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The whole tower analysis Detailed analysis of opening Detailed analysis of the connections
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Even when tower wind pressure is a function of height [ p=p(h) ] , moment & shear at the base can be calculated also by simple integrations of the load function
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Tower displacements & eigenmodes cant be calculated so easily because of the change of the elastic characteristics of the cantilever along its height.
For this calculation a computational model is needed
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By the use of a linear model we can calculate tower displacements and perform an eigenvalue analysis with accurate results.
So whats the need for a Finite Element model?
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Soil-structure interaction affects the tower dynamic characteristics, and its displacements for wind loading.
Wind pressure distribution over the circumference of the tower causes ovalling of the circular tower section
But when it comes to the positions where the tower section is much stiffer (flange & support positions) , the section shape is forced to be circular. This causes circumferencial stresses to the shell near flange positions In buckling check (EC 3-1-6) not only meridional stress but circumferencial & shear stresses are used in combination as well
Modern Finite Element software that can run on a simple PC offer: Direct input of the geometry from CAD software CAD capabilities inside the FEM software Geometrical & material non-linear analysis capabilities Unilateral contact with friction capabilities Non-linear analysis now can run on a personal computer Automatic procedures for results interpretation Interfaces to join with design software
Modelling strategies
Modelling Strategies can be described by the chart below:
Overall model Linear Foundation FE model
Foundation included
Foundation model
Linear (grid on elastic support) FE model (including anchoring detail)
Details (Flanges, Door position etc) : Finite Elements Included to the general model Separate models for the details
Flanges are modelled using plate elements Bolts are placed as linear elements connecting the flanges active only in tension All other nodes are connected thru unilateral contact elements. Moment & shear force is applied distributed to the circumference.
Easy developing of the general model and the part models Fast calculation (on a simple PC: instant calculation for the overall model & 10-15 minutes for the non-linear models of the flanges) Easy change of the model configuration
Disadvantages:
Circumferencial variation of the tower loads cannot be introduced Boundary conditions for the part models need to be estimated Only meridional stress can be calculated Circumferencial & shear stresses are neglected EC 3-1-6 requires the complete stress-state (meridional, circumferencial & shear) for the buckling check Only Axial & Shear forces and Bending moment are available to be applied to the part models. Inplane deformation of the tower due to the wind load distribution is neglected Soil-structure interaction is neglected or need to be estimated by introducing a rotational spring on tower support
Simulates soil-structure interaction Good for the design of the foundation It doesnt give an answer to the stress state of the anchoring system
Fast calculation in PC (about 1-2 minutes a run for the general model and about 10-15 minutes for the non-linear analysis of the flange models) Estimation of the full stress-state on any point
Disadvantages:
Boundary conditions for the part models need to be estimated Much effort is needed for the transfer by hand the stress-state of a specific cross-section to the corresponding cross-section of the part model. Soil-structure interaction is neglected or need to be estimated by introducing springs on tower support
Shell skirts are modelled using shell elements Flanges are modelled using brick elements Foundation is modeled using brick elements Unilateral contact to the ground
Embedded flange to the concrete Partially prestressed anchors inside (but not connected to) the concrete Unilateral contact between flanges & concrete
Prestressed anchors (tensile forces) Non-shrink mortar (compressive & shear stresses) Concrete (compressive,shear & punching shear stresses) Reinforcing bars
Disadvantages:
Big effort for developing the FE model Changes to the model are difficult Non-linear calculation needs time to run on a personal computer (can take 4-5 hours a run on a modern PC)
Wind loads
At the top of the tower, rotor forces and moments are applied At tower stem wind pressure is calculated acc. EC1-1-4 as a logarithmic function of z.
Types of analysis
Types of analysis for buckling check EC 3-1-6, LS3 (Buckling limit state):
LA (Linear analysis) MNA & LBA (Material non-linear analysis & Linear buckling analysis) GMNIA (Geometric & material non-linear analysis with imperfections)
Types of analysis
Seismic loading:
Response spectrum analysis for the seismic loading must be performed
Additional time history harmonic response analysis for the seismic loading
(only in extreme cases) Due to the distributed mass of the tower itself two eigenmodes are participating. Equivalent lateral load method cannot be used
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Tower displacements for the linear model vs FE models Linear model is accurate to the estimation of displacements for wind loading.
Comparison of results
Conclusions:
Although the use of an overall complex Finite Element model needs more calculation effort, it is necesary in order to establish a better approach the stress state on the structure With modern Finite Element software such a nonlinear analysis can be run on a simple personal computer The cost of developing such a model is extremely small compared with the budget of a single aeolic park installation Simplified models (linear model, even hand-calculation) are also necessary to develop in paralell, for initial design, and for checking the results of the FE model