
ffTg^ (18812);
^^
(16159),
C has %, a wrong
reading.
^^
(131033
sing. A);
(11583
plu.),
reads
^W
and C WU^.
genetive.
Plu.
40
C has
<Tt;
^W^
(14
^T without an Anuswar.
"^W^
228), in B.
reads
also
^W^.
^qj^^T (814),
Plu.
a. sing.
m^TT^
(18360), 'g^T^
(16294).
f^^%
and 3^.
They
sing.
^Bo%, 3TT^,
the
declension
is
mas.
in 3T for aft;
for these
of the
words
^35^,
IV a.
Feminine nouns.
Feminine
in air.
Sk.
N. sing. N. sing.
Mh.
Ap.
O.M.
n.
M.
TTwr
Ace. sing.
TTwr
Ace. plu.
I.
sing.
I.
plu.
^Twrtf-ff
Tf^ift
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
Abl. plu.
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing.
plu.
Voc. sing.
Voc. plu.
In the Nom. singular
42
is
used as usual.
The
plural
form
is
TRT.
The
to
'TT^
-h
OT
^^t;
like
The
Instru-
mental
singular
final 3T as is usual in
Marathi. The plural "mw^ -f ^ W{^ by Para. Sandhi. The Genetive as already explained has two forms ^T^, ^T% from the Mh. forms ^^3T and ^^TJ
respectively.
^%
is
form.
Thus
the
Instr.
sing,
with
'TT^
case
f^
^%f;
there
are
other
forms
with
Instr.
merely are used; in the sing, both the Genetive forms are
Vocative
singular
is
is
the
same as the
the plural
^^
(13372), irf?l^
(2-27).
Plu.
TW^
(18197),
^ttm
(2175).
Ace. sing.
39),
gwr
I.
(9-514).
f^T
fWT
(9-514), ^'^^
reads ^^^Tf;
^?fiT# (18
31TW-
reads
C and
"Jpf
as in
is
new
Marathi.
^in an
instr.
form
is
always used;
e. g.
found
'li^T?-
^^
B
(17184).
Plu.
reads
^; B
has everywhere
for 35.
Dat. sing.
W^
T^ (2304),
ifW^
Plu. ^I35t
reads differently;
f^
(1611).
43
"^^nrt
(395),
inr1?f
(3 116).
sing,
t^f^
those
in
3^.
Sfif^^
rently;
a sing.
prepo.
reads
diffe-
^f^ (181681),
(9-323) before
cTKt
19),
C has no Anuswara.
TRt
^fv^lf^^f
(18
349),
has a form in
arfwrfwr^T.
L. sing.
^
Plu.
(18450),
(1167),
has
ITT.
Plu.
f^
(586), C
?R^^^ (1210).
"W^ft (394,
has THTT.
The feminine nouns in 3T are declined like the fern, nouns in an or ^ according as they are derived from Samskrit
nouns in from
in
31T
or ^.
So
^,
fR,
wNr
^^, mm,
i;
W^
like
OT and words
^,
fWT
in
fem. in
as they are
f^f%
re-
spectively.
the Nom.
^,
^TR,
and
so
on.
forms of fem. in
31T or
^.
Feminine
in
T*
in
f;
and
long t,
in Prakrit 0.
No Prakrit forms
of
short
1C,
1)
44
^^
Old Marathi
N. sing.
N. plu.
New
Marathi
t^^-'^ff
^y.'^'^fi
^^--^
Ace. sing.
^^-^
^v^-v^
^^>ftr
T^<^
1^
^fv^-v^-V
Ace. plu.
I.
^^
^^tif-nTf
sing.
plu.
I.
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
w^^>^>^ ^^^-^VW
w^'^'^^f^
V^^-'^ ^fm-^-^
^V^^-^-ilT-^
1^^^
T^l^-I
Abl. plu.
^^If^f^
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing. L. plu.
^^>^
T-^^^
^^^-^-W
V^'^'^-^
^^-^-^
Voc. sing.
Voc. plu.
^fi ^ft
V^^ V^^
^s^
T^^it
fem. nouns in
^^f^
As
^ have
Ace.
both the short and the long forms in the Nom. and
is
The Gen.
already explained.
The
Instr. singular is
I'll;
wv^
^^^'
like xii^ of
long;
the
+^
is
= ^^-
^t^^ + ^
= ^^j
The
(159),
Anuswara
N. sing.
Voc. as usual.
^-^
Plu.
^^; ^T^
has ft.
^Z\
(13284).
has long
rft;
Wrs\ (13284);
^ft (13114), C
has long
45
Plu. tf?:'TfffT
^.
(13130),
sing, ^fft
rently;
Plu. ^tTt
^mift (7139),
reads
diffe-
(1826),
3TTT^'^
(13592).
(1391),
reads fT,
reads differently.
D. sing,
^v^
(13104),
mv^
B
^m^ftftr
T^ftr (1
C has
a modern D. termination.
Abl. sing,
^t^^f^
B
(13568),
^i)
(2221),
has ^z)',
m^
and C
read ^m^^'^.
Plu.
f^<^
(10286) before a
preposition.
L. sing. Vlfi
(1394);
(13297,
300),
has short
reads ftn^^,
Voc. sing.
C reads ftr^^cT
(171).
^ ^
Mh.
(18961).
Plu.
f^rv^ (18980), B
as in
modern Marathi.
Feminine
in
t.
^
Sk.
Ap.
lift
0.
M.
n.M.
N. sing.
N. plu. Ace. plu.
^
if^:
iT^
^^:
^ ^
'T^
uftsfr-^
iin[^
Tf^T
'^^^
Hit
TJtr:^
^ ^
^Wi
T^T
Ace. plu.
I.
nit^fr-^
uit^T-Ti-a^
'Tf^^T
sing.
plu.
f^
i^ff:
Hit
'Tf^^-W,
^^'^^-Ipf
if^fift-^Tf
I.
D. sing.
^
^^^:
^t
Hifff
^fi
irf^^-^-^
'rf^^t-^-^
't^^-^-t}
iT^^-^T-fT-^
D. plu.
Sk.
Abl. sing,
46
Ap.
0.
Mh.
uft^-aft
M.
n.
M.
^^t:
Abl. plu.
T^^:
't^^'r;
tij^I
iff^^pT
^ff^t^Or
^^-^
^^t^i
'r^^-^^-^
^T^rT
if^rtfT
m^
th^
TH^-uit
G. plu.
L. sing.
L. plu.
Tnt^i-^TTj;
Tnt3T--q
^f^^t-^
'T^Tf-'Tf^
f^T^
^i^^
^
^^:
^g-^
Ti?^
^Tff
UT^
T^-iTf^^t
T^'^Tf^^
ir^>
mt^ft
plural
is
in^fr
ff^ft
^^^
31T,
The Nom.
^^
is
4- arr
= ^f^[^
G.
is
by Sandhi.
int^aTT
the Plural
T^
-H
==^
T^. The
already explained.
In the Locative the oblique forms are used, and there are
additional forms with the termination ^,
T^
+ ^
= 'T^;
in the
the
Anuswara
is
sometimes dropped.
is
Voc. as usual;
^^f35^7 (775),
^f^^T
(16377).
Ace. sing.
^T^
(170);
31T^
(1173),
reads short
Plu.
W^
(13798),
has
f^.
^-
atrft-
fr^T (1220),
atffrfr^T.
sing,
^f^^
(4187),
f^
and C
^;
581),
reading.
^zftft^
^fe^
(16-260),
^Ol^ (13260),
(14
^TfT^f^^ (16177),
(16
has
different
reading.
f^^^
334),
B
has
reads
f^^lW
C reads
'ftf^f^
(12161),
^f^;
^^ft
like in short
declension.
47
f^fi^^
(1249), C
Plu.
WlT^^I (18136),
has fwrtftr.
Abl. sing. f^sm^^T (11165).
G. sing,
f^
reads
OT^f^
and
in^f^;
5|fg5^% (16288),
f%T^^
(16200).
L. sing,
^^f^
are
Plu.
T^
(15
433),
There
this
some
feminine
nouns
which
have
etc.
double
forms;
'ftft,
'ft^
When
^f^^; when
Double forms
This double
bases.
In the mascuall.
line bases it is
have
Feminine
in
^.
^
Old Marathi
N. sing.
N. plu. Ace. sing.
New
Marathi
^1
^-^
^1
^I-^
Ace. plu.
I.
^-I
^-ftr
^ ^-^ ^
^-uTf
^'Hf-iaf
Ox
sing.
I.
plu.
^
^-H^-^
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
Abl. plu.
\(^^
Vl^iT
^??PI
^t?nr
48
Old Marathi
G. sing.
New
Marathi
^-^
^^r^.^-^
G. plu.
L. sing.
^^
^1-^
L. plu.
^ ^
^tft
^ ^ ^
^
^'^-'^'^-^
^^
In the Instr. and Loc. the
D.,
Abl. and
As in the case of the mas. in ^, the fem. in ^ have both the short and the long forms in the Nom. and Ace.
The Gen.
oblique
is
already explained.
Voc. as usual.
N. sing.
^Tg (1137),
Ace. sing,
^g
D. sing.
^*r^^
^^ (13865),
B
reads
C reads ^^%*.
G. sing. ^T^TTT (4-38).
Plu.
^^'^
(7321),
a singular form.
V^
of
(10
241)
before a preposition.
The examples
the fem. in
and
Feminine
in
^.
word
of the
^^
are given.
But
base
^^
is
declined
adj.
word.
The
o.
M. forms of the
^^
^ ^^
Sk. N. sing.
Mh.
Ap.
o.M.
^H:
^
^^3ft-^
<=ljj
N. plu.
Ace. sing.
^^:
^^ ^w^
^
^1^
^^
^m
^^:
Ace. plu.
^^3fr-^
cl^^
^W^
Sk.
I. I.
49
Ap.
0.
Mh.
3T^3T-ij-3n
M.
sing.
plu.
'Twa
^^
^(Wfi
^^-f^
TfH:
Tfcl
^(^ft
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing, Abl. plu.
^W^:
^^t:
^W^
W^T-^-^
^F^t-^'^-^
^^ W^
^^1
'T^Sfft-Tt
^^^f^
^^^t^f^
^wr:
^^^:
^^'TTTj;
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing.
L. plu.
^^3T-T5-3TT
^^%-^
^Tr-^
^^m-^
^^^-11
^^t
^^ff ^^ff
^5^
^MTJj;
^F%
^^
^^
^^:
^^
^ir
Voc. sing.
Voc. plu.
^^^ ^^, ^^
^^Tfit
^3ft
^r^
Nom.
by Sandhi.
^^4-3TT
= ^F^T,
D. and
are
used.
The
Instr. singular is
^^ + ^
the
Loc.
= ^F^
the
by Sandhi.
forms
In
oblique
Voc. as usual.
N. plu.
I.
sing.
D. sing.
G. sing.
and
as
%,
in
^, ^^^%,
^T^Z
etc.
sing.
%, ^^:
^F^,
^T^t.
No forms
IV b.
Neuter nouns.
Neuter
in 3t.
^^ia5
Sk.
Mh.
^^j^r*^
Ap.
0.
M.
n.
M.
N. sing.
^^I^
^^
^^T^-^t
M.H
^^,
T^S
Hicfc),
^
^
^535
N. plu.
Ace. sing.
^mT^
^^*i
tSR^Tf^
^^T<
Mi^*i
q^
qia5
Ace. plu.
^^It
'^R^t"^
5
T^
qiS
The
The
in Ap.
Sk.
in Maharastri but
becomes
in 3T in
sing,
two forms
is
m^. The
in
plural
Ap. 3T^
plural
base.
it
This
termination
all
T[
is
used
forming
the
Tj
of
neuter nouns in
plural
is
The
I
^3S
=
of
^^.
The Ace.
like
the
Nom.
%TT^
(6148),
^^^
(18-95), ^R^l?
Ace. sing,
piu. ss),
vsas
51
(517),
f^f
*S
(550), \mBoij:
(1692).
(5 lu),
(5-18),
H^
(6458),
(534).
(le-
In-egular forms
(6
271),
^T^^^l^
C has
C reads a
form
form
^l^^^l (672
B),
Neuter
in
^.
Old Marathi
N. sing.
N. plu.
New
Marathi
Ace. sing.
Ace. plu.
I.
sing.
plu.
I.
D. sing. D. plu.
Abl. sing. Abl. plu.
G. sing.
G. plu.
L. sing. L. plu.
Voc. sing.
Voc. plu.
The Nom.
Sandhi.
lu
plural
of
is
formed
^^ff
is
H- it
^fifif by
i<.
The
rest
the declension
forms
52
^
;
with
the
termination
^rft
^cff
by
Para. Sandhi.
Nom.
sing.
^<ff (9176),
^fff (18
x^Tift
(1672). example
Ace. sing,
has
^fTT;
^Tf
xjTuf^
(1672);
^Tf
(13 30), B
Plu.
^'^if;
(6 492), B
I.
reads f^.
721, 56).
^T7{^ (18314,
sing, qifinif
last
example C reads
mfinif^Tf (181468).
Plu.
^Tri^ (10
(18886), C has
xrifxiI^T sing.
(18929),
has mfin^t^f^ a
G. sing.
t(TfTf^T
(975,
has
uft,
18398 C
reads
Neuter
in
^.
^^^
Old Marathi
N. sing.
New
Marathi
^^^
^^^^
Tf^^
^t^T
N. plu.
Ace. sing. Ace. plu.
^^^
^^^^
rest like the mas. in
TT^^
TTH*^
The
^.
'STT^^'^
plural is formed
^t^^ +
^.
it
by Sandhi.
The
N. sing.
53
^^,
mf^
has
(13315),
(1884).
Plu.
^^
(13597);
%^
%f'^; -^W^
(G 399), B
(13401
^^.
reads short
(13 400), B
reading),
^; flfTT^ (9
442);
m^
reads ^;
^T^^
(1140);
iN^
^'rt.
(10207),
has
%f^.
Plu.
^r^ (1856).
has a plural form ^T^-
f^m^
(181343),
G. sing.
^-
a prepo.
reads
diffe-
%fT:^%fiT (919).
a prepo.
f^^^^tt^^ (18173),
Neuter
in it.
Old Marathi
N. sing.
N. plu.
New
Maratlii
sing.
I.
plu.
D. sing.
D. plu.
Abl. sing.
Abl. plu.
G. sing.
G.plu.
L. sing.
L. plu.
54
Old Marathi
Old Marathi
f^^wr, f^^ut^
f^^mcT
f^int, f^^ut^t
f^^tfT
f^^^T
f<^^m^"t
Voc. sing.
f^^oi^
Voc. plu.
f^^^tft
in
Tf
or
by adding
This
3TT
is
is
This
Tj
different
is
also derived
Tj,
These
terminations
f^^^ + T == f^^^ by Para. Sandhi. The Genetive f^^^ + 3TT = f^^^T sing., f^^uf + 3Tt = f^^^t plu. by Sandhi. The Instr. f^^^ + Tpr = f^^BfiT by P. Sandhi; the plu. f^Bf -\- f = f^uR;
words.
The Nom.
formed
in the mas. in
3n
t^^ + art =
t^nit by Para.
Sandhi.
Vocative
is
formed as usual.
N. sing.
^^
Plu.
W^ (6-82),
^^
art^^n^
(9125).
W^iflf
has
t^t;
(13234),
has
^fijjn\.
%^
(4188),
(6292),
^-
^1
195),
(578),
I.
arf^T^
(163).
sing.
t^T^tfiT (161),
B and C have f^; ^T^^T%T (930), B has ^f^ (17424), B has 'T;
%^T^;
^fin^T^'^ (910),
reads
^T^^T%^T^;
'^tf^-
t^BfiT^Tf (1615),
has f^.
^^^f^
(181149),
has a plural
form t^^t^'^,
wnr^mr (15-430), C
24); ft^Rrt (16170),
55
Plu.
<! lut<ll
reads ^^TfrrRn.
R (7
i
B ft%^, C
(5
ftftRTf.
Abl. sing.
^^f^Tlrf'T
165),
^5r^ (12119); ^^RT (640), B has ^C^; mrirm (18785), before Prepo. B has HT^Nn; ^"^'RTT^ (692), B ^%^%; ^TT^%^ (1883), B reads ^rTT^%^ and C ^T^^f^T. Plu. ^^r%^t (1621), ^in^^t
(8100).
L. sing,
fr^nt
(131113);
^TT^nut
in
(16111);
<lfiy\\
Plu.
(15
265),
C has no Anuswara
any
of these cases.
:
^T^nnt (1812);
iNrr (16
^^f^in
78),
any
of these examples.
Lebenslauf.
am 1. Januar 1881 zu Thana, PrasidentBombay, geboren. Meine Eltern sind der verstorbene Gutsbesitzer und Rechtsanwalt Keshavrao G. Joshi zu Thana und seine ebenfalls verstorbene Frau Laxmibai geb. Mandlik. Ich gehore dem Brahmanismus an. Die Volksschule besuchte ich in Thana und das Gymnasium in Poona. Ich bestand das Matriculation Exam" an der Universitat Bombay im Jahre 1898. Ich studierte am Elphinstone College (Bombay) und am Fergusson College (Poona), und bestand das B. A. Exam 1907 und M. A. 1909. Anfang 1910 wurde ich von der Deccan Education Society als lebenslangliches Mitglied gewahlt. Im September 1911 wurde ich von derselben Gesellscbaft nach Deutschland geschickt. Im Winter desselben Jahres lies ich mich in das philosophische Album der Universitat
Ich, Krishnaji Joshi, bin
schaft
Leipzig
eintragen.
in
Ich
studierte
ein
Semester in
Leipzig,
drei
1913. Wahrend dieser Zeit habe ich Vorlesungen iiber Sanskrit, Englisch und die deutsche Literaturgeschichte von den Herren Professoren Bulbring, Forster, Jacobi, Jiriczek, Jolly, Litzmann und Roetteken gehort. Ich spreche hiermit meinen aufrichtigen Dank alien, aber besonders dem Herrn Geheimrat Professor Jacobi und dem Herrn Geheimrat Prof. Jolly aus. Die miindliche Priifung fand am 1. Mai 1914 statt.
Semester
Bonn
und