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Jennifer Yang 11B

Exploring the Relationship between GNI and Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births)

By: Jennifer Yang 11B

Jennifer Yang 11B

Table of Contents Introduction.3 Hypothesis.3 Methodology3 Data Presentation and Analysis.4 Conclusion.6 Evaluation..6 Appendix.7 Works Cited..9

Jennifer Yang 11B

Introduction
Governments and various organizations around the world are always trying to measure development in countries around the world. However, it is not always easy to measure it since there are so many different factors that need to be considered. For example, in India, even though the economy may be soaring high right now, but the quality of their health system might not be very well developed. Due to this, governments came up with a way to calculate the human development index based on 3 different criterions: years of education, life expectancy and gross national income per capita (GNI). In this investigation, the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) will be compared against one of the human development index, GNI per capita, using the data of the year 2008. The two indicators are chosen for investigating the relationship between the health and economic development of a country. The advantage of choosing these two indicators is that the data of different countries in 2008 is easily accessible. However, it will not show the overall development of a country because it only shows part of the development of the health system and economy. Also, the data is not up-to date. Hypothesis It is predicted that there is negative correlation between the maternal mortality ratio and GNI per capita. In other words, when the GNI per capita of a country increases, the maternal mortality ratio will decrease. This theory is based on the idea that when the society has a greater income in general, they will be able to afford a better health service and improve it which will decrease the possibility of maternal mortality greatly. Methodology The 48 countries selected to be compared are chosen according to a stratified method, by the amount of their GNI per capita. 12 countries of different regions were selected for each section, high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income. This is to be certain that in the set of data collected, there is a wide range of countries of different GNI per capita to be compared against each other in order to observe the correlation between GNI per capita and the maternal mortality rate effectively. Both sets of data for GNI per capita and the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) were collected from gapminder.org. The GNI per capita of different countries were classified according to the income groups listed on worldbank.org (Low income:$1,025 or less, Lower-middle income:$1,026~$4,035, Upper-middle income:$4,036~$12,475, High income:$12,476 or more). The way the data and trends will be shown visually are through a world map, scatter graph and Pearsons correlation. All three ways are effective in showing the pattern in the data because the world map allows you to see visually about how much a countrys GNI per capita and maternal mortality rate is compared to other countries while displaying the region it is in. The scatter graph clearly reveals any trend in the data if there is any. As for Pearsons correlations r squared value, it measures the strength of the correlation between the two indicators.

Jennifer Yang 11B Data Presentation and Analysis Figure 1: Maternal Mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) against the GNI per capita of a country

Analysis (Figure 1) The map above clearly displays the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) against GNI per capita of the 48 countries chosen. From the map, it shows that there is a strong relationship between GNI per capita and maternal mortality rate of a country. The bigger bubbles are mainly green and blue, and the smaller bubbles are mostly red and yellow. This indicates that the countries with higher maternal mortality rate are mostly countries with lower GNI per capita and countries with a higher GNI per capita have really much lower maternal mortality rate. It seems that the big bubbles mostly appear in South Africa and lower Asia. This is perhaps that they are countries with lower GNI per capita, as shown by the color of the bubbles, which restrains the funding to allow them to improve their health service, equipment, overall hygiene and afford experienced and skilled doctors to perform surgeries. Due to this limitation, the risk of giving birth to babies increases greatly in these regions. Nigeria is one of the countries that stand out most in this figure. Even though it is green, which means that the GNI per capita is about 300 USD, but as shown by the large size of the bubble, it has a higher maternal mortality rate compared to other countries with similar GNI per capita in Asia and North America. This might be because of the harsh weather in Nigeria. Throughout the whole year, the temperature in Nigeria remains at around 23 ~ 31 , when compared to India which experiences a huge range 10 ~40 and has a much lower maternal mortality rate, forces

Jennifer Yang 11B pregnant women to give birth to babies under a very hot weather. This adds on to the point made above, because of the poor health service it provide, the condition in which women deliver babies is very poor and germs and bacteria spreads more rapidly in hot weathers. Also, it is harder for wounds to heal completely if at all in warmer weathers. Figure 2: Maternal Mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) against the GNI per capita of a country
1800 Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,00 live births) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 GNI per capita ($) R = 0.8897

R squared value

Relationship Very strong positive Strong positive Moderate positive Weak positive No or negligible

R squared value

Relationship Very strong negative Strong negative Moderate negative Weak negative No or negligible

Analysis (Figure 2) From the graph above, it can be determined that there is very strong negative relationship between GNI per capita and maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) as stated by the r squared value of Pearsons correlation, -0.8897. As the GNI per capita increases, the maternal mortality rate of that country decreases in response. As shown in the graph, there is an exponential relationship between GNI per capita and maternal mortality rate. The maternal mortality rate decreases rapidly when GNI per capita increases within the low and lower-middle income range. According to the line that best fits, the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) drops from 1370 to 100 when the GNI per capita increases from 400 to 400 USD. On the other hand, in general, when the GNI per capita reaches a certain value, there is no obvious decrease in the maternal mortality rate. This might be because the equipment needed for improving the quality and hygiene of when delivering a child can be obtained

Jennifer Yang 11B with an insignificant amount of money. Nevertheless, when the health service reaches an adequate and reasonable level, a massive amount of money will be needed in order to afford the most modern technologies to decrease the risk of maternal death. However, there is a limited relationship between the two indicators at certain points. Realistically, the maternal mortality rate will never become zero even if the country has a really high GNI per capita due issues such as a problem in the genes. Conversely, the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) can never reach 100,000 even if the GNI per capita is zero. Conclusion To conclude, the data collected proved the hypothesis stated at the beginning of the investigation, the relationship between the maternal mortality rate and GNI per capita is inversed. From figure 2 in the data presentation section, the scatter graph clearly shows that there is a negative correlation between the maternal mortality rate and GNI per capita. It is certain that the correlation between the two indicators is very strong, as stated by the Pearsons correlation r squared value, which is -0.8897. This trend is the result of when a country has a fair amount of GNI per capita, it will be able to afford to improve the health service which would then most likely reduce the risk of maternal mortality. From the data collected of the two indicators chosen in this investigation, they reveal that the health and economic development of a country is closely related. Evaluation One of the advantages of this investigation is that the data were collected from a reliable website, gapminder.org, so the relationship and trend between the two indicators is valid and trustworthy. However, one main limitation of this investigation is that it may be bias because only two indicators were compared to have an overall view of determining if there is a relationship between the health and economic development. By just examining these two indicators, it is not really certain whether there is a direct relationship between the health and economic development of a country.

Word count: 1350

Jennifer Yang 11B Appendix Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,00 live births) 1575.09 9.45 254.91 54.46 569.55 21.06 40.14 225.31 533.57 25.29 751.17 22.47 589.71 7.23 6.96 859.85 105.34 253.82 228.57 27.82 5.69 34.40 6.77 339.20

Country Afghanistan Belgium Bhutan Brazil Burundi Chile China Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Costa Rica Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland Germany Guinea Honduras India Indonesia Iran Ireland Jamaica Japan Laos

GNI per capita ($) 984.81 33514.30 4609.78 9685.32 459.20 13625.82 6816.67 1026.04 359.66 9831.55 562.01 19078.98 757.95 33162.40 33160.57 970.90 3597.56 2606.96 3686.60 11614.15 38236.96 7274.02 31164.70 2167.25

Income Group Low High Upper-middle Upper-middle Low High Upper-middle Lower-middle Low Upper-middle Low High Low High High Low Lower-middle Lower-middle Lower-middle Upper-middle High Upper-middle High Lower-middle

Jennifer Yang 11B Liberia Maldives Mali Mexico Mongolia Morocco Niger Nigeria Peru Poland Rwanda Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Switzerland Thailand Togo Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe 413.06 5654.03 1078.39 11870.51 3300.28 4011.38 668.98 2100.11 7912.56 16181.43 981.79 20867.93 44075.06 943.04 37878.08 7661.85 897.76 8456.75 1173.04 6742.49 42226.58 2577.73 2295.81 408.91 858.90 75.19 669.69 51.58 207.35 124.01 600.67 608.26 81.29 7.27 383.44 27.90 15.71 674.61 7.38 47.04 447.08 57.90 352.28 29.78 16.65 64.30 268.74 624.32 Low Upper-middle Lower-middle Upper-middle Lower-middle Lower-middle Low Lower-middle Upper-middle High Low High High Low High Upper-middle Low Upper-middle Lower-middle Upper-middle High Lower-middle Lower-middle Low

Jennifer Yang 11B Works Cited Gapminder World. "Indicator Gapminder Gdp_per_capita_ppp." Google Docs, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg>. Gapminder World. "Maternal Mortality Ratio 1800-2008." Google Docs, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pyj6tScZqmEcVezxiMlWaRw>. Http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/libarts/polsci/statistics.html. World map comparing GNI per capita and maternal mortality rate. Digital image. Gapminder World. Http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/libarts/polsci/statistics.html, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=map$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=0 ;stl=f;st=f;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2008$zpv;v=1$inc_x;mmid=XCO ORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=const$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2 tPLxKvvnNPA;by=const$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=pyj6tScZqmEcVezxiMlWaRw;by=ind$inc_c;u niValue=255;gid=CATID0;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65 $map_c;scale=log$cd;bd=0$inds=i90_r,,,,,,;i133_r,,,,,,;i68_r,,,,,,;i13_r,,,,,,;i256_r,,,,,,;i239_r,,,, ,,;i238_r,,,,,,;i236_r,,,,,,;i235_r,,,,,,;i223_r,,,,,,;i220_r,,,,,,;i217_r,,,,,,;i184_r,,,,,,;i176_r,,,,,,;i175 _r,,,,,,;i170_r,,,,,,;i168_r,,,,,,;i116_r,,,,,,;i159_r,,,,,,;i155_r,,,,,,;i143_r,,,,,,;i135_r,,,,,,;i134_r,,,,,,;i 114_r,,,,,,;i110_r,,,,,,;i109_r,,,,,,;i107_r,,,,,,;i105_r,,,,,,;i104_r,,,,,,;i103_r,,,,,,;i102_r,,,,,,;i99_r,,,, ,,;i100_r,,,,,,;i85_r,,,,,,;i95_r,,,,,,;i71_r,,,,,,;i70_r,,,,,,;i65_r,,,,,,;i59_r,,,,,,;i55_r,,,,,,;i50_r,,,,,,;i43_ r,,,,,,;i44_r,,,,,,;i37_r,,,,,,;i35_r,,,,,,;i31_r,,,,,,;i29_r,,,,,,;i21_r,,,,,,;i18_r,,,,,,;i10_r,,,,,,;i1_r,,,,,,>. "India Climate, Climate of India." MapsofIndia. MapsofIndia.com, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-climate.html>. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/libarts/polsci/statistics.html>. U.S. Library of Congress. "Nigeria - Climate." Nigeria - Climate. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/33.htm>. The World Bank Group. "How We Classify Countries." Data. The World Bank Group, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications>.

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