CHAPTER II BASED THEORY

2.1 Measuring and Well testing of Geothermal Measuring and well testing will work when drilling or after drilling and after the well is produced. Technique well testing or drilling between geothermal and oil is similar in principle, but there has some different, which one is in geothermal use cooling tower for make temperature of fluid cooled before its circulated again. In drilling on geothermal, its through zone with high temperature and lost circulation always hoped by engineers, because it is an indication that the bit have through fractures. And fractures is indication that production zone is here. And if there was happened loss of circulation, it usually used fresh water as mud. In the general case of drilling geothermal uses casing 20, 13 3/8, 9 5/8, and liner 7. But in recent years, there are many wellbore uses more bigger casing like 30, 20, 13 3/8 and 9 5/8. And the reason why geothermal used more bigger casing right now because production will increase up to 50% or more bigger too. Another different things is in wellbore of geothermal isnt used tubing. In part of production zone is open hole if the formation is strong, but generally its completed with liner. Casing in wellbore of geothermal is cemented up to surface, because space will caused damaged for casing when expansion is happened because high temperature and in some case liner isnt cemented but just hang on. Measuring and well testing of wellbore is very important. Because the data from the wellbore is important for maintain that wellbore. To know depth where high temperature, production zone or entry zone, center point of fractures, kinds of fluid, kinds of reservoirs, temperature and pressure in wellbore and in reservoir, flow rate and

conditions casing in sub surface or bottom to know there are many problem or not or may be have scale so that make production decrease, characteristic of fluids and contents of fluids, and condition of wellbore.

2.2 Pressure Temperature Survey and Pressure Temperature Spinner Survey 2.2.1 Theory Earth have many levels skin, the upper skin is surface of earth with temperature and pressure normal for human life, but not same in under surface, more depth , more higher temperature and also for pressure. But in pressure, here is have some factors not only depth has effects here. Pressure hydraulic fluids is different, because it influence with density of fluids. So that pressure in B depth not always higher than A depth. Pressure in gas is lower than liquids. And because geothermal wellbore contain in two

phase, so it must be have a differential of pressure and also temperature. In gas, the differential sum of pressure is low, because the density of gas (steam) just 0,008 kg/m3, so that if the graph looks like not have many movement point, or in another word the movement point of pressure versus depth is small, that was the sign if wellbore contain of gas in that depth. And not same with liquids. Liquid have bigger density than gas (steam). In this case the liquids is water. Density of water is 1 kg/m3 and of course the movement point pressure versus depth from water is high. There are many reason why we must know about fluid level and pressure or temperature in this wellbore?, which one

is to control or maintain this wellbore to make it more effective to produce steam and for make It magma long live.

2.2.2 Specification Dimensions Diameter..............................................................................1.75" Length..............................................................60" Outer housing pressure collapse............................................................5000psi Pressure..............................................................Up to 5,000 psi Pressure Accuracy....................................................0.024%F.S. Pressure Resolution.......................................................0.0003% Temperature Temperature Accuracy................................................0.15%F.S. Temperature Resolution.........................................../0.002%F.S. Down hole time.................................................6 hours @ 300C Electronics Power..............................................single or double "AA" Battery Number of data sets................................1,400,000 Minimum sample range........................................................1 sec OS...........................................................Windows 98 and higher

2.2.3 Running Tools. Before run PT or PTS tools, it highly recommended to test the wellbore before. The way to test it, with run sinker bar first. Sinker bar is imitation of this tools, it just a steel with centralizer and run it to the wellbore until up of liner. Pressure temperature survey is a method which used a compatible tool, with combine in many part of tools, but they have two sensors, they are pressure sensor and temperature sensor, this tool work and record any data include depth, temperature and pressure in a memory tools

Here are tools of PT and PTS, include memory tools and battery tools.

Table 2.1 equipment PT and PTS NO 1 PICTURE EXPLANATION This is kuster

tools for PT and PTS survey

completed with it box and

another tools.

Picture 2.1 Tools of Kuster for PT This memory connector tool in Kuster, connector needed sensors Picture 2.2 Memory connector information about Pressure and temperature. this is when bring is a

This is memory tools covered and by a

tape. This tape is anti for high temperature and anti for burn, Picture 2.3 Memory tools There memory are tools.

The tallest thing is sensor for

temperature and the other one is sensor Picture 2.4 sensors of Pressure and Temperature Spinner is fan and its pressure for

connected with magnet, this

tools is used for indicated entry

zone , because Picture 2.5 Spinner if it through the entry zone the fan will turning faster.

Before battery is used, it must be checked before, this step is

important cause we need to

know how much voltage of this Picture 2.6 Battery Checker of PT tools battery to refuse Kuster died

when it running.

Picture 2.7 Kuster designed

Picture 2.8 Kuster centralizer

And absolutely this tools cannot run by itself, it need lubricator for running and of course wire line unit. And if this tools is run

by memory, its need a computer with software made by Kuster company for download this data.

Picture 2.9 Lubricator This lubricator is needed as BOP stack and as media for kuster tools get down in the wellbore, it also needed as pulley stack to make slick line run more soft and to reduce weight of

kuster tools. And before running PT tools, we must checked and guaranty if the wellbore is ready for run, and clear. So that we must running sinker bar before run it. Sinker bar is an

imitation of PT tools, and if when run it, it stuck or have many problem and must be closed this tools, company will not lose many money.

Picture 2.10 Wire line Unit This wire line is a controlled room, its combined with pump hydraulic, drum, pressure gauge, tension gauge, depth counter, pulley and slick line.

2.2.4 Software To download data from the memory need a software called K10 software made by kuster, a connector and a computer.

Picture 2.11 downloading data for Kusters memory

Picture 2.12 view of Kuster software K10 Software

2.3 Caliper Log Casing is the one important constructor for wellbore, because the main function of casing is to avoid wellbore fall. So that casing must be controlled immediately, to know conditions of the casing under surface. To know it, caliper log came for the solutions. Caliper used a combined tools like kuster too. But the different things is in the sensors. In caliper the sensor is like hands, this hands will expand in a time that was make it before. This tools use a memory as media to read. For running caliper similar like running PT or PTS tools. Caliper

need e imitation tools too, for checked wellbore too, but in caliper imitation tools named is dummy, its similar like sinker bar, but different of size. Caliper use battery for its energy, this battery need to check up before use, to avoid this tool end in the middle running. And it also need wire line unit and pulley too. The application of this tools are Detect internal corrosion, Locate pits, holes, cracks and slots, Locate and evaluate mechanical failures, Locate separated collars, Identify scale and paraffin build up, Measure internal out of roundness, Identify distorted or collapsed sections, Identify different weight or wall thickness in casing joints.

Table 2.2 Equipments of Caliper tools No 1. Picture Explanation Batteries of caliper tools

Picture 2.13 Batteries 2. Dummy tools or imitation tool for Caliper tool

Picture 2.14 dummy

3.

Sensor hands of caliper. This hands will expand in time, then it will closed or open when he through the casing. Picture 2.15 sensors

4.

Memory tools is a place for recording data for the sensor

Picture2.16 memory 5. Control room is needed to control the running caliper tools.

Picture 2.17 control room

2.3.1 Multi finger functional tools The prime use for the Multi Finger Imaging Tool is to record data to enable the client to maximize production or recovery from the field, either through appropriate remedial work on a well or by providing information to optimally manage the field. During the course of producing a field problems may show up, often as the wells get older. MIT information will help towards correcting these problems. Some examples of need for downhole knowledge of the tubulars are illustrated below:

Picture 2. MIT example p

Picture 2.18 Example Hole Probelm

A: Corrosion Problems

If the well fluids and gases are

corrosive, corrosion damage can occur. In extreme cases this can result in holes in the tubulars. If the tubing is plastic coated to combat corrosion and the coating is breached, corrosion will occur. B: Scale Build Up Changes in pressure, temperature and mixing of different fluids can cause chemical precipitation on the well tubulars. This can restrict flow and also prevent the locating of downhole flow control equipment. C: Erosion Damage due to well flow If there is extreme turbulence (typically in high rate wells) it is possible to get erosion damage. This occurs when the internal diameter changes. It is also possible to damage tubulars by erosion during fracture treatments. D: Mapping Perforations The presence of perforations may be confirmed and also if the charges have not perforated the casing or the perforations have become blocked up. E: Confirmation of Well Completion Items. The size and condition of downhole flow control items (the jewelry) can be confirmed. For example the sealing bore of a landing nipple may be damaged. F: Milling / Drilling Damage If a well has taken a long time to drill,

is corkscrewed or has had milling operations the wall thickness may have been reduced. This can result in a reduction in the burst pressure of the casing which will compromise well integrity. G: Crushed or Damaged Tubulars If too much weight has been put on the tubulars or damage has occurred running the completion it is possible to have buckling or crushed tubulars. This can prevent the running of downhole completion items or tools. Tubulars can also be damaged or even sheared by tectonic movement as reservoirs deplete.

2.3.2 Specification The MIT tools are available in 24, 40, 60 and 80 finger versions. The choice of tool is dictated by the tubing size. In general the largest tool which can go down the well safely is used.

Picture 2.19 Caliper types tool

2.3.3 Running the Tools The tools are pre-job calibrated at surface using a multi-size calibration ring. The tool is closed and then run in the well to the bottom of the logging interval, the fingers are motored out and the tool is logged out of the hole at a recommended 30 to 45 ft/min (10-15 m/min) as fast or slow as you needs. At the top of the logging interval the fingers are closed and the tool is either run back in hole for another log or pulled out of hole. At surface a post job calibration is performed. Before running this tools, need to determine where is zero point, to make an standard measuring next time.

Picture 2.20 Memory readout multi finger tools strings

2.3.4 Software Memory MIT logging is performed using Sondex Windows Memlog which programs the tools, merges the data and outputs the logging passes as. MDT data format files. This format can be read directly into the MITcal post processing and MITpro joint analysis interpretation software. And after this data downloaded, it will interpretation to be a 3D pipe, with qualification which can be imagined condition of the casing in the wellbore.

Graph 2.21 downloaded data

2.4 Ultrasonic flow meter An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a liquid or gas (fluid) by using the principle of ultrasound. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the temperature, density and viscosity of the flowing medium. They are inexpensive to use and

maintain because they do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow meters In geothermal brine and condensate need to be controlled, because if the brine or condensate flows faster it will be disturb well production. Brine is residue liquid after 2 phase fluids through separators. And condensate is liquid who cooled after stream through scrubber. And of course temperatures of this liquids was low, and if rate flow of this liquid isnt controlled, it will make temperature reservoir low too. One way for control this liquid is to know flow rate of liquid and they are many way to know flow rate of liquid likes TFT and use ultrasonic flow meter. Panametric is a tools which used ultrasonic flow meter. Ultrasonic double transduser is a media to make ultrasonic from panametric run correctly. For use this tools, first for Input the pipe and liquid data into Ultra sonic flow meter computer, then Install the ultrasonic transducers (single/double traverse), for finished Download and process the flow rate data. This tools are work, because panametric through the cable run to conductor or transduser positive and negative, and trandsducer will record how much flow rate of the liquid (brine or condensate) through vibration which come because the liquid is flow. But before run it, must to control data input in panametric, like kinds of pipe, size of pipe, kind of liquids and etc

Picture 2.22 Installation panametric

Picture 2.23 Panametric tool

Picture 2.24 Panametric work

2.4.1 Principle of Ultrasonic Flow Metter Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference of the transit time of ultrasonic pulses propagating in and against flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the average velocity of the fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit times both the averaged fluid velocity and the speed of sound can be calculated. Using the two transit times and

and the distance between receiving and transmitting transducers equations: ...... equation 2.1 and the inclination angle one can write the

where

is the average velocity of the fluid along the sound path

and is the speed of sound. A recent innovation in ultrasonic flow metering is the use of the Doppler shift that results from the reflection of an ultrasonic beam off sonically reflective materials, such as solid particles or

entrained air bubbles in a flowing fluid, or the turbulence of the fluid itself, if the liquid is clean. Doppler flowmeters are used for slurries, liquids with bubbles, gases with sound-reflecting particles, or single-phase turbulent clean liquids. This type of flow meter can also be used to measure the rate of blood flow, by passing an ultrasonic beam through the tissues, bouncing it off a reflective plate, then reversing the direction of the beam and repeating the measurement, the volume of blood flow can be estimated. The frequency of the transmitted beam is affected by the movement of blood in the vessel and by comparing the frequency of the upstream beam versus downstream the flow of blood through the vessel can be measured. The difference between the two frequencies is a measure of true volume flow. A wide-beam sensor can also be used to measure flow independent of the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel.