2.

1 Muslim Civilizations

Yellow Book pgs. 303-306

Red Book (238-254)

Spread of the Arab Empire Causes Long-Term Weakness of Byzantine and Persian empires Economic and social changes in Arabia

Immediate Effects Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus River Valley Centers of learning flourish in Cairo, Cordoba, and Elsewhere Five Pillars of Islam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Causes Short-Term Tribes of Arabia unified by Islam around a central message Wide acceptance of religious message of Islam Easy acceptance of social ideas of Islam such as equality among believers Long-Term Effects Muslim civilization emerges Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through Muslim trade networks Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims Split between Sunnis and Shiites

Make the declaration of faith There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God Pray five times a day, facing Mecca Give alms(charity) to the poor Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan Make the haij, or pilgrimage to Mecca, if physically and financially able Yellow Book (212-238) Red Book (286-314)

2.2 The Rise of Europe Why did Europe Decline?

Western Roman Empire collapsed Invaders swept across the region Trade, travel, towns, and learning all decreased Germanic kingdoms cared up a once-unified Empire The Manor System Lord of the Manor to Peasants Peasants to Lord Use of land for farming Protection Could not be forced off land Money or crops as rent Labor on lords lands Certain fees

Feudalism and the Manor System Feudalism Lord to Vassal Vassal to Lord Fief (land, buildings, workers) Protection Loyalty Military service Certain fees Advice

Rise of Towns and the Middle Class Agricultural Revolution Production increases Population grows

Revival of Trade Warfare decreases Travel becomes safer Desire for foreign goods increases Trade fairs develop Town and cities grow

Towns and the Middle Class As towns grow merchants gain power Guilds form and become powerful Modern business practice develop The middle class gains power Trade and commerce gain importance

2.3 The High and Late Middle Ages

Yellow Book pg. 242-276

Red Book (316-344)

Power Shifts in the High and Late Middle Ages England France William the Conqueror consolidates royal Hugh Capet is elected king by French power, limiting power of lords nobles who feel like he is weak Henry II strengthens royal courts King John approves Magna Carta limiting monarchs power Parliament develops under Edward I Turmoil in Europe Capetian kings make throne hereditary take lands from nobles build bureaucracy During Hundred Years War English are expelled from most of France increasing national feeling

Holy Roman Empire Otto is crowned Holy Roman Emperor but nobles and Church officials wield power Henry IV is excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII and then forgiven Holy Roman Empire remains fragmented

The Crusades- a series of wars in which European Christians battled Muslims for control of the Holy Land The Black Death- an epidemic of the bubonic plague that swept Europe killing about one third of the population The Hundred Years War-a series of conflicts, between England and France in which England lost control of most of its territory in France Red Book (352-362)

2.4 The Renaissance Yellow Book (408-422) Major Themes of the Renaissance Humanism - Importance of classical learning Emphasis on the individual Important Artists Focus on realism in art and literature Leonardo Da Vinci Question of traditional religious ideas Michelangelo Raphael Machiavelli 2.5 The Reformation Yellow Book (423-433)

Works Mona Lisa, Last Supper David, Sistine Chapel School of Athens The Prince Red Book (363-378)

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Cause Roman Catholic Church becomes involved in political affairs Monarchs and other leaders questions the popes authority and wealth Martin Luther posts the 95 Thesis Printing Press spreads Reform ideas New Protestant Denominations Lutheran Truth in Bible Alone Salvation through Faith 2 Sacraments (Baptism, Communion)

Effect

Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other protestant churches The Catholic Reformation Weakening of the Holy Roman Empire

Calvinist Truth in Bible alone Predestination 2 Sacraments (Baptism, Communion_ Anglican (Church of England) King is Head of Church- Henry VIII Book of Common Prayer- Elizabeth Similar to Catholicism

Acts of Religious Toleration Edict of Nantes (France)- Religious toleration for all Peace of Augsburg (Holy Roman Empire)- Each Prince chooses their territories religion Act of Uniformity Elizabethan Settlement (England)- England requires everyone to follow the Church of England, does not interrogate people about their private beliefs

2.6 Civilization of the Americas Civilizations Olmec Mesoamerica Oldest Civilization

Yellow Book (186-208) Mayan Incan

Red Book (198-212)

Mesoamerica City-States Agricultural Technology; Calendar, Writing System, Mathematics South America Empire - Sapa Inca has absolute power - Incan-Socialist Society Technology; Roads, Surgery, Metalworking, the Quipu

Aztec Iroquois

Mesoamerica Empire -Capital (Tenochtitlan) -conquered territories owe tribute Religion-human sacrifice common

North America Alliance of 5 tribes- Make decisions on a council Matriarchal Society- Clan Mother chooses council members

2.7 Global Age Important European Explorers Vasco De Gama (Portugal) Christopher Columbus (Spain) Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) Region Settled Mexico

YB (446-456)(470-481)(487-498)

Red Book (380-408)

Sailed around Cape of Good Hope Sailed west across Atlantic Ocean to Caribbean Circumnavigated the Globe Country/Conquistador Spain/Hernan Cortes Purpose Find Gold Effects -Disease -Mexico becomes Catholic -The Casta System Emerges -Enomienda System & African Slave trade Same Large scale importation of Africans from the Slave Trade

Peru Brazil Effects

Spain/Francisco Pizarro Portugal

Find Gold Establish Settlements, Agricultural Plantations

Columbian Exchange- foods ideas and technologies are exchanged between the hemispheres Inflation- Rising prices occur along with an increase in the money supply Price Revolution- Rising prices are coupled with inflation Mercantilism- European countries adopt mercantilist policies, such as establishing colonies, increasing exports, and limiting imports to compete for trade and empire. Triangle Trade- Three legged international trade network. Linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas Yellow Book (502-538) Red Book (452-474)

2.8 The Age of Absolutism Key Rulers Country Spain

Key Rulers Charles V, Philip II

France Russia Britain

Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV Peter the Great Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William and Mary

Key Events in Lost Spanish territories due to Religious Wars (Spanish Armada attacks England) Increased the power of the monarchy, absolutism Westernized Russia English Civil War Glorious Revolution England progressively becomes constitutional (limited) monarchy