QUESTION BANK (Honours) Algae.

Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. Name one non-heterocystous N2 fixing blue green alga. 2. What is phycobilisome? 3. Name the phycobiliproteins found in Cyanophyceae. 4. What is heterocyst? 5. Name one common Cyanophycean alga of rice field. 6. Name one unicellular blue-green alga. 7. What is carboxysome? 8. What is girdle lamella? 9. Where do you find eyespot? 10. Name one edible alga. 11. Name one epiphytic alga. 12. What is pyrenoid? 13. Name one parasitic alga. 14. Name one thermophilic alga. 15. Name one heterotrichous brown alga. 16. Name one unbranched filamentous yellow green alga. 17. Name one freshwater red alga. 18. What is Floridian starch? 19. Name one alga, which shows isomorphic alternation of generations. 20. What is algin? 21. In which alga tetra spore is found? 22. What type of ribosome is found in the cells of Cyanophyta? 23. Name a red alga, which is parasitic on other red alga. 24. Name one alga from which commercial iodine is extracted? 25. Name one coenocytic alga. Short questions carrying 2 marks 1. What is auxospore? Where does it occur? 2. How do the pinnate diatoms differ from centric one? 3. Distinguish Nannandrous and Macrandous species of Oedogonium. 4. Name the algal classes under division Clorophyta in Rounds Classification. 5. Name two species from which commercial agar agar is extracted? 6. What is diatomite? Mention its uses? 7. Why red alga becomes green when grown in fresh water? 8. What is the role of pyrenoid in algal cells? 9. What are the chemical components of cell wall of Cyanophyta? 10. What is carragenin? Where does it occur? State its use 11. What are pigment constituents of Vaucheria? 12. How far androspores comparable to zoospores? 13. What is plethysmothallus? 14. What is Palmella stage? 15. What is coenozoospore? Where does it occur?

Questions carrying 6 marks 1. Briefly describe the types of zoospores found in algae. 2. Give a brief account of asexual reproduction in Cyanophyta. 3. Describe the mode of sexual reproduction in Oedogonium. 4. Describe the development of sex organs in Chara. 5. Mention the salient features of Bacillariophyceae. Describe the cell structure of a diatom cell. 6. Describe the role of plurilocular sporangium and gametangium in the life cycle of Ectocarpus. 7. Write a note on economic importance of algae. 8. Comment on the systematic position of Chara. 9. Write a note on range of thallus structure in algae. 10. Give a brief account of classification of algae proposed by Fritsch (1937). Long questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Describe with neat sketches ultra structure of a Cyanophycean cell. Why are these algae, today Usually referred to as the Cyanobacteria? Mention the role of these algae in soil fertility. 2. The life cycle of Polysiphonia is morphologically triphasic or trigenic but cytologically Diplobiontic why? Briefly describe the post-fertilization changes observed in Polysiphonia. 3. Give an illustrative account of auxospore formation in Bacillariophyceae. 4. Give salient features of Phaeophyceae. State the economic importance of the group. 5. Describe sexual reproduction in Vaucheria and comment on its systematic position. 6. Describe the development of male and female sex organs in Fucus. 7. Write a critical note on origin of sex in algae. 8. What are the criteria used for classification of algae? Give an outline of Rounds classification. 9. Compare with neat diagrams the sexual reproduction of Ulothrix and Chlamydomonas. 10. Describe the variations in the life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus. Mention the phylogenetically Advanced features noted therein.

Fungi & Lichens.

Short Questions carrying 1 mark 1. What is rhizomorph? 2. What is dimorphic fungus? 3. What is diplanetism? 4. What is amphigynous type of antheridia? 5. What is sclerotium? 6. What is appressorium? 7. Name one coprophilous fungus. 8. What is Woronin body? 9. What is dolipore septum? Where do you find it? 10. What is sporangial proliferation? Where does it occur? 11. What is acervulus? 12. What is heterokaryon? 13. What is Buller phenomenon? 14. What is clamp connection? 15. Name one edible fungus from Ascomycetes. 16. What type of ascocarp is formed in Penicillium? 17. What is crozier? 18. Distinguish between holobasium and phragmobasidium. 19. What is macrocyclic rust? Give example. 20. What is demicylic rust? 21. Distinguish between conidium and spore. 22. Mention the names of sexual spores formed in fungi. 23. Distinguish between oophere and oospore. 24. What is ballistospore? 25. What is Centrum? 26. What is Reindeer Moss? Short Questions carrying 2 marks 1. What is sclerotium? Name one fungus that produces sclerotium. 2. Why some fungi are called perfect fungi and others imperfect fungi? Give example. 3. What is the economic importance of Saccharomyces? 4. Distinguish between rust and smut fungi. 5. What are meant by anamorph and teliomorph? 6. What is heterothallism? How does it differ from homothallism? 7. What is heterokaryosis? How does it occur? 8. Name two edible mushrooms that are cultivated in India. 9. Name two leaf infecting fungi belonging to Deuteromycetes. 10. What is ergot? Why is it so important? 11. State the ecological importance of Lichens.

Questions carrying 6 marks 1. Describe the role of heterothallism in sexual reproduction of Mucor. 2. With suitable example describe the different types of conidial fructifications in Deuteromycetes. 3. Write a brief note on the economic importance of fungi. 4. Give an illustrative account of different types of ascocarps found in Ascomycetes. 5. Write in brief the salient features of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium. 6. Describe the types of life cycles found in Saccharomyces. 7. Describe the formation of clamp connection crozier. 8. What is parasexuality? Mention the steps of parasexual cycle and state its significance. 9. Describe in brief the annual recurrence of black stem rust of wheat in India. 10. Mention the criteria involved in classification of fungi. Give an outline of a classification as studied by you. Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Give a concise account of formation of ascus and ascospore in Ascomycotina. Describe with suitable sketches the development of basidium and basidiospore. Enumerate the salient features of Deuteromycetes. How do they classify? Discuss the phenomenon of heterothallism in fungi. Compare the fruit body of Lycoperdon and Agaricus. Mention the name of a poisonous and an edible mushroom. Describe the cultivation procedure of one edible mushroom you have studied. 7. Describe the different spore forms of Puccinia. 8. State the salient features of Phycomycetes. Describe the mode of sexual reproduction found in this group. 9. Give a brief account of reproductive structures associated with the thalli of Lichens. 10. Write notes on the economic importance of Lichens.

Bryophyta
Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. Distinguish between elaters and elatophore. 2. What is nurse cell? 3. What is amphigastria? 4. What is the origin of sporogenous tissue in Anthoceros? 5. Name one aquatic species of Bryophyte. 6. What is hypophysis? 7. What is retort cell? Where do you find it? 8. Is the capsule wall of Riccia a sporophytric structure? 9. What is columella? 10. Name one parasitic Bryophyte. 11. What is perichaetium? 12. What is gemma? 13. What is peat moss? 14. What are pseudoelaters? 15. Where do you find succubus arrangement of leaves? Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. Why are Bryophytes called amphibians of plant kingdom? 2. What is protonema? How does it differ from filamentous green algae? 3. What is peristome? Mention its functions. 4. What is apophysis? How does it differ from a paraphysis? 5. What is pseudopodium? Where do you find it? 6. Write the nature of peristome teeth of Funaria. 7. How are spores dispersed in Pellia? 8. Why is the sporophyte of Riccia considered as primitive among the Bryophytes? 9. Why are Jungermanniales placed under Hepaticopsida? 10. How does Riccia reproduce vegetatively? Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. State the classification of Bryophytes proposed by Dixon (1932) mentioning characters up to class. 2. Characterize Jungermanniales. Distinguish between acrogynous and anacrogynous forms. 3. Draw and describe the internal structure of Riccia thallus. 4. Describe the saprophytic structure of Marchantia. 5. Why is Anthoceropsida considered as synthetic group? Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Distinguish with labelled sketches the saprophytic structure of Pellia and Porella. Mention one species of each genus occurring in Indian sub-continent. 2. State the relative level of evolution among Sphagnum and Funaria. Why is Sphagnum considered as primitive moss? 3. With suitable diagram describe the sporophyte of Anthoceros. State its evolutionary significance. 4. Compare the structure of sporophytes of Marchantia and Funaria. Trace evolutionary tendency among them.

5.

Write a note on evolutionary trend found among the different groups of Bryophytes.

Pteridophyta
Short Questions carrying 1 mark. 1. Mention the characters that differ Pteridophyte from Bryophyte. 2. Mention the similarities of Pteridophyte with higher plants. 3. Where do you find vessels in Pteridophyte? 4. Where do you get mixed pith in Pteridophyte? 5. What is raphe? In which fern is it found? 6. Name a rootless living Pteridophyte. 7. Name one ligulate and one non-ligulate Pteridophyte. 8. What are trabeculae? Where do you find it? 9. Name one heterosporous fossil Pteridophyte. 10. Who proposed telome concept? 11. What is the common name of Adiantum? 12. How archegonium of Pteridophyte differs from that of Gymnosperm? 13. What is parichnos? 14. How does Rhynia major differ from R. gwynne-vaughani? 15. Name one species of Lycopodium where protocorm develops. 16. How the peristome teeth are arranged in diplolepidae? 17. Where do you get elters in Pteridophyte? 18. Mention the geological age of occurrence of Rhynia? 19. What is meant by the term tracheophyte? 20. Distinguish between microphyll and megaphyll. 21. Mention two anatomical features to distinguish the stem of Calamites and Equisetum. 22. How the giant Lycopods become extinct? 23. Name the cone genus of Calamites. Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. Mention two anatomical features to distinguish stem of Lycopodium and Selaginella. 2. What are the functions of carinal and valecular canal? 3. What is incipient heterospory? Where do you find it? 4. Mention two similarities of Selaginella with Gymnosperms. 5. Mention two points of difference between the cone of Selaginella and Equisetum. 6. Mention three salient characters of Zosterophyllum. 7. How is a pseudoseed of Lepidodendron different from a true seed of angiosperm? Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. How are the major differences between Rhynia and Psilophyton? 2. With neat sketches compare the organization of strobilus of Lycopodium with that of Selaginella. 3. Draw and describe the structure of Lepidocarpon. Why is it called a false seed? 4. What are the theories regarding the morphological nature of sporocarp of Marsilea? 5. Comment on the morphological nature of sporangial complex of Psilotum. Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Give an outline of the classification of Pteridophyta as proposed by Pitchi Sermolli (1977) mentioning characters up to the class. 2. Describe the vegetative and reproductive features of Zosterophyllum. Discuss the affinity of the taxa. 3. Trace the origin of Pteridophytes highlighting the various views put forwarded by different workers.

4. With suitable sketches describe the successive stages of development of young sporophyte from the zygote as found in Equisetum.

Gymnosperms
Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. Name a gymnosperm which parasitic on roots of other member of the family. 2. Name one extant gymnosperm where ciliated sperms are present. 3. What do you mean by manoxylic wood? 4. What is pycnoxylic wood? 5. What is tent-pole structure? 6. What is interseminal scale? 7. What is leaf trace girdle? 8. Define prepollen. 9. In which geological period Glossopteris was the dominant feature of vegetation? 10. What is the nature of pollination drop? 11. Name one lianas species of Gnetum. 12. How the archesporium of gymnosperm differs from that of pteridophyte. 13. What do you mean by dictyoxylon cortex? 14. Name the root system of Glossopteris. 15. What is meant by radiospermic ovule? 16. Name one female fructification of Glossopteris. 17. Who discovered the group Protogymnospermopsida? 18. Name a common species of Pinus occurring in Western Himalayas. 19. What do you mean by organ genera? 20. What do you mean by form genera? Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. State the xerophytic characters of Cycas leaf. 2. Write two angiospermic characters of Gnetum. 3. How does a gymnospermous ovule differ from an angiospermous ovule? 4. Mention the xerophytic characters of Pinus leaf. 5. State the economic importance of Ephedra. 6. State the distribution of Pinus in India. Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. With suitable diagram compare the male gametophytes Cycas and Gnetum. Mention the evolutionary trends noted in them 2. Give an illustrative account of male and female strobili of Ephedra. 3. Write a note on economic importance of extant gymnosperms. 4. Draw and label the parts as found in the median l.s. of female fructification of Ginkgo. 5. Draw and label the successive stages of development of male gametophytes of Pinus. Questions carrying 10 marks 1. Write a critical note on the various vegetative and reproductive parts of Archaeopteris and discuss the evolutionary significance of the plant. 2. Characterize Pteridospermales. Give the anatomical features of Lygenopteris oldhamia. 3. Characterize Bennettitales. Describe with suitable illustrations the organization of Williumsonia fructification.

4. What are the evolutionary trends toward the development of seed habit? Cite evidences for each trend.

Palaeobotay and Palynology

Short questions carrying 1 mark 1. What is index fossil? 2. What is amber? 3. What is colpa? 4. What do you mean by the term lalongate endoaperture? 5. What will be the NPC of trizonocolpate pollen grains? 6. What is Gula? 7. In which geological age the group angiospermae originated? 8. What is coal ball? 9. What is tegillum? 10. What is sulcus? 11. What is compression? Cite an example. 12. What are the planes of symmetry of a monolete spore? 13. How does the position of aperture of pteridophytic spores differ from that of gymnospermous pollen? Questions carrying 2 marks 1. Draw the structure of pollinia and label it. 2. What is petrification? Cite an example. 3. What is geological time scale? 4. Distinguish between spore and pollen. 5. What is monosulcate pollen? Cite an example. 6. Mention the major factors helping the process of fossilization. 7. What is perispore? Where does it occur? 8. Name one important fossiliferous area in India and mention its age. 9. What are the different types of apertures foun in spores of Pteridophytes? 10. How can you distinguish between Clava and Bacula? Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. Give a brief account of different types of fossils as recognized on the basis of preservation. 2. Briefly describe the processes of fossilization. 3. Define palynology and state its importance. Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Give a concise account of Geologic Time Scale with special reference to major events of plant life occur there in 2. Discuss with suitable diagrams the different types of apertures and sculptures found in spores and pollen grains. 3. What is stratigraphy? Discuss the importance of plant fossils in strtigraphic correlation.

Anatomy
Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. What do you mean by a Vestured Pit? 2. What is epithem? 3. What is periderm? 4. What is leaf-gap? 5. In which plant part phloem parenchyma is absent? 6. What is aspirated pit? 7. Trees at seashore do not have annual ring why? 8. Define eustele. 9. Mention different types of meristematic tissues on the basis of their position. 10. What is septate fibre? 11. Where do you find Casparian strip? 12. What is Tylosis? 13. Define dictyostele. 14. What is phelloderm? 15. What do you mean by medullary ray? Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. Distinguish protoxylem and metaxylem. 2. Name the principles of distribution of mechanical tissues in the plant body. 3. Describe briefly the growth of cell wall by apposition method. 4. Distinguish between sieve tube and sieve cell. 5. How do hydathodes differ from stomata? 6. Distinguish between fascicular and interfasicular cambium. Question carrying 6 marks 1. What is pit? Describe different types of pit with suitable illustrations. 2. Write a note on plasmadesmata. 3. Describe with suitable sketches the secondary phloem elements of angiosperms. 4. What is periderm? Draw a labeled diagram of periderm. 5. State the different types of cambium and their respective activities. Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Describe with suitable diagram the shoot apex and root apex organization in angiosperms. 2. How does the secondary growth in thickness occur in Angiosperms? How the secondary growth of Bigonia and Strycnos differ from normal secondary growth? 3. With suitable diagrams and example describe the different types of root-stem transition as noted in Angiosperms.

4. What is meant by anomalous secondary growth? Briefly describe with labeled diagrams any two distinct types of anomaly in stem anatomy. 5. Classify mechanical tissue. Describe their principles of distribution with example.

1. .

Morphology & Advanced Morphology

Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. What is heterophylly? 2. Mention the edible part of pome. 3. What is retina culum? 4. What is perisperm? 5. What is aleurone layer? 6. Write the name of a plant having labellum in the flower. 7. Name a plant having unistaminate flower. 8. Name a plant having free central placentation. 9. What is sarcotesta? 10. Name plant with coma. 11. Define tapetum. 12. What is porogamy? 13. Cite an example of anemophilous plant. 14. What are carpophores? 15. What is aril? 16. What is epitropous ovule? 17. In which family insect pollination occur? 18. What do you mean by regular flower? 19. What is herkogamy? 20. Distinguish between intra-cellular and intercellular stipule. Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. Distinguish between monophyly and polyphyly. 2. Draw the structure of pollinia and label it. 3. Draw a grass spike let and label the lodicules. 4. Distinguish between orthotropous and anatropous ovule. 5. Distinguish between syngenesious and synandrous stamen. 6. Distinguish between the term floral formula and floral diagram. Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion. Give different types of staminal cohesion. 2. Write a short account on the dispersal of fruits and seeds in air. 3. Draw a longitudinal section of an ovule and label all the parts. 4. Mention the different types of aestivation and give their diagnostic sketches. 5. Mention any four agents affording dispersal of seeds. Explain the mode of dispersal by any such agent citing the name of the concerned plant.

Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Discuss briefly the evolution of carpels with relevant diagrams and examples. 2. Describe different types of floral adaptations to cross pollination with suitable examples. 3. Give an account of different types of placentations in angiosperms and state their evolutionary significance.

Embryology of angiosperm
Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. What is massulae? 2. What do you mean by the term endosperm? 3. Mention the arrangement of spores in tetrad in angiosperms. 4. What do you mean by embryogeny? 5. Distinguish between megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis. Short questions carrying 2 marks. 1. What is double fertilization? State its significance. 2. Mention the changes occurred in carpel after fertilization. 3. What types of ovules are encountered in angiosperms? Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. Describe with neat sketches the development of different types of endosperm in angiosperms. 2. With neat sketches describe the successive stages of development of microspore in angiosperms. 3. How does endosperm of Angiosperms differ from that of Gymnosperms? Questions carrying 10 marks 1. Describe with suitable diagrams the development of a typical dicotyledonous embryo. Mention the points of difference with that of monocotyledonous embryo. 2. Describe with diagrams the microsporogenesis and micrgametogenesis in angiosperms.

Plant Taxonomy
Short questions carrying 1 mark. 1. What do you mean by Key? 2. Give the full form of I.A.P.T. 3. What is index-kewensis? 4. Where was the last International Botanical Congress held? 5. What is Adansonian Taxonomy? 6. What do you mean by Type Specimen? 7. What is a Nomenclatural synonym? 8. What are tautonyms? 9. Give the full form of I.U.C.N.? 10. Name oil yielding monocot plant. 11. Draw the placentation of Brassicaceae. 12. Name a family having syncarpous ovary. 13. Name a family of angiosperm, which could be identified by stamen characters. 14. Draw the placentation of Lamiaceae. 15. In which geological age the group Angiospermae originated? 16. Name a fibre yielding plant belongs to Fabaceae.

17. Name a book along with its authors name which is commonly consulted for identification of angiosperms. 18. Name a medicinal plant from Rubiaceae. 19. Name a spice yielding plant from Umbelliferae. 20. Name two important Botanical Gardens in India. Short questions carrying 2 marks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Distinguish between tautonym and basinym. Explain the term priority in the light of ICBN. Write two reproductive features of Asteraceae. Name two spice yielding plants of Umbelliferae. Write two advanced features of Asteraceae. Name two diagnostic features of Orchidaceae. Write two primitive characters of Magnoliaceae. Name two important Botanical gardens of India.

Questions carrying 6 marks. 1. Mention the different conditions for valid publication. 2. Explain the term parallelism with suitable example. 3. Describe briefly the economic importance of Apiaceae. 4. Draw the stamen of cucurbitaceae and comment on its evolutionary status. 5. Distinguish between Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. 6. Describe briefly the economic importance of Solanaceae. 7. Compare primitive character with advanced character. 8. Distinguish between Malvaceae and Tiliaceae. 9. Distinguish between Labiatae and Verbenaceae. 10. Draw labeled floral diagrams of Poaceae. Questions carrying 10 marks. 1. Give an outline of Bentham and Hookers system of classification. Why is it called a natural system? 2. State the basis of artificial, natural and phylogenetic system of classification. Mention the names of the series of monocot as presented by Bentham and Hookers system of classification. State the demerits of the system as a whole. 3. Give the diagnostic characters of the family Orchidaceae with a note on their affinity. 4. Compare the floral characters of the different families under Scitaminae. 5. Give the diagnostic characters of the family Compositae with a note on their affinities.