Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
32
In submerged arc welding a mineral weld flux layer protects the welding point and the freezing weld from the influx hopper electrode contact piece
fluence of the surrounding atmosphere, Figure 3.1. The arc burns in a cavity filled with ionised gases and vapours where the droplets from the continuously-fed wire electrode are transferred into the weld pool. Unfused flux can be extracted from behind the welding head and subsequently recycled.
base metal
liquid slag
molten pool
weld cavity
br-er3-01e.cdr
ISF 2002
the wire electrode reel, the wire feed motor equipped with grooved wire feed rolls which are suitable for the demanded wire diameters, a wire straigthener as well as a torch head for current transmission, Figure 3.2. Flux supply is carried out via a hose from the flux container to the feeding hopper which is mounted on the torch head. Depending on the degree of automation it is possible to install a flux excess pickup behind the torch. Submerged arc
AC or DC current supply wire straightener wire feed rolls flux supply indicators power source wire reel welding machine holder
welding can be operated using either an a.c. power source or a d.c. power source where the electrode is normally connected to the positive terminal. Welding advance is provided by the welding ma-
br-er3-02e.cdr
ISF 2002
chine
Assembly of a SA Welding Equipment
or
by
workpiece
movement.
Figure 3.2
2005
33
Identification of wire electrodes for submerged arc welding is based on the average Mncontent and is carried out in steps of 0.5%, Figure 3.3. Standardisation for welding filler materials for unalloyed steels as well as for fine-grain structural steels is contained in DIN EN 756, for creep resistant steels in DIN pr EN 12070 (previously DIN 8575) and for stainless and heat resistant steels in DIN pr EN 12072 (previously DIN 8556-10). The proportions of additional alloying elements are dependent on the materials to be welded and on the mechanical-technological demands which emerge from the prevailing operating conditions, Figure 3.4. Connected to this, most important alloying elements are manganese for strength, molybdenum for high-temperature strength and nickel for toughness.
DIN EN 756 Reference analysis mat.-no. approx. weight % S1 C = 0,08 1.0351 Si = 0,09 Mn = 0,50 S2 1.5035 C = 0,10 Si = 0,10 Mn = 1,00 C = 0,11 Si = 0,15 Mn = 1,50 C = 0,10 Si = 0,30 Mn = 1,00 C = 0,10 Si = 0,15 Mn = 1,00 Mo = 0,50 C = 0,09 Si = 0,12 Mn = 1,00 Ni = 1,20 C = 0,10 Si = 0,12 Mn = 1,00 Ni = 2,20 C = 0,12 Si = 0,15 Mn = 1,00 Mo = 0,50 Ni = 1,00
alloy type Mn
commercial wire electrodes S1 S2 S3 S4 S2Mo S3Mo S4Mo S2Ni1 S2Ni2 S2NiMo1 S3NiMo1 S3NiV1 S1NiCrMo2,5 S2NiCrMo1 S3NiCrMo2,5
main alloying elements Mn Ni Mo Cr V 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,5 1,5 0,5 1,0 1,5 1,0 2,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 2,5 1,0 2,5 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,8 0,5 0,5 0,15 0,5 0,5 0,5
For lower welding joint quality requirements;in: boiler and tank construction, pipe production, structural steel engineering, shipbuilding For higher welding joint quality requirements; in: pipe production, boiler and tank construction, sructural steel engineering, shipbuilding. Fine-grain structural steels up to StE 380. For high-quality welds with medium wall-thicknesses. Fine-grain structural steels up to StE 420. Especially suitable for welding of pipe steels, no tendency to porosity of unkilled steels. Fine-grain structural steels up to StE 420. For welding in boiler and tank construction and pipeline production with creep-resistant steels. Working temperatures of up 500 C. Suitable for higher-strength fine-grain structural steels. For welding low-temperature fine-grain structural steels. Non-ageing. Especially suitable for low-temperature welds. Non-ageing.
MnMo
S2Mo 1.5425
S2Ni1
S2Ni2
From a diameter of 3 mm upwards all wire electrodes have to be marked with the following symbols: S1 Si Mo S6: I : _ : IIIIII Example: S2Si: II _ S3Mo: III
ISF 2002
S3NiMo1
For quenched and tempered fine-grain structural steels. Suitable for normalising and/or re-quenching and tempering.
ISF 2002
br-er3-03e.cdr
br-er3-04e.cdr
Properties and Application Areas for Wire Electrodes in Submerged Arc Welding
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
The identification of wire electrodes for submerged arc welding is standardised in DIN EN 756, Figure 3.5. During manufacture of fused welding fluxes the individual mineral constituents are, with regard of their future composition, weighed and subsequently fused in a cupola or electric furnace, Figure 3.6. In the dry granulation process, the melt is poured stresses break the
2005
34
crust into large fragments. During water granulation the melt hardens to form small grains with a diameter of approximately 5 mm.
Wire electrode DIN EN 756 - S2Mo
blown into the water tank resulting in finely blistered grains with low bulk weight. The fragments or grains are subsequently ground and screened thus bringing about the desired grain size.
Symbols of the chemical composition: S0, S1...S4, S1Si, S2Si, S2Si2, S3Si, S4Si, S1Mo,..., S4Mo, S2Ni1, S2Ni1.5, S2Ni2, S2Ni3, S2Ni1Mo, S3Ni1.5, S3Ni1Mo, S3Ni1.5Mo
br-er3-05e.cdr
Figure 3.5
lime
quarz
rutile
bauxite
magnesite
rutile
Mn - ore
fluorspar
magnesite
alloys
roasting kiln
tapping electrical furnace granulation tub foaming cylindrical crusher screen cooling pipe air
drying oven
balance
br-er3-06e.cdr ISF 2002 br-er3-07e.cdr
balance
ISF 2002
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
2005
Properties
Fused fluxes1)
Agglomerated fluxes1) -/++ -/++ --2)/++ -/+ -/++ -/++ +/++ +/++ +/++ +/++ +/++
fluxes the raw materials are very finely ground, Figure 3.7. After weighing and with the aid of a suitable binding agent (waterglass) a pre-stage granulate is produced in the mixer. Manufacture of the granulate is finished on a rotary dish granulator where the individual grains are rolled up to their desired size and consolidate. Water evaporation in the drying oven hardens the grains. In the annealing furnace the remaining water is subsequently removed at temperatures of between 500 and C 900 depending on the type of flux. C, The fused welding fluxes are characterised by high homogeneity, low sensitivity to moisture, good storing properties and high abrasion re-
uniformity of grain size distribution grain strength homogeneity susceptibility to moisture storing properties resistance to dirt current carrying capacity slag removability high-speed welding properties multiple-wire weldability flux consumption
1) 2)
+/++ +/++ +/++ +/++ +/++ --/+ +/++ -/+ +/++ -/++ -/+
br-er3-08e.cdr
Figure 3.8
sistance. An important advantage of the agglomerated fluxes is the relatively low manufacturing temperature, Figure 3.8. The technological properties of the welded joint can be improved by the addition of temperature-sensitive deoxidation and alloying constituents to the flux. Agglomerated fluxes have, in general, a lower bulk weight (lower consumption) which allows the use of components which are reacting among themselves during the melting process. However, the higher susceptibility to moisture during storage andprocessing has to be taken intoconsideration.
MS CS ZS RS AR AB MnO + SiO2 CaO CaO + MgO + SiO2 CaO + MgO ZrO2 + SiO2 + MnO ZrO2 TiO2 + SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 + TiO2 Al2O3 + CaO + MgO Al2O3 CaF2 Al2O3 + SiO2 + ZrO2 CaF2 + MgO ZrO2 Al2O3 + CaF2 CaO + MgO + CaF2 + Mo SiO2 CaF2 other compositions min. 50% max. 15% min. 55% min.15% min. 45% min. 15% min. 50% min. 20% min. 40% min. 40% min. 20% max. 22% min. 40% min. 30% min. 5% min. 70% min. 50% max. 20% min. 15% manganese-silicate calcium-silicate zirconium-silicate rutile-silicate aluminate-rutilel aluminate-basic
AS AF FB Z
br-er3-09e.cdr
Figure 3.9
2005
3. Submerged Arc Welding The SA welding fluxes are, in accordance with their mineralogical constituents, classified into nine groups, Figure 3.9. The composition of the individual flux groups is to be considered as in principle, as fluxes which belong to the same group may differ substantially with regards to their welding or weld metal properties. In addition to the groups mentioned above there is also the Z-group which allows free compositions of the flux. The calcium silicate fluxes are recognized by their effective silicon pickup. A low Si pickup has low cracking tendency and liability to rust, on the other hand the lower current carrying
AB - medium manganese pickup - good weldability - good toughness values in welding by the pass/ capping pass method - application field:unalloyed and low alloyed structural steels - suitable for a.c. and d.c. - applicable for multilayer welding or welding by the pass/ capping pass method - mainly neutral metallurgical behavior - manganese burnoff possible - good weld appearance and slag removability - to some degree suitable for d.c. - recommended for multi layer welds for high toughness requirements - application field: high-tensile fine grain structural steels, pressure vessels, nuclear- and offshore components - suitable for welding stainless steels and nickel-base alloys - neutral behaviour as regards Mn, Si and other constituents
ZS RS CS MS - high manganese and silicon pickup - restricted toughness values - high current carrying capacity/ high weld speed - unsusceptible to pores and undercuts - unsuitable for thick parts - suitable for high-speed welding and fillet welds
36
acidic types - highest current carrying capacity of all fluxes - high silicon pickup - suitable for welding by the pass/ capping method of thick parts with low requirements basic types - low silicon pickup - suitable for multiple pass welding - current carrying capacity decreases with increaseing basicity - high-speed welding of single-pass welds - high manganese pickup/ high silicon pickup - restricted toughness values of the weld metal - suitable for single and multi wire welding - typical: welding by the pass/ capping pass method - average manganese and silicon pickup - suitable for a.c. and d.c. - single and multi wire welding - application fields: thin-walled tanks, fillet welds for structural steel construction and shipbuilding
ISF 2002
AR
br-er3-10ae.cdr
Figure 3.10a capacity of these fluxes has to be accepted. A high Si pickup leads to a high current currying capacity up to 2500 A and a deep penetration. Aluminate-basic fluxes have, due to the higher Mn pickup, good mechanical properties. With the application of wire electrodes, as S1, S2 or S2Mo, a low cracking tendency can be obtained. Fluoride-basic fluxes are characterised by good weld metal impact values and high cracking insensitivity. Figures 3.10a and 3.10b show typical properties and application areas for the different flux types.
AS
AF
FB - mainly neutral metallurgical behaviour - however, manganese burnoff possible - highest toughness values right down to very low temperatures - limited current carrying capacity and welding speed - recommended for multi layer welds - application field: high-tensile fine-grain structural steeels Z - all other compositions
ISF 2002
br-er3-10be.cdr
Figure 3.10b
2005
37
Figure 3.11 shows the identification of a welding flux according to DIN EN 760 by the example of a fused calcium silicate flux. This type of flux is suitable for the welding of joints as well as for overlap welds. The flux can be used for SA welding of unalloyed and low-alloy steels, as, e.g. general structural steels, as well as for welding high-tensile and creep resistant while steels. the The silicon pickup is 0.1 0.3% (6),
welding flux DIN EN 760-SF CS 1 67 AC H10
manganese
pickup is expected to be
DIN main no. flux/SA welding method of manufacture
F fused A agglomerated M mechanically mixed flux
hydrogen content
(table 4)
0.3 0.5% (7). Either d.c. or a.c. can be used, as, in principle, a.c. weldability allows also for d.c. power source. The hydrogen content in the clean weld metal is lower than the 10 ml/100 g weld metal.
flux type
(figure 3.9)
br-er3-11e.cdr
Figure 3.11 The flux classes 1-3 (table 1) explain the suitability of a flux for welding certain material groups, for welding of joints and for overlap welding. The flux classes also characterise the metallurgical material betable 2 table 1
unalloyed and low-alloyed steel general structural steel high-tensile & creep resistant steels stainless and heat resistant steels Cr- & CrNi steels welding of joints hardfacing pickup of elements as C, Cr, Mo
flux class 1 2 3
metallurgial behaviour
identification proportion flux in all-weld metal figure % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 over 0,7 0,5 up to 0,7 0,3 up to 0,5 0,1 up to 0,3 0 up to 0,1 0,1 up to 0,3 0,3 up to 0,5 0,5 up to 0,7 over 0,7
haviour. In table 2 defines the identification figure for the pickup or burn-off behaviour of the respective element. Table 4 shows the gradation of the diffusible hydrogen content in the weld metal, Figure 3.12.
5 10 15
br-er3-12e.cdr
Figure 3.12
2005
38
Figure 3.13 shows the identification of a wire-flux combination and the resultant weld metal. It is a case of a combination for multipass SA welding where the weld metal shows a minimum yield point of 460 N/mm (46) and a minimum metal impact value of 47 J at 30 (3). The flux type is C aluminate-basic (AB) and is used with a wire of the quality S2. The tables for the identification of the tensile properties as well as of the impact energy are combined in Figure 3.14. Figure 3.13
br-er 3-13e.cdr
impact energy
(table 3)
The chemical composition of the weld metal and the structural constitution are dependent on the different metallurgical reactions during
table 1
identification Identification for strength properties of multipass weld joints minimum yield point n/mm2 tensile strength minimum fracture strain % N/mm2
the welding process as well as on the used materials, Figure 3.15. The welding flux influences the slag viscosity, the pool motion and the bead surface. The different combinations of filler material and welding flux cause, in direct dependence on the weld parameters (current, voltage), a different melting behaviour and also different chemical reactions. The dilution with the base metal leads to various strong weld pool reactions, this being dependent on the weld parameters. The diagram of the characteristics for 3 dif ISF 2002
35 38 42 46 50
440 up to 570 470 up to 600 500 up to 640 530 up to 680 560 up to 720
22 20 20 20 18
table 2 identification 2T 3T 4T 5T
Identification for strength properties of welding by the pass/ capping pass method welded joints
minimum base metal yield strength N/mm2 275 355 420 500
table 3
Identification for the impact energy of clean all-weld metal or of welding by the pass/ capping pass method welded joints
Z
no demands
A +20
0 0
br-er3-14e.cdr
ferent welding fluxes assists, in dependence of the used wire electrodes, to determine the pickup and burn-off behaviour of the element
Figure 3.14
2005
For example: A welding flux with the mean characteristic and when a wire electrode S3 is used, has a neutral point where neither pickup nor burn-off occur.
welding data
behaviour is, besides the filler material and the welding flux, also directly dependent on the welding amperage and welding
Figure 3.15
voltage, Figure 3.17. By the example of the selected flux a higher welding voltage causes a more steeply descending manganese characteristic at a constant neutral point. Silicon pickup increases with the increased voltage. The influence of current and voltage on the carbon content is, as a rule, negligible. Inversely proportional to the voltage is the rising characteristic as regards manganese in dependence on the welding
Mn-pickup
current,
Figure
3.18.
Higher currents cause the characteristic curve to flat1,0% S1 S2 S3 2,0% S4 S5 3,0% Mn in wire S6
ten. As the welding voltage, the welding current also has practically no influence on the location of the neutral point. Silicon pickup decreases with increasing current intensity.
Mn-burnoff
br-er 3-16e.cdr
Figure 3.16
2005
40
weld flux LW 280 (DIN EN 760 SF CS 1 76 AC H 10) current intensity 580 A welding speed 55 cm/min
0,6 % Mn 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4 -0,6 0,6 % Si 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4 0,05 0 -0,05 -0,10 -0,15
br-er3-17e.cdr ISF 2006
weld flux LW 280 (DIN EN 760 SF CS 1 76 AC H 10) arc voltage 29 V welding speed 55 cm/min
0,6 % Mn 0,2 0 -0,2 450 A 650 A 700 A 0,5 1,0 % Mn wire 2,0 2,5 800 A 580 A neutral point
33 V
36 V neutral point
X in weight %
X in weight %
-0,4 -0,6 0,6 % Si 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4 0,05 0 -0,05 -0,10 -0,15 800 A
36 V
450 A
25 V 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 % Si wire
pickup/ burnoff
pickup/ burnoff
0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 % Si wire
0,05 25 - 36 V
0,15
% XSZ
br-er3-18e.cdr ISF 2006
Pickup and Burnoff Behaviour in Dependence on Welding Voltage and Wire Electrode
Pickup and Burnoff Behaviour in Dependence on Welding Current and Wire Electrode
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.18
termined by means of a welding flux diagram, Figure 3.19. In this example, the two points on the axis which determine the flux characteristic are defined for the parameters 580A welding current and 29V welding voltage, with the aid of the auxiliary straight line and the neutral point curve (MnNP). In this case, the two points are positioned at 0.6% Mn and 1.25% MnSZ. Dependent on the manganese content of the used filler material, the pickup or burn-off
manganese
wire electrode 4 mm acc. to Prof. Thier example: I = 580 A U = 29 V MnSZ1 = 0.48 % Mn MnSZ2 = 1.69 % Mn
br-er3-19e.cdr
ISF 2002
contents can be recognized by the reflection with respect to the characteristic line (0.38%
Welding Flux Diagramm for Determination of the Mn Content in the Weld Metal
Figure 3.19
2005
41
Mn-pickup with a wire containing 0.5%Mn, 0.2% Mn-burnoff with a wire containing 1.75%Mn). The structure of the characteristic line for the determination of the silicon pickup content, is, in principle, exactly the same as described above, Figure 3.20. As silicon has only pickup properties and therefore no neutral point exists, the second auxiliary straight line must be considered for the determination of the second characteristic line point. Weld preparations for multipass fabrication are dependent on the thickness of the plates to be welded, Figure 3.21. If no root is
auxiliary straight line
br-er3-20e.cdr ISF 2006
silicon
wire electrode 4 mm acc. to Prof. Thier example: I = 580 A U = 29 V SiSZ = 0.16 % Si
auxiliary straight line
planned during weld preparation and also no support of the weld pool is made, the root pass must be welded using low energy input.
Welding Flux Diagram for Determination of the Si Content in the Weld Metal
Figure 3.20 from both sides, the double-U butt weld may be applied, Figure 3.22. Before the opposite side is welded, the root must be milled out (gouging/sanding). This type of weld cannot be produced by flame cutting and is, as milling is necessary, more expensive, although exact weld preparation and correct selection of the welding parameters lead to a high weld quality.
preparation geometry
weld buildup
and
br-er 3-21e.cdr
Welding Procedure Sheets for Single-V Butt Welds, Single-Y Butt Welds with Broad Root Faces and Double-V Butt Welds
Figure 3.21
2005
preparation geometry
weld buildup
side 1
butt weld, Figure 3.23. The very steep edges keep the welding volume at a very low level. This technique, however, requires the application of special
turn
SA SA
turn turn
side 2
SA SA SA SA
br-er3-22e.cdr
ISF 2002
narrow-gap torches. The geometry during slag detachment and also during reworking weld-related de-
Figure 3.22
fects may cause problems. Here, high demands are made on torch manipulation and process control. Special narrow-gap welding fluxes facilitate slag removal. The most important welding parameters as regards
GMA welding
weld bead formation are welding current, welding voltage current and speed, Figure 3.24. A higher causes higher deposition
GMA welding
SA welding
SA welding oscillated
br-er3-23e.cdr ISF 2002
rates and energy input, which leads to reinforced beads and a deeper penetration. The weld width remains roughly constant. The increased welding voltage leads to a longer arc
Figure 3.23
which also causes the bead to be wider. The change in welding speed causes - on both sides of an optimum - a decrease of the penetration depth. At lower weld speeds, the weld pool running ahead of the welding arc acts as a buffer between arc and base metal. At high speeds, the energy per unit length decreases which leads, besides lower penetration, also to narrower beads.
2005
43
w tp 400
20
plate thickness: 25 mm 10 wire electrode: 4 mm flux: MS-Typ
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
constant:
U = 32 Volt v = 60 cm/min
30
penetration depth tp in mm
700
800 Amp.
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
v = 60 cm/min tp
weld width w in mm
2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
agglomerated fluxes
400
500
600
700
28
30
32
34
36
38
40 Volt
30 20 10
agglomerated fluxes
80
90
100
110 cm/min
ISF 2002
500
600
700
Figure 3.24
Figure 3.25
Weld flux consumption is dependent on the selected weld type, Figure 3.25. Due to geometrical shape, the flux consumption of a fillet weld is significantly lower than that of a butt weld. Because of their lower bulk weight, the specific consumption of agglomerated fluxes is lower than that of fused
direction of welding
fluxes. Two different control concepts allow the regulation of the arc length (the prin-
L1
L2
L3
3.26). The application of the appropriate control system is dependent on the available power source
br-er3-26e.cdr
ISF 2002
characteristics.
Figure 3.26
2005
3. Submerged Arc Welding The external regulation of the arc length by the control of the wire feed speed requires a power source with a steeply descending characteristic, Figure 3.27. In this case, the shortening of the arc caused by some process disturbance, entails a strong voltage drop at a low current rise. As a regulated quantity, this voltage drop reduces the wire feed speed. Thus, the initial arc length can be regulated at an almost constant deposition rate. In contrast, the internal regulation effects, when the arc is reduced, a strong current rise at a low voltage drop (slightly descending characteristic). At a constant wire feed speed the inibr-er3-27e.cdr
44
U U0 US A DU A I I
DI IS IK
external regulation ( D U-regulation)
U U0 US I A A DI IS
internal self regulation ( D I-regulation)
ISF 2002
DU
tial arc length is independently regulated by the increased burn-off rate which again is a consequence of the high current. Figure 3.27
backing flux
The reaction of the internal regulation to process disturbance is very fast. This process is self regulating and does not require any machine expenditure.
In submerged arc welding of butt joints, it is, depending on the weld preparation, necessary to support the liquid weld pool with a backing, Figure 3.28. This is normally done
with either a ceramic or copper backing with a flux layer or by a backing flux. Dependent on the shape of the backing bar, direct formation
br-er3-28e.cdr
When welding circumferential tubes, the inclination angle of the electrode has a direct
Figure 3.28
2005
3 0 -
Figure 3.29. For external as well as for internal tube welds, the best weld shapes may be obtained with an adjusted angular position of the torch. If the advance is too low, the molten bath runs ahead and produces a narrow weld with a medium-sized ridge, too high an ad-
a1 = 0
a2
a3
vance causes the flowback of the molten bath and a wide seam with a formed trough in the centre. The processes described here for external tube welds are, the other way round,
b1 b2 b3
inclusion
br-er3-29e.cdr ISF 2002
To increase the efficiency of submerged arc welding, different process variations are applied, Figure 3.30. In multiwire welding, where up to 6 wires are used, each welding torch is operated from a separate power
Figure 3.29
source. In twin wire welding, two wire electrodes are connected in one torch and supplied from one power source. Dependent on the application, the wires can be arranged in a parallel or in a tandem. In submerged arc welding with iron powder addition can the deposition rate be substantially increased at constant electrical parameters, Figure 3.31. The increased deposition rate is realised by either the addition of a currentless wire (cold wire) or of a prebr-er3-30e.cdr ISF 2002
single wire
tandem
heated filler wire (hot wire). The use of a rectangular Figure 3.30
2005
46 strip instead of a wire electrode allows a higher current carrying capacity and opens the SA method also
cold wire
hot wire
strip
br-er3-31e.cdr
ranges, where the electrode distances and positions have to be appropriately optimised, Figure
Figure 3.31
3.32. Current type, polarity, geometrical co-ordination of the individual weld heads and the selected weld parameters also have substantial influence on the weld result.
1. WH
2. WH
100 kg/h
~ 65 12..16
tandem welding
deposition rate
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0
single wire+ metal powder single wire+ hot wire double wire three-wire tandem single wire four-wire
1. WH =
2. WH ~ 35
3. WH ~ 65
three-wire welding
1. WH =
12..16 HW 2. WH 3. WH ~ ~
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3500
current intensity
12 kg/h
weld metal
15
10 10 35 12..16
9 6
5,0 mm 4,0 mm
~ 80
~ 15 18
~ 75 12
ISF 2002
800
four-wire welding
br-er3-32e.cdr
current intensity
br-er3-33e.cdr ISF 2002
Figure 3.32
Figure 3.33
2005
47
The description of these individual process variations of submerged arc welding shows that this method can be applied sensibly and economically over a very wide operating range, Figure 3.33. It is a high-efficiency welding process with a deposition rate of up to 100 kg/h. Due to large molten pools and flux application positional welding is not possible. When more than one wire is used in order to obtain a high deposition rate, arc interactions occur due to magnetic arc blow, Figure 3.34. Therefore, the selection of the current type (d.c. or a.c.) and also
arc
(_) +
(_) +
elektrode
(+) _
_( ) +
workpiece
ISF 2002
2005