Working in Water Resources Department, Karnataka India.

30 Dec 2012

Objective
Rain Sensors. Level Sensors. Automated Gates.

Constant Discharge outlets Drip Irrigation.

Solar Power Radio Telemetry Scada System

Modernization of Canal System. Automation of Canal System. Scientific Water Management. Save Water and Energy. Maximum Yield From Less Water. Equal Water Sharing Among Users.

DESIGN REVIEW
The conventional System

As per Conventional Design

During No Demand water has to be diverted to Escape Channels

During Pump ON
On each start of pump the Travel Time of water required for 50 km with velocity 0.75m/sec is 18 hrs 31 min

DEMERITS
The Conventional System

Demerits of Conventional Water Conveyance System for Lift Irrigations canals

Full Supply Level is Not Constant as 24x7 pumping is not practiced throughout the season.
The Fluctuating Water Level Due to On/ Off of Pumps or Number of Pumps running is less than the Design Numbers Pumps to run, Distributaries Outlets function under design discharge as Depth of water in Canal is under the mark of 2/3 FSD as driving Head is Not Available.

If No Demand Water is Wasted by letting out water through Escape channels or FIC were Diverted to Natural drainage streams by farmers(Nalas). Due to Pump go On /Off, before FSD in Canal raises to design level the water is discharged to outlets so tail end never reach Designed FSD mark, if outlets not operated in time due to more discharge at tail-end, overtopping of water may occurs. If operated prior the FSD of the tail end dosnt gain Head . If manipulated the head, by operator and resolved the complexity of operation then pumps go off, in this struggle to have control over outlets & FSD level which Leads to Management failure.

Demerits of Conventional Water Conveyance System to Fields and Farmers

Traditional farming methods & water tax system lead to over irrigate.
Frequency of irrigation is Unscientific, Soil never get aerated. Extra water is drained by soil thereby lot of Water is Wasted.

Over Irrigation Leads to Water logging, Low Yield and Salinity of soil.
Quantity of water shared by head channel farmer and tail ender differs.

Water is unavailable when crops demand, else supplied behind schedule.

Unequal water distribution leads to competition among farmers & social injustice.

CONCEPT
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

A Solution to All the Conveyance Problems

Tank Filling

TANK FILL TIME

Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

Multilevel Pool Water Conveyance System

Time required for tank water transfer from one full tank to another empty tank

T1

T2

Time required for tank water transfer from one full tank to another partially filled tank

with initial Diff in FSD of 1.9m to rise 0.9 m to 1m FSD difference ie Full Tank Time Required to rise the level in the 3rd Tank is = 10000*5*0.9/15.5

= 2903.226 sec or say 48.3871 min 0 hrs 48.39 minutes

Hydraulic Jump

125

30

72 23040

MERITS
Multi-Level Pool Irrigation System

Merits of MLP Irrigation System.

1. Maximum ICA Created as no Bed Fall in Canal. 2. Maximum Efficiency as No wastage of water. 3. Water sharing among users is equal. 4. Maximum yield as No over irrigation. 5. Controlled discharge, No overtopping of canals. 6. Time Management as per schedule. 7. Power saving as demand pumping is practiced. 8. Less labor cost for operation of gates. 9. Overall control over the network of canals by Scada system. 10. The extra ICA, can be generated due to saving in water. 11. Any section of canal can be filled using pilot feeder pipelines. Connected from Delivery chamber or from U/S canals.

Merits over Conventional System

Travel Time Required is only one time during first filling the Tanks all along the stretch of network. Any section of Canal in any reach, may be upstream of canal, or at tail end. can be filled with same amount of time. no travel time needed. Full supply Level in all pools. always Maintained at FSD Level. Easy Maintenance of Any section. Through out the year. for silt removal or repairs. No Wastage of Water to escape Channels. or to Nalas. Crop pattern and water scheduling can be implemented. Easy measurement of evaporation and seepage losses. Easy Management as controlled discharge as per requirement. No over topping of Canals. Farmer at tail end will get same quantity of water, as of upstream canal farmers. Water for Animals is always available in canals in summer season. SCADA System for Gate operation with Control Room and Solar Energy Supply with remotely controlled by radio signals.

STUDY
To learn the complexity of operation

Need for Study

The Large network with kilometers of main canal network has to be designed with different Lengths of Pools at various split levels varying from 1 meter to 2 meter difference in bed levels, according to the outlets in their respective reaches and requirements of water and timing of operation.
All the outlets of distributaries have to be designed for constant head to a minimum operating head. Time, and scheduling of opening and closing of the canal main gates, and water transfer, as well as filling time has to be studied with respect to number of outlets in that reach.

The crop pattern and scheduling (wara-bandi) has to be prepared.

The velocity in canal, orifice, transition, stilling basin, discharge in multilevel pools, and outlets to be physically studied on models or modeled in computers.

Hydraulic Jump

Broad Crested Weir

PHYSICAL MODEL STUDY

Tank/Multilevel Pool Irrigation System

Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal

Assistant Engineer

examples of projects, physical models.

Portugal HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES OF VENDA NOVA III Scale-model test - Scales: 1:35 and 1:55 Artelia, france
Coursan Canal France

GMR Upper Karnali hydropower LTD Nepal

COMPUTER MODEL STUDY

Computational Fluid Dynamics

The advantages of CFD simulation are that it takes less time than physical modeling and avoids the scaling effects of friction, turbulence, air entrainment and release, fluid structure interaction and local scour below energy dissipaters because everything can be modeled at full scale.
An experimental validation shows a close match between simulation and reality

Benefits of C F D.

Canal operation & simulation models are very efficient tools for improving the design and operation of irrigation canal systems. We can compare various design alternatives, for the development and tuning-up of operational strategies and automatic control algorithms. Available software's are as under
ANSYS, Fluent, Flow 3D, PHOENICS, STAR 3D, OpenFoam, openFlower, Maya, Real Flow, COMSOL Multiphysics, Tecplot

CFD Consultants are as listed below

Mechartes Researchers Pvt. Ltd. D-57, Sector 6, NOIDA Uttar Pradesh, India - 201301 Ph no: +91 120 4540208 contact@mechartes.com

Blue Hill Hydraulics Incorporated 447 Falls Bridge Road Blue Hill, Maine 04614 Phone: 207.374.3294 email: info@bluehillhydraulics.com

Dacolt Grote Looiersstraat 28a 6211 JJ Maastricht The Netherlands Tel: +31 43 3030 020 Fax: +31 43 3030 021

SIMULATION
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

CFD Simulation

MODERNIZATION
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

Automated Gates/ Drip Irrigation/Scheduling

Canal Modernization

Canal Modernization is often thought to mean "lining canals". In actuality, Canal Modernization is much more than that. To better explain this, we can compare the spigot or faucet at your house to an irrigation canal system. At your faucet, water can be delivered exactly where you want it, when you want it, and at the exact rate you want it just by adjusting the faucet handle. It is not that way with an irrigation canal. With a canal system that is not sufficiently modernized, water must often be ordered days ahead of time. It does not necessarily arrive at the time or rate you asked for, and the rate can go up and down quite a lot during the delivery. If you change your mind about needing the water after it is ordered, then it is often too late the water is already in the system and has to go somewhere or it will overtop the canal.

A canal system that is not modernized can make it difficult for a farmer to manage his/her water carefully. A Canal Modernization program introduces the service concept: making the water delivery as close to your household spigot as possible: accurately-delivered, on-time, and when you need it.
A Canal Modernization program looks at the whole water management system and includes various measures such as renovation of water control structures; electronic, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems; automation of water control structures; water ordering and accounting systems; and regulation of reservoirs along canal systems.

Need for Automation

Rising irrigation water costs and unpredictable rains call for efficient monitoring and control of open channels. With the advancements in modern automation systems, it has become possible not only to remotely monitor water flow, but also to remotely control water gate positions, which control the flow rate through open channels. Controlling water gates remotely helps satisfy new requirements set by governing bodies for the efficient management of water resources. Optimization and minimization of water to be applied to the crops is essential in irrigation system. Yields of the crops are adversely affected with excess or inadequate water supply. Yields can be considerably increased by adopting proper irrigation management. For proper irrigation management scheduling of water is essential as said. Irrigation scheduling is the process by which an irrigator/farmer determines the timing and quantity of water to be applied to the crops

The efficiency of irrigation crop yield depends very much on water supply at the time when crop demand, number of watering on specified interval is to be provided during the growing season. Due to complexity in operating water intake structure, the Constant Head at off-take structure is an important issue in the irrigation scheme to facilitate measurement and provide constant irrigation water supply. Presently, all off-take structures are manually operated. Target discharges are seldom met due to upstream water level fluctuations, and the operators are unable to cope with the opening and closing of the many Direct Outlets in Distributaries/ laterals and Distributaries gates and the Delivery chamber gates Automation is the ultimate key to modernize and improve overall irrigation project performance. An answer to control discharge with constant head at outlet structures by automating the gate operation through interfacing with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.

GATE DESIGNS
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

Rectangular / Orifice type/ radial Flume gates

Rectangular gates

Open Channel Flow Control Using the SEL-2411, SEL-3031, and RTAC

The proposed SEL solution results in the efficient management of water through open channels by enabling users to identify various issues associated with water conveyance systems such as channel leakages, channel blockages, and inaccurate flow measurements. Also, the ability to remotely monitor and control various sites reduces the labor and time associated with site visits.

Orifice Type Gates

Solar panel And Radio Receiver Tower

Extra water Escape in Lower Pool above Weir wall

8 Row 0.75 Diameter Pipes in room with Motors and Electrical Panels

Rendered Image of Orifice type gate upper pool inlet Transition

Rendered Image of Weir wall Extended in Lower-Pool

Rendered Image of Transition in lower-pool

Rendered Image of Orifice with Bell Mouth

Radio Signal Tower

Difference in Water level 1 meters

Solar power
2 m FSD + 1 m Free Board

Orifice Room

2 m FSD + 1 m Free Board

Inlet With Grates to arrest Vegetation

Water Cushion

Stilling Basin in Lower Pool

Upstream Side

Over Flow Weir

Down stream Side

SCADA panel with Actuator attached to Pipe butterfly-valves, in side room view

SCHEDULING
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

Water Scheduling And Planning

Scheduling

Irrigation scheduling is the process used by irrigation system managers to determine the correct frequency and duration of watering. The following factors may be taken into consideration: Soil infiltration rate - Soil available water capacity, Effective rooting depth of the plants to be watered,

Current watering requirements of the plant,

Amount of allowable moisture stress which may be placed on the plant.

Timing to take advantage of projected rainfall,

Timing to avoid interfering with other activities such as sporting events, holidays, lawn maintenance, or crop harvesting.

The goal in irrigation scheduling is to apply enough water to fully wet the plant's root zone while minimizing overwatering and then allow the soil to dry out in between watering, to allow air to enter the soil and encourage root development, but not so much that the plant is stressed beyond what is allowable.
In recent years, more sophisticated irrigation controllers have been developed that receive evapotranspiration, input from either a single on-site weather station or from a network of stations and automatically adjust the irrigation schedule accordingly.

Other devices helpful in irrigation scheduling are rain sensors, which automatically shut off an irrigation system when it rains, and soil moisture sensing devices such as capacitance sensors,.

Planning: Use of GIS Mapping Software's

GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a number of technologies and processes, so it is attached to many operations, in engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics and analysis. Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various digitized data creation methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where a hard copy map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program, and georeferencing capabilities Data analysis, Rain Fall, Water Logging, Irrigation land, dry land. Topological modeling complex spatial modeling and analysis Hydrological modeling catchment area/ Terrain analysis Geometric Road / public networks

Crop types in the agricultural irrigated areas and Soil Maps

GIS techniques and technology

Ground Water Level/Water Logged Areas

Example of hardware for mapping (GPSand laser rangefinder) and data collection (rugged computer). The current trend for geographical information system (GIS) is that accurate mapping and data analysis are completed while in the field. Depicted hardware (field-map technology)

GIS accuracy depends upon source data, paper maps that are not found to be very suitable to achieve the desired accuracy In developing a digital topographic data base for a GIS, topographical maps are the main source of Aerial photography and satellite images are extra sources for collecting data GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.) with digital data determining the mix. Real objects can be divided into two abstractions: discrete objects (e.g., a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevations). Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of abstractions mapping references: raster images and vector. Data captureentering information into the system, by paper maps can be digitized or scanned to produce digital data. Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments using a technique called coordinate geometry (COGO). Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensors attached to a platform. Sensors include cameras, digital scanners and LIDAR

Improvement to Network
Geo-synthetic liner used in a Canal to prevent seepage onto adjacent lands

Drip Irrigation for water application to crops, there by lot of water is saved.

Improvements to Network

Over Topping Weir, During over Discharge in canals.

A Portland, Oregon-based startup is adding a new form of distributed generation to the list in-pipe hydropower Anyone with a big pipe -- a water utility, a wastewater facility, an industrial facility, an irrigation system -- can install a system from Lucid Energy to generate electric power from the movement of the water.

Lucid Energy has been developing and testing the LucidPipe Power System since 2007

Level Control Valve

The Model 750-80-X Level Control Valve is a hydraulically controlled, diaphragm actuated control valve that shuts off at pre-set reservoir high level and fully opens in response to an approximately one meter (three foot) level drop, as sensed by the 3-Way altitude pilot mounted on the main valve.

Water level indicator magnetic sensor

Electric Hoisted Sluice Gates

ORGANIZATION
cost-effective outputs

Water Use Efficiency

Water delivered to the irrigated plot Water conveyance efficiency= 100 x ---------------------------------Water diverted from the source

Water distribution efficiency = 100 x (1 -y/d) Where, d = average depth of water stored along the run y = average numerical deviation from d

Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of crop yield to the amount of water depleted through evapo-transpiration (ET). Water utilization by the crop is generally described in terms of kg of yield per hectare in millimeter. In the field, WUE would be the ratio of crop yield to total amount of water used. WUE could be increased either by increasing the crop yield or decreasing ET

The aim of economic irrigation is to maximize the financial return per unit of water applied or amount of money invested in the irrigation projects.

RESEARCH
multi-pool irrigation canal prototype

Research Work
Latin American applied research
Version ISSN 0327-0793 Lat. Am. appl. res. v.37 n.3 Baha Blanca jul. 2007

Predictive control with constraints of a multi-pool irrigation canal prototype

O. Begovich1, V. M. Ruiz2, G. Besanon3, C. I. Aldana1 and D. Georges3

Abstract This paper presents a real-time implementation of a multivariable predictive controller with constraints to regulate the downstream levels at the end of the pools in a four-pool open irrigation canal prototype. The objective of the controller is to maintain the downstream level at a constant target value despite inflow disturbances. The controller is designed using a "black box" identified linear model. The results show satisfactory closed-loop performances.

The closed-loop canal must satisfy the following

specifications to guarantee the supply to the consumers, to avoid water spillage, and to protect the control structures: Level variations must be less than 15% with respect to the level of the operating points. The gate-opening rate should not exceed 1 cm/s. The gate-opening limit is 80 cm. CONCLUSIONS :-A controller based on predictive control with constraints has been designed for a multi-pool irrigation canal prototype, with the purpose to regulate the water level at the downstream end of each pool to a specified reference value, under inflow disturbances. The closed-loop real-time performance obtained with this control has been very satisfactory and the imposed constraints satisfied, although a simple linear model was used to design the controller. However, it is a subject for future studies to verify if such simple linear models obtained by identification are still capable to reflect all complex phenomena such as infiltrations, slope changes, frictions, etc., found in actual operational canals. Although our model and prototype may appear to be quite simple w.r.t. an operational canal, the closed loop results which have been obtained, represent a good starting point and show that significant efficiency could be achieved in irrigation canals by using Model Predictive controllers. Future work will be devoted to the design and implementation of an MPC controller for an operational Mexican Canal.

SCADA
Presented By : Riazahemad Jagadal
Assistant Engineer

Examples of System and Products

Total Channel Control- A breakthrough in irrigation network automation.

RUBICON logo and CableDrive TCC and ValveGate are trademarks and service marks,

A breakthrough in both irrigation control and flow measurement, the system is based on the control of large networks of solarpowered canal regulators and gates, which are linked through radio telemetry and advanced computer software to enable the whole canal network to operate automatically and remotely.

SCADA Products

References
1
2

Food & Agricultural Organization, Journal Publications, chapter 3 and 4.

Latin American applied research Version ISSN 0327-0793 Lat. Am. appl. res. v.37 n.3 Baha Blanca jul. 2007 Predictive control with constraints of a multi-pool irrigation canal prototype

O. Begovich1, V. M. Ruiz2, G. Besanon3, C. I. Aldana1 and D. Georges

3 Google Wikipedia . Google sketch-up+Maxwell renderer

4
5

Flow3d.com USA.
Jain-irrigation.com , India.

6
7 8

Rubiconwater.com Australia.
Lucid Pipe Power System , Portland, Oregon Saisanket Enterprises Pvt Ltd , Mumbai. India

Concept and Design: Riazahemad B. Jagadal

B E (Civil) ,DCE

Assistant Engineer, Mulwad Lift Irrigation, Sub Division No-1, Mattihal, Basavan Bagewadi, Bijapur, Karnataka, India. Mob: +919900836309. Dec-2012