2011/2012 Department of Biology

Biology & Environmental Biology programs

Undergraduate Handbook

Undrgraduate Office 108 Farquharson Building Tel: 416-736-5311 Email: biology@yorku.ca Office Hours: Monday Friday, 9:00am-12:00pm & 1:00pm 3:30pm

Note: Any Information in this supplementary calendar is for informational purposes only. It is the students responsibility to confirm program, faculty, degree and University requirements with the official 2011/2012 undergraduate calendar available from the York University Registrars Office.

Table of Contents
Welcome Keep Up with Biology Info! Advising and Course Selection The Undergraduate Program in Biology: An Overview General Advising Information Degree checklists Prerequisites Scheduling Graduating Grading System Course Credit Exclusions Tips for Enrolling in Courses Undergraduate Lecture Schedule Changes Deferred Exams Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty How do you acknowledge your sources? Essays/Written Work Writing An Essay Bethune Writing Centre University, Senate, Faculty and Departmental Regulations Undergraduate Laboratory Information A Note on Safety Equipment Required for Laboratories Policy on Returning Graded Work to Students 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13

Student Organizations 14 YUBS - York University Biological Society, SOS - York Student Ombuds Service, BAY Biochemistry Association at York, YPMS - York Pre-Med Society, MFSA Marine and Freshwater Science Association, Career Information 15 Biology Website 15 York University Career Centre 15 Co-Registration in Science and Education 15 Professional Schools 15 Summer Job Opportunities 15 Postgraduate Education in Biology 15 Programs of Study The Dept. of Biology offers 16 different Undergraduate Programs Program Cores Program Requirements Course Offerings Biology Courses Prerequisite Tree Course Listings with Prerequisites Course Descriptions Faculty Research Faculty Listing 16 16 17 19 33 34 35 37 51 (Back Cover)

Welcome
A Message from the Chair
Biology is the scientific study of life. The faculty members in this Department study every aspect of life, from the shape and function of biologically interesting molecules to the effects of climate change on ecosystems. Faculty members in the Department o f B iology a re d edicated t o h elping s tudents u nderstand t he co mplexity o f l ife a nd t o cr itically t hink a bout questions related to life. We also aim to transmit our enthusiasm for and love of science to our students. As a student in this Department, you will have the opportunity to be taught by internationally respected research scientists and to obtain a solid education in life sciences, which can be used as a basis for many fulfilling careers. This handbook will help you choose the right programs and courses you need to achieve your goals in Biology. If you are majoring or minoring in Biology, please pay special attention to the Program Requirements as you select your courses. T his handbook s hould b e u sed i n c onjunction with t he Undergraduate Calendar f or 2 011/2012, w hich can b e found on the web at: http://www.yorku.ca/roweb/calendars Our faculty in Biology are known for their accessibility, and you are welcome to contact the course directors if you have questions about a course. Faculty contact information can be found on the back cover of this handbook. For more general questions and advice about your courses, you should consult the Undergraduate Program Director, whose contact information is also on the back cover. Best wishes for a great year!

Dr. Imogen Coe, Chair

Keep up with Biology Info!

Visit our website! Please check www.yorku.ca/ugbiol for news, events, program, course and advising information. Join the Undergraduate Biology Listserve! We h ave se t u p a L istserve t o p rovide B iology Undergraduates w ith u p-to-date i nformation f rom t he U ndergraduate Office. We use this Listserve to inform students of changes in scheduling and course offerings, job postings, application deadlines for scholarships and summer research positions, advising information, program changes, and important social and academic events. All students majoring or minoring in Biology should subscribe to this Listserve. To subscribe: Send the following message to listserv@yorku.ca
subscribe ugbiol-announce <your name>

e.g., subscribe ugbiol-announce John Doe Please note any other text in the body of your email message will result in an unknown command email reply. To unsubscribe: If you want to be removed from the Undergraduate Biology Listserve, send an email to listserv@yorku.ca and in the body of your email message, issue the command: SIGNOFF UGBIOL-Announce In addition, valuable information is available from the following places: 1. www.yorku.ca/ugbiol; 2. www.yorku.ca/gradbiol; 3. on the Undergraduate Bulletin Board located across from the Undergraduate Office in the Farquharson Building; 4. and, of course, by stopping by the Department of Biology Undergraduate Office (108 Farquharson)! 4

Advising and Course Selection

The Undergraduate Program in Biology: An Overview
The first undergraduate year is multi-disciplinary, comprising introductory courses in fundamental science that prepare students for m ore a dvanced s tudy i n B iology. T he s econd-year c ore c urriculum in B iology p rovides a firm grounding i n each of the major organizational levels of Biology (Molecules, Cells, Organisms and Populations). A choice of core courses is available at the 2000 level. From the broad range of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year courses, students in the undergraduate degree program are encouraged to select a program of courses that will best suit their individual career goals. Entry into an Honours program in Biology implies a greater commitment to the subject than is required for the Bachelor program. In addition to the core curriculum, Specialized Honours students in Biology must complete a course that reviews the research of departmental faculty members, and an honours thesis by working (in either the laboratory or the field) with a faculty member, or by doing a substantial review essay based on library investigations under the supervision of a faculty member. Students select their remaining courses according to their interests and career plans. For students with more s pecific i nterests, t he d epartment o ffers S pecialized H onours Degrees i n B iotechnology, a nd B iomedical S cience. The International BSc (Biology) degree combines a Specialized Honours program in B iology with an international component. The H onours Major programs i n Biology (including a stream in Biomedical Science) a llow more flexibility i n completing courses o utside B iology. New for 2011: We now offer several degree programs in Environmental Biology, from Specialized Honours to combined programs. York is also well placed to serve students with diverse interests through its Honours Major, Double Major and Major/Minor Programs. Students can choose to major in two subject areas, such as Biology and Chemistry, or to major in one subject and minor in another, such as a major in Biology and a minor in History. The Department of Biology is composed of Faculty members who represent a broad spectrum of Biology and are known for their research accomplishments. While aspects of the undergraduate program reflect the research interests of the faculty, the course offerings are diverse and designed to provide a strong foundation in Biology.

General Advising Information

The advising process for students in Biology is a flexible system. The basic principle is to give students the opportunity and responsibility for making their own course selections in order to arrive at a package of courses that satisfy the specified requirements for the degree of their choice and best reflect their own particular interests and career aspirations. With the assistance of this booklet, the undergraduate calendar, and the lecture schedule, most students will be able to make t heir o wn c ourse se lections. Ho wever, in k eeping w ith Y orks t radition o f m aking in dividual a ttention a vailable t o those students who want it, the Department of Biology continues to have advisers available to offer assistance to students who have special problems or would like advice on course selection. The advising process includes first year group sessions in March/April, during which general aspects of course selection are explained. Following this session, most students are able to complete their enrolments for the coming year by themselves. S tudents w ho r equire e xtra assistance m ay m ake a n in dividual a ppointment w ith a d epartmental a dviser. These appointments will provide advice on specific questions; they will not attempt to repeat information provided in the group sessions, nor will they evaluate specific course selections for compliance with degree requirements. It remains the responsibility o f t he student t o e nsure t hat t he p ackage o f courses se lected s atisfies the r equirements o f t he d esired degree. Students are encouraged to obtain and consult appropriate degree checklists prior to advising.

Degree checklists
Degree checklists for all FSE undergraduate programs are available from Science Academic Services (352 LB) so that students may check their own progress towards an Undergraduate degree. Students are encouraged to consult the University and Biology Undergraduate websites. Common advising questions are addressed at: http://ugbio.apps01.yorku.ca/index.php/Table/Advising/ Students can request individual appointments by visiting the Biology Undergraduate Office at 108 Farquharson or calling (416) 736-5311. Office hours are MondayFriday 9:00am12:00pm, 1:00pm3:30pm. 5

Prerequisites
All Biology courses have pre- and/or co-requisites. Prerequisites reflect the fact that courses build upon concepts and skills gained from successfully completing earlier courses. Understanding o f t he m aterial a nd sk ills t aught in r equisite courses is assumed by Course Directors. Students should note that certain prerequisite courses must be completed early in the program to be eligible to take certain upper-level courses in t hird o r f ourth year ( see e xample in t op right corner). For many courses, a system is in place to restrict enrollment to qualified st udents. T hus, if you try to enroll in courses but lack the requisite background, you may be blocked from enrolling. (Please note that in courses where this system is not employed, you may be de-enrolled without prior notification if you lack the pre/co-requisites.) Some Course Directors are willing to admit students who lack a prerequisite on the understanding that they will have difficulty w ith m aterial i n t he co urse, a nd may n ot d o w ell. In s uch c ircumstances, permission m ust b e g ranted b y t he Course Director. Please note that such permissions cannot be used in high-demand courses where qualified Biology/Biochemistry students have not yet had adequate opportunity to enroll. If you have advanced standing (transfer credit) that includes a Course Credit Exclusion for a prerequisite course, please visit the Biology Undergraduate Office in order to obtain permission to enroll.

Scheduling
Consult the online lecture schedules for up-to-date information: www.registrar.yorku.ca/calendars

Graduating
Students planning to graduate in the coming year are reminded to submit an Application to Graduate to the Registrars office. For application deadlines, see the website: www.yorku.ca/mygraduation/Convocation/gradchecklist.htm

Grading System
The l etter-grade a nd g rade p oint sy stems a re t he o fficial sy stems f or r eporting p erformance in c ourses a nd undergraduate programs at York University. However, percentages may be used to grade term work.

Calculation of Credit-Weighted Grade Point Average (GPA)

Course Letter grade achieved
3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 A A B B+ B+ C+ A+ B B

Grade point achieved

8 8 6 7 7 5 9 6 6

Weighted grade point achieved: (credits x grade point)

3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 8=24 8=24 6=24 7=21 7=21 5=20 9=27 6=24 6=18

Letter

Grade Point

Percentage

BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL BIOL

1000 1001 2010 2020 2021 2030 2040 2050 2070

A+ A B+ B C+ C D+ D E F

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

90100 8089 7579 7074 6569 6064 5559 5054 4049 039

Total credits = 30 Total grade points = 203 Thus, credit-weighted grade point average in Biology courses = 208/30 = 6.933

Course Credit Exclusions

Courses d esignated a s e xclusions o f o ne a nother may not both b e t aken f or d egree c redit. If t wo c ourses list ed a s Course Credit Exclusions are taken, both will appear on the transcript, but the first course will have a No Credit Retained (NCR) notation, and the mark for that course is not calculated in the York University GPA. These are listed in the c ourse d escriptions in the Y ork U niversity C alendar a nd t he C ourse O fferings se ction o f t his h andbook. P lease b e aware that course credit exclusions for BIOL courses offered through other departments usually cannot be used in place of the BIOL course (e.g. as a program requirement or prerequisite). Note: Biology students do not get credit for taking Biology-related Natural Sciences (NATS) courses. If they have transferred from a different science area or from another Faculty (e.g., LA&PS) they may get credit if the course is not a course credit exclusion with SC/BIOL 1010 6.0. Biology-related NATS courses offered by the Faculty of Science and Engineering: SC/NATS 1610, 1620, 1640, 1660, 1670, 1680, 1690, 1695, 1800A, 1850 (formerly 1800J), 2700; and Glendon College: GL/NATS 1540 6.0. Atkinson previously offered biology-related NATS courses.

Tips for Enrolling in Courses

All courses offered by the Department of Biology require direct enrolment by the student. If the lab section(s) you want is full, enroll in your second choice or in any available lab section to be sure to have a place in the course. Check on-line periodically for a vailability and t ransfer t o t he se ction you w ant if r oom becomes a vailable. If you havent been a ble to switch labs by the time classes begin, go to your first lecture where you should be informed of the method of manually switching lab sections, if possible. Note: We cannot guarantee anyone a place in the laboratory section of choice. If a course you want is completely full, continue to try to enroll during the open window period. (You may contact the Biology Undergraduate Office, to see if there is a waiting list; for most courses, there is no waiting list). Class sizes are usually determined by the physical size of the room, so seats will be limited, and we cannot guarantee you a place in courses that are full. IMPORTANT: Students should be sure to have all required pre-and co-requisites before enrolling in a course.

Undergraduate Lecture Schedule Changes

Please b e a ware t hat s ome o f t he c ourse o fferings may c hange a fter publication o f t his handbook. U pdates ca n b e obtained from the Office of the Registrars website, which is the most accurate source of scheduling information: www.registrar.yorku.ca/enrol/guide/index.htm

Deferred Exams
Students who, due to illness or misfortune, are unable to complete term work by the required Faculty deadline or are unable t o w rite t heir f inal e xam a t t he sc heduled t ime, m ay se ek d eferred st anding. S tudents w ishing t o d o so sh ould ensure that supporting documentation is obtained, for example an Attending Physicians Statement (available from the Registrar) for illness. (Supporting documentation should be relevant, and cover the period of the missed exam.) Deferred Standing Agreement. Students may obtain a Deferred Standing Agreement (DSA) form from the Registrars Office, to be filled out b y the st udent a nd course director. Normally the agreement will describe the arrangement that has been agreed upon by the student and course director regarding how and when the course will be completed or exam written, i f approved. N ormally t his f orm, together w ith supporting d ocumentation, s hould b e submitted to the Undergraduate Office within one week following a missed examination or the last day to submit coursework. Note 1: Course directors are not obliged to grant deferred standing. Should the course director refuse, he/she should indicate his/her refusal on the DSA form. The student then must submit an academic petition. Deferred Standing Petition. A petition application can be obtained from the Registrar and normally should be submitted to the Registrar within one week following a missed examination or the last day to submit coursework, together with supporting documentation.

Note 2: Not a ll course d irectors s et ex ams d uring t he o fficial d epartmental d eferred ex amination p eriods; t herefore always check with the course director and Undergraduate Office for the date and time of a deferred exam. It is always the students responsibility to find o ut the date, time and place of the deferred exam by contacting the c ourse director and/or Undergraduate Office. Tentative Deferred Examination schedule: For F/W 2010/2011 Summer Term Courses: Aug. 29Sept. 2, 2011 For F/W 2011/2012 Fall Term Courses: Jan. 16-20, 2012 For F/W 2011/2012 Winter and Year Term Courses: Apr 30-May 4, 2012

Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty

The Biology Department takes academic dishonesty (including plagiarism) very seriously, and will prosecute offenders. It is y our responsibility t o know w hat constitutes plagiarism a nd a cademic dishonesty. Any b reach o f a cademic honesty will be dealt with according to the Universitys policies, which can be found at: www.yorku.ca/academicintegrity/ Please review the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty: www.yorku.ca/secretariat/policies/document.php?document=69 Some o f t he m ore c ommon o ffenses a gainst a cademic h onesty a re b riefly r eiterated f rom t he p olicy a nd described below. Cheating Cheating is the attempt to gain an improper advantage in an academic evaluation. This could be copying the answers of another student during a test, submitting an assignment/essay originally used in one course for a second one (getting academic c redit t wice f or t he s ame p iece o f w ork), c opying a nother st udent's o ld la b r eports/essays/assignments, e tc. (Other infractions are also considered cheating - see the Senate Policy for more details.) Aiding and Abetting A student who encourages, enables or causes others to commit a breach of academic honesty has also committed an academic offense, and will be charged. We recommend that students be careful to avoid allowing other students to have access t o completed a ssignments o r la b r eports ( particularly i n e lectronic form), a s w ell a s t aking r easonable st eps t o prevent other students from seeing test answers during an examination. Collusion Collusion is working jointly with others when the course director does not authorize working in a group. (This should not be confused with authorized joint work/collaboration, which some course instructors allow for certain activities/assignments.) Group work that is divided unevenly among group members is also considered collusion. Fabrication and Falsification Students m ust n ot f abricate (ma ke u p) r esearch o r r esults. This i ncludes n ot o nly e xperimental d ata ( e.g., for a l ab report), but quoting non-existent reference sources. It is a lso a violation of a cademic honesty t o falsify in formation, i ncluding doctor's notes, a cademic records, le tters of reference and other documentation. This includes modifying graded, returned material then submitting it for regrading. Impersonation Impersonation is to have someone impersonate ones self in class, in a test, examination or interview, or in connection with any other type of academic work/situation. Plagiarism Plagiarism is representing someone else's ideas, writing or other intellectual property as your own. It is very important in your written reports/assignments to cite appropriate sources correctly. Care should be taken to cite the primary source of the fact being reported. If you are reading a secondary source (e.g. a review article), 8

be careful you w ill t ypically need t o t rack down the original primary literature article, read it, and cite it (rather than the review article). (Citing a reference that you have not actually read is considered academic dishonesty.) Statements based on fact must be cited in the text of your paper. The body of your essay should be written in your own words and the sources should be cited. This involves more than changing a few words and citing the source, as you are st ill u sing so meone e lses in tellectual w ork. B e s ure t hat y ou do not include original phrases (or, of course, entire sentences) from your sources if you do they must be within quotation marks to clearly indicate that they are not your own words. Essays, lab reports and honours theses are expected to be your work i.e. your own summary of the lit erature, y our a nalysis/synthesis, y our w riting. Even following the order of particular sentences (that you may have reworded) in a paragraph from a source can be unacceptable, if you are presenting the same information (i.e., unacceptable paraphrasing). Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing is t he p rocess o f p utting so meone e lses id eas in to y our o wn w ords ( without a ctually copying from the original). University students are expected to paraphrase appropriately. Be aware that paraphrasing someone elses work, even if you list it as a reference, is considered plagiarism unless properly acknowledged. Proper acknowledgement means that you indicate in your essay that you are paraphrasing. For example, you might write: To paraphrase Brown and Desai (2000), The source must also be listed in the References. It takes some practice to learn how to effectively paraphrase, but this is a necessary skill in scientific writing. Tips: M ake n otes i n p oint f orm f rom y our r eferences; w rite f rom t hose n otes. Never write your paper directly from your references. When making notes, if you cant immediately find a way to put key points in your own words, include quotation marks around the phrases so that you remember that they have been taken directly from the reference (hopefully la ter you can put t hings t ogether, w hile a voiding u se of t he original p hrasing). T ry to integrate the major ideas from various sources in y our o wn w ords. R emember t o a void p araphrasing w ithout p roper a cknowledgement (see above). If youre not sure about referencing/plagiarism, please ask your instructor, TA or the Biology Undergraduate Director.

How do you acknowledge your sources?

If using an author, year style, each reference you use must be cited using the surnames of the authors, and the year e.g. (Priest 1992) or Ladapo and Whitman (1990). If t here a re m ore t han two a uthors, with m ost r eferencing st yles, t he ci tation should p rovide t he n ame of t he f irst author followed by et al. and the date (e.g., Eppelmann et al. 1991). If a single sentence is based upon more than one reference, both are cited: (Hynes et al. 1996; Antoun et al. 1998). Cite your source immediately after the first statement based on that reference. (Do NOT wait until the end of a paragraph if you are basing the paragraph on that source.) If you are writing a series of connected statements, all based u pon t he s ame o riginal w ork, you only n eed t o i nclude t he r eference i n t he f irst s entence. ( It w ill n eed t o b e repeated later if you include a statement based on a different work, and then follow it with something based on the first one.) The use of direct quotes is not common in scientific writing, and should be avoided. An exception would be a particularly "apt phrase" that cannot be paraphrased you must put the phrase in quotation marks, and cite the original source in such a case. Original research articles in science are normally scrutinized in a peer review process and then permanently archived in journals or books. Many journals that are archived in libraries are now accessible on the web; references to such articles should be to the archived version (the reference is given on the electronic version, see examples below), not to the web address at which you found the electronic version. Most websites (including Wikipedia) are typically neither peer-reviewed nor archived and therefore are not normally acceptable as scientific references. A p ossible exception is the growing number of journals that appear exclusively on the web, state that the material is peerreviewed a nd a re a rchived o n t he w eb. I f y ou w ish t o c ite m aterial t hat y ou have f ound on t he w eb that is n ot a n electronic edition of a paper journal, consult your course director. 9

Full reference citations should be included in your References section (at the end of your essay). The citations should be i n a lphabetical o rder a nd g ive t he a uthor n ames, t he y ear o f p ublication, t he t itle o f t he p aper, t he j ournal ( usually abbreviated), t he v olume and t he p age n umbers ( see b elow). N ote t hat for a given a uthor, p apers b y a single a uthor come first with their earliest paper first, then papers with two authors and then papers with multiple authors. Your in structor m ay r equire a p articular st yle o f R eference f ormat. If no p articular st yle is r equested, choose a st yle that is used in the field, such as the reference format used in the journals published by the National Research Council of Canada (e.g. Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Canadian Journal of Zoology, etc.). If you are using RefWorks, the Canadian Journal of Botany style is equivalent. Be consistent within the essay. Below a re s ome ex amples o f how t his i s d one. A m ore c omplete l ist c an b e f ound online: http://pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/eng/journals/instructions/bcb.html#intt34 1. Scientific journal - When citing a paper in a scientific journal, use this format: author, initials, date, title, journal, volume number, pages. Example: Knapp, C.R., Iverson, J.B., and Owens, A.K. 2006. Variation in nesting behavior and reproductive biology of an insular iguana (Cyclura cychlura). Can. J. Zool. 84: 15661575. 2. Book - When citing a book, use this format: author, initials, date, title, (edition), publisher, location, pages used. Example: Gillham, N.W. 1994. Organelle genes and genomes. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. pp 2025.
3.

Chapter from a book - When citing a chapter from a book, use this format: author, initials, date, title, editor, location, publisher, pages. Example: Yost, C.K., and Hynes, M.F. 2000. Rhizobial motility and chemotaxis: molecular biology and ecological role. In Prokaryotic Nitrogen Fixation: A Model System for the Analysis of a Biological Process. Edited by
E. W. Triplett. Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 237250.

4.

Websites - In most cases, websites (as discussed above) are NOT acceptable reference sources. In a few cases, government or educational institutions may provide online information that can be cited. If you are citing a web site, use the following style. Example: Noel, T. 2004. Giving credit where credit is due Referencing guide. Retrieved July
21, 2006 from York University BIOL 2010 web site: http://www.yorku.ca/plants/referencing.html

Common knowledge d oes n ot n eed t o b e c ited. ( If y ou a re n ot su re i f so mething is common k nowledge, a sk y our instructor/TA.) Textbooks for f irst or s econd-year c ourses a re n ot u sually a ppropriate r eference s ources f or u pper-year courses. Always seek the original scientific publications that actually report the fact(s) you wish to discuss.

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Tips for Essays/Written Work

Writing An Essay
1. Essay w riting a llows you t he opportunity t o conduct research, to prepare a report of y our f indings, s ynthesize a n argument and communicate effectively in written form. In doing so, you gain experience in searching out appropriate articles using Library databases and in reading and understanding original research articles. Once you have read the articles a nd formed a hypothesis on t he t opic in question, you a re ready to w rite your essay. Be sure to s tart your reading and research early so that you have time to collect your data and develop new ideas. The first thing that is necessary is to select a topic. If the topic has been assigned, this part is easy. Once you have been given/ decided on a topic, you must obtain pertinent information. The first place to start may be your textbook to obtain an overall picture of the subject. Once you have gained a bit of background, it is time to consult original articles on that subject. Consult the Steacie Science L ibrary for a dvice o n h ow t o conduct a u seful s earch for r elevant a rticles. Da tabases s uch a s t he G eneral Science Index, Medline/Pubmed, Biobase and Embase, as well as Biological Abstracts and the Science Citation Index are all valuable tools, and are now available online from Yorks Libraries. For most papers in Biology, it is important that you use up to date references (e.g., written in past 5 years, if possible). If all else fails, consult your professor. Once you have started to read the papers you have discovered, you will probably find yourself somewhat bemused, or p erhaps overwhelmed. Most o riginal p apers d eal with v ery r estricted a nd li mited t opics. Y ou w ill need t o r ead several in order to be able to see the "bigger picture", evaluate and understand the current state of the field and the gaps in the knowledge in that field and synthesize a hypothesis. Review articles provide excellent overviews of larger areas o f re search, w ritten from t he p erspective o f i ts a uthors. They c an a lso b e a v aluable s ource o f r eferences t o original data. In your essay, reviews can be cited in the Introduction, where you wish to make generalizations about aspects o f t he s ubject m atter. H owever, t he o riginal data c ited i n r eviews M UST b e r eferenced t o i ts s ource i n t he review and you should read and cite these sources. Do not copy references from a review without reading the original articles. It is im portant t o m ake notes from t he original papers a nd a rticles you read (do not copy direct quotes from the paper). You should use these notes to write your essay. The act of writing notes and abstracting information from the literature develops an important facility, i.e., that of summarizing and interpreting data. In addition, using notes rather than the original text will force you t o write in your own words, rather than those of the authors. An essay consisting of a series of quotes or paraphrased passages from the original texts is not acceptable. Please see the following section on PLAGIARISM and referencing for more details and hints to avoid academic dishonesty. When you have collected your data, taken notes, and developed a point of view, you are ready to start writing. The e ssay should s tart w ith a n introduction. The i ntroduction must se t the stage for your e ssay. It sh ould briefly describe the system or phenomenon you intend to write about and give a direction to the essay. Following the introduction, you should develop the theme of the essay, presenting the information you have gathered and attempting to assign significance to the findings of the authors. The description of an experiment should be accompanied by a reference: e.g., (Brown and Starratt 1994). If you use figures, diagrams and/or tables they should be numbered and have legends explaining what they purport to demonstrate. In addition, it is important that you refer to the figure or table in the essay (e.g. Figure 1 shows the relative grades assigned to biology essays as a function of their length. It can be seen that in general, shorter essays received higher grades assessed as marks per page.). When you have d escribed t he ex perimental f indings a nd i nterpreted t hem, y ou s hould b e r eady t o m ake s ome conclusions. The conclusions will summarize the findings and make a final overall interpretation of their significance. It may be appropriate to suggest further directions that could be pursued. Your essay is now complete except for the references (which should have been collected, if not finalized, as you were writing). 11

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References: The p urpose of r eferences i s t o a cknowledge t he s ources o f t he i nformation t hat y ou cite, t o a llow readers to verify this information and to enable interested readers to repeat the work cited in your text. Appropriate referencing is very important in academic writing. Please consult the sections below for more details. Once your essay is complete, you should read it over very carefully. There is nothing more irritating than reading a sloppily written essay. Sloppy writing suggests sloppy thinking. Make sure that you have not left words out, that the spelling is correct (use spell-check if available) and try to minimize the typos. You may want to ask a friend or family member to read over your draft and provide you with feedback before you prepare your final version. Make sure you keep a copy of the essay for your records, and ALWAYS hand the essay in on time! You may wish to consult a style manual, or other reference on the subject of preparing scientific written work. E.g. Victoria E. McMillan (2001) Writing papers in the biological sciences. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.

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12.

Bethune Writing Centre

Need h elp w ith w riting? The B ethune W riting C entre o ffers in struction i n a cademic w riting t o st udents a ffiliated w ith Norman Bethune College. If you are an undergraduate student enrolled in a Bethune course, in Science and Engineering, or in Environmental Studies, you may request an appointment with a Bethune writing instructor. Bethune Writing Centre instructors are faculty members who specialize in rhetoric and composition. They have interdisciplinary b ackgrounds in sc ience, e nvironmental st udies, m edia, lit erature, so cial sc ience, p lanning, c ase w riting, and government. They can help with all typical assignments including lab reports, short essays, research papers, Honours Theses, Plans of Study, technical reports, and feasibility reports. To book an appointment, please speak to: Academic Secretary, 205 Bethune College, (416) 736-2100 ext. 22035 Web address: www.yorku.ca/bethune/writing/

University, Senate, Faculty and Departmental Regulations

The following informational materials are to assist students, staff and faculty to find answers to questions concerning University, Senate, Faculty and Departmental regulations: York University Policies, Procedures & Regulations Database: http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/policies/ Senate Policies: http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/policies/ University Procedures: http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/policies/ Presidential Regulations: http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/policies/ Faculty of Science and Engineering: http://science.yorku.ca/ Further information for potential students: http://science.yorku.ca/Students/FutureStudents/welcome.html Academic Services enquiries: http://science.yorku.ca/Offices-Services/ScienceAcademic-Services-SAS/

Students are reminded that they may petition on reasonable grounds, in writing, any Faculty of Science and Engineering regulation. All enquiries about regulations and petition procedures should be addressed to the Registrar's Office. For further information on petitions and appeals, students should see the web site: http://www.registrar.yorku.ca/petitions/academic/index.htm Questions concerning the Undergraduate Program in Biology may be directed to Dr. Paula Wilson (Undergraduate Program Director), or the Chair of the Departmental Teaching Committee. Students are also invited, should they wish, to discuss matters of concern with the Departmental Chair, by booking an appointment with the Administrative Assistant, in Room 247 Farquharson.

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Undergraduate Laboratory Information

A Note on Safety
It is extremely important, and required, that all students who take part in science laboratories be safety conscious. Specific sa fety in structions a nd r ules w ill a ppear in in dividual la b m anuals. A s certain sp ecial p recautions m ay b e necessary for particular experiments, it is essential that students always listen to pre-lab talks so that they can observe the instructions given by their demonstrator and/or laboratory supervisor/course director. You must observe the following general rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Wear safety glasses as required. Read and understand the coded information on the labels on bottles. Do not eat, drink or smoke in laboratories. Dispose of your waste in the appropriate container(s). Tidy and clean up your work area at the end of the period. Report all accidents that happen in the laboratories. Do not wear your lab coat, nor gloves, outside the lab. Do not wear open toed shoes inside the lab.

Note: Some laboratories may have additional rules.

Equipment Required for Laboratories

Students are required to purchase the following items for some laboratories: safety glasses, lab coat, dissecting instruments, and laboratory manuals. Most items can be purchased from the bookstore, unless otherwise noted.

Policy on Returning Graded Work to Students

Graded w ork from undergraduate co urses m ust b e r eturned d irectly t o s tudents u nder t he s upervision o f t he co urse instructor or appropriate teaching assistant. In the case of laboratory reports, it is the responsibility of each T.A. to return marked reports directly to the students during the laboratory period. Only the author of the report can pick it up. Unreturned reports must be kept by the T.A. until the author claims it. At the end of the examination period, unclaimed reports can be left in the Undergraduate Office. Unclaimed reports will be destroyed at the end of the first month of the next academic year. It is unacceptable to leave term work unattended in hallways or elsewhere.

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Student Organizations
YUBS The York University Biological Society
A Message from the Co-Presidents: The York University Biology Society (YUBS) is a student-run organization dedicated to assisting all biology students from 1st to 4th year. We offer free tutoring in all biology courses as well as aid students in understanding and editing lab reports. YUBS offers free daily tutoring along with tutorials for core BIOL courses before every midterm and exam with helpful hints and stress relieving methods for studying smart to preparing for test day. YUBS n ot o nly h elps y ou s ucceed i n y our u ndergraduate ca reer at Y ork U niversity, b ut i nforms y ou a bout y our career options once you graduate! Professional seminars include the Australian Medical School Seminar, the informative Optometry Talk, and an information seminar from the Michener Institute for Applied Health Sciences in downtown Toronto. Aside from the a cademic aspect, YUBS provides se veral opportunities to get involved w ithin the York University community. Since 2008, our highlight events include the annual Meet the Professors, a Movie Night, and a Tree Planting Event. With the help of several volunteers and the University community we were able to successfully plant 50 Red Maple Trees (a native species) on the University grounds by Stong Pond. YUBS also co-hosted a charity concert in the Underground to support the Hospital for Sick Kids and the Toronto Wildlife Foundation. YUBS recently started a new Biology Clothing Line! Show off your Biology pride with one or more of our clothing line items. For more information, check us out at the annual York Fest! For more information about our events, you can also visit our website at www.yorku.ca/yubs or search YUBS on Facebook to visit our Fan Page with over 200 fans! Take the opportunity to visit us in room 111 Lumbers or email us at yubs@yorku.ca to get involved today! Executive members office hours are listed both on our website and outside our office door (111 Lumbers) Remember, YUBS is always here to help YOU, the students! We would love to hear your suggestions. Please do not hesitate to contact us with more cool event ideas! Sincerely, Netta Untershats & Sina Safaee-Rad (Co-Presidents, York University Biology Society)

York Student Ombuds Service

The SOS is a peer-advising service primarily for students affiliated with Bethune College and/or the Faculty of Science and Engineering. They offer a variety of services to students, and can just be a good place to meet people. Visit their website at www.yorku.ca/sos or email them at sos@yorku.ca

BAY Biochemistry Association at York

The Biochemistry A ssociation a t Y ork University ( BAY) is a g roup a iming t o u nite st udents w ho a re st udying i n t he biochemistry program or are interested in the field of biochemistry. The club will provide a place for students to find the information required to pursue their biochemistry related interests. BAY h osts a mazing e vents l ike Sci ence C entre T rips, a nd t he h ighly p opular ' Meet t he P rof' n ight - where b iology, chemistry, and biochemistry students can come out and meet their professors in a social setting. Contact Information: www.yorku.ca/bchm or bchm@yorku.ca or come to 114 Bethune College.

York Pre-Med Society

The York Pre-med Society is a student run organization for students interested in professional schools such as medicine or dentistry. Visit their website at www.yorku.ca/ypms or email them at ypms@yorku.ca .

MFSA Marine and Freshwater Science Association

The M arine a nd Fr eshwater Sci ence A ssociation ( MFSA) i s a s tudent-run c lub t hat o rganizes v arious e vents t o e xcite members interest in aquatic and animal-related sciences. Several events that we have held include Behind-The-Scenes at the T oronto Z oo, o ur a nnual Fi sh J eopardy g ames w ith s tudents a nd p rofessors, M ovie Nights, Fundraisers, a ca mpus Benefit concert, or a Life Sciences Career Fair. Information regarding Marine Biology or Aquatic Science as a career can be found on our website. Membership is completely free simply by informing us via email and includes invitations and notifications about events and club opportunities. To find o ut m ore i nformation, simply email us at mfsa@yorku.ca with your q uestions. W e hope you decide to join! 14

Career Information
Biology Website (www.yorku.ca/ugbiol)
This site is d edicated t o t he st udents w ho a re w orking t owards a B achelor o f S cience d egree i n t he b road f ield o f Biology and contains information on occupations ranging from the pharmaceutical industries to the world of environmental sciences. Our main goal is to provide some answers to a question that is forever circulating the minds of Biology students: what kind of jobs am I qualified to do with a B.Sc. degree in Biology?

York University Career Centre

As part of the York community, the Career Centre is a team of professionals who work with students, new grads, staff, faculty, a nd e mployers t o support s tudents a nd n ew g rads (u p t o t wo years a fter g raduation) i n t he d evelopment o f career self management skills. For more information visit: www.yorku.ca/careers/index.asp

Co-Registration in Science and Education

Students interested in pursuing a career as a science teacher may apply for admission to the Faculty of Education. For entry into the Concurrent Education program, students normally apply in January or February of the first year, for entry to the Faculty o f Education in second year. The criteria used to select teacher candidates include: academic achievement, oral and written communication skills, experience, and personal characteristics relevant to teaching. Successful applicants work c oncurrently t o c omplete t he r equirements o f a n ormal a cademic p rogram a nd a p rofessional ed ucation p rogram that adds one year to their undergraduate studies. Interested students should contact the Faculty of Education. There are also consecutive programs in Education that can be completed after finishing a BSc.

Professional Schools
Students anticipating to proceed to a degree in Medicine, De ntistry or Veterinary Medicine should consult appropriate schools to obtain specific information about admission requirements. Very high grades are almost always essential, and many s chools ( e.g., optometry, v eterinary, m edicine) h ave v ery s pecific r equirements. For a dditional i nformation, you may contact SAS in 352 LB, Katrina Angel in 348 LB, or S.O.S. in Bethune College. Each year, Science Academic Services prepares a Pre-Professional Guidelines package regarding Ontario Medical/Dental/Veterinary schools available in 352 Lumbers Building.

Summer Job Opportunities

Many faculty members in the department employ undergraduate students as assistants in their laboratories during the summer. Information regarding summer laboratory positions may be posted on the board outside 108 Farquharson and on the www.yorku.ca/ugbiol website and via the Biology Undergraduate Listserv. Generally speaking, students are encouraged t o s peak w ith individual p rofessors i f t hey a re i nterested i n w orking w ith t hem d uring t he s ummer. O ther positions may be advertised as RAY positions (Research At York) on the campus work link website: http://sfs.yorku.ca/employment/ray/

Postgraduate Education in Biology: A Career in Research

Students intending to progress beyond the BSc Honours level (to MSc or PhD) to pursue a career in research, will need to gain admission to a n appropriate graduate program a nd be a ccepted to w ork in a n individual Professors laboratory. Requirements for entry, and the details of the program to be followed vary from institution to institution, but most require at least a B+ average in Biology in the last 2 years of study. The program that you follow will include some advanced and specialized courses, but will be largely concerned with the definition, planning, and execution of a piece of research that will form the basis of a thesis. Students who are interested in postgraduate work should consult a professor in the Department whose work is most closely related to the student's field of interest, or the Director of the Graduate Program in Biology, who will be happy to discuss these matters. It is u sually p ossible t o finance t he g raduate y ears t hrough a combination o f t eaching a ssistantship, p ayments f rom your professor's research grants and, if your marks are good enough, scholarships. Students with a high GPA are encouraged to apply for graduate scholarships to the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

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Programs of Study
The Department of Biology offers 16 different Undergraduate Programs:

Biology

1. Bachelor Program - a 90 credit program.

Honours Programs General requirements for all candidates 2. Specialized Honours Program - a 120 credit program. The term specialized refers to specialization in Biology. Students in this degree program must choose to follow one of the three possible streams: Biology Stream Biomedical Science Stream Biotechnology Stream 3. Honours Major Program (BSc) - a 120 credit program which is less specialized than Specialized Honours and requires fewer credits in Biology. Students may choose to follow the Biomedical Science stream within this program. Biomedical Science Stream 4. Honours Double Major Program - a 120 credit program which combines a major in Biology with a second major in another discipline within the Faculty of Science and Engineering. 5. Honours Major/Minor Program - a 120 credit program which combines a major in Biology with a minor in another discipline. 6. Honours Minor - a 120 credit program which combines a major in another discipline with a minor in Biology.

International Bachelor of Science - 120 credit programs which combines a major in Biology with an
international component. 7. Specialized Honours in Biology (iBSc) 8. Honours Major Program (iBSc) Biomedical Science Stream (iBSc) 9. Honours Major/Minor Program (iBSc)

NEW! - Environmental Biology NEW!

10. Bachelor Program - a 90 credit program. 11. Honours Major Program - a 120 credit program which is less specialized than Specialized Honours and requires fewer credits in Environmental Biology. 12. Honours Double Major Program - a 120 credit program which combines a major in Environmental Biology with a second major in another discipline within the Faculty of Science and Engineering. 13. Honours Major/Minor Program - a 120 credit program which combines a major in Environmental Biology with a minor in another discipline. 14. Honours Minor - a 120 credit program which combines a major in another discipline with a minor in Biology.

Joint Programs

15. Applied Biotechnology - a joint BSc (Tech) degree program with Seneca College

16. Biochemistry - a joint Specialized Honours program with Biology and the Department of Chemistry

All programs are governed by the appropriate regulations of the University and the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Students must become familiar with these regulations, most of which may be found in the York University Undergraduate Calendar, or in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Calendar. If any section needs clarification, students should refer to this handbook or to a departmental adviser. Note: Students combining a minor in Biology with a major in another faculty must follow the regulations of the Faculty of the major.

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Program Cores
Most of the Degree Programs in biology require completion of the following program cores: 1000 Level Program Core in Biology All Major programs in Biology require the fulfillment of the following 24 Science credits at the 1000 level and 12 General Education credits 1. SC/CSE 1520 3.0 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/BC 1800 3.0 First Year University Seminar in SC/CSE 1530 3.0 Computer Use: Programming or Science SC/CSE 1540 3.0 Computer Use for the Natural SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 Chemical Structure Sciences SC/CHEM 1001 3.0 Chemical Dynamics 2. SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 or SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/EATS 1010 3.0 The Dynamic Earth And Geodesy SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 SC/EATS 1011 3.0 Introduction to Atmospheric 3. SC/MATH 1505 6.0 Math For The Life And Social Science Sciences, SC/MATH 1025 3.0 Applied Linear Algebra or 6 credits from: SC/MATH 1190 3.0 Introduction to Sets and Logic SC/MATH 1013 3.0 Applied Calculus I SC/PHYS 1070 3.0 Fundamentals of Astronomy SC/MATH 1014 3.0 Applied Calculus II SC/PHYS 1470 3.0 Highlights of Astronomy SC/MATH 1025 3.0 Applied Linear Algebra SC/PHYS 1410 6.0 Physical Science 4. 6 credits from: SC/PHYS 1420 6.0 Physics with Applications to Life SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 Chemical Structure and Sciences SC/CHEM 1001 3.0 Chemical Dynamics SC/PHYS 1010 6.0 Physics SC/EATS 1010 3.0 The Dynamic Earth And Geodesy 6. General Education Requirements (normally and SC/EATS 1011 3.0 Introduction to Atmospheric completed within two years) 12 general education Science credits. SC/PHYS 1010 6.0 Biological Science or SC/PHYS (See section Science Academic Services, 352 1410 6.0 Physical Science or SC/PHYS 1420 6.0 Lumbers building or http://science.yorku.ca/Calendar/GeneralPhysics With Applications To Life Sciences Education/ for the General Education 5. A minimum of 3 Additional credits from: requirements). Note: Courses used to satisfy requirement (4) above CANNOT be used to also satisfy requirement (5). Students in Honours Double Major programs should consult their degree checklist for specific 1000-level requirements. 2000 Level Program Core in Biology (GENERAL*) Students must complete a minimum of any five of the following courses: BIOL 2070 3.0 or any three of: SC/BIOL 2010 4.00, 2010 4.00, SC/BIOL 2020 3.00, SC/BIOL 2021 3.00, SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2050 4.00, SC/CHEM SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2040 3.00, SC/BIOL 2020 6.00; 2050 4.00, SC/BIOL 2060 3.00, SC/BIOL 2070 3.00, Additional courses from the following for a SC/CHEM 2020 6.00. minimum total of 18 2000-level credits: SC/BIOL Please note that Course Credit Exclusions for BIOL 2060 do NOT count towards the 2000-level core in Biology, nor are they included in BIOL credit total. CHEM 2020 6.0 is part of the 2000-level core, but does NOT contribute towards the BIOL credit total.

* Specific 2000-level requirements exist (in some programs). Please consult your degree checklist. 2000-level Course Selection: 2000-level courses must be selected with special care, because 3000- and 4000-level courses require these courses as prerequisites. If you enroll in a course for which you lack prerequisites without permission, you risk being de-enrolled. You should consider which of these upper level courses you want to take in the future and make certain you take the 2000-level courses that they require. Details for each program follow...

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Biology Programs:

(All Biology students must complete the core below)

i) All BSc and Honours BSc degree candidates (except those in Honours Double Major programs) must complete the program core: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Science); SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology or any three of: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; Additional courses from the following for a total of 18 2000-level credits: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry Note: Current students will have the option of following old degree requirements OR new requirements. Students entering the department as of fall/winter 2011 must follow the new requirements. Students in the transition year who complete a mix of three credit and four credit courses from SC/BIOL 2020/2021/2040 will have the option of following a modified version of the new requirements. ii) All BSc and Honours BSc degree candidates must comply with general regulation 4 (refer to the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section) by completing the following (in addition to SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences (from the program core): SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; Note: students intending to combine biology with Applied Mathematics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth and Atmospheric Science, Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy or Statistics should not take SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Math For The Life And Social Sciences. six credits from: o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics (prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry), o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and Space Geodesy and SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric Science, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Life Sciences or SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; a minimum of three Additional credits from: o SC/BC 1800 3.00 First-Year University Seminar o SC/MATH 1190 3.00 Introduction to Sets and in Science, Logic, o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure, o SC/PHYS 1070 3.00 Fundamentals of o SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics, Astronomy, o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and o SC/PHYS 1470 3.00 Highlights of Astronomy, Space Geodesy, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, o SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric o SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Science, Life Sciences or o SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra, o SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; Note: HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 Introduction to Psychology may be included in this section for Honours Double Major and Honours Major/Minor combinations of biology and psychology, or of biology and kinesiology. 12 general education credits (refer to General Education Requirements in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section). iii) All BSc and Honours BSc degree candidates, in accordance with their declared programs, must comply with general regulation 5 or 6 (refer to the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section) and, in so doing, must also satisfy the course, credit and standing requirements specified below. NOTE: courses may not be used more than once to satisfy any degree requirement unless used to tally over all credit category totals, in different categories (e.g., BIOL credits count towards the biology course credit total, and the science course credit total and overall credit total).

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1) Biology: Bachelor Program

To graduate in a bachelor program. A minimum overall grade point average of 4.00 (C) is required in order to be eligible to graduate with a BSc degree (bachelor program). the program core, as specified in i) above; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above; Additional credits from biology courses, as required for an overall total of at least 46 credits from biology courses; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 90 credits, including at least 66 credits from science courses and at least 18 credits at the 3000 or higher level.

Honours Programs
To declare Honours requires successful completion of at least 24 credits, a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 4.25 over all courses completed. Additional requirements for Honours Specialized programs are found in the note below. To proceed in each year of an Honours program requires a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average as specified in the Academic Standards section of the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section (III) of this calendar. Additional requirements for Honours Specialized programs are found in the note below. To graduate in an Honours program requires successful completion of all Faculty requirements and departmental required courses, a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 5.00 (C+) over all biology courses completed, and a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 5.00 (C+) over all courses completed. Additional requirements for Honours Specialized programs are found in the note below. Note 1: To declare, proceed and graduate in a Specialized Honours program requires a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 6.00 (B) over all biology courses completed and a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 5.00 (C+) over all courses completed. Note 2: the minimum 5.00 (C+) biology grade point average is not required where biology is the minor in an Honours Major/Minor program. Only the minimum 5.00 (C+) overall grade point average is required in that case.

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2) Biology: Specialized Honours Program

Students may follow a stream in biology, biomedical science or biotechnology.

Biology Stream

Biomedical Science Stream

the program core, as specified in i) above; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above; SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological Research; SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis or SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis; Additional credits from biology courses, as required for an overall total of at least 68 credits from biology courses; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science courses and at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. The program core, as specified in i) above, including: o SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry; o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology; o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics; o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; o a minimum of one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals or SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above, including the following: o SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; o SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure; SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics; o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science or HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 Introduction to Psychology; a minimum of nine credits chosen from the following courses: o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; Note: BIOL 4000 8.0 meets the o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression; minimum of seven credits from 3000 or higher level biology courses o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology; with an associated laboratory o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; component requirement. o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis or SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis; Additional biology credits from the following courses: o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals; o SC/BIOL 4110 4.00 Eukaryotic Genetics; o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; o SC/BIOL 4141 3.00 Current Topics and Methods o SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced Biochemistry; in Cell Biology; o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; o SC/BIOL 4150 3.00 Cellular Regulation; o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; o SC/BIOL 4151 3.00 Membrane Transport; o SC/BIOL 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical Discovery; o SC/BIOL 4200 3.00 Selected Readings in o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological Biology; Research; o SC/BIOL 4220 4.00 Histology; o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic o SC/BIOL 4270 3.00 Reproduction; Acid Metabolism; o SC/BIOL 4285 3.00 Human Molecular Genetics; o SC/BIOL 3120 3.00 Immunobiology; o SC/BIOL 4290 4.00 Biotechnology; o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: o SC/BIOL 4320 3.00 Vertebrate Endocrinology; o SC/BIOL 4350 4.00 Comparative Chordate Regulation of Gene Expression; Anatomy; o SC/BIOL 3140 4.00 Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory; o SC/BIOL 4360 4.00 Parasitology; o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology; o SC/BIOL 4370 3.00 Neurobiology; o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; o SC/BIOL 4450 4.00 Animal Development; o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; o SC/BIOL 4510 3.00 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Muscle Physiology; o SC/BIOL 4061 3.00 Cell and Molecular Biology of Development; a minimum of seven credits from 3000 or higher level biology courses with an associated laboratory component; Additional credits from biology courses, as required for an overall total of at least 68 credits from biology courses; Additional elective credits as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science courses, and at least 42 credits from courses at the 3000 or higher level.

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Biotechnology Stream

The program core, as specified in i) above, including SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences), SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, SC/BIOL 2021 3.00Cell Biology, SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists, SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above, including the following: o 12 general education credits, including AP/ECON 1000 3.00 Introduction to Microeconomics, AP/ECON 1010 3.00 Introduction to Macroeconomics and one of the following: Introduction to Ethics or AP/PHIL 2075 3.00 Introduction to Applied Ethics; o SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; o SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure; SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics; SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science; o SC/CHEM 2080 4.00 Analytical Chemistry; SC/CHEM 3070 3.00 Industrial and Green Chemistry or SC/CHEM 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical Discovery; SC/CHEM 3080 4.00 Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis; SB/BFND 3100 3.00; SB/BFND 3200 3.00; SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression; SC/BIOL 3140 4.00 Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory; SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology; SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis or SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis; SC/BIOL 4290 4.00 Biotechnology; a minimum of 12 credits chosen from the following courses in lists A and B, with a minimum of six credits chosen from list A. o List A: SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced Biochemistry, SC/BIOL 3120 3.00 Immunobiology, SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology, SC/BIOL 4020 3.00 Genomics, SC/BIOL 4061 3.00 Cell and Molecular Biology of Development, SC/BIOL 4110 4.00 Eukaryotic Genetics, SC/BIOL 4285 3.00 Human Molecular Genetics; o List B: SC/BIOL 3160 4.00 Plant Physiology (SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology is a prerequisite), SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer, SC/BIOL 4040 3.00 Genetic Stability and Change, SC/BIOL 4150 3.00 Cellular Regulation, SC/BIOL 4151 3.00 Membrane Transport, SC/BIOL 4160 3.00 Photosynthesis, SC/BIOL 4270 3.00 Reproduction, SC/BIOL 4370 3.00 Neurobiology, SC/BIOL 4510 3.00 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Muscle Physiology; Additional elective credits as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits.

Notes: BFND course enrollment is limited to students in the Biotechnology stream who have successfully completed ECON 1000 and 1010. Please contact the Biology Undergraduate Office in May or early June to request permission to enroll. BIOL 3140 a nd 4290 a re restricted c ourses, w ith e nrollment g ranted b y p ermission. Q ualified B iotechnology st udents should contact the Biology Undergraduate Office in May or early June to request permission to enroll, identifying as Biotechnology and providing all possible terms in which the course(s) could be taken.

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3) Biology: Honours Major Program (BSc)

the program core, as specified in i) above; Additional credits from biology courses, as required, for an overall total of at least 51 credits from biology courses; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. Note: both SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics are required as prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry in the program core. Students may follow a stream within the Honours Major program in Biomedical Science.

Biomedical Science Stream

The program core, as specified in i) above, including: o SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences), o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology and o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; o a minimum of one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals or SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above, including the following: o SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; o SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure; SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics; o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science or HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 Introduction to Psychology; a minimum of nine credits chosen from the following courses: o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; Note: BIOL 4000 8.0 meets the o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological Research; minimum of seven credits from o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; 3000 or higher level biology courses o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression; with an associated laboratory o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology; component requirement. o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; Additional biology credits chosen from the following courses for a minimum of 51 biology credits: o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals; o SC/BIOL 4061 3.00 Cell and Molecular Biology of Development; o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; o SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced Biochemistry; o SC/BIOL 4110 4.00 Eukaryotic Genetics; o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; o SC/BIOL 4141 3.00 Current Topics and Methods in Cell Biology; o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; o SC/BIOL 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical o SC/BIOL 4150 3.00 Cellular Regulation; Discovery; o SC/BIOL 4151 3.00 Membrane Transport; o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in o SC/BIOL 4200 3.00 Selected Readings in Biological Research; Biology; o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: o SC/BIOL 4220 4.00 Histology; Nucleic Acid Metabolism; o SC/BIOL 4270 3.00 Reproduction; o SC/BIOL 3120 3.00 Immunobiology; o SC/BIOL 4285 3.00 Human Molecular Genetics; o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression; o SC/BIOL 4290 4.00 Biotechnology; o SC/BIOL 3140 4.00 Advanced Biochemistry o SC/BIOL 4320 3.00 Vertebrate and Molecular Genetics Laboratory; Endocrinology; o SC/BIOL 3150 3.00/SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 o SC/BIOL 4350 4.00 Comparative Chordate Microbiology; Anatomy; o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; o SC/BIOL 4360 4.00 Parasitology; o SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis or o SC/BIOL 4370 3.00 Neurobiology; SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis; o SC/BIOL 4450 4.00 Animal Development; o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; o SC/BIOL 4510 3.00 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Muscle Physiology; a minimum of seven credits from 3000 or higher level biology courses with an associated laboratory component; Additional elective credits as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits including at least 90 credits from science (SC) courses and at least 42 credits from courses at the 3000 or higher level.

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4) Biology: Honours Double Major Program

All Honours BSc degree candidates should consult departmental advisers as early as possible concerning course requirements for particular Honours Double Major programs. Possible subject combinations for Honours Double Major BSc degree programs are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section. SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above and including courses appropriate for the second major; at least 12 credits from 2000-level biology courses in the program core (refer to i) above); at least 12 credits from biology courses at the 3000 or higher level; Additional credits from biology courses, as required for an overall total of at least 36 credits from biology courses; the course requirements for the second major; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science courses and at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level.

5) Biology: Honours Major/Minor Program

An Honours Major in biology may be combined with an Honours Minor in another subject area in an Honours Major/Minor BSc degree program. Possible subject combinations are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section. The Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above and including courses appropriate for the minor; the biology Honours Major requirements above; the course requirements for the minor; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. Students may follow a stream within the Honours Major/Minor program in Biomedical Science (stream requirements are listed under the Biology Honours Major program). This stream may be combined with other approved science minors.

6) Biology: Honours Minor

SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); at least 12 credits from biology courses at the 2000 level; at least nine credits from biology courses at the 3000 or higher level; Additional credits from biology courses at the 2000 or higher level, as required for an overall total of at least 30 credits from biology courses. Note: it is recommended that students interested in cell biology, genetics, molecular biology and biochemistry take the following courses: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00), SC/CHEM 1000 3.00, SC/CHEM 1001 3.00, SC/BIOL 2020 3.00, SC/BIOL 2021 3.00, SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00, plus a minimum of nine Additional credits from biology courses at the 3000 or higher level. For other areas of interest, students are advised to choose their 2000-level biology courses wisely, based on the prerequisites for the courses they wish to take at the 3000 or higher level. Check the course outlines in this publication for course prerequisites

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International Bachelor of Science

The degree builds on the established strengths of the Honours programs, and combines them with general education requirements and other required courses outside the major, most of which will be taken in the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, and a mandatory period of study abroad. The program requires students to acquire an international language and to gain international experience on exchange at one of York Universitys partner institutions abroad.

7) Biology: Specialized Honours in Biology (iBSc)

i) All Honours iBSc degree candidates must complete the program core: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology or any three of: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; Additional courses from the following for a total of 18 2000-level credits: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry SC/BIOL 3100 3.00 Current Topics in Biological Research; SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis or SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis. ii) All Honours iBSc degree candidates must comply with the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements by completing the following (in addition to SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences from the program core): SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; six credits from: o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics (prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry), o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and Space Geodesy and SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric Science, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Life Sciences or SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; a minimum of three Additional credits from: o SC/BC 1800 3.00 First-Year University o SC/MATH 1190 3.00 Introduction to Sets and Seminar in Science, Logic, o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure, o SC/PHYS 1070 3.00 Fundamentals of o SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics, Astronomy, o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and o SC/PHYS 1470 3.00 Highlights of Astronomy, Space Geodesy, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, o SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to o SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications Atmospheric Science, to Life Sciences or o SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra, o SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; 12 general education credits (refer to General Education Requirements in the Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section, and item iii) below. iii) International component: a minimum of 12 credits of language study in one of the languages offered at York University; a minimum of 12 credits of non-science courses with an international component (refer to sample list of courses In the section on International degrees), which will also serve to meet the general education requirement; an Additional six credits of language study or non-science international component courses, for a total of 30 credits;

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one to two exchange terms abroad as a full-time student at an institution with which York University has a formal exchange agreement. iv) All Honours iBSc degree candidates must comply with general regulation 7 (refer to the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section) and, in so doing, must satisfy the course, credit and standing requirements specified below: students must complete Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science (SC) courses, at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level, and at least 62 credits in biology. For further information about the international bachelor of science, refer to the International Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Programs of Study section.

8) Biology: Honours Major Program (iBSc)

i) All Honours iBSc degree candidates must complete the program core: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology or any three of: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; Additional courses from the following for a total of 18 2000-level credits: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology, o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry Note: both SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 are required as prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 in the program core. ii) All Honours iBSc degree candidates must comply with the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements by completing the following (in addition to SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences from the program core): SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; six credits from: o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics (prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry), o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and Space Geodesy and SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric Science, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Life Sciences or SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; a minimum of three Additional credits from: o SC/BC 1800 3.00 First-Year University Seminar in Science, o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure, o SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics, o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and Space Geodesy, o SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric Science, o SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra, o SC/MATH 1190 3.00 Introduction to Sets and Logic, o SC/PHYS 1070 3.00 Fundamentals of Astronomy, o SC/PHYS 1470 3.00 Highlights of Astronomy, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, o SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Life Sciences or o SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; 12 general education credits (refer to General Education Requirements in the Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section, and item iii) below.

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iii) Additional credits from biology courses, as required, for an overall total of at least 45 credits from biology courses (42 credits if SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 is chosen as one of the core courses in i) above; iv) International component: a minimum of 12 credits of language study in one of the languages offered at York University; a minimum of 12 credits of non-science courses with an international component (refer to sample list of courses In the section on International degrees), which will also serve to meet the general education requirement; an Additional six credits of language study or non-science international component courses, for a total of 30 credits; one to two exchange terms abroad as a full-time student at an institution with which York University has a formal exchange agreement. v) Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science courses and at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. Students may follow a stream within the Honours Major program in Biomedical Science.

Biomedical Science Stream (iBSc)

The program core, as specified in i) above, including: o SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences), o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; o a minimum of one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals or SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above, including the following: o SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; o SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure; SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics; o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science or HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 Introduction to Psychology; a minimum of nine credits chosen from the following courses: o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; Note: BIOL 4000 8.0 meets the o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; minimum of seven credits from o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression; 3000 or higher level biology courses with an associated laboratory o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology; component requirement. o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; Additional biology credits chosen from the following courses for a minimum of 42 biology credits: o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals; o SC/BIOL 4061 3.00 Cell and Molecular Biology o SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; of Development; o SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced Biochemistry; o SC/BIOL 4110 4.00 Eukaryotic Genetics; o SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I; o SC/BIOL 4141 3.00 Current Topics and Methods in Cell Biology; o SC/BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II; o SC/BIOL 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical Discovery; o SC/BIOL 4150 3.00 Cellular Regulation; o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological o SC/BIOL 4151 3.00 Membrane Transport; Research; o SC/BIOL 4200 3.00 Selected Readings in Biology; o SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; o SC/BIOL 4220 4.00 Histology; o SC/BIOL 3120 3.00 Immunobiology; o SC/BIOL 4270 3.00 Reproduction; o SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: o SC/BIOL 4285 3.00 Human Molecular Genetics; Regulation of Gene Expression; o SC/BIOL 4290 4.00 Biotechnology; o SC/BIOL 3140 4.00 Advanced Biochemistry and o SC/BIOL 4320 3.00 Vertebrate Endocrinology; Molecular Genetics Laboratory; o SC/BIOL 4350 4.00 Comparative Chordate Anatomy; o SC/BIOL 3150 3.00/SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 o SC/BIOL 4360 4.00 Parasitology; Microbiology; o SC/BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology; o SC/BIOL 4370 3.00 Neurobiology; o SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis or SC/BIOL o SC/BIOL 4450 4.00 Animal Development; 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis; o SC/BIOL 4510 3.00 Cellular and Molecular Basis o SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; of Muscle Physiology; a minimum of seven credits from 3000 or higher level biology courses with an associated laboratory component; Additional elective credits as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits including at least 90 credits from science (SC) courses and at least 42 credits from courses at the 3000 or higher level.

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9) Biology: Honours Major/Minor Program (iBSc)

An Honours Major in biology may be combined with an Honours Minor in another subject area in an Honours Major/Minor iBSc degree program. Possible subject combinations are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section. Courses may be used towards completing more than one requirement. The Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above and including courses appropriate for the minor; the biology Honours Major requirements above; the course requirements for the minor; the international component as specified in iv) above; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. Students may follow a stream within the Honours Major/Minor program in Biomedical Science (stream requirements are listed under the Biology Honours Major program). This stream may be combined with other approved science minors. Important Note: Some major/minor combinations will require students to complete more than 120 credits. Students are advised to consult minor requirements as early as possible and to plan their program of study in consultation with an academic advisor and the iBSc Supplemental Calendar. Courses taken to meet requirements of the minor can also count as international component and/or General Education requirements. In fact, in order to complete the degree requirements within the minimum number of credits some double counting will be necessary. Minors that can, with appropriate planning, be completed with the biology major within 120 credits include African studies, culture and expression, east Asian studies, environmental studies, European studies, geography, German studies, French studies, history, international development studies, Italian culture, Italian studies, Latin American and Caribbean studies, Portuguese studies, psychology, race, ethnicity and indegeneity, south Asian studies and Spanish.

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Environmental Biology

(All Environmental Biology students must complete the core below)

i) All BSc and BSc Honours degree candidates (except those in Honours Double Major programs) must complete the program core: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Sciences); SC/ENVB 2050 4.00 Ecology; SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; OR* SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell any three of: and Molecular Biology or any two of: o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plants, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, Additional courses from the following for a total of 18 2000-level credits: o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; o SC/ENVB 3001 2.00 Field Biology or o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, SC/ENVB 3001 3.00 Field Biology, o SC/BIOL 3170 3.00 Population Ecology, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 4245 3.00 Conservation Ecology, o SC/BIOL 4255 3.00 Biodiversity. o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry

* New requirements approval pending.

ii) All BSc and BSc Honours degree candidates must comply with general regulation 4 (refer to the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section) by completing the following (in addition to SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 from the program core): SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 Computer Use: Programming or SC/CSE 1540 3.00 Computer Use for the Natural Sciences; SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences, or six credits from SC/MATH 1013 3.00 Applied Calculus I, SC/MATH 1014 3.00 Applied Calculus II, SC/MATH 1025 3.00 Applied Linear Algebra; (Note: Students intending to combine environmental biology with applied mathematics, chemistry, computer science, earth and atmospheric science, mathematics, mathematics for education, physics and astronomy or statistics should not take SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences); six credits from: o SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 Chemical Structure and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 Chemical Dynamics (prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry), o SC/EATS 1010 3.00 The Dynamic Earth and Space Geodesy and SC/EATS 1011 3.00 Introduction to Atmospheric Science, o SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 Physical Science, SC/PHYS 1420 6.00 Physics with Applications to Life Sciences or SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 Physics; SC/GEOG 1400 6.00 Physical Geography (meets three Additional credit requirement of Regulation 4); 12 general education credits (see General Education Requirements in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section of this calendar). ES/ENVS 1000 6.00 is recommended for students interested in taking Additional environmental studies courses. iii) All BSc and BSc Honours degree candidates, in accordance with their declared programs, must comply with General Regulation 5 or 6 (see the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section of this calendar) and, in so doing, must also satisfy the course, credit and standing requirements specified below.

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10) Environmental Biology: Bachelor Program

A minimum overall grade point average of 4.00 (C) is required in order to be eligible to graduate with a BSc degree (bachelor program). Requirements: The program core, as specified in i) above; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above; Additional credits from the following list of courses for an overall total of at least 42 credits from environmental biology and biology courses: o SC/ENVB 3002 2.00 Field Course, o SC/ENVB 4090 4.00 Plant Ecology, o SC/ENVB 3002 3.00 Field Course, o SC/ENVB 4095 3.00 Applied Plant Ecology, o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology, o SC/ENVB 4230 3.00 General Entomology, o SC/BIOL 3200 3.00 Processes of Evolution, o SC/ENVB 4250 3.00 Birds and the Environment, o SC/BIOL 3500 3.00 Biogeography, o SC/ENVB 4265 3.00 Biology in Environmental Management, o SC/ENVB 4080 3.00 Freshwater Biology, o SC/BIOL 4085 3.00 Quantitative Methods in o SC/BIOL 4305 3.00 Controversies in the Modern Biology, Life Sciences; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 90 credits, including at least 66 credits from science courses and at least 18 credits at the 3000 or higher level.

Honours Programs
To declare Honours requires successful completion of at least 24 credits, a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 4.25 over all courses completed. To proceed in each year of an Honours program requires a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average as specified in the Academic Standards section of the Faculty of Science and Engineering Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section of this calendar. To graduate in an Honours program requires successful completion of all Faculty requirements and departmental required courses, a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 5.00 (C+) over all environmental biology and biology courses completed, and a minimum cumulative credit-weighted grade point average of 5.00 (C+) over all courses completed. Note: the minimum environmental biology/biology grade point average is not required where environmental biology is the minor in an Honours Major/Minor program. Only the minimum 5.00 (C+) overall grade point average is required in that case.

11) Environmental Biology: Honours Major Program

The program core, as specified in i) above; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above; SC/ENVB 4700 3.00 Current Topics in Environmental Biology; Additional credits from the following list of courses for an overall total of at least 51 credits from environmental biology and biology courses: o SC/ENVB 3002 2.00 Field Course, o SC/BIOL 4085 3.00 Quantitative Methods in o SC/ENVB 3002 3.00 Field Course, Biology, o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological o SC/ENVB 4090 4.00 Plant Ecology, Research, o SC/ENVB 4095 3.00 Applied Plant Ecology, o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology, o SC/ENVB 4230 3.00 General Entomology, o SC/BIOL 3200 3.00 Processes of Evolution, o SC/ENVB 4250 3.00 Birds and the Environment, o SC/BIOL 3500 3.00 Biogeography, o SC/ENVB 4265 3.00 Biology in Environmental Management, o SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis, o SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis, o SC/BIOL 4305 3.00 Controversies in the Modern Life Sciences; o SC/ENVB 4080 3.00 Freshwater Biology, Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level. Note: both SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00 are required as prerequisites for SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry and SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry in the program core.

29

12) Environmental Biology: Honours Double Major Program

All BSc Honours degree candidates should consult departmental advisors as early as possible concerning course requirements for particular Honours Double Major programs. Possible subject combinations for BSc Honours Double Major degree programs are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section of this calendar. SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Science; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements (General Education 4 in the Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section of this calendar), including courses appropriate for the second major; SC/ENVB 2050 4.00 Ecology; SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; any two of o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; SC/ENVB 3001 2.00 Field Course or SC/ENVB 3001 3.00 Field Course; Additional credits from the following list of courses for an overall total of at least 12 credits from environmental biology and biology courses at the 3000/4000 level: o SC/ENVB 3002 2.00 Field Course, o SC/BIOL 4085 3.00 Quantitative Methods in Biology, o SC/ENVB 3002 3.00 Field Course, o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological o SC/ENVB 4090 4.00 Plant Ecology, Research, o SC/ENVB 4095 3.00 Applied Plant Ecology, o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology, o SC/ENVB 4230 3.00 General Entomology, o SC/BIOL 3200 3.00 Processes of Evolution, o SC/ENVB 4250 3.00 Birds and the Environment, o SC/BIOL 3500 3.00 Biogeography, o SC/ENVB 4265 3.00 Biology in Environmental o SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis, Management, o SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis, o SC/BIOL 4305 3.00 Controversies in the Modern o SC/ENVB 4080 3.00 Freshwater Biology, Life Sciences:

Additional credits from environmental biology/biology courses listed above, as required for an overall total of at least 36 credits from environmental biology/biology courses; the course requirements for the second major; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 90 credits from science courses, and at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level.

13) Environmental Biology: Honours Major/Minor Program

An Honours major in environmental biology may be combined with an Honours minor in another subject area in a BSc Honours Major/Minor degree program. Possible subject combinations are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section of this calendar. The Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements, as specified in ii) above and including courses appropriate for the minor; the environmental biology Honours Major requirements above; the course requirements for the minor; Additional elective credits, as required for an overall total of at least 120 credits, including at least 42 credits at the 3000 or higher level.

30

14) Environmental Biology: Honours Minor

An Honours minor in environmental biology may be combined with an Honours major in another subject area. Possible subject combinations are listed under Undergraduate Degree Programs in the Faculty of Science and Engineering Undergraduate Degree and Certificate Programs section of this calendar. SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 Biological Science; the Faculty of Science and Engineering general education and 1000-level science requirements (General Education 4 in the Regulations Governing Undergraduate Degree Requirements section of this calendar), including courses appropriate for the second major; SC/ENVB 2050 4.00 Ecology; SC/BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists; any two of o SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology, o SC/BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry, o SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology, o SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals, o SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics, o SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, o SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 Organic Chemistry; SC/ENVB 3001 2.00 Field Course or SC/ENVB 3001 3.00 Field Course; Additional credits from the following list of courses for an overall total of at least nine credits from environmental biology and biology courses at the 3000/4000 level; o SC/ENVB 3002 2.00 Field Course, o SC/BIOL 4085 3.00 Quantitative Methods in o SC/ENVB 3002 3.00 Field Course, Biology, o SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological o SC/ENVB 4090 4.00 Plant Ecology, Research, o SC/ENVB 4095 3.00 Applied Plant Ecology, o SC/BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology, o SC/ENVB 4230 3.00 General Entomology, o SC/BIOL 3200 3.00 Processes of Evolution, o SC/ENVB 4250 3.00 Birds and the Environment, o SC/BIOL 3500 3.00 Biogeography, o SC/ENVB 4265 3.00 Biology in Environmental Management, o SC/BIOL 4000 3.00 Honours Thesis, o SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 Honours Thesis, o SC/BIOL 4305 3.00 Controversies in the Modern Life Sciences; o SC/ENVB 4080 3.00 Freshwater Biology, Additional credits from the above listed environmental biology/biology courses at the 2000 or higher level, as required for an overall total of at least 30 environmental biology/biology credits.

31

Joint Programs 15) Applied Biotechnology

The Department of Biology at York University and the School of Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry at Seneca College offer a joint BSc (Tech) degree program in Applied Biotechnology. Students will enter the four year program by beginning their studies at Seneca Colleges School of Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry. Following the successful completion of the first two and a half years of the curricula at the Biotechnology Technologist (Research) program at Seneca, students will transfer to the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering where they will complete the last year and a half of the program at York. Upon completion of this program, students will receive a York University BSc (Tech) degree in applied biotechnology. This program will prepare students to enter the workforce in the biotechnology industry, government laboratories and university research laboratories. For Seneca College course requirements, consult the Biotechnology Technologist (Research) program in the Seneca College Calendar (www.senecac.on.ca). The York University course requirements are as follows: BSc (Tech): 90 credits including: i) 45 transfer credits for successful completion of the first two and a half years of the program at the approved joint program partner Seneca College. ii) All students must complete the following core: One of: o AP/ECON 1900 3.00 Microeconomics for Life: Making Smart Choices, o AP/ECON 1910 3.00 Macroeconomics for Citizens: Government Hands-Off or Hands-On?, AP/ECON 1000 3.00 Introduction to Microeconomics or o AP/ECON 1010 3.00 Introduction to Macroeconomics; AP/PHIL 2070 3.00 Introduction to Ethics or AP/PHIL 2075 3.00 Introduction to Applied Ethics; SC/MATH 1505 6.00 Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences; SC/CSE 1520 3.00 Computer Use: Fundamentals; SC/BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology; SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals; SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics; SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced Biochemistry; SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism; SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression. iii) All students must complete a minimum of ten credits from the following list of courses: SC/BIOL 3160 4.00 Plant Physiology; SC/BIOL 4285 3.00 Human Molecular Genetics; SC/BIOL 4010 3.00 Biology of Cancer; SC/BIOL 4320 3.00 Vertebrate Endocrinology; SC/BIOL 4020 3.00 Genomics; SC/BIOL 4330 3.00 Invertebrate Endocrinology; SC/BIOL 4030 3.00 Proteomics; SC/BIOL 4350 4.00 Comparative Chordate Anatomy; SC/BIOL 4040 3.00 Genetic Stability and Change; SC/BIOL 4370 3.00 Neurobiology; SC/BIOL 4050 3.00 Plant Development; SC/BIOL 4450 4.00 Animal Development; SC/BIOL 4061 3.00 Cell and Molecular Biology of SC/BIOL 4510 3.00 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Development; Muscle Physiology; SC/BIOL 4150 3.00 Cellular Regulation; SC/CHEM 3051 3.00 Macromolecules of Biochemical Interest; SC/BIOL 4151 3.00 Membrane Transport; SC/CHEM 3070 3.00 Industrial and Green Chemistry; SC/BIOL 4160 3.00 Photosynthesis; SC/CHEM 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical Discovery; SC/BIOL 4220 4.00 Histology; SC/CHEM 4050 3.00 Bioanalytical Chemistry. SC/BIOL 4270 3.00 Reproduction; iv) Based on the requirements noted in ii) and iii) above, students must take a minimum of 45 credits of which 30 credits must be taken at York as a minimum residency requirement. To graduate in this program, students must have a minimum overall York grade point average of 4.00 (C).

16) Biochemistry
The Department of Biology and the Department of Chemistry offer jointly a Specialized Honours program in Biochemistry. For information and advising see Department of Chemistry: Telephone: (416)736-5246, Campus Building: Chem & Comp Sc 124, Fax: (416)736-5936, Email: chemasst@yorku.ca Web: www.biochem.yorku.ca

32

Biology Course Offerings, Fall/Winter 2011/ 2012

Course # 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1001 1001 1001 1500 2010 2020 2020 2021 2030 2030 2040 2040 2050 2060 2070 2070 2090*** 2900 2900 3001/2/3/ 3001/2/3/ 3010* 3030 3051* 3060 3070 3071* 3100 3110 3120 3130 3140 3140 3150 3155 3170 3200 3500** 4000 4000 4000 4000 4010 4020 4030 4051* 4051* 4061 4080 4090 4130 4141 4150 4160 4200 4200 4220 4220 4245 4250 4255 4265 4270 4285 4290 4290 4305 4310 4320 4340 4350 4360 4370 4390 4410 4450 4510 1/2/3/4601 1/2/3/4602 Credit 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 2 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 2 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 8 Credits 8 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 3 Credits 4 Credits 3 Credits 0 Credits 0 Credits Section A B C M M N O P A M A M M A M A M A A A M A A, B, C M A/M A/M M M A A M M A A A M, N A M M M A M M A M M A A M A A M M A A A A M A A M A M M A M M A M A M M M A M M A M M A M A A M Semester Fall Fall Fall Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Fall Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Fall Winter Fall Fall Fall Winter Fall Fall Winter Fall / Winter Fall / Winter Winter Winter Fall Fall Winter Winter Fall Fall Fall Winter Fall Winter Winter Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Winter / Summer (WS) Year (Y) Fall Winter Fall Fall Winter Winter Fall Fall Fall Fall Winter Fall Fall Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Fall Winter Winter Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Winter Fall Winter Fall Fall Winter Course Title Biology I Biology I Biology I Biology I Biology II Biology II Biology II Biology II Introduction to Biology Plant Biology Biochemistry Biochemistry Cell Biology Animals Animals Genetics Genetics Ecology Statistics for Biologists Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology Current Topics in Biophysics*** Microbiology for Nurses Microbiology for Nurses Field Course Field Course Advanced Biochemistry* Physiology of the Invertebrates Macromolecules of Biochemical Interest* Animal Physiology I Animal Physiology II Pharmaceutical Discovery* Current Topics in Biological Research Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism Immunobiology Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory Microbiology Virology Population Ecology Processes of Evolution Biogeography** Honours Thesis Honours Thesis Honours Thesis Honours Thesis Biology of Cancer Genomics Proteomics Bioanalytical Chemistry* Bioanalytical Chemistry* Cell & Molecular Biology Freshwater Biology Plant Ecology Plant Evolution Current Topics and Methods in Cell Biology Cellular Regulation Photosynthesis Selected Readings in Biology Selected Readings in Biology Histology Histology Conservation Biology Birds and the Environment Biodiversity Biology in Environmental Management Reproduction Human Molecular Genetics Biotechnology Biotechnology Controversies in the Modern Life Sciences Biological Timekeeping Vertebrate Endocrinology Fish Biology Comparative Chordate Anatomy Parasitology Neurobiology Population Genetics Advanced Drosophila Genetics Animal Development Cellular and Molecular Basis of Muscle Physiology Research Practicum Research Practicum Course Director TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA R.Lew T.Kubiseski Sessional P.Lakin-Thomas S.Kelly TBA TBA J.Shore TBA L. Donaldson V.Saridakis/ Y.Sheng V.Saridakis/ Y.Sheng TBA T.Noel T.Noel B.Stutchbury B.Stutchbury TBA A.Donini TBA C.Steel TBA TBA TBA M.Crerar TBA K.Hudak M.Crerar Y.Sheng TBA A.White A.Mills J.Sapp TBA P.Wilson P.Wilson I.Coe I.Coe S.Benchimol A.Zayed L.Donaldson TBA TBA J.McDermott R.Quinlan TBA J.Shore P.Lakin-Thomas M.Scheid R.Lew P.Wilson P.Wilson S.Unniappan R.Webb TBA B.Stutchbury L.Packer N.Yan T.Kelly M.Scheid K.Hudak V.Saridakis J.Sapp C.Steel C.Peng S.Kelly R.Webb R.Webb TBA A.Zayed A.Hilliker T.Kubiseski R.Tsushima P.Lakin-Thomas P.Lakin-Thomas

Please Note: Course sections+A1 A, B begin in the Fall Semester while courses with an M, N are offered in the Winter Semester. *Administered by Chemistry Department **Administered by Geography Department, ***Administered by Physics Department

High School Prerequisites* 1) OAC or 12U Biology 2) OAC or 12U Chemistry BIOL 1000, 3: Biology I Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics BIOL 1001, 3: Biology II Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and

York University Biology Courses

High School Equivalents* 1) SC/BIOL 1500 4.00 2) SC/CHEM 1500 4.00

BIOL 2070 3.00 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular

BIOL 3010 3.00 Advanced

BIOL 2040 3.00 Genetics

BIOL 2021 3.00 Cell Biology

BIOL 2020 3.00 Biochemistry

BIOL 2030 4.00 Animals

BIOL 2050 4.00 Ecology

Biology
Biochemistry

BIOL 3200 3.00 Processes of Evolution

BIOL 3155 3.00 Virology

BIOL 3071 3.00 Pharmaceutical Discovery

BIOL 3030 4.00 Physiology of the Invertebrates

BIOL 3170 3.00 Population Ecology

BIOL 2060 3.00 Statistics for Biologists (Prerequisite or Co-requisite for BIOL 2050) BIOL 2010 4.00 Plant Biology
BIOL 3500 3.00 Biogeography

BIOL 3110 3.00 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism BIOL 3120 3.00 Immunobiology BIOL 3051 3.00 Macromolecules of Biochemical Interest

No Pre-requisites: SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 Current Topics in Biological Research

BIOL 3130 3.00 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression

BIOL 3150 4.00 Microbiology

ED/BIOL 3051 6.00 Teaching Biology In the Intermediate Senior Division is NOT considered a Biology course and does not count towards the students total biology credits.

BIOL 3140 4.00 Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory

SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 Animal Physiology I

BIOL 3070 4.00 Animal Physiology II

* High school prerequisites or the equivalency courses are required, not both. NOTE: Courses mentioned may have non-biology prerequisites which are not shown above.

2011/12 Undergraduate Biology Course Listings with Prerequisites* (*unofficial; please refer to Registrar's Office Undergraduate Calendar for official information)
Prerequisites 12U Biology or OAC Biology or SC/BIOL 1500 3.0; 12U Chemistry or OAC Chemistry or SC/CHEM 1500 4.0 12U Biology or OAC Biology or SC/BIOL 1500 3.0; 12U Chemistry or OAC Chemistry or SC/CHEM 1500 4.0 12U Biology or OAC Biology or SC/BIOL 1500 3.0; 12U Chemistry or OAC Chemistry or SC/CHEM 1500 4.0 12U Biology or OAC Biology or SC/BIOL 1500 3.0; 12U Chemistry or OAC Chemistry or SC/CHEM 1500 4.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 NCR Note: this course may not be taken by any student who has taken, or who is currently taking, another university course in biology None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0

Crs# 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1001 1001 1001 1500

Cr/Sct Term Course Title 3.0 A F Biology I 3.0 B F Biology I 3.0 C F Biology I 3.0 M W Biology I 3.0 M W Biology II 3.0 N W Biology II 3.0 O W Biology II 3.0 P W Biology II 3.0 A F Introduction to Biology

1601

0.0 A

Research Practium

1602

0.0 M

Research Practium

1603

0.0 A

SU Research Practium

2010 2020 2020

4.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M

W F W

Plant Biology Biochemistry Biochemistry

2021

3.0 M

Cell Biology

2030 2030 2040 2040 2050

4.0 A 4.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 4.0 A

F W F W F

Animals Animals Genetics Genetics Ecology

SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0; SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.0, or SC/CHEM 1000 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0; SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.0, or SC/CHEM 1000 6.0 One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; (2) SC/BCHM 2020 4.0; (3) SC/BIOL 2020 3.0; (4) SC/BCHM 2020 3.0; (5) SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 and SC/CHEM 2050 4.0; or (6) SC/BIOL 1000 3.0, SC/BIOL 1001 3.0 and SC/CHEM 2050 4.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0; prerequisite OR corequisite: SC/BIOL 2060 3.0 SC/CSE 1520 3.0 or CSE 1530 3.0 or CSE 1540 3.0; SC/MATH 1014 3.0 or MATH 1505 6.0 or both MATH 1013 3.0 and MATH 1025 3.0 or equiv. SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0; SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1010 6.0; SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.0 SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.0, or SC/BIOL 1410 6.0; SC/PHYS 1010 6.0 or SC/PHYS 1410 6.0 or SC/PHYS 1420 6.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 Six credits in a life sciences course or the permission of the instructor. Course Credit Exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.0, SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 Six credits in a life sciences course or the permission of the instructor. Course Credit Exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.0, SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 Six credits in a life sciences course or the permission of the instructor. Course Credit Exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.0, SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 Six credits in a life sciences course or the permission of the instructor. Course Credit Exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.0, SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 Six credits in a life sciences course or the permission of the instructor. Course Credit Exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.0, SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 SC/BCHM 2020 4.0 or SC/CHEM 2050 4.0; SC/CHEM 2020 6.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/CHEM 2020 6.0 and either SC/CHEM 2050 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0 or SC/CHEM 2050 4.0; SC/CHEM 2020 6.0 Open only to students registered in an Honours Program in Biology, normally in the year prior to that in which they will undertake their Honours Thesis work

2060

3.0 A

Statistics for Biologists

2070 2070 2090

3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 A

F W F

Rsrch Mthds in Cell & Mol. Bio. Rsrch Mthds in Cell & Mol. Bio. Current Topics in Biophysics

2601

0.0 A

Research Practium

2602

0.0 M

Research Practium

2603

0.0 A

SU Research Practium

2900 2900 2900 2900 2900 3010 3030 3051 3060 3070 3071

3.0 A 3.0 B 3.0 C 3.0 D 3.0 M 3.0 M 4.0 M 3.0 A 4.0 A 4.0 M 3.0 M

F F F F W W W F F W W

Clinical Microbio. for Nurses Clinical Microbio. for Nurses Clinical Microbio. for Nurses Clinical Microbio. for Nurses Clinical Microbio. for Nurses Advanced Biochemistry Physiology of the Invertebrates Mcromol.s of Bchem. Interest Animal Physiology I Animal Physiology II Pharmaceutical Discovery

3100

2.0 A

Curr. Topics in Biol. Research

3110

3.0 A

Mol. Biol. I: Nucleic Acid Metab.

3120 3120 3130 3130 3140 3140

3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 M 3.0 N 4.0 A 4.0 M

F W W W F W

Immunobiology Immunobiology Mol. Biol. II: Reg. of Gene Expr. Mol. Biol. II: Reg. of Gene Expr. Adv. Bchm. and Mol. Gen. Lab. Adv. Bchm. and Mol. Gen. Lab.

3150

4.0 M

Microbiology

3155 3170 3200 3500

3.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 M

W F W W

Virology Population Ecology Processes of Evolution Biogeography

One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00; (2) if the three credit course is taken in either one or more of SC/BIOL 2020, SC/BIOL 2021, SC/BIOL 2040, then SC/BIOL 2070 3.0 is required SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0; SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3130 3.0 strongly recommended as a prerequisite or corequisite SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0; SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3130 3.0 strongly recommended as a prerequisite or corequisite One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0; (2) if the 3.0 credit course is taken in either one or more of SC/BIOL 2020, SC/BIOL 2021, or SC/BIOL 2040, then SC/BIOL 2070 3.0 is required SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.0; SC/BIOL 2050 4.0; SC/CSE 1520 3.0 or SC/CSE 1530 3.0 or SC/CSE 1540 3.0 SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 AP/SC/GEOG 2500 3.0 or SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0

3601

0.0 A

Research Practium

3602

0.0 M

Research Practium

3603

0.0 A

SU Research Practium

Crs#

Cr/Sct Term

Course Title

4000

3.0 A

Honours Thesis

4000

3.0 M

Honours Thesis

4000

3.0 A

SU Honours Thesis

4000

8.0 A

Honours Thesis

4000

8.0 M

W/S Honours Thesis

4000

8.0 A

S/F Honours Thesis

4010 4020 4030 4040 4051 4051 4061

3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 M

F W F --F W W

Biology of Cancer Genomics Proteomics Genetic Stability and Change Bioanalytical Chemistry Bioanalytical Chemistry Cell and Mol. Biol. of Dev.

Prerequisites Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Note: Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences strean) with at least 84 credits, and a BIOL GPA of at least 6.0. Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.0. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3130 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0; SC/BIOL 3200 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0 SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0 or SC/ CHEM 2050 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.0; SC/CHEM 2020 6.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.0 or SC/ CHEM 2050 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.0; SC/CHEM 2020 6.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 SC/CHEM 1000 3.0 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.0 or SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 or permission from the instructor. Note: SC/PHYS 1510 4.0 or similar (OAC Physics, 12U Physics) is strongly recommended SC/BIOL 2010 4.0; SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 or permission from the instructor; SC/BIOL 4090 4.0 is recommended SC/BIOL 2010 4.0; SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 SC BIOL 3130 3.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 3010 3.0 and SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 strongly recommended as prerequisites or corequisites SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 3010 3.0 and SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 strongly recommended as prerequisites or corequisites One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.0; (2) SC/BIOL 2021 3.0 or SC/BCHM 2021 3.0; SC/BIOL 2070 3.0 Note: Open only to students with a science grade point average equal to or greater than 6.0 Note: Open only to students with a science grade point average equal to or greater than 6.0 Note: Open only to students with a science grade point average equal to or greater than 6.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2010 4.0; SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0; SC/BIOL 2050 4.0; or permission from the instructor SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.0 Note: completion of 60 crdts towards a degree in biol. or envrnmntl science or envrnmntl studies is required, or permission from the instructor SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 and SC/BIOL 2060 3.0, or permission from the instructor SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 Prerequisite OR Corequisite: SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0 SC/BIOL 3110 3.0 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.0 Note: open only to students in the final year of an Honours program in biology, or with the permission of the instructor SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0, SC/BIOL 3060 4.0 SC/BIOL 2040 3.0 or SC/BIOL 2040 4.0; SC/MATH 1505 6.0 or equivalent SC/BIOL 2020 4.0; SC/BIOL 2021 4.0; SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 SC/BIOL 2020 4.0, SC/BIOL 2021 4.0, SC/BIOL 2030 4.0, SC/BIOL 2040 4.0 AP/HH/SC/KINE 2011 3.0, or SC/BIOL 3060 4.0 and SC/BIOL 3070 4.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0 None. Note: Students are not allowed to enroll in a Biology Research Practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.0

4080

3.0 A

Freshwater Biology

4090 4095 4130 4141 4150 4151 4160 4200 4200 4200 4220 4220 4230 4245 4250 4255 4265 4270 4285 4290 4290 4300 4305 4310 4320 4340 4350 4360 4370 4390 4410 4450 4510

4.0 A 3.0 3.0 A 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 3.0 A 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 A 4.0 A 4.0 M 4.0 3.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 4.0 A 4.0 M 3.0 3.0 M 3.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 4.0 M 3.0 A 3.0 M 3.0 M 3.0 A 4.0 M 3.0 A

F --F F W --F F W SU F W --W F W W F W F W --W W F W W F W W F W F

Plant Ecology Applied Plant Ecology Plant Evolution Curr. Topics and Methods in C.B. Cellular Regulation Membrane Transport Photosynthesis Selected Readings in Biology Selected Readings in Biology Selected Readings in Biology Histology Histology General Entomology Conservation Biology Birds and the Environment Biodiversity Biol. in Envrnmntl Management Reproduction Human Molecular Genetics Biotechnology Biotechnology Orig. and Dev. of Biol. Theories Cntrvrsies in the Mod. Life Sci. Biological Timekeeping Vertebrate Endocrinology Fish Biology Comp. Chordate Anatomy Parasitology Neurobiology Population Genetics Adv. Drosophila Genetics Animal Development Cell. & Mol. Basis of Muscl. Phys.

4603

0.0 A

Research Practium

4603

0.0 M

Research Practium

4603

0.0 A

SU Research Practium

For all courses that require one or more of BIOL 2020, BIOL 2021, BIOL 2040 as prerequisite(s), please refer to the "Advising Document for Changes to Second Year" document in conjunction with the Department of Biology's 2011/12 Supplementary Undergraduate Calendar for further information.

Course Descriptions
SC/BIOL 1000 3.0 Biology I - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics
An introduction to major unifying concepts and fundamental principles of biology, including evolution and cell theory. Topics include cells, biological energetics, metabolism, cell division and genetics. The laboratory and lecture components must be passed independently to pass the course. Three lecture hours per week; three laboratory hours in alternate weeks. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: OAC Biology or 12U Biology or SC/BIOL 1500 3.00; OAC Chemistry or 12U Chemistry or SC/CHEM 1500 4.00. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00; SC/BIOL 1410 6.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 1001 3.0 Biology II - Evolution, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
A continuation of Biology I, exploring major unifying concepts and fundamental principles of biology, building on earlier concepts. Topics include mechanisms of evolution, ecology, a survey of biodiversity and conservation biology. The laboratory and lecture components must be passed independently to pass the course. Three lecture hours per week; three laboratory hours in alternate weeks. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 1000 3.00. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00; SC/BIOL 1410 6.00. Course Director: Dr. T. Kelly Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 1500 3.0 Introduction to Biology

An introductory course in biology for students needing adequate preparation for SC/BIOL 1010 6.00. The course explores underlying theories and the unity and diversity of life. Topics include evolution, cell theory, introductory biochemistry, inheritance, biodiversity, and ecology. NCR NOTE: May not be taken by any student who has taken or is currently taking another university course in biology. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Fall Other Information: This course is intended for students who plan to take BIOL 1010, but have not completed Biology 12U (or wish to review this background).

SC/BIOL 1601, 1602, 1603, 2601, 2602, 3601, 3602, 4601, 4602 Research Practicum
This course offers the student research experience as part of a Biology research team. The student must make arrangements with a faculty member before enrolling in this course. Prerequisites: None. Note: This course does not count for degree credit in any program. Students are expected to commit to approximately 5-10 hours per week (on average) for one term. The student and faculty member must sign a form in which they agree on the type and amount of work to be done, and the form must be approved by the Course Director before the student will be allowed to enrol. Students may enrol in this course during any term, and there is no limit to the number of terms in which they are allowed to enrol. Students will not be allowed to enrol in a biology research practicum course with their Honours Thesis (BIOL 4000) supervisor during the same terms that they are enrolled in BIOL 4000 8.00. The course evaluation will be pass/fail only. Students will be required to obtain safety training, such as WHMIS, if appropriate to the type of research undertaken. The course is intended only for students in biology or biochemistry majors. Course Director: Dr. P. Lakin-Thomas Scheduling: Fall/ Winter/ Summer

37

SC/BIOL 2010 4.0 Plant Biology

Current advances in plant biology research, highlighting plant structure, physiology, development and diversity. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00. Course Director: Dr. R. Lew Text: Biology of Plants (7th ed.) by Raven, Evert and Eichorn. 2004. Freeman Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: Two Term Tests: 30% total, Final Exam: 40%, Laboratory: 40% Course Website: www.yorku.ca/plants Other Information: This course is an introduction to the field of botany. The lectures will present information about prokaryotes, algae, fungi and plants (structure, function, and diversity; lifecycles; ecology; relevance to human society). The laboratories are integrated with lecture, and illustrate the biological diversity of algae, fungi, and nonvascular and vascular plants, and highlight key aspects of plant biology.

SC/BIOL 2020 3.0 Biochemistry

A study of the cell biology and biochemistry of biomolecules. Topics include intermediary metabolism related to bioenergetics, including the biology of mitochondria and chloroplasts, protein structure and function, nucleic acid replication, gene expression, chromosome organization and recombinant DNA technology. Three lecture hours. Prerequisites: Both SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00; both SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00, or SC/CHEM 1000 6.00. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00, SC/BCHM 2020 4.00, SC/CHEM 2050 4.00. Course Director: Dr. T. Kubiseski Scheduling: Fall/ Winter

SC/BIOL 2021 3.0 Cell Biology

A study of cell biology and aspects of related biochemistry. Topics include membranes, the endomembrane system, the cytoskeleton, cellular motility, the extracellular matrix, intercellular communication and intracellular regulation. Three lecture hours. Prerequisite: One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.00, (2) SC/BCHM 2020 4.00, (3) SC/BIOL 2020 3.00, (4) SC/BCHM 2020 3.00, (4) SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 and SC/CHEM 2050 4.00, (5) SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 and SC/CHEM 2050 4.00. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 2021 4.00, SC/BCHM 2021 4.00. Course Director: Dr. P. Lakin-Thomas Text: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., Alberts et al. 2007, Garland Publishing Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 2030 4.0 Animals

A study of the diversity of animals, their structure, physiology and evolution. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 2030 5.00, SC/BIOL 2031 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00. Course Director: Dr. S. Kelly Scheduling: Fall / Winter

SC/BIOL 2040 3.0 Genetics

A study of the organization and behaviour of genes and chromosomes and their roles in cells, organisms, populations and evolution. Three lecture hours, one tutorial hour. Prerequisite: Both SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 or SC/BIOL 1010 6.00. Course credit exclusion: SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: TBA (Fall) / Dr. J. Shore (Winter) Scheduling: Fall / Winter

SC/BIOL 2050 4.0 Ecology

A study of the interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments, presented in an evolutionary context. Includes processes of evolution, ecosystems and communities, competition, predation, population ecology and current environmental problems such as habitat loss and extinction. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00. Prerequisite or corequisite: SC/BIOL 2060 3.00. Course credit exclusion: SC/BIOL 2050 3.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Fall

38

SC/BIOL 2060 3.0 Statistics for Biologists

Statistical problem solving for biologists. Basic theory for the analysis of parametric and non-parametric data. A project period is devoted to discussion and solving of statistical problems. Two lecture hours, one project period. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/CSE 1520 3.00 or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 or SC/CSE 1540 3.00; SC/MATH 1014 3.00 or SC/MATH 1505 6.00 or both SC/MATH 1013 3.00 and SC/MATH 1025 3.00 or equivalents. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 3090 3.00, AP/ECON 2500 3.00, AP/ECON 3210 3.00, AP/ECON 3480 3.00, AP/ECON 3500 3.00, ES/ENVS 2010 6.00, AP/SC/GEOG 2420 3.00, HH/KINE 2050 3.00, HH/KINE 3150 3.00, SC/MATH 2560 3.00, SC/MATH 2570 3.00, AP/POLS 3300 6.00, HH/PSYC 2020 6.00, HH/PSYC 2021 3.00, AP/SOCI 3030 6.00. Prior to Fall 2009: Prerequisites: AK/AS/SC/CSE 1520 3.00 or AK/AS/SC/CSE 1530 3.00 or AK/AS/SC/CSE 1540 3.00 (formerly COSC); AS/SC/MATH 1014 3.00 or AS/SC/MATH 1505 6.00 or both AS/SC/MATH 1013 3.00 and AS/SC/MATH 1025 3.00 or equivalents. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 3090 3.00, AS/ECON 2500 3.00, AS/ECON 3210 3.00, AK/ECON 3470 3.00, AK/ECON 3480 3.00, AS/ECON 3500 3.00, ES/ENVS 2010 6.00, AS/SC/GEOG 2420 3.00, AS/HH/SC/KINE 2050 3.00, AS/HH/SC/KINE 3150 3.00, AK/AS/SC/MATH 2560 3.00, AK/AS/SC/MATH 2570 3.00, AS/POLS 3300 6.00, AK/AS/HH/SC/PSYC 2020 6.00, AK/AS/HH/SC/PSYC 2021 3.00, AK/PSYC 2510 3.00, AK/PSYC 3110 3.00, AS/SOCI 3030 6.00. Course Director: Dr. L. Donaldson Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 2070 3.0 Research Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology

This course focuses on laboratory techniques in the life sciences. Practical research skills are developed through experiential learning (via integrated and relevant laboratory techniques). Research skills include scientific writing, data analysis/interpretation, experimental design and hypothesis testing. Practical experience with current techniques in cellular/molecular biology is gained in the laboratory. One lecture hour, six laboratory/practical hours per week. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 1010 6.00, or SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00; SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00. Course Director: Dr. V.Saridakis/ Dr. Y. Sheng Scheduling: Fall / Winter

SC/BIOL 2090 3.00 Current Topics in Biophysics

An introduction to biophysics highlighting major themes in pure and applied biophysical research. Included is coverage of fundamental concepts in fluid mechanics. The course will present biology and physics students with an overview of the role of physics in biological research. Prerequisites: SC/PHYS 1010 6.00 or SC/PHYS 1410 6.00 or SC/PHYS 1420 6.00; SC/BIOL 1000 3.00 and SC/BIOL 1001 3.00 or SC/BIOL 1410 6.00. Course Director: Dr. R. Lew / Dr. S. Jerzak Text: Course notes are provided on e-reserve Scheduling: Fall Assignments and Grading: Two Term Tests: 30% total Final Exam: 30% Assignments: 20% Gists of Guest Lectures: 20% Course Website: www.yorku.ca/bphs Other Information: Lecture topics will likely include life and cycle, biomechanics, nanomoters, molecular spectroscopy, laser biophysics, nuclear physics and nuclear magnetic resonance. As an introduction to Biological Physics, students are expected to be comfortable with introductory calculus.

SC/BIOL 2900 3.0 Clinical Microbiology for Nurses

An introductory course in medical microbiology designed for students entering nursing. Topics include: structure/function relationships of viruses, bacteria and fungi; physical and chemical control of microbial growth; human/microbe interactions; immunology; major diseases of humans; epidemiology and public health. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Note: Not eligible for biology credit towards a Biology/Biochemistry program. Preference in enrolment will be given to students in the Second Entry Nursing Program. Not open to students who have taken SC/BIOL 3150 3.00/3150 4.00. Prerequisite: Six credits in a life sciences course or permission of instructor. Course credit exclusions: SC/BIOL 3150 3.00, SC/BIOL 3150 4.00. Course Director: Dr. T. Noel Scheduling: Fall / Winter Other Information: Fall term sections of BIOL 2900 are reserved for students in the Collaborative Nursing degree program. Other students (e.g., those interested in applying to the Second Entry program in Nursing) are encouraged to enroll in the Winter or Summer sections.

39

SC/BIOL 3001, 3002, 3003 2.0/3.0 Field Course

A course given at one of several biological stations, the objective of which is to give the student the opportunity to study plants and animals in their natural surroundings. The departmental brochure should be consulted for further details. One-week field course. Two credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2010 4.00; one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.00; plus special prerequisites where specified for some modules. Note: Students must be manually enrolled in this course through the Biology Department early in the January prior to the session in which the course is offered. Enrolment is not possible at any other time of year. In addition to the tuition fee levied by the University, each student must pay for transportation, room and board. Course Director: Dr. B. Stutchbury Scheduling: Fall/ Winter

SC/BIOL 3010 3.0 Advanced Biochemistry

A detailed discussion of enzyme structure and function. The chemistry and metabolism of biological molecules. Metabolic regulation at the level of enzyme activity. Knowledge of general concepts of metabolism and of basic aspects of enzyme structure and function is assumed. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00 or SC/CHEM 2050 4.00; SC/CHEM 2020 6.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 3030 4.0 Physiology of the Invertebrates

A treatment of the physiology of major invertebrate phyla with emphasis on interphyletic relationships. Laboratory exercises address the diversity and physiology of invertebrates. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00. Course Director: Dr. A. Donini Text: No textbook recommended. Relevant periodical articles and review papers will be discussed. Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: Midterm Exam; 2 Formal Laboratory Reports; Individual or Group (TBA) Assignment/Report with Presentation; Final Exam. Other Information: Invertebrates represent 90% of the past and present inhabitants of the earth, and therefore greater attention should be paid to them because of their potential as research and economic materials. For each phylum special attention will be given to its unique physiological processes. Collaborative learning involves groups of students writing a paper on a chosen topic and presenting their work in the form of an oral presentation to the class. Laboratory exercises will deal with physiological mechanisms of invertebrates through relevant experiments using primarily convenient insect model organisms. Note: The invertebrates are a medically, economically and ecologically important group of animals. A number of invertebrates act as pathogens or vectors of disease. Malaria is one of the most important diseases in the world and is caused by a protozoan that is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. Economically speaking, invertebrates can be detrimental, serving as pests that destroy crops, but can also benefit us by serving as sources of food (eg. shrimp, lobster). Ecologically, invertebrates are an integral part of the food chain and can be utilized as bioindicators. Therefore it is in our best interest to study and understand the unique physiological processes of each phylum.

SC/BIOL 3051 3.0 Macromolecules of Biochemical Interest

A discussion of the structures and functions of naturally occurring macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides and related macromolecular conjugates. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/CHEM 2020 6.00 and either SC/CHEM 2050 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00 or SC/BIOL 2020 4.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 3060 4.0 Animal Physiology I

Fundamental concepts in sensory, neural and behavioural physiology. The biochemical mechanisms whereby nerve cells detect and transmit information and the processes whereby information is integrated in the nervous system and gives rise to the outputs of behaviour. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2020 4.00, SC/BIOL 2021 4.00. Course Director: Dr. C. Steel Text: Fall

40

SC/BIOL 3070 4.0 Animal Physiology II

The processes of digestion, osmoregulation and excretion, circulatory systems and gaseous exchange, metabolism, growth and reproduction are considered. The course adopts a comparative approach, first analyzing the basic principles underlying physiological activities, then examining the means whereby different organisms perform them. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2020 4.00, SC/BIOL 2021 4.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 3071 3.0 Pharmaceutical Discovery

A practical look into the pharmaceutical industry, providing an overview of the drug discovery process. Topics include choosing disease states to study, pharmacological assays, rational drug design, synthetic and analytical chemistry, toxicology, drug metabolism and clinical trials. Three hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00 or SC/CHEM 2050 4.00; SC/CHEM 2020 6.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 3100 2.0 Current Topics in Biological Research

A review of the research in progress by members of the Department of Biology and by faculty from other universities and institutions. This course is designed to prepare Honours students for SC/BIOL 4000 8.00 and SC/BIOL 4000 3.00. Two lecture hours per week in the fall term. Two credits. Note: Open only to students registered in an Honours Program in Biology, normally in the year prior to that in which they will undertake their Honours thesis work.

Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Fall

SC/ BIOL 3110 2.0 Molecular Biology I: Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Discussion of the metabolism of DNA and RNA, including the physical-chemical properties of nucleic acids; DNA-protein interactions; chromosome structure; nucleic acid replication, repair and recombination; recombinant DNA technology. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00; (2) if the three credit course is taken in either one or more of SC/BIOL 2020, SC/BIOL 2021, SC/BIOL 2040, then SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 is required. Course Director: Dr. M. Crerar Text: Lewins Genes X by Krebs, Goldstein & Kilpatrick Scheduling: Fall Other Information: This course is designed to provide an understanding of molecular processes involved in nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) metabolism and will teach not only the facts, but also insights into how that information was and is being obtained. Topics will include: the structure and function of DNA and RNA, chromosome structure and function, DNA and RNA replication, DNA repair, genetic recombination, the molecular anatomy of eukaryotic genes and genomes and programmed and unprogrammed genomic rearrangements. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of gene expression will be discussed in SC/BIOL 3130 3.0, Molecular Biology II.

SC/BIOL 3120 3.0 Immunobiology

The biology and chemistry of the immune response. Structure and function of antibodies; antibody diversity; anatomy and development of the immune system; cellular interactions; immunological responses in disease. Production and use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: TBA

Scheduling: Fall

41

SC/BIOL 3130 3.0 Molecular Biology II: Regulation of Gene Expression

Gene structure and function. Mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Storage and retrieval of genetic information; transcription, translation and their control. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.00.

Course Director: Dr. K. Hudak (M); Dr. M. Bayfield (N) Text: Molecular Biology, Robert F. Weaver, 4th ed., McGraw Hill Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: Two term tests: 25% each; Final cumulative exam: 50%.

SC/BIOL 3140 4.0 Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory

Research techniques used in biochemistry and molecular biology, including recombinant DNA technology, are illustrated. Purification of a restriction endonuclease; isolation and mapping of bacterial plasmids, bacteriophage and recombinant molecules; polymerase chain reaction (PCR ); nucleic acid hybridization. Enrolment restricted. One lecture hour, six laboratory hours two days per week, plus additional laboratory hours throughout the week. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite or corequisite: SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.00. SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 or SC/BCHM 3130 3.00 strongly recommended as a prerequisite or corequisite. Course Director: Dr. M. Crerar (Fall) / Dr. Y. Sheng (Winter) Text: A Laboratory Project in Molecular Biology, Thiel, Bissen, Lyon. To be purchased at the York Bookstore. Other Information: Enrolment is restricted in this course. Starting June 1, qualified students who wish to enroll in the course should visit the Biology Undergraduate Office to ask to be put on the appropriate list. Decisions will be made in early July in terms of enrollment permissions.

SC/BIOL 3150 4.0 Microbiology

Fundamentals of microbiology; microbial organisms; microbe-host interactions; microbial genetics and evolution; microorganisms and human disease; environmental and applied microbiology. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisites: One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2020 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00; (2) if the 3 credit course is taken in either one or more of SC/BIOL 2020, SC/BIOL 2021, SC/BIOL 2040, then SC/BIOL 2070 3.00 is required. Course credit exclusion: SC/BIOL 3150 3.00. Course Director: Dr. M. Gadsden Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 3155 3.0 Virology

An in-depth examination of cellular, molecular and structural aspects of virology. Molecular processes and concepts are emphasized using examples from current research literature. Virus-host interactions are investigated in various systems. Three lecture hours per week. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00. Course Director: Dr. K. A. White Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 3170 3.0 Population Ecology

Reviews recent studies in population ecology with special emphasis on processes that lead to population decline and recovery. Lecture topics include population growth models, competition, dispersal, predator/prey interactions, disease and parasites. The laboratories stress field studies and data analysis. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: One of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.00; SC/BIOL 2050 4.00; SC/CSE 1520 3.00 or SC/CSE 1530 3.00 or SC/CSE 1540 3.00. Prior to Fall 2009: Prerequisites: One of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 or SC/BIOL 2031 3.00; SC/BIOL 2050 4.00; AK/AS/SC/CSE 1520 3.00 (formerly COSC) or AK/AS/SC/CSE 1530 3.00 or AK/AS/SC/CSE 1540 3.00. Course Director: Dr. A. Mill Scheduling: Fall

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SC/BIOL 3200 3.0 Processes of Evolution

The process and principles of evolution, the mechanisms by which genetic change occurs, the patterns of genetic variation and molecular studies that relate the structure of organisms to their evolution are examined. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. J. Sapp Text: Jan Sapp, Genesis. The Evolution of Biology. New York: Oxford University press, 2003 Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: 4 class tests 25% each. Other Information: This course introduces students to the development of evolutionary theory from Darwin's day to the present. What is evolution? What is an organism? What is a gene? It includes an introduction to new evolutionary research programs in molecular evolution and microbial phylogeny, contemporary Darwinian and non-Darwinian theory, changing concepts of the organism, and of the gene that advance research today.

SC/BIOL 3500 3.0 Biogeography

An analysis of the geography of plants and animals emphasizing processes that operate at the population level, the origin and diversity of plants and animals, geographic patterns of diversity, and dynamics of species populations from local to continental scales. Two lecture hours, two laboratory hours. One term. Prerequisite: AP/SC/GEOG 2500 3.00 or SC/BIOL 2050 4.00. Course credit exclusions: None. PRIOR TO FALL 2009: Prerequisite: AS/SC/GEOG 2500 3.00 or SC/BIOL 2050 4.00. Course credit exclusion: AS/GEOG 3500 3.00. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4000 3.0/ 8.0 Honours Thesis

A substantial review essay based on library investigations under the supervision of a faculty member. Rules governing this course are outlined in the Department of Biology undergraduate handbook. Only open to Honours students majoring in biology and environmental science students (life sciences stream). One term. Three credits. Note: Students who take SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 as a degree requirement will take it as a prerequisite for SC/BIOL 4000 3.00. In exceptional circumstances, SC/BIOL 3100 2.00 may be taken as a corequisite with the permission of the BIOL 4000 course director. Course Director: Dr. I. Coe (BIOL 4000 8.0); Dr. P. Wilson (BIOL 4000 3.0) Scheduling: BIOL 4000 3.0 is offered in Su, F and W terms and BIOL 4000 8.0 is offered in F/W terms, W/S terms and S/F terms. Assignments and Grading: The grade will be based on an assessment of the thesis, and its oral defence, by an examining committee comprised of the supervisor, advisor and course director. A one hour oral examination will be scheduled during the term final examination period and will involve a 10-15 minute public presentation followed by questions from the examining committee. The final grade will be based 60% on scientific content and presentation of the written work, and 40% on the presentation, understanding and defense of that work. The examining committee will contribute equally to the awarding of these marks. Other Information: These courses can be taken in any single (3 credits) or two consecutive (8 credits) terms. Students are expected to commit a substantial amount of time to this course, typically a minimum of 12 hours/week/term, although this is likely to be very dependent on the nature and stage of the work. The Biology Department policy is that it is not permissible for students to be paid for carrying out their BIOL 4000 honours thesis research. However, the Biology Department recognizes that it is permissible for a student, enrolled in BIOL 4000 from September to April, to carry out field-based sampling and data collection in their free-time during the previous summer (MayAugust). It is common practice for students in Biology and Environmental Science to work as Summer Field Assistants and to use their days off to carry out their own sampling and data collection for subsequent analysis and write-up for their BIOL 4000.80 honours thesis from September April. While there is an option for students to enroll in a MayDecember BIOL honours thesis, the demands of the thesis make it impractical for students needing to generate substantial income from their summer job to carry out biological sampling and data collection while working full-time. Further, the Biology Department recognizes that it is acceptable for students to do research and analysis on previously collected samples, as long as new data are generated, analyzed, reported, discussed and defended in the BIOL 4000 honours thesis. It is the students responsibility to ensure that they are eligible for this course. If eligible, students must collect an honours enrolment and information package from the Biology Undergraduate Office. They must then locate a supervisor and agree upon a project outline with that supervisor. The student and supervisor should then identify an advisor who is knowledgeable about the topic of the thesis and obtain that persons consent to serve. Completion of these steps is indicated by appropriate completion of the registration form, which is then returned to the Undergraduate Office for approval by an advisor. After approval, the student must take the completed form to Mrs. Audrey Johnson in Room 247 who will mount a permission to enrol in the course. Students should consult regularly with the supervisor, taking direction in the design and execution of experiments, and the writing of the thesis. Remember that writing a high quality thesis requires an adequate lead time for feedback from the supervisor (making it impossible to complete both the research and writing necessary for the 8 credit thesis in a single semester). The enrolment package will indicate the deadline dates for thesis submission (usually the last day of classes of the term in which the student will defend their thesis). Defense dates will be arranged during the appropriate exam period of the term. Failure to complete the thesis and/or defense by these dates will result in a grade of F.

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There will be an information session scheduled early in the fall term in which students are encouraged to participate. It will provide an opportunity for students to seek clarification of expectations and procedures, but is not mandatory. The option to take the 8 credit research-based course is not an entitlement; it is dependent entirely upon the availability of a willing supervisor. If no such supervisor can be found, the honours requirement for completion of SC/BIO 4000 must be met by the 3 credit option, for which a supervisor must also be found by the student. Only in very exceptional circumstances will people who are not faculty members of the York University Department of Biology be permitted to serve as supervisor or advisor. Such permission must be obtained from the course director and extensive rationale would be required in support of the request. Students enrolling in W/S or S/F terms should be aware that total credits for a given session may exceed the maximum, because of constraints in the enrollment management system. In some cases, students may need to submit a petition to overload (i.e. enroll in more than the maximum number of credits for an academic session). Note: for students planning to take BIOL 4000 and BIOL 4200 it is inappropriate to receive double credit for a single body of work. Students taking both BIOL 4000 (especially the 3 credit option) and BIOL 4200 should ensure that the two pieces of work do not overlap. The objectives and thrust of the two pieces of work should be distinct. This will initially be determined from the proposed topics listed on the registration forms, but should it subsequently emerge that the two pieces of work overlap excessively, the student may be required to rewrite the work for one of the courses. If the two courses are taken at different times, a copy of the work from the first course must be available at the completion of the second course.

SC/BIOL 4010 3.0 Biology of Cancer

This course will explore the basic molecular and cellular concepts and principles related to the development of cancer, and medical applications to treatment and prevention of the disease. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 3130 3.00 or SC/BCHM 3130 3.00. Course Director: Dr. S. Benchimol Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4020 3.0 Genomics

The study of genome structure, function and evolution, with emphasis on the primary literature. Topics include: gene duplication, evolution of noncoding DNA, population genomics, horizontal gene transfer, transposable element evolution and base composition. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 3110 3.00; SC/BIOL 3200 3.00 Course Director: Dr. A. Zayed Text: Course Package / There is no textbook for this course Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: Two in-class tests: 40%. Assignments and presentations: 60%. Other Information: Over the past ten years, technology has enabled the study of entire genomes. The ability to survey molecular aspects of life at such a global levels has drastically changed the way that we study evolution and the molecular basis of ecologically and economically relevant phenotypes. Specific topics covered in lecture course include (i) genome sequencing initiatives (ii) analyses of gene expression using microarrays (iii) functional genomics in model and non-model organisms (iv) re-sequencing technologies (v) population genomics.

SC/BIOL 4030 3.0 Proteomics

Contemporary proteomic methodologies and applications. Specific topics: high-throughput methods, protein identification, protein complexes, structural proteomics, sub-cellular proteomics and molecular modeling. Prerequisite: SC/BCHM 3110 3.00 or SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 Course Director: Dr. L. Donaldson Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4051 3.0 Bioanalytical Chemistry

This course describes modern methods of bioanalytical chemistry in their application to the analysis of biological polymers: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Analytical aspects of genomics and proteomics are considered. Three lecture hours per week. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2020 4.00 or SC/ CHEM 2050 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.00; SC/CHEM 2020 6.00. Course Director: TBA Text: Fall / Winter

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SC/BIOL 4061 3.0 Cell & Molecular Biology of Development

This course presents a genetic and molecular biological approach to the field of developmental biology. Topics range from unicellular systems, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, to more complex, multicellular systems. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. J. McDermott Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4080 3.0 Freshwater Biology

The study of physical, chemical and biological aspects of freshwater aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on lake systems. Laboratory deals with taxonomy of freshwater organisms, use of limnological equipment, and analysis/interpretation of aquatic data. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/CHEM 1000 3.00 and SC/CHEM 1001 3.00, SC/BIOL 2050 4.00 or permission of the instructor. Note: SC/PHYS 1510 4.00 or similar (OAC Physics, 12U Physics) is strongly recommended. Course Director: Dr. R. Quinlan Text: Readings from primary literature, items on reserve. Textbook, if any, TBA Scheduling: Fall Assignments and Grading: 2 midterms - non-cumulative 1 final exam cumulative lab evaluation involves collection of field data & identification of specimens, with associated lab assignments and lab exam %'s of each component TBA Other Information: Dependent on course enrollment and facility availability, there may be a mandatory fieldwork weekend (Fri aft - Sun) at a field station to gain hands-on experience in the use of sampling equipment and the identification of live aquatic flora and fauna.

SC/BIOL 4090 4.0 Plant Ecology

This course reflects the diversity of topics that make up the field of plant ecology: ecosystems, plant population ecology, physiological and evolutionary ecology, plant-herbivore interactions and applied ecology. Laboratories cover field and laboratory techniques, including sampling methods. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2010 4.00; SC/BIOL 2050 4.00. Course Director: Dr. M. Vicari Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4130 3.0 Plant Evolution

An analysis of patterns of variation among plants, emphasizing the evolutionary processes which brought them about. Topics include biosystematics, speciation, hybridization, isolating mechanisms and mating systems. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2010 4.00; SC/BIOL 2050 4.00. Course Director: Dr. J. Shore Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4141 3.0 Current Topics and Methods in Cell Biology

Selected topics in cell biology, such as membrane dynamics, cell cycle control, apoptosis, signal transduction and cellular rhythmicity. Presentation and critical discussion of recent research papers, emphasizing current methods and experimental design. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 3130 3.00. Course credit exclusion: SC/BIOL 4140 3.00 from Fall/Winter 2002-2003 only. Course Director: Dr. P. Lakin-Thomas. Scheduling: Fall Other Information: This course is organized around student presentations, and if class size permits, all students will be required to give at least one presentation.

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SC/BIOL 4150 3.0 Cellular Regulation

A detailed examination of molecular, cellular and physiological processes associated with the action of peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors. Emphasis is on cell receptors and signal transduction mechanisms involving cyclic nucleotides and calcium. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 3010 3.00 and SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 strongly recommended as prerequisites or co-requisites. Course Director: Dr. M. Scheid Scheduling: Winter A study of the process of photosynthesis at the biochemical, organelle and whole-organism levels, including structure of the photosynthetic apparatus, primary light-harvesting processes, electron transport, photophosphorylation, mechanism of carbon dioxide fixation in higher plants and algae, photorespiration. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: One of the following: (1) SC/BIOL 2021 4.00 or SC/BCHM 2021 4.00; (2) SC/BIOL 2021 3.00 or SC/BCHM 2021 3.00; SC/BIOL 2070 3.00. Course Director: Dr. R. Lew Text: Photosynthesis (3d edition) by David W. Lawlor. 2001. Springer-Verlag. Scheduling: Fall Assignments and Grading: Usually: Two Term Tests: 40% total Final Exam: 30% Laboratory Reports: 30% Course Website: www.yorku.ca/planters/photosynthesis Other Information: The course emphasizes the biochemistry and physiology of photosynthetic processes. Laboratory exercises are integrated with lecture content and introduce the students to the diversity of experimental methods used to explore the mechanisms of photosynthesis.

SC/BIOL 4160 3.00 Photosynthesis

SC/BIOL 4200 3.0 Selected Readings in Biology

A reading course offered by special arrangement between an individual student and a faculty supervisor which focuses on a specialized area of biology of mutual interest. The subject matter must be significantly different from that of the student's honours thesis. A student may take this course only once for credit. One term. Three credits. Note: Open only to students with a science grade point average equal to or greater than 6.00. Course Director: Dr. P. Wilson Scheduling: Fall/ Winter

SC/BIOL 4220 4.0 Histology

Structure and function of tissues in vertebrates, with special emphasis on human histology. The laboratory deals with basic histological and histochemical techniques, such as tissue sectioning and staining, and localization of enzymes. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00. Course Directors: Dr. S. Unniappan (Fall)/ Dr. R. Webb (Winter) Text: Histology, 6th ed. L.C. Ross, M., Kaye, G and W. Pawlina. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Scheduling: Fall /Winter Assignments and Grading: Midterm Exam: 20%; Labs: (including lab exam): 35%; Final Exam: 45% Other Information: This is an upper level course and those who are interested, other than fourth year students are discouraged from enrolling in this. Although not required, students are strongly encouraged to complete courses on animal/human physiology before enrolling in this course. Students should also recognize and be prepared for the very heavy lab component involved. To perform very well in this course requires strong background knowledge on physiological systems and processes, and dedicated efforts to conduct independent work (extra hours outside the three hours) in the lab. Attendance is mandatory for weekly lab sessions, and for the mid-term, lab and final exams.

SC/BIOL 4245 3.0 Conservation Biology

This course explores the role of biological science in efforts to conserve natural resources, systems and the organisms therein. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2010 4.00; one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00; SC/BIOL 2050 4.00; or permission of the instructor. Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

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SC/BIOL 4250 3.0 Birds and the Environment

A review of the adaptations of birds to different environments, behaviour and ecology, biodiversity and evolution, and currents threats to the world's birds. Laboratories include field trips, a study of bird anatomy and examination of museum specimens. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: One of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00. Course Director: Dr. B. Stutchbury Text: Bridget Stutchbury, Silence of the Songbirds (Harper Collins, Toronto) Scheduling: Fall Assignments and Grading: Midterm, Final Exam, Lab/Written Assignments Other Information: Includes field studies on campus

SC/BIOL 4255 3.0 Biodiversity

We do not know the number of species on Earth, even to the nearest order of magnitude. This course discusses the factors that influence the number of species in an area and the importance of biodiversity to humanity. Two lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Three credits. Note: Completion of 60 credits required, towards a degree in biology or environmental science or environmental studies, or permission of the instructor. Course Director: Dr. L. Packer Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4265 3.0 Biology in Environmental Management

This course summarizes our progress in conceptualizing, understanding and in solving large-scale ecological problems caused by the introduction of pollutants and exotic species to the environment. Three lecture hours. One term. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2050 4.00, SC/BIOL 2060 3.00; or permission of the instructor. Course Director: Dr. N. Yan Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: 1 mid-term exam (25%), 2 essays (45%), One project in groups of 2 (30%). Other Information: The purpose of this course is not to provide an overview of all current international environmental problems related to pollutants or invading species. Rather it is to teach the class the tools that applied ecologists need to play their roles in identifying the solving these problems. Once they are learned, students will employ these tools in two short, related essays on pollutants and one group project on invading species. There is no final exam.

SC/BIOL 4270 3.0 Reproduction

Molecular, genetic, cytological and evolutionary aspects of sexual reproduction. Comparison of the regulatory genes and proteins of sexual differentiation in Saccharomyces, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mice, human and plants. Evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction through parthenogenic mechanisms. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. T. Kelly Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4285 3.0 Human Molecular Genetics

The course covers the application of genetic and molecular biological techniques to study human diseases and other related areas, and discusses ethical concerns that might arise from this research. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite or corequisite: SC/BIOL 3130 3.00. Course Director: Dr. M. Scheid Scheduling: Winter

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SC/BIOL 4290 4.0 Biotechnology

This laboratory course covers some of the methods currently in use in biotechnology research in industry and academia. Emphasis is placed on methods for transforming eukaryotes with marker genes. Advanced methods used in molecular biology are also covered. Two lecture hours, six laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 3110 3.00 or SC/BCHM 3110 3.00. Course Director: Dr. K. Hudak (Fall)/ Dr. V. Saridakis (Winter) Text: Selected articles from recent literature Scheduling: Fall / Winter Other Information: Enrollment is restricted in this course. Qualified students should contact the UG office to request permission to enroll, starting June 1 2011. Decisions will be made in early July in terms of enrollment permissions.

SC/BIOL 4305 3.0 Controversies in the Modern Life Sciences

The study of past and contemporary controversies in genetics, evolutionary theory and ecology. The focus is on analyzing the diverse aims, concepts, theories, techniques and institutional strategies which have shaped the development of modern biology. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. J. Sapp Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4310 3.0 Biological Timekeeping

An examination of the biological rhythms of cells, tissues and whole animals; the mechanisms of biological timekeeping and how those clocks interact with each other to coordinate physiological events within an animal and with the environment. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00. Course Director: Dr. C. Steel Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4320 3.0 Vertebrate Endocrinology

Vertebrate endocrine structure and function; synthesis and regulation of hormones; mechanisms of hormone actions; and hormonal integration of physiological processes. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Integrated with: GS/BIOL 5124 3.00. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00. Course credit exclusion: HH/KINE 4448 3.00. Prior to Fall 2009: Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; one of SC/BIOL 2030 4.00, SC/BIOL 2031 3.00. Course credit exclusion: AS/HH/SC/KINE 4448 3.00. Course Director: Dr. C. Peng Scheduling: Fall

SC/BIOL 4340 3.0 Fish Biology

A study of fish biology (ichthyology), including anatomy, systematics, physiology, behaviour and ecology of freshwater and marine fishes. Special emphasis is placed on the unique features of fishes and their functional adaptation to aquatic environments. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00. Note: Completion of 60 credits required. Course Director: Dr. S. Kelly Scheduling: Winter

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SC/BIOL 4350 4.0 Comparative Chordate Anatomy

A comparative study of the biology of chordate animals in which the evidence of their evolutionary relationships is emphasized. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00. Course Director: Dr. R. A. Webb Texts: Recommended: K. V. Kardong. Vertebrates: Anatomy, function and evolution. McGraw Hill. 5th.edition Scheduling: Winter Assignments and Grading: Midterm examination 20%; Final examination 50%; Laboratories: Midterm exam 10%; Final lab examination 10%; Group assignment 10%. Other Information: This course involves an examination of the evolutionary relationships of chordate animals as evidenced by their anatomical structure and function. Lecture and laboratory activities will proceed mostly by following a systems approach, drawing on evidence from some other disciplines such as paleontology and embryology; and involve discussion of evolutionary processes.

SC/BIOL 4360 3.0 Parasitology

Biology of animal parasites; developmental, structural and functional adaptations to the parasitic environments; immune and other responses of hosts; parasitic diseases. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 2030 4.00 Course Director: Dr. R. A. Webb Texts: Recommended: Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology 8th ed. Larry S. Roberts, John Janovy, Jr. 2009. McGraw Hill. Scheduling: Fall Assignments and Grading: Midterm examination 30%; Inquiring based learning assignment 15% Participation in lectures/on-line discussions 5% Final examination 50%; Other Information: The lecture content of this course will be provided through a variety of media that will include face-to-face meetings (classroom lectures - presentations and discussions) and on-line delivery and discussions. Students enrolled in the course will be provided with an account to access the materials. Some learning will be required on the part of the student to use a web delivery platform.

SC/BIOL 4370 3.0 Neurobiology

An analysis of recent advances in neurobiology, particularly information processing and storage in nervous systems and the biochemical basis of learning, memory and behaviour. The neurobiology of addiction, diseases of the nervous system and regeneration are also discussed. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 3060 4.00. Course Credit Exclusion: AS/HH/SC/KINE 4512 3.00 Course Director: TBA Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4390 3.0 Population Genetics

The course focuses on theoretical and empirical population genetics and phenotypic evolution. Learning the underlying principles, students will generate, analyze and interpret population genetic data. One term or alternating term. Three lecture hours per week. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/MATH 1505 6.00 (or equivalent); SC/BIOL 2040 4.00 or SC/BIOL 2040 3.00 Course Director: Dr. A. Zayed Scheduling: Winter

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SC/BIOL 4410 3.0 Advanced Drosophila Genetics

A study of recent advances in Drosophila genetics. The course addresses techniques such as chromosomal analysis, lethal tagging, genetic dissection, mosaic analysis, genetic screens, transposon tagging, enhancer trapping, methods for manipulating genes in transgenic flies and genetic ablation. Three lecture hours. One term. Three credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. A. Hilliker Scheduling: Fall Other Information: Model organisms are increasingly important in basic genetic and biomedical research. Indeed, a significant proportion of Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funding is for work on Drosophila melanogaster, a preeminent model organism. Studying Drosophila genetics provides an excellent background for understanding all model organism research. This course will be of interest to students wishing to learn more about genetics, and those who are interested in learning more about the research underlying not only genetics, but biotechnology and biomedical fields.

SC/BIOL 4450 4.0 Animal Development

Fertilization, cleavage, differentiation and development in selected animals. Three lecture hours, three laboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisites: SC/BIOL 2020 4.00; SC/BIOL 2021 4.00; SC/BIOL 2030 4.00; SC/BIOL 2040 4.00. Course Director: Dr. T. Kubiseski Scheduling: Winter

SC/BIOL 4510 3.0 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Muscle Physiology

Topics include muscle development, muscle-specific gene expression, molecular basis of muscle contraction, biochemical plasticity of muscle, sarcolemmal and nuclear signal transduction in muscle. Three lecture hours per week. One term. Prerequisite(s): AS/HH/SC/KINE 2011 3.00, or SC/BIOL 3060 4.00 and SC/BIOL 3070 4.00. Course credit exclusions: None. Course Director: Dr. R. Tsushima Scheduling: Fall

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Faculty Research
The faculty of the Biology Department are very active in research in a wide variety of biological areas. This activity has a great effect, both direct and indirect, on the Undergraduate Program, ensuring that the concepts and information taught are current, and that the faculty are intellectually alert and enthusiastic. Research influences the variety, q uality, a nd se lection o f courses t aught. T he r esearch in t he Department is su pported p rincipally by g rants t o individual faculty members from governmental and private agencies. These grants are awarded upon application by the faculty members based on the results of national or provincial competitions. The success of the faculty members in obtaining grants indicates the high regard in which their research is held. The composition of the Department has been determined in part by a desire to enhance its research efforts.

Mark Bayfield

PhD (Brown) Assistant Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Molecular and cellular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, microbial genetics Microbial s ystems can often b e u sed t o d elineate m etabolic p athways t hat a re conserved i n h igher eu karyotes. We use t he single-celled e ukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe to st udy fundamental a spects of R NA metabolism that have r elevance t o f unction i n h igher systems. A m ajor r esearch f ocus i s t he La p rotein, w hich f unctions i n t RNA a nd mRNA metabolism and has been shown to be an important factor in cancer progression and viral pathogenesis in human cells. Using S. pombe as a model organism, we have studied how both human La and yeast La traffic between intracellular compartments to fulfill different functions, and how La can bind different types of RNA targets. Future projects in t his a rea o f r esearch w ill p rovide further i nsight i nto t he m echanisms o f how t his a bundant a nd u biquitous protein functions in RNA metabolism and human disease. Another m ajor r esearch direction i nvolves t he unfolded p rotein r esponse ( UPR). W ork i n t he r elated o rganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicates t hat La is a n important modulator of this critical cellular stress response, w hich has been implicated in various diseases in humans such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration. Projects in our group will involve investigating how La modulates this conserved metabolic pathway. Furthermore, we are interested in investigating the evolutionary conservation and regulation of this important biological pathway more generally. Bayfield MA, Yang R, Maraia RJ. Conserved and divergent features of the structure and function of La and Larelated proteins (LARPs). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 1799(5-6):365-78 Bayfield MA and Maraia, RJ. Precursor-product discrimination by La protein during tRNA metabolism. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Apr;16(4):430-7. Bitko V , M usiyenko A , Bayfield MA, Ma raia R J, B arik S . C ellular L a P rotein S hields N onsegmented Negativestrand RNA Viral Leader RNA from RIG-I and Enhances Virus Growth by Diverse Mechanisms. J Virol. 2008 Aug;82(16):7977-87. Maraia RJ, Blewett NH, Bayfield MA. It's a mod mod tRNA world. Nat Chem Biol. 2008 Mar;4(3):1624. He N, Jahchan NS, Hong E, Li Q, Bayfield MA, Maraia RJ, Luo K, Zhou Q. A La-related protein modulates 7SK snRNP i ntegrity t o su ppress P -TEFb-dependent t ranscriptional e longation a nd t umorigenesis. Mol C ell. 2008 M ar 14;29(5):58899. Bayfield MA, Kaiser TE, I ntine RV, Maraia RJ. Conservation of a m asked nuclear export activity of La proteins and its effects on tRNA maturation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 May;27(9):330312. Huang Y , Bayfield MA, In tine R V, Maraia RJ. Separate RNA-binding s urfaces o n t he m ultifunctional La p rotein mediate distinguishable activities in tRNA maturation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;13(7):6118. Maraia RJ, Bayfield MA. The La protein-RNA complex surfaces. Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 20;21(2):14952. Bayfield MA, Thompson J , Da hlberg A E. The A 2453-C2499 w obble base pair in Escherichia c oli 23S ribosomal RNA is responsible for pH sensitivity of the peptidyltransferase active site conformation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Oct 12;32(18):55128. Bayfield MA, Dahlberg AE, Schulmeister U, Dorner S, Barta A. A conformational change in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center upon active/inactive transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2001 Aug 28;98(18):10096101. Thompson J, Kim DF, O'Connor M, Lieberman KR, Bayfield MA, Gregory ST, Green R, Noller HF, Dahlberg AE. Analysis of mutations at residues A2451 and G2447 of 23S rRNA in the peptidyltransferase active site of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2001 Jul 31;98(16):90027.

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Dawn R. Bazely

PhD (Oxford) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Ecology and Plant Population Biology, Restoration Ecology Herbivores can have a major impact on ecosystems, modifying nutrient cycles and plant community composition. They may also act as agents of natural selection. In my laboratory while we are primarily interested in understanding the impact of herbivory on plants, a major spin-off from our work on plant-herbivore interactions has been a research programme in restoration ecology and landscape ecology at a number of key Carolinian forest sites in southwestern Ontario. We are currently carrying out research into fungal endophytes of grasses, which have been found to occur among nearly a ll g raminoids w hich h ave b een checked for t hem. Grasses i nfected w ith t hese fungi, w ith a re non-pathogenic, show no s ymptoms, appearing i ndistinguishable f rom uninfected i ndividuals. The g rass-endophyte in teraction is a symbiosis in which the fungus synthesizes toxic alkaloids which confer anti-herbivore protection on the host grass. While there h as b een in tense r esearch in to e ndophytes in a gricultural e cosystems ( these t oxic fungi c ause m illions o f dollars worth o f d amage t o liv estock in N orth A merica), t heir r ole in m ediating plant-herbivore i nteractions in n atural, unmanaged ecosystems has been rarely studied. Results from our studies on the Scottish islands of St. Kilda, indicate that endophytes may function as an induced defence which responds to variation in grazing pressure. We are also studying endophytes of grasses in Sweden. In southern Ontario, deer overgrazing is one of a number of disturbances which have contributed to forest degradation. Our research has shown, for example, that the lack of flowering Trillium plants in heavily deer-grazed sites is caused by a reduction in the mean plant age below the reproduction threshold of 15 years. Additionally, these sites are dominated by plant species which tend to have anti-herbivore defences such as thorns. A number of our field sites have been identified as requiring active restoration varying from the reduction of deer numbers to the removal of non-native plant species which invade the overgrazed areas. We have been developing the use of indicator plant species for assessing deer grazing pressure at a site. We have also used multivariate analysis (DECORANA and CANOCO) to predict the likelihood of plant communities in very heavily degraded sites reverting to pre-disturbance species composition. Our results s uggest t hat t his d epends o n t he composition o f t he s eed b ank a nd t he f requency o f o ccurrence of n on-native species. Identifying the impact of invasive, non-native plant species on habitat recovery following disturbance, is now an additional focus of research in our lab. Bazely, D.R., et al. 1997. Interactions between herbivores and endophyte-infected Festuca rubra from the Scottish islands of St. Kilda, Benbecula and Rum. Journal of Applied Ecology 34:84860. Bazely, D .R., a nd J efferies, R .L. 199 7. T rophic i nteractions i n a rctic e cosystems and o ccurrence o f a t errestrial trophic cascade. pp. 183297 in S.J. Woodin and M. Marquiss (eds.). Ecology of Arctic Environments Environments. Blackwell, Oxford. McLachlan, S. M., a nd B azely, D.R. 2001. R ecovery p atterns o f u nderstory h erbs a nd t heir u se a s i ndicators o f deciduous forest regeneration. Conservation Biology 15:98110. McLachlan, S.M., and Bazely, D.R. 2003. Evaluating the success of deciduous forest restoration in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Biological Conservation 113:159169. Myers, J. and Bazely, D.R. 2003. Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants: Evaluating and responding to invasive plants. Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

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Samuel Benchimol

PhD (University of Toronto) Professor of Biology Canada Research Chair in Biomedical Health
Research Areas: Tumour Suppressor Genes, Apoptosis and Cancer The p53 tumour suppressor gene represents the most common target for mutational inactivation in human cancer. My research program is directed at understanding how the p53 protein suppresses tumorigenesis. At the cellular level, p53 protein has been shown to regulate cell cycle progression, senescence, apoptosis and various metabolic processes. p53-mediated tumour suppression: p53 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor that is expressed as an unstable and inactive protein. In response to abnormal proliferative signals and many stress signals including DNA damage, p53 is stabilized and activated through a succession of post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and acetylation. Once activated, p53 regulates the expression of a number of downstream target genes that collectively contribute to p53-dependent cellular responses. p53 can induce cells to undergo a transient arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle that is believed to allow time for repair of damaged DNA before the initiation of S phase. Activated p53 can also eliminate cells through mechanisms that involve prolonged arrest in G1 or apoptosis. The elimination of damaged, stressed or abnormally proliferating cells by p53 is considered to be the principal means by which p53 mediates tumour suppression. Our group has used the method of differential display and microarray analysis to identify genes regulated by p53. A number of the genes identified are new and we are interested in characterizing these genes and determining how these genes mediate p53-dependent tumour s uppression. O ne of these genes, Pidd, e ncodes a death domain-containing p roapoptotic p rotein a nd m ay r epresent a c ritical ef fector o f p 53-dependent a poptosis. An other p 53-inducible g ene, P irh2, encodes a ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes p53 degradation. We believe that Pirh2 is involved in the negative regulation of p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A nother p53-inducible gene, Lpin1 is expressed in response to nutritional stress and is involved in lipid metabolism. p53 activation during replicative senescence: After a finite number of population doublings, cultured primary human cells enter a viable but non-proliferative state known as replicative senescence. Several signals have been proposed t o i nduce r eplicative s enescence i ncluding t elomere s hortening. Telomeres, t he repetitive D NA l ocated a t th e ends of linear chromosomes, are normally capped and protected by shelterin protein complexes. Telomeres shorten with each round of DNA replication resulting in dysfunctional telomeres that are sensed by the p53 protein. Inactivation of p53 has been shown to extend cellular lifespan and in some cells this is sufficient to bypass senescence. Replicative senescence is thought to provide a natural barrier against unrestricted cell growth and the accumulation of mutations that can lead t o t umour d evelopment. W e a re i nvestigating t he i nvolvement o f p 53 i n t he r eplicative s enescence o f h uman cells. Lin, Y., Ma, W. and Benchimol, S. (2000). Pidd, a new death domain-containing protein is induced by p53 and promotes apoptosis. Nature Genetics 26:124127. Leng, R.P., Lin, Y., Ma, W., Wu, H ., Lemmers, B., Chung, S., Parent, J.M., L ozano, G., Hakem, R. and Benchimol, S. (2003). Pirh2, a p53-induced ubiquitin-protein ligase, promotes p53 degradation. Cell 112:779791. Berube, C ., B oucher, L.M., M a, W ., Wakeham, A ., S almena, L ., H akem, R ., Y eh, W .C., M ak, T.W. a nd Benchimol, S. (2005). Apoptosis caused by p53-induced protein with death domain (PIDD) depends on the death adapter protein RAIDD. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:1431414319. Ho, J.S.L., Ma, W., Mao, D.Y.L. and Benchimol, S. (2005). p53-dependent transcriptional repression of c-myc is required for G1 cell cycle arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:74237431. Brown, L . a nd Benchimol, S. (2006). The i nvolvement of MAPK signaling pathways in d etermining t he c ellular response to p53 activation cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 281:38323840. Wheaton, K., Muir, J., Ma, W. and Benchimol, S. (2010). BTG2 antagonizes Pin1 in response to mitogens and telomere disruption during replicative senescence. Aging Cell 9:747-760.

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Imogen Coe

PhD (Victoria) Professor of Biology

www.yorku.ca/coe Research Areas: Cell Biology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Chair, Department of Biology Nucleoside t ransporters a re i ntegral m embrane t ransport p roteins, w hich a re r esponsible f or t he m ovement o f nucleosides ( such a s a denosine) a cross c ell m embranes. In a ddition, t hey a re the r outes o f e ntry f or a l arge c lass o f drugs ( the nucleoside a nalogs) used in t he t reatment of various types of cancer a nd certain viral infections. Nucleoside transporters are important in the every day lives of cells and also as targets for various clinical treatments. However, very little is known about how they work or what they look like. Our research is aimed at understanding the structure, regulation and evolution of this family of proteins. In addition, we are interested in determining the role of these transporters in mediating the effects of adenosine and other nucleosides in the cardiovascular system. Selected Publications: Rose, J .B., Naydenova, Z ., Bang, A., E guchi, M., Sweeney, G., Choi, D.S., Hammond, J .R. a nd Coe, I.R. 2010. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 plays an essential role in cardioprotection. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298: H771-77. Nivillac, N.I., Wasal, K., Villani, D.F., Naydenova, Z., Hanna, W.J.B. and Coe, I.R. 2009. Regions of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 contributing to localization and function. BBA Biomembranes 1788(10): 2326-34. Morote-Garcia, J .C., R osenberger, P ., Nivillac, N.I., Coe, I.R., a nd E ltzschig, H .K. 2 009. HIF-dependent r epression of nucleoside transporter ENT2 attenuates mucosal inflammation during intestinal hypoxia. Gastoenterology 136(2): 607-18. Rose, J.B. and Coe, I.R. 2008. The Physiology of Nucleoside Transporters: Back to the Future. (Invited, refereed review). Physiology 23: 41-48. Naydenova, Z., Rose, J.B. and Coe, I.R. 2008. Inosine and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) contribute to hypoxic preconditioning in the murine cardiomyocyte cell line, HL-1. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294: H2687-92.

Brian Colman

PhD (Wales) Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Plant Physiology, Cell Biology Plant p hysiology w ith sp ecial in terests i n p hotosynthesis in a lgae, p articularly t he p rocesses o f a ctive i norganic carbon uptake and photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Land plants take up CO2 from t he s urrounding a ir simply b y d iffusion. Plants li ving in natural w aters, however, are lim ited in t heir s upply o f C O2 for p hotosynthesis b ecause t he gas d iffuses slo wly in w ater a nd forms b icarbonate when dissolved. In most aquatic plants, particular unicellular algae and cyanobacteria, an accumulation of inorganic carbon in the plant cells occurs by the active uptake of HCO3 and CO2 from the external medium. We h ave s hown t hat ac tive H CO3 and C O2 transport o ccurs w idely i n t he a lgae: i n d iatoms, g reen a nd r ed algae. Active CO2 uptake, originally found in cyanobacteria, has also been found in a wide range of freshwater and marine algae. Current studies in the laboratory are on the function of carbonic anhydrase in inorganic carbon uptake, and of the mechanisms of CO2 and HCO3 uptake in microalgae which occur in neutral and acidic freshwaters. Colman, B. & K.D. Balkos. 2005. Mechanisms of inorganic carbon acquisition in two Euglena species. Can.J.Bot. 83: 865-871. Bhatti, S. & B. Colman. 2005. Inorganic carbon acquisition by the chrysophyte alga, Mallomonas papillosa. Can.J.Bot. 83: 891-897. Huertas, I.E., S. Bhatti & B. Colman. 2005. Characterization of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in the unicellular alga Eustigmatos vischerii. Euro. J. Phycol. 40: 409-415.

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Szabo, E. & B. Colman. 2007. Isolation and characterization of carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom

Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Physiologia Plantarum 129: 484-492.

Matsuda, Y ., H . Harada, K . N akajima & B. Colman. 2007. Sensing o f e levated C O2 in a m arine d iatom. P lant Signal. & Behav. 2: 109-111. Balkos, K.D. & B. Colman. 2007. Mechanism of CO2 acquisition in an acid-tolerant Chlamydomonas Plant, Cell & Environ. 30: 745-752. Sederias, J. & B. Colman. 2007. Dormancy of Chara vulgaris oospores. Aquatic Botany: 87: 229-234. Ochiai, T eruhiko, B. Colman & Y . Ma tsuda. 2 007. A cclimation o f w ild-type a nd C O2-insensitive m utants o f t he green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea to elevated [CO2]. Plant, Cell & Environ. 30: 944-951. Bhatti, S. & B. Colman. 2 008. In organic c arbon a cquisition i n so me sy nurophyte a lgae. P hysiologia P lantarum 133: 33-40. Verma, V ., S . B hatti, V .A.R. H uss & B.Colman. 2 009. P hotosynthetic i norganic c arbon a cquisition i n a n a cidtolerant, free-living Coccomyxa species (Chlorophyta). J. Phycology 45: 827-854 Sederias, J. & B. Colman. 2009. Inhibition of Chara vulgaris oospore germination by sulfidic sediments. Aquatic Botany 91: 273-278.

Michael M. Crerar

PhD (York) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics To obtain a better understanding of protein allostery, as well as gene control in muscle, we are examining glycogen phosphorylase regulation at both enzymatic and genetic levels. The enzyme catalyzes glycogen breakdown and as such plays a major role in carbohydrate metabolism. In mammals, the enzyme exists as a family of isozymes which are catalytically similar but encoded by distinct, structurally related genes. Muscle (M), brain (B) and liver (L) isozymes exist which derive their names from the tissues where they predominate. The B isozyme is also present in foetal tissues and is replaced by the M or L isozymes during development. Kinetic a nd st ructural a nalysis i ndicates t hat p hosphorylase is a c omplex a llosteric e nzyme. A v ariety o f l igands bind t o d istinct sit es o n t he e nzyme a nd le ad t o e ither e nzyme a ctivation or in hibition. In terestingly, t he M, B a nd L isozymes respond differently to allosteric activation. As a start towards understanding the structural determinants that are involved, we have used chimeric M/B isozymes to implicate certain regions of the protein in various aspects of differential activation. To examine this in finer detail, we plan to analyse the effects of single and multiple amino acid exchanges in these regions. We have also analyzed the evolution of allosteric control of phosphorylases from a wide variety of organisms. This analysis indicates that structural pathways in the enzyme involved in activation differ from those involved in inhibition, an earlier allosteric control. To functionally assess the independence of these control pathways, we plan to examine the effect of mutating potentially important residues in a variety of phosphorylases. We h ave a lso b een in volved in iso lating a nd a nalysing t he g enes f or a ll t hree m ammalian iso zymes. W e h ave demonstrated that these genes are located on separate chromosomes and have shown that mRNA accumulation governs in la rge p art t heir t issue s pecific a nd d evelopmental c ontrol. W e p lan t o id entify m uscle sp ecific r egulatory e lements in phosphorylase genes by a nalysing t he a bility of cloned gene constructs to confer regulated e xpression in differentiating muscle cell c ultures in vitro. We a re a lso interested in developing recombinant viral vectors for use in gene therapy. In particular, w e a re in terested in d eveloping p hosphorylase c ontaining viral v ectors f or f uture t reatment o f p atients w ith McArdle's disease, a muscle disorder arising from defective expression of the M-isoform of phosphorylase. Pari, G ., Crerar, M.M., Nalbantoglu, J ., S houbridge, E ., J ani, A ., Tsujino, S ., S hanske, S ., D iMauro, S , McCHowell, J., and Karpati, G. (1999) Myophosphorylase gene transfer in McArdles disease myoblasts in vitro. Neurology, 53, 13521354. Crerar, M.M., Karlsson, O., Fletterick, R.J. and Hwang, P.K. (1995) Chimeric muscle and brain glycogen phosphorylases define protein domains governing isozyme-specific responses to allosteric activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1374813756. Hudson, J.W., Golding, G.B. and Crerar, M.M. (1993) Evolution of allosteric control in glycogen phosphorylase. J. Mol. Biol. 234, 700721.

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Logan Donaldson

MSc (McMaster), PhD (UBC) Professor of Biology / CIHR New Investigator (2006-2011)
http://www.yorku.ca/logand Research Areas: Structural Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Biophysics Protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions are the hallmarks of virtually every cellular process. My research concentrates on the structural biology of these interactions with a special emphasis on gene regulation, cell signalling and virus a ssembly. Both of t he m ajor s tructural b iology m ethods NMR s pectroscopy a nd X -ray c rystallography are used routinely throughout all of the research projects. A variety of biophysical techniques such as fluorescence, calorimetry and BiaCore SPR support the structural research. In addition, the laboratory performs all of its own molecular biology from routine cloning / mutagenesis to large screening methods such as phage display and yeast two-hybrid assays. Thus, students in both undergraduate and graduate programmes can expect to be exposed to a wide variety of techniques. (http://www.yorku.ca/logand). In 2011, the laboratory is b e m oving t o t he n ew L ife S ciences B uilding w ere it w ill in tegrate w ith m any o ther st ructural b iology a nd biochemistry laboratories in a collaborative, open-concept setting. The nature of the research also involves a wide array of computing techniques including structure generation and molecular modeling. Large scale computing is performed using the Canada-wide SharcNET resource. The most recent publications below exemplify the projects underway in the lab in much greater detail. Alipahani B, Gao X, Karakoc E, Ballboch, Donaldson LW, Arrowsmith C, Li M. 2011. Error tolerant NMR backbone resonance assignment and automated structure generation. J Bioinf Comp. Biol 9(1): 1-27 Shanbhag R, Kurabi A, Brener S, Mobli M, Kwan JJ and Donaldson LW. 2010. The solution structure of the carboxy terminal Tudor domain from human Coilin. FEBS Letters. 584: 4351-4356. Pell LG, Gasmi-Seabrook GMC, Morais M, Neudecker P, Kanelis V, Bona D, Donaldson LW, Howell PL, Edwards AD, Davidson, AR and Maxwell KL. 2010. Solution structure of the C-terminal Ig-like domain of bacteriophage lambda tail tube protein. J. Mol. Biol. (in press, August, 2010). Kurabi A, Brener S, Mobli M, Kwan JJ and Donaldson LW. 2009. A nuclear localization signal at the SAM-SAM interface of AIDA-1 suggests a requirement for unfolding prior to nuclear import. J. Mol. Biol. 392: 1168-1177. Alipanahi B, Gao X, Karakoc E, Donaldson LW, and Li M. 2009. PICKY: An SVD-based NMR spectra peak picking method. Bioinformatics 25: 268-275. Pell L G, K anelis V , Donaldson LW, Howell PL, Davidson AR. 2009. The Phage Major Tail Protein Structure Reveals A Common Evolution for Long-Tailed Phages and the Type VI Bacterial Secretion System. PNAS 106: 4160-4165. Pell LG, Liu A, E dmonds L , Donaldson LW, Howell PL, Davidson A R. 2009. T he X-Ray C rystal St ructure of t he Phage Tail Terminator Protein Reveals the Biologically Relevant Hexameric Ring Structure and Demonstrates a Conserved Mechanism of Tail Termination Among All Long-Tailed Phages. J. Mol Biol. 389: 938-951. Donaldson LW. 2008. The NMR structure of Staphylococcus aureus response regulator VraR DNA binding domain reveals a dynamic relationship between it and its associated receiver domain. Biochemistry 47: 3379-3388. Kwan JJ and Donaldson LW. 2007. The NMR structure of the murine DLC2 SAM domain reveals a variant fold that is similar to a four helix bundle. BMC Structural Biology 7: 34. Edmonds L, Liu A, Kwan JJ, Avanessy A, Caracoglia M, Yang I, Maxwell KL, Rubinstein J, Davidson AR and Donaldson LW. 2007. The NMR structure of the gpU tail-terminator protein from bacteriophage lambda: Identification of sites contributing to Mg(II)-mediated oligomerization and biological function. J. Mol. Biol. 365: 175-186. Johnson PE and Donaldson LW. 2006. RNA recognition by the Vts1 SAM domain. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 13: 177-178. Kwan JJ, W arner N , M aini J, C han K , Z akaria H , C hasiiotis H , M aida A , P awson T an d Donaldson LW. 2 006. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ste50 binds the MAP kinase Ste11 through a head-to-tail SAM domain iinteraction. J. Mol. Biol. 356: 142-154.

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Andrew Donini
PhD(Toronto) Assistant Professor (http://adonini.blog.yorku.ca)
Research Areas: Ion-regulatory Physiology of Aquatic Dipteran Larvae Mosquito and midge larvae adapt well to changes in habitat salinity. Our research studies the ion transport mechanisms, and their regulation, in organs of these insects. I utilize both freshwater and brackish water dwelling species to understand the mechanisms that have evolved in response to these two distinct habitats. In addition, results of our research can be used to predict changes in the mosquito and midge species composition by increased environmental salinity from the continued use of road salt. Hydromineral balance is essential to the survival of all animals and is achieved through the actions of ion transporting epithelia that are regulated by neuroendocrine factors. Mosquitoes and midges have specialized organs that permit them to survive a wide range of environmental salinity. Under freshwater conditions, where larvae face dilution of body fluids, the anal papillae of mosquitoes and midges take up salts (e.g. NaCl) from the habitat. Under saline conditions, where larvae face concentration of body fluids a unique specialized salt secreting epithelium in the posterior rectum of some mosquito larvae remove excess salts from the hemolymph. The midgut and Malpighian tubules also play a role in maintaining hydromineral balance. Despite identification of relevant organs responsible for hydromineral balance in mosquito and midge larvae, the molecular and physiological mechanisms at work in these organs are poorly understood, as is their neural and endocrine regulation. My research is aimed at filling this void by elucidating the molecular basis of salt (ion) transport and how these mechanisms are regulated by neural and hormonal factors. This fundamental knowledge can permit the development of novel and specific agents to affect control on mosquito and midge populations. These agents can be targeted at the level of the molecular ion transport machinery or at the neural and hormonal level. For example, recent advances have been made in the development of synthetic peptide hormone analogues which disrupt normal hormonal signaling in target insects. Results of our research will also contribute to an understanding of mosquito and midge population distribution related to environmental salinity levels. Continued use of road-salt can ultimately lead to invasion of inland waters by salttolerant mosquito and midge species which inhabit coastal areas. The laboratory uses a combination of molecular and physiological techniques including PCR, quantitative-PCR, Western blotting to identify tissue-level expression of genes, intracellular microelectrodes and ion-selective microelectrodes to measure membrane potentials and ion composition in biological fluids and Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique (SIET) to measure real-time movement of ions across transporting epithelia. Select Publications (Graduate and Undergraduate Students Trained at York in Bold): Jonusaite, S., Kelly, S.P., Donini A. 2010 The physiological response of larval Chironomus riparius (Meigen) to abrupt brackish water exposure. Journal of Comparative Physiology B (In Press). Nguyen, H., Donini, A. 2010 Larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius possess two distinct mechanisms for ionoregulation in response to ion-poor conditions. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299 (3):R762-R773. Orchard I., Donini, A. 2008. Aspects of the control of diuresis in the blood gorging insect, Rhodnius prolixus. Pestycydy 1-2: 61-66. Donini, A., ODonnell, M.J., Orchard, I. 2008 Differential actions of diuretic factors on the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. The Journal of Experimental Biology 211 (1):42-48. Donini, A., Gaidhu, M.P., Strasberg, D., ODonnell M.J. 2007 Changing salinity induces alterations in hemolymph ion concentrations and Na+ and Cl- transport kinetics of the anal papillae in the larval mosquito, Aedes aegypti . The Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 983-992. Donini, A., Patrick, M.L., Bijelic, G., Christensen, R.J., Ianowski, J.P., Rheault, M.R., ODonnell, M.J. 2006 Secretion of water and ions by Malpighian tubules of larval mosquitoes: effects of diuretic factors, second messengers and salinity. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79(3): 645-655. Donini, A., ODonnell, M.J. 2005. Analysis of Na+, Cl-, K+, H+ and NH4+ concentration gradients adjacent to the surface of anal papillae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti : application of self-referencing ion-selective microelectrodes. The Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 603-610. Donini, A., Lange, A.B. 2004. Evidence for a possible neurotransmitter/neuromodulator role of tyramine on the locust oviducts. Journal of Insect Physiology 50 (4): 351-361.

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Arthur Forer

PhD (Dartmouth), FRSC Professor of Biology

Research Area: Cell Biology I study chromosome movements during cell division. We try to understand the entire process of cell division, but concentrate on chromosome movements during anaphase. During a naphase, c hromosomes move slo wly t o a sp indle p ole, near t he s peed o f t ectonic p lates. O ne s imple question i s: w hat p roduces t he f orce t hat c auses t he c hromosome t o m ove p oleward? A ll a gree t hat t he spindle fibre associated with the chromosome contains microtubules, and that the fibre propels the chromosomes poleward, but there is no agreement on how this is done. I and colleagues have suggested that microtubules prevent movement, dont cause it (Pickett-Heaps & Forer, 2009). Other spindle fibre components include actin and myosin so they might be involved, but no-one knows what the different components do. One way we study this is to irradiate small portions of spindles using a focussed beam of ultraviolet light (a UV microbeam); after irradiation we study chromosome movement in the irradiated cells using video microscopy and we look at the structure of the irradiated spot using immunofluorescence (confocal) and electron microscopy. Chromosomes could move normally after the UV severed both microtubules and actin (Forer et al., 2003), so we argue that chromosomes move because a spindle matrix propels the chromosomes spindle fibre poleward. We im plicated a ctin a nd m yosin i n f orce p roduction u sing i nhibitors ( e.g., Fo rer and P ickett-Heaps, 1 998; Forer e t a l., 2007), a nd w e id entified t itin, a nother m uscle p rotein, in sp indles ( Fabian e t a l., 2 006), s o w e su ggest t hat t he m atrix might contain actin, myosin and titin. We a lso st udy signalling between c hromosomes. W hen ir radiation o f a sp indle f ibre in a naphase t emporarily blocks t he m otion of t he a ssociated c hromosome, it also blocks t he m otion o f t he partner chromosome ( moving t o t he opposite pole). The partner stops moving because of a signal sent across the interzone: when the interzone is irradiated first, only the chromosome associated with the fibre stops moving, not the partner (Yin and Forer, 1996). Also, kinetochores s ignal t o ot her c hromosomes: i rradiation of a single k inetochore st ops t he p oleward m otion o f all chromosomes (Ilagan and Forer, 1997). The interzone is involved with these signals, too: prior irradiation of the interzone alters the response (Wong and Forer, 2003). Fabian, L. Xia, X., ... and Forer, A. (2005). Journal of Cell Science 120: 2190-2204. Forer, A. and Pickett-Heaps, J. D. (1998). Chromosome Research 6: 533-549. Forer, A. et al. (2003). Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 56: 173-192. Forer A. et al. (2007) Protoplasma 232: 137-141. Ilagan, A. and Forer, A. (1997). Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 36: 266-275 J. Pickett-Heaps and A. Forer (2009) Protoplasma 235: 91-99. Yin, B. and Forer, A. (1996). J. Cell Science 109: 155-163. Wong, R. and Forer, A. (2003). Chromosome Research 11: 771-786.

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Arthur J. Hilliker

PhD (UBC) Professor of Biology Co-Editor in Chief, GENOME, NR C RESEAR CH PR ESS

Research Areas: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Cytogenetics There are two major areas of interest in Dr. Hilliker's lab: the molecular and genetic analysis of Drosophila heterochromatin; and the molecular genetic analysis of oxygen defense mechanisms in Drosophila. He also collaborates with other faculty members in the department. Heterochromatin: constitutive heterochromatin is a ubiquitous feature of higher eukaryotic organisms. It remains condensed throughout the cell cycle, consists largely of highly-repeated sequences, and has a low gene density compared to euchromatin. Constitutive heterochromatin is difficult to sequence and many of the genes within these regions of Drosophila were not sequenced by the Drosophila genome project. Dr. Hilliker was the first to demonstrate the existence of o therwise o rdinary g enes in Drosophila heterochromatin a nd co ntributed t o t he m apping of t he r epeated s equences that constitute the bulk of heterochromatin in Drosophila. His laboratory is continuing to refine the genetic and molecular map o f t he heterochromatic r egions o f t he Drosophila genome a nd t o i nvestigate further t he d ependency o f heterochromatic genes for their location in heterochromatin for normal expression. Molecular Genetic A nalysis o f O xygen D efense: r eactive o xygen sp ecies ( ROS), w hich have b een im plicated in biological aging, are produced as by-products of normal oxidative metabolism and need to be inactivated by a cell before they c ause d amage t o D NA, p roteins, a nd o ther m olecules. W e have s tudied t he m echanisms i nvolved i n t he d efence against ROS. We are currently focusing our efforts on six genes: quiver (qvr), a putative neuropeptide; withered (whd), which encodes carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1); manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2); aconitase; and the Drosophila frataxin homologue. In a ddition to looking a t the biological e ffects o f the absence of gene activity we are also looking at the effects of tissue-specific expression in otherwise null backgrounds and the biological effects of tissue-specific overexpression in wild type backgrounds. In addition we are investigating the effects of oxidants and putative antioxidants on Drosophila lifespan and on Drosophila strains deficient in oxygen defense. Finally, we are assaying Drosophila homologues to genes identified in yeast as suppressors of SOD deficiency to determine if they can function as SOD deficiency suppressors in Drosophila. Representative Publications: Labonne JD, Hilliker AJ and Shore JS. 2007. Meiotic recombination in Turnera (Turneraceae): extreme sexual difference in rates, but no evidence for recombination suppression associated with the distyly (S) locus. Heredity 98: 411418. Machado J, Adulla P, Hanna WJ, Hilliker AJ and Coe IR . 2007. Genomic a nalysis of nucleoside transporters in Diptera and functional characterization of DmENT2, a Drosophila equilibrative nucleoside transporter. P hysiol Genomics 28: 337-347. Anderson PR, Kirby K, Orr WC, Hilliker AJ and Phillips JP. 2008. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging rescues frataxin deficiency in a Drosophila model of Friedreichs ataxia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 611-616. Strub BR, Parkes TL, Mukai ST, Bahadorani S, Coulthard AB, Hall N, Phillips JP and Hilliker AJ. 2008. Mutations of the withered (whd) gene in Drosophila melanogaster confer hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and are lesions of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT 1) gene. Genome 51: 409-420. Kirby K, Jensen LT, Binnington J, Hilliker AJ, Ulloa J, Culotta VC and Phillips JP. 2008. Instability of superoxide dismutase 1 of Drosophila in mutants deficient for its cognate copper chaperone. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 35393-35401. Bahadorani S, Bahadorani P, Phillips JP and Hilliker AJ. 2008. The effects of vitamin supplementation on Drosophila lifespan under normoxia and under oxidative stress. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci 63: 35-52. Wicks S , Bain N , D uttaroy A , Hilliker AJ and P hillips J P. 2 009. Hy poxia r escues e arly m ortality c onferred b y superoxide dismutase deficiency. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 46: 176-181. Bahadorani S, Mukai S, E gli D a nd Hilliker AJ. 2010. O verexpression of metal-responsive transcription factor (MTF-1) i n Drosophila melanogaster ameliorates life-span reductions associated with oxidative stress and metal toxicity. Neurobiology of Aging 31: 1215-1226. Coulthard AB, Alm C, Cealiac I, Sinclair DA, Honda BM, Rossi F, Dimitri P and Hilliker AJ. 2010. Essential loci in centromeric heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. 1: the right arm of chromosome 2. Genetics 185: 479-495.

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Katalin A. Hudak

PhD (Univ. of Waterloo) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Plant Biology, Biotechnology The Pokeweed plant (Phytolacca americana), a native of southern Canada and the USA, synthesizes a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) that inhibits viral infection. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) catalytically removes purine residues from a highly conserved st em-loop st ructure of the la rge rRNA, thereby blocking translation. PAP a lso displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several plant and animal viruses including Tobacco mosaic virus, Poliovirus and HIV. T he m ature f orm of t his p rotein i s e xtra-cellular a nd p resumably e nters t he ce ll d uring v iral i nfection, t hough t he mechanism is u nknown. R esistance h as t raditionally b een a ttributed t o a n in hibition o f p rotein sy nthesis, r esulting in a lack of virus proliferation. However, recent findings show that antiviral activity can be maintained in the absence of host cell death, suggesting that PAP may target viral RNAs in addition to its well-understood substrate, the rRNA. One of my areas of interest is to determine how PAP detects viral RNAs. In cell free systems, PAP binds to the 5' cap structure present on some viral RNAs and depurinates these RNAs. However, not all viral RNAs known to be inhibited by P AP a re c apped. F or e xample, P oliovirus c ontains a n in ternal r ibosome e ntry sit e ( IRES), in dicating t hat P AP m ay recognize o ther f eatures o f v iral R NAs. B y id entifying the se quences o f P AP t hat b ind p articular v iral R NA structures, it may be possible to design a protein that specifically depurinates these RNAs. Another aim of my research is to identify host proteins that interact with PAP. We know that PAP accesses rRNA by b inding t o L3, a highly conserved r ibosomal p rotein in volved i n t ranslation. I n a ddition, cap r ecognition implies t hat PAP may play a broader role in the translation of messages during virus infection, one that likely involves the recruitment of other cellular factors. Combined genetic and biochemical approaches using yeast as a convenient system will identify host proteins that mediate the activity of PAP. The results of both these projects will provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which PAP inhibits virus replication and will help us understand the function of this protein in regulating translation during viral infection. A practical application of these studies is the design of new antiviral agents, as few compounds presently exist that specifically target viruses. Tourlakis M.E., Karran R.A., Desouza L., Siu K.W.M. and Hudak KA. (2010) Homodimerization of pokeweed antiviral protein as a mechanism to limit depurination of pokeweed ribosomes. Molecular Plant Pathology, 11: 757-767. Mansouri S., Choudhary G., Sarzala P.M., Ratner L. and Hudak K.A. (2009) Suppression of Human T-cell leukemia virus gene I expression by pokeweed antiviral protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284: 31453-31462. Karran R.A. and Hudak K.A. (2008) Depurination within the intergenic region of Brome mosaic virus RNA3 inhibits viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Research, 36: 7230-7239. Gandhi R., Manzoor M. and Hudak K.A. (2008) Depurination of Brome mosaic virus RNA3 results in translation dependent degradation of the viral RNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283: 32218-32228. Chan Tung K., Mansouri S. and Hudak K.A. (2008) Expression of pokeweed antiviral protein in mammalian cells activates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase without causing apoptosis. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 40: 2452-2461. Mansouri S. , N ourollahzadeh E . a nd Hudak K.A. (2006) Pokeweed a ntiviral protein depurinates t he sa rcin/ricin loop of the rRNA prior to binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A-site. RNA 12:16831692. Wang M . a nd Hudak K.A. (2006) A novel in teraction o f p okeweed a ntiviral p rotein w ith t ranslation i nitiation factors 4G and iso4G: A potential indirect mechanism to access viral RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research 34:11741181. Picard D., Kao C.C. and Hudak K.A. (2005) Pokeweed antiviral protein inhibits brome mosaic virus replication in plant cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280: 2006920075.

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Scott P. Kelly

PhD (Chinese University of Hong Kong) Associate Professor

Research Areas: Animal Physiology, Osmoregulation, Endocrinology, Environmental Biology Description: Comparative a nd I ntegrative P hysiology w ith a f ocus o n t he e ndocrine co ntrol of ( 1) s alt a nd w ater b alance i n aquatic vertebrates and (2) food intake in teleost fishes. Overview My r esearch p rogram ex amines t he en docrine s ystem a s a l ink b etween environmental c hange a nd t he physiological r esponse o f s elect a quatic v ertebrates. W ithin t his c entral t heme, c urrent r esearch in terests f ocus o n t he regulation of transepithelial transport, particularly across the paracellular pathway, and the endocrine control of food intake under varying environmental conditions. Endocrine Control of Salt and Water Balance: To maintain homeostatic control over salt and water balance in an aquatic environment, organisms such as fishes have t o actively combat io n loss a nd w ater loading under h yposmtoic c onditions (i.e. in freshwater, FW) o r ion loading and water loss under hyperosmotic conditions (i.e. in seawater, SW). Euryhaline fishes can live in both FW and SW, and often face daily or seasonal changes in the salt content of their surroundings. In order to combat the above challenges to internal salt and water balance, tissue- and cell-specific alterations in ionoregulatory epithelia (e.g. gills, kidney, and intestine) take place. These alterations are mediated by the endocrine system and, more specifically, the actions of osmoregulatory hormones. Many of the actions of osmoregulatory hormones are still not fully understood. Therefore, by manipulating the hydromineral status of fishes and by using a novel suite of experimental techniques (e.g. reconstructed in vitro gill models) we are gaining new insight into the endocrine control of salt and water balance in fishes. An area of particular interest in our current work is the 'molecular machinery' of the tight junction (TJ) complex with an emphasis on transmembrane TJ proteins such as occludin and the claudin superfamily. Endocrine Control of Food Intake: In mammals, hypothalamic regions responsive to peripheral endocrine information exert coordinated regulation of food intake and metabolism. The mammalian hypothalamus possesses at least two major groups of neurons that integrate peripheral information into either orexigenic or anorexigenic signals. In teleost fishes, homologues of many of the appetite regulating neuropeptides first discovered in mammals possess similar properties. However, the central regulation o f food i ntake in f ishes is n ot w ell u nderstood. In p articular t he e ffect o f e nvironmental c onditions o n t he endocrine r egulation o f f ood i ntake i n f ishes has r eceived l ittle a ttention. A r ecent n ovel ex ample w here t he en docrine control of food intake and salt and water balance appears to integrate was revealed by examining the appetite regulating effect of prolactin releasing peptide (PrRP). This peptide was found to acutely suppress appetite in goldfish but evidence also suggests that it plays a r ole in r egulating prolactin synthesis and secretion. Since prolactin is an important osmoregulatory h ormone i n f ishes, d ual p hysiological f unction se ems lik ely. F urther w ork o n o ther p otentially d ualistic endocrine factors is ongoing. Select Publications: Chasiotis H and Kelly SP (2011) Permeability properties and occludin expression in a primary cultured model gill epithelium from the stenohaline freshwater goldfish. Journal of Comparative Physiology B (in press) Duffy NM, Bui P, Bagherie Lachidan M and Kelly SP (2011) Epithelial remodeling and claudin mRNA abundance in t he g ill a nd kidney o f puffer f ish ( Tetraodon b iocellatus) a cclimated to a ltered e nvironmental io n le vels. Journal o f Comparative Physiology B (in press) Clelland ES and Kelly SP (2010) Tight junction proteins in zebrafish ovarian follicles: stage specific mRNA abundance and response to 17-estradiol, human chorionic gonadotropin, and maturation inducing hormone. General and Comparative Endocrinology 168, 388 400. Chasiotis H , Wo od C M a nd Kelly SP (2010) C ortisol reduces p aracellular p ermeability a nd i ncreases occludin abundance in cultured trout gill epithelia. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 323, 232-238. Bui P, Bagherie Lachidan M and Kelly SP (2010) Cortisol differentially alters claudin isoform mRNA abundance in a cultured gill epithelium from puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 317, 120-126.

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Clelland ES, Bui P, Bagherie Lachidan M and Kelly SP (2010) Spatial and salinity-induced alterations in claudin-3 isoform m RNA a long t he g astrointestinal t ract o f t he p uffer f ish Tetraodon n igroviridis. Comparative B iochemistry a nd Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 155, 154-163. Bagherie L achidan M , W right SI a nd Kelly SP (2009) C laudin-8 a nd -27 t ight j unction p roteins in p uffer f ish Tetraodon nigroviridis acclimated to freshwater and seawater. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179, 419-431. Chasiotis H and Kelly SP (2009) Occludin and hydromineral balance in Xenopus laevis. Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 287-296. Chasiotis H , E ffendi J a nd Kelly SP (2009) O ccludin expression in e pithelia o f goldfish a cclimated t o io n poor water. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179, 145-154. Chasiotis H and Kelly SP (2008) Occludin immunolocalization and protein expression in goldfish. Journal of Experimental Biology: 211, 1524 1594. Bagherie Lachidan M, Wright SI and Kelly SP (2008) Claudin-3 tight junction proteins in Tetraodon nigroviridis: Cloning, tissue specific expression and a role in hydromineral balance. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology: 294, R1638-R1647. Kelly SP and Peter RE (2006) Prolactin-releasing peptide, food intake and hydromineral balance in goldfish. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology: 291: R1474R1481. Kelly SP and W ood C M ( 2002) C ultured g ill e pithelia f rom f reshwater t ilapia ( Oreochromis n iloticus): E ffect o f cortisol and homologous serum supplements from stressed and unstressed fish. Journal of Membrane Biology: 190 (1):2942. Kelly SP and Wood CM (2001) Effect of cortisol on the physiology of cultured pavement cell epithelia from freshwater trout gills. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281:R811 R820.

Terrance J. Kubiseski
PhD (Queen's University) Associate Professor

Research Areas: Molecular biology, cell biology, genetics and biochemistry., signaling pathways, DNA damage repair. My work focuses o n using g enetics to dissect t he signaling pathways involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton during neuronal development and synaptic function as well as response of the cell to external stress factors that damage DNA. Specifically, we are interested in the function and signaling pathways of the Ras/Rho GTPase family of proteins, which play an important part in regulating fundamental cell processes such as cell growth and motility. We use the nematode (aka, the worm) Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for elucidating the signaling pathways. C.elegans is a small, safe, non-parasitic, simple, and easily maintained o rganism that h as it genome c ompletely sequenced and cell lineage during development completely defined. C.elegans has proven to be a useful organism for studying t he functional mechanisms o f t he R as/Rho family o f GTPases d ue t o the e ase o f creating a nd manipulating genetic mutants of the organism. Recently we have been studying a putative downstream effector o f the Ras GTPase called Brap-2. Bra p-2 was originally discovered as a binding partner to the mammalian tumour suppressor gene Brca1 and our studies have shown that worms containing a mutation in brap-2 show a strong susceptibility to oxidative conditions during development that cause the worms to arrest and stop growing. The development arrest, we showed, was dependent on the brc-1 (worm homolog of Brca1) gene. This was the first indication of a functional interaction between brap-2 and brc-1 and further studies in volving t he sig naling f unction o f brap-2 with o ther t umour s uppressor g enes i n C.elegans (such a s p 53 a nd PTEN) is becoming a productive area of research in my research program. The second area of research in my lab deals with the function of the RhoGTPases. Previous work has been done characterizing re gulatory p roteins in C.elegans that in fluences t he le vels o f f unctionally a ctive R hoGTPase. Mu tants i n these regulatory proteins have a variety of defects in axon guidance, cell motility and synaptic function. Our most recent work h as d ealt w ith t he p rotein W SP-1, wh ich i s a p rotein ac tivated b y t he Rh oGTPase family. W e have showed t hat WSP-1 is present pre-synaptically at the neuromuscular junction, that mutants of wsp-1 have aberrant neurotransmitter

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release a nd t hat it is in volved in r egulating t he a ctin c ytoskeleton a round t he s ynapse t o a llow for neurotransmission. Studying t hese p roteins p rovide in sights in to h ow a ctin f ilaments a re r egulated a s it r elates t o g uided c ell a nd g rowth cone migrations and has obvious implications in mammalian neuronal development and regeneration. Representative Publications J. Koon, and T.J. Kubiseski. Developmental Arrest of C.elegans BRAP-2 Mutant Exposed to Oxidative Stress is Dependent on BRC-1 J.Biol.Chem. 285:13437-43 (2010). Y. Z hang a nd T.J. Kubiseski. C.elegans WSP-1 R egulation o f S ynaptic Function a t t he N euromuscular J unction J. Biol. Chem., 285:23040-6 (2010). C. Simon, P. de Sepulveda, T.J. Kubiseski, E. Dondi, N. Varin-Blank and L. Velazquez. Lnk Adaptor Protein DownRegulates Specific Kit-induced Signaling Pathways in Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Blood 112: 4039-4047 (2008). T.J. Kubiseski, J. Culotti, and T. Pawson. Functional Analysis of the C.elegans UNC-73B PH Domain Demonstrates a Role in Activation of the Rac GTPase in vitro and Axon Guidance in vivo. Mol.Cell.Biol. 23: 6823-6855 (2003). R. Steven, T.J. Kubiseski, H. Zheng, S. Kulkarni, J. Mancillas, A. Ruiz, C.W.V. Houge, T. Pawson, and J. Culotti. UNC73 activates the Rac GTPase and is required for Cell and Growth Cone Migrations in C. elegans. Cell 92: 785-795 (1998).

Patricia L. Lakin-Thomas

PhD (University of California, San Diego) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Cell Biology, Chronobiology My r esearch is a imed a t a nswering t his q uestion: How d o liv ing t hings tell t ime? I a m in terested in c ircadian rhythms, the daily activity cycles driven by internal clocks in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. The goal of my research is t o d escribe t he m echanism of a circadian c lock a t t he m olecular a nd b iochemical le vel. B ecause c ircadian rhythmicity is a fundamental property of all eukaryotic cells, an understanding of the mechanism of rhythmicity will give us important insights into how cells function. I w ork w ith t he filamentous f ungus Neurospora c rassa, a m odel or ganism t hat i s a t t he f orefront o f ci rcadian rhythm r esearch. W e u se t he r hythm o f s pore-formation ( conidiation) a s a v isible m arker f or t he st ate o f t he in ternal clock. Previous research has shown that the FRQ, WC-1 and WC-2 proteins are important for rhythmicity in Neurospora, but r ecent w ork has s hown t hat co nidiation r hythms ca n co ntinue i n t heir a bsence ( Lakin-Thomas, PNAS, 20 06). I a m interested in finding the oscillator that drives rhythmicity in the absence of FRQ (the FRQ-less oscillator, or FLO). I have found that a mutation in lipid metabolism, chol-1, dramatically lengthens the period of the FLO, and this increase in period may be caused by an increase in the levels of an important signalling molecule, the lipid diacylglycerol (DAG). Discovering how DAG and chol-1 affect rhythmicity may lead us to identify components of the FLO. DAG activates protein k inase C (PK C), a nd w e h ave a ssayed PK C a ctivation using GFP-tagged P KC t o lo ok f or c hanges i n su bcellular localization using confocal microscopy. We are also interested in other targets activated by DAG in addition to PKC. A second strategy is to search for genes that affect the FLO, by using standard genetics to introduce known clock mutations i nto FRQ-less st rains, a nd by m utagenesis to create new m utations a ffecting F LO. W e a re currently m apping and cloning some of these new FLO-affecting genes, and we are looking at the effects of FLO-affecting mutations on the expression of clock-controlled genes. Other p rojects include l ooking f or c ontrol of t he nuc lear d ivision c ycle by the circadian c lock; t ime-lapse photography to look at clock control of the conidiation rhythm; and mathematical modelling of oscillators to help us understand how clock mutations might affect the circadian oscillator. Khatun, R. and Lakin-Thomas, P.L. Activation and localization of protein kinase C in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Li, S. a nd Lakin-Thomas, P.L. Effects o f prd circadian clock m utations on FR Q-less rhythms in Neurospora. J.

Genet. Biol. (in press, 2010).

Biol. Rhythms 25, 71-80 (2010).

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Schneider, K., Perrino, S., Oelhafen, K., Li, S., Zatsepin, A., Lakin-Thomas, P. and Brody, S. Rhythmic conidiation in constant light in vivid mutants of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 181, 917-931 (2009). Lakin-Thomas, P.L. Transcriptional feedback oscillators: Maybe, maybe not J. Biol. Rhythms 21, 8392 (2006). Lakin-Thomas, P.L. Circadian c lock g enes f requency a nd w hite c ollar-1 a re not e ssential for e ntrainment t o temperature cycles in Neurospora crassa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 44694474 (2006). Lakin-Thomas, P.L. and B rody, S . Circadian r hythms in m icroorganisms: New c omplexities. Annu. R ev. Microbiol. 58, 489519 (2004).

Roger R. Lew

PhD (Cornell) Professor of Biology

www.yorku.ca/planters Research Areas: Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biophysics Regulation o f t ransport a cross c ellular m embranes d efines t he i ntracellular e nvironment u nder d iverse e xternal conditions. Not o nly d oes t ransport c ontrol t he c omposition o f t he in tracellular m ilieu, b ut it a lso c ontributes t o c ellular morphogenesis: both growth and development. We explore this inter-related and in tegrated landscape of cellular dynamics. Our interest is the role of transport in cellular morphogenesis at all levels of complexity: the whole cell, isolated membranes, a nd sin gle p roteins ( that is, io n c hannels). T he t ools I u se a re e lectrophysiological: w e im pale c ells w ith microelectrodes t o i nject s ubstances i nto t he cell a nd p erform c urrent-voltage analysis, p atch-clamping t o m easure io n channel a ctivity; b iochemistry: c haracterization o f t ransport a ctivity in v itro; a nd m olecular b iology; and c ellular biophysics: characterization of cell pressure in situ and micro-fluidics. We work with a variety of model systems algal, fungal, a nd p lant and f ocus o n t ransport p roperties a ssociated w ith p articular t ransduction p rocesses in g rowth a nd development. Examples of recent a nd on-going research projects are: 1) t he r ole of ion t ransport in a lgal g rowth a nd p hotomorphogenesis; 2) screening of knockout transport mutants for lesions in hyphal turgor regulation and electrical properties; 3) characterization of stretch-activated channel mutants in the fungus Neurospora; and 4) turgor regulation in fungi. Selected publications (undergraduate co-authors are starred): Lew RR (2010) Io n a nd oxygen fluxes in t he u nicellular a lga Eremosphaera v iridis. Plant a nd C ell P hysiology 51:1889-1899. Lew RR (2010) Turgor and net ion flux responses to activation of the osmotic MAP kinase cascade by fludioxonil in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 47:721-726. Lew RR, V Kapishon* (2009) Ptk2 contributes to osmoadaptation in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genetics and Biology 46:949-955. Lew RR, S Nasserifar* (2009) Transient responses during hyperosmotic shock in the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. Microbiology (SGM) 155(3):903911. Lew RR, Z Abbas*, MI Anderca, SJ Free (2008) Phenotype of a mechanosensitive channel mutant, mid1, in a filamentous fungi, Neurospora crassa. Eukaryotic Cell 7:647-655. Lew RR (2007) Ionic currents and ion fluxes in Neurospora crassa hyphae. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:34753481. Lew RR, NN Levina (2007) Turgor regulation in the osmosensitive cut mutant of Neurospora crassa. Microbiology 153:15301537. Lew RR, NN Levina, L Shabala, MI Anderca, SN Shabala (2006) Role of a MAP kinase cascade in ion fluxmediated turgor regulation in fungi. Eukaryotic Cell 5:480487. Levina NN, RR Lew (2006) The role of tip-localized mitochondria in hyphal growth. Fungal Genetics and Biology 43:6574.

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Lew RR (2005) Mass flow and pressure-driven hyphal extension in Neurospora crassa. Microbiology 151:2685 2692. Lew RR (2004) Osmotic effects on the electrical properties of Arabidopsis thaliana L. root hair vacuoles in situ.

Plant Physiology 134:352360. Microbiology 149:24752485.

Silverman-Gavrila LB an d RR Lew (2003) C alcium gradient d ependence o f Neurospora c rassa hyphal growth.

Christopher J. Lortie
www.onepoint.ca

PhD (University of British Columbia) Assistant Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Conservation biology, climate change, invasion, community ecology, and urban ecology Ecology is a u seful t ool t o e xplore t he im pact o f h umans o n t he p lanet. Im portantly, sc ience is a u seful a nd creative tool to better understand people and nature. I use community ecology to explore the relevance of interactions to determine whether we can build and manage better ecosystems. I do this through useful and relevant experimental research in cities, grasslands, mountains, and forests. Please see www.onepoint.ca for full details of this research and publications. Sperling, C.D., and C.J. Lortie. 2010. The importance of urban backgardens on plant invertebrate recruitment: a field microcosm experiment. Urban Ecosystems: online first: 10.1007/s11252-009-0114-y. Lortie, C.J., M. Munshaw, J. DiTomaso, and J. Hierro. 2010. The small-scale spatiotemporal pattern of the seedbank and vegetation of a highly-invasive weed, Centaurea solstitialis: strength in numbers. Oikos: in press. Grod, O., C.J. Lortie, and A.E. Budden. 2009. Behind the shroud: a survey of editors in ecology and evolution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: doi:10.1890/090048. Borsuk, R., L.W. Aarssen, A.E. Budden, J. Koricheva, R. Leimu, T. Tregenza, and C.J. Lortie. 2009. To name or not to name: an experimental manipulation of author identity on peer review. Bioscience 59: 985-989. Lortie, C.J. 2009. A global comment on scientific publications, productivity, people, and beer. 2009. Scientometrics: DOI 10.1007/s11192-009-0077-z. Lortie, C.J., and R. M. Callaway. 2009. David and Goliath: comparative use of competition and facilitation in the plant ecology literature. Web Ecology 9: 54-57. Lortie, C.J., M . M unshaw, A . Z ikovitz, a nd J . H ierro. 2 009. C age m atching: h ead t o h ead c ompetition experiments of an invasive plant species from different regions as a means to test for differentiation. PlosOne 4: e4823148235. Forey, E., C.J. Lortie, and R. Michalet. 2009. Spatial patterns of association at local and regional scales in coastal sand dune communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 916-925.

Laurence D. M. Packer

PhD (Toronto) Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies

Research Areas: Bee systematics, sociobiology and biodiversity Bees are responsible for the pollination of most agricultural crops and without them the terrestrial world, as we know it, would not exist. There are over 19,400 described bee species. Among them, there are less than ten species of honey bee and less than 300 species of bumble bee. Most bees are not recognisable as bees by most people. My research is aimed at understanding bee biodiversity, conservation, systematics and behaviour from all possible angles. Some current and planned research in my laboratory is as follows: 1) Bee systematics. I am currently studying one group in particular (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) and the number of undescribed species is at least equal to the number already known, each field trip to Chile or Argentina results in additional species being discovered and Peru and Bolivia remain almost completely unsurveyed for these bees. The results of these studies will p ermit u nderstanding o f t he e volution o f so me e xtreme m orphological m odifications t hat r esult f rom f loral

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specialization and sexual selection. For an example of the bizarre morphologies of some of the bees in this group go to www.yorku.ca/bugsrus and follow the links to the bee of the month for April 2001 or see Packer. L. 2005. A New Species of Geodiscelis (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) from the Atacama Desert of Chile. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 14:8491. As an example of the results of phylogenetic systematics studies see: Janjic, J. and L. Packer. 2003. Phylogeny of the bee genus Agapostemon (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Systematic Entomology 28:101123 and for detailed c omparative m orphology s ee P acker, L . 2 003. T he c omparative m orphology o f t he s keletal p arts o f t he s ting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 138:138. Sheila Dumesh has completed a revision of the Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus for her M.Sc degree. Nick de Silva is working on a revision of the cuckoo leafcutter bees of Canada. Students interested in performing similar systematic research are encouraged to apply. 2) Bee barcoding. The identification of organisms through the use of DNA barcodes shows substantial promise, see www.bolnet.ca for s ome d etails. F or r easons t hat a re n ot yet f ully understood, it se ems p articularly lik ely t o b e a g ood a pproach f or revealing cryptic species in bees (and other haplodiploids). Dr. Jason Gibbs recently demonstrated that there are numerous cryptic species in the difficult-to-identify group Lasioglossum subgenus Dialictus and this work is being extended to the entire bee fauna of the country by Cory Sheffield, Lincoln Best and Nick De Silva. There were two papers from my lab in the recent molecular ecology resources volume dedicated to DNA barcoding: Packer et al.: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02631.x/pdf and Sheffield et al.: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02645.x/pdf Further w ork r equired i n t his a rea i ncludes s urveying b ees o f c urrently under-represented pa rts o f t he world, much of Africa, the Mediterranean, Middle East, Far East, Australia. Additionally, testing some of the species boundaries suggesting by barcode data using nuclear genes and more detailed morphological study is required. 2) Bee conservation: diploid males and extinction. Bees are more prone to extinction for genetic reasons than other organisms because sex is determined by genotype at a hypervariable sex determining locus. Loss of genetic variation results in the production of large numbers of largely st erile o r in viable d iploid m ales w hich c an e xert a c onsiderable d rain o n a p opulation a nd h asten it s e xtinction. See: Z ayed, A . a nd P acker, L . 2005. C omplementary s ex d etermination s ubstantially in creases e xtinction p roneness in haplodiploid populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:1074210746. This bizarre system results in bees having an enormously high genetic load. Bee species that specialize on collecting pollen from one, or a few closely related, species of plant(s) seem particularly prone to extinction: Packer et al., 2005. Conservation genetics of potentially endangered mutualisms: reduced levels of genetic variation in specialist versus generalist bees; Conservation Biology 19:195202. E xtension of this w ork t o i ncorporate g enomic a pproaches w ould make a g ood P hD project for a s tudent with t he m olecular b ackground r equired f or s uch r esearch. A nother d evelopment w ould b e t o t est whether t he d iploid male extinction vortex can be avoided through mate choice. A graduate student project on this using trap-nested Megachilidae would be very interesting. An additional area of research concerns explaining the dramatic decline in populations of some North America bumble bee species. Sheila Colla is conducting PhD research aimed at explaining why several species have declined, putative explanations include transmission of pathogens from bumble bee colonies reared for agricultural purposes and the use of novel insecticides. 3) Bee sociobiology. How c an so me i ndividuals w ithin a population e volve t o b ecome sterile? This is e xactly w hat h appens i n t he evolution o f w orker a nd q ueen castes in so cial in sects. T he b ee family Ha lictidae is t he focus o f t his r esearch b ecause social behaviour has evolved repeatedly and comparatively recently within the family and queen and worker castes have evolved in dependently m ultiple t imes. The predominant paradigm to e xplain the e volution of sterility in so cial insects i s kin selection, whereby workers derive genetic benefits by raising sisters (with whom they share 75% of their genes identical b y d escent) r ather t han d aughters ( 50%) a nd e ither b iasing t he se x ratio in f avour o f sist ers over b rothers (25%) or producing some sons (50%). Consequently, relatedness, se x ratio a nd the costs a nd benefits of social versus solitary n esting n eed t o b e in vestigated t hrough a c ombination o f f ield a nd la boratory w ork. Mi crosatellite lo ci r ecently developed i n m y l aboratory t hat a re b eing a pplied t o c onservation g enetics q uestions c an a lso b e used t o in vestigate patterns of genealogy within nests of the social species to answer questions such as: how frequent is nest supercedure

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and multiple mating in both social and solitary ones? Do workers produce sons in small halictine societies? Jennifer Albert is pursuing an M.Sc on Halictus sociobiology. 4) Bees biodiversity at a landscape scale. Several p rojects r elated t o t his a re u nderway o r a t the p lanning s tage a s o utlined b elow. F or a n ex ample of published work on this topic see: J.C. Grixti and L. Packer 2006. Changes in the bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of an old f ield sit e in so uthern O ntario, r evisited a fter 3 4 y ears. Canadian E ntomologist. 1 38: 14 7164. Available a t <http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&journal=ent&volume=138&articleFile=n05-034.pdf>. i) Influence of fire on bee communities in oak savannah habitats. Alana Taylors Ph.D. research involves surveying bees in a variety of oak savannah habitats in southern Ontario before, and at varying numbers of years after, controlled burns are conducted. Nearby control sites are monitored throughout. One hypothesis that can be tested is that fire has a greater i mpact u pon s tem and w ood n esting b ees t han o n g round n esting sp ecies. S imilar w ork is b eing p erformed o n national parks in Argentina by Natalia Veiga. ii) Bee biodiversity in agricultural mosaics. Bees can persist along roadsides and field edges in otherwise unsuitable crop monocultures. This work is to be performed in southern Ontario and is aimed at investigating the impact of land use practices and suitable habitat area upon the diversity of the bee fauna. iii) Bee monitoring protocols. Obtaining a detailed inventory of the species present in a locality requires extremely time-consuming f ield r esearch. W e a re t esting t he use o f a v ariety o f p assive t rapping m ethods t o in vestigate w hich combination of traps most closely reflects the diversity of bees as detected using traditional methods. iv) B ee b iodiversity a nd c offee farming m ethods. Hien N go h as completed a Masters t hesis o n t he i mpact o f shade o r su n c offee f arming o n t he b iodiversity o f b ees in C osta R ica a nd is n ow p erforming sim ilar r esearch in t he Philippines. v) U rban bee b iodiversity. C ities h ave a h ighly d iverse m osaic o f h abitats a nd p otentially a h igh d iversity o f pollinators. Scott MacIvor is studying various aspects of pollinator biodiversity within the city of Toronto with the assistance of the TRCA.

Ronald E. Pearlman

PhD (Harvard) University Professor Emeritus of Biology and Senior Scholar

http://www.yorku.ca/ronp/ Research Areas: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Cell Biology; Genetics We are addressing questions relating to the structure, organization and expression of genetic information. We use a number of different biological tools in these studies including genomics proteomics, and global expression study approaches. W e w ork m ainly w ith t he u nicellular e ukaryotic a nimal m odel, t he c iliated p rotozoan Tetrahymena thermophila and also do some work with another ciliated protozoan, Paramecium sp. Some questions we are addressing are: 1) Gene reorganization during nuclear development The ciliated protozoa are a rich source of developmentaly programmed gene reorganization e vents. Because of the unique biology of ciliates such as Tetrahymena, we can study these events in synchronous populations using genetic, biochemical, and molecular approaches. We have described a number of such developmentally regulated events and are carrying o ut e xperiments d esigned t o a ddress q uestions o f t he m echanisms a nd f unctional sig nificance o f t hese rearrangements. Recent findings about the role of chromatin and of small RNA molecules, and the possible role of transposable elements in these reorganization events, paradigms for gene silencing, are being pursued in the context of the role of epigenetic mechanisms involved in this process.

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2) Mini pre-mRNA introns Pre-mRNA introns in t he ciliated protozoan Paramecium are unique in eukaryotic systems being homogeneously small, between 1835 nucleotides. Studies of these introns and their processing will provide important insights into addressing q uestions o f t he o rigins, e volution, a nd mechanisms o f p rocessing o f p re-mRNA i ntrons i n e ukaryotes. W e have developed an assay for processing both in vivo and in vitro and are using this to address questions about cis-acting intron sequences important for processing. We are also using biochemical, molecular, and proteomic approaches to address questions about the components of the Paramecium spliceosome involved in processing this unique class of introns. 3) Genomics and proteomics of ciliated protozoa Global approaches such as sequencing the entire genome of an organism (genomics) and identifying and studying t he p roteins e ncoded b y t he g enome ( proteomics) a re v ery p owerful t ools f or a ddressing im portant b iological questions, many with practical application. The ciliated protozoa, particularly Tetrahymena and Paramecium are very useful animal model systems for these studies. We have undertaken pilot studies of genome sequencing of these organisms providing important insights into interesting biological questions. These pilot studies in Tetrahymena have led to a full EST sequence database and complete sequencing of the somatic (http://www.cilaite.org) genome and the almost complete s equencing of t he g erminal genomes. The Paramecium genome has a lso b een completely s equenced (paramecium.cgm.cnrs-gif.fr/ptblast/). T hese r esources a llow f unctional a nalysis w ith t hese p owerful a nimal m odels t o address important questions including those with practical consequences for human biology and medical application. Parallel with genome sequencing, we are undertaking analysis of the proteome of Tetrahymena. These studies use mass spectrometry and are being carried out in collaboration with Dr. Michael Siu, Department of Chemistry, York University. We have completed and published analysis of the proteomes of Tetrahymena cilia, phagosomes, secretory vesicles, and mitochondria and have initiated an analysis of the proteome of nuclei. Other proteomic studies involve analysis of protein/protein in teractions to address questions about proteins involved in d evelopmentally programmed genome rearrangements/gene silencing. Availability of the genome sequence and of gene predictions has allowed the development of expression microarray analysis to complement the omic analyses described above. 4) Meiosis in Tetrahymena We are interested in the genes, proteins, and structures important in meiosis a nd exploit unique aspects of the biology of Tetrahymena as a m odel s ystem f or t hese s tudies. W e combine m olecular, b iochemical, a nd cellular approaches in t hese st udies. Mining o f t he Tetrahymena genome f or or thologues of g enes a nd p roteins i mportant f or meiosis to inform functional studies is being pursued. We will then use functional analysis (e.g. gene knockouts) to address questions about function of the genes identified in the bioinformatic exercise above. One particular focus of our studies is to address questions about the mechanism of meiosis in the absence of a synaptonemal complex (SC). These studies should provide important insights into questions about the mechanism(s) and evolution of meiosis. 5) Molecular evolution We have used the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) in broad, protein based phylogenetic a nalyses a s w ell a s in e stablishing a detailed phylogeny of the very diverse a nd interesting ciliate phylum. We have also studied the phylogeny of the origin of the non-universal genetic code in the ciliates and will pursue these studies in order to address very interesting questions about the origin and evolution of the genetic code. Additional studies using molecular evolutionary approaches about mobile genetic elements in the germinal nucleus of Tetrahymena are also ongoing. 6) Regulation of gene expression These studies once again use aspects of the unique biology and the ease of molecular and genetic manipulation of Tetrahymena. P resent s tudies a re f ocused o n t he transcription a nd p rocessing o f r RNA a s w ell a s o n t he st ructure, function, and biogenesis of the nucleolus. In lieu of specific references, please see the following URLs. These sites are regularly updated. http://www.yorku.ca/ronp/ and link to Publications, or link directly to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=PubMed and type in Pearlman RE.

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Additional references of interest not listed at the above URLs are: Mochizuki, K., Fine, N.A., Fujisawa, T., and Gorovsky, M.A. Analysis of a piwi-related gene implicates small RNAs in genome rearrangement in Tetrahymena. Cell. 110:689699 (2002). Brown, J.M., Fine, N.A., Pandiyan G, Thazhath, R., AND Gaertig, J. Hypoxia regulates assembly of cilia in suppressors of Tetrahymena lacking an intraflagellar transport subunit gene. Mol Biol Cell 8:31923207 (2003). These papers report work done in my lab by a graduate student, Noah Fine. Although my name does not appear on these papers, funding to me for the work is acknowledged.

Chun Peng

PhD (Alberta) Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Reproductive Endocrinology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology My research is directed towards understanding how hormones and growth factors regulate reproductive functions in vertebrates and cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their a ctions. I am particularly interested in 1) physiological roles of hormones and growth factors in female reproduction; 2) molecular mechanisms by which hormones and growth factors regulate reproductive functions; and 3) role of growth factors in regulating cancer cell growth. Studies on endocrine control of reproduction have an important impact on human reproductive health. The transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) family is composed of a large group of growth and differentiation factors, including TGF-b, activins, inhibins, Nodal, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). These factors regulate a variety of cellular activities and are involved in many developmental and physiological processes. In recent years, we have been investigating t he s tructure, f unction a nd s ignal t ransduction o f t hese g rowth factors i n t he o vary a nd p lacenta. C urrent research projects include: Activin, TGF-beta, and BMP-15 in Zebrafish Ovary: Zebrafish has emerged as a model of vertebrate development. It is also ideal for the study of ovarian functions as zebrafish ovary contains a large number of follicles at different stages of development that can be manipulated in vitro. We have been cloned zebrafish cDNAs for activin subunits, activin receptors, TGF-b and its receptors. We have also demonstrated that activin-A stimulates, while TGF-b1 and BMP-15 inhibit, oocyte maturation. We are using various molecular and physiological approaches, such as gene silencing, overexpression, microinjection, and immunoneutralization, t o d etermine t he p hysiological r oles o f t hese r egulators during follicle d evelopment a nd o ocyte maturation and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their actions in the ovary. Role of Nodal and Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 7 (ALK7) in ovarian cancer cells: We have recently cloned four ALK7 transcripts and demonstrated that they are derived from alternative splicing of the ALK7 gene. Transcript 1 encodes for the full-length functional ALK7 while others encode for novel isoforms of ALK7. In ovarian epithelial cancer cells, we have found that activation of ALK7 or overexpression of its ligand, Nodal, lead to a decrease in c ell p roliferation a nd a n i ncrease i n a poptosis. This w as t he f irst d emonstration t hat Nodal, k nown f or its critical role in embryogenesis, may also be involved in cancer development. Currently, we are using gene profiling, proteomic approaches, RNA interference, and other cell and molecular techniques to investigate the downstream targets of N odal a nd A LK7 a nd t o d etermine w hether t here is a n a ltered ex pression o f N odal a nd A LK7 d uring o varian c ancer development and how ALK7 and Nodal are regulated by microRNAs.

A c t i v i n , TG F - b e t a , a n d N o d a l i n H u m a n P l a c e n t a :
We h ave d emonstrated t hat a ctivin-A a nd T GF-beta1 a re a utocrine/paracrine regulators w hich e xert o pposing effects o n s teroid p roduction: a ctivin-A st imulates while T GF-beta1 i nhibits p rogesterone a nd e stradiol p roduction. W e have a lso identified t hat T GF-beta1 regulate steroidogenesis through its e ffects on cholesterol transport a nd a romatase activity. We are investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of activin-A and TGF-beta1 in trophoblast cells. More recently, we have shown that Nodal, acting through the ALK7-Smad2/3 pathway, regulates proliferation, apoptosis, m igration a nd i nvasion o f t rophoblast cells. T hese findings s uggest that t he N odal-ALK7 p athway p lays an important role in human placental development. Currently, we are studying the function of the novel ALK7 isoforms

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during placental development and examining how Nodal and ALK7 regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion in trophoblast cells. In addition, the potential role of Nodal and ALK7 in pathological pregnancies, such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, is under investigation. Our research is supported by grants from Natural Science and Engineering research council, Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and by Premiers Research Excellent Award and Ontario Womens Health Council/CIHR Midcareer Award. Selective Recent Publications: Clelland E S a nd Peng C. 2009. Endocrine/paracrine co ntrol o f z ebrafish ovarian d evelopment. Mol C ell

Tan Q, Zagrondy A, Bernaudo S, and Peng C, 2009. Regulation of membrane progestin receptors in the zebrafish ovary by gonadotropin, activin, TGF-b and BMP-15. Mol Cell Endocrinol, in press. Xu X, B ernaudo S, Fu G, Lee DY , B ai Y , Y ang B a nd Peng C, 2008. C yclin G2 is d egraded b y t he u biquitinproteasom p athway an d m ediates t he a ntiproliferative ef fect o f a ctivin r eceptor-like k inase 7 . Mol C ell B iol, 19:49684979. Clelland E, Tan Q, Balofsky A, Lacivita R and Peng C, 2007. Inhibition of premature oocyte maturation: A role for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in zebrafish ovarian follicles. Endocrinology, 148:5451-5458. Xu G, Zhong Yu, Xu G, Zhou H, Wang Q, Auersperg N, and Peng C, 2006. Activin receptor-like kinase 7 induces apoptosis through up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Xiap in normal and malignant ovarian epithelial cell lines. Mol Cancer Res 4:235246. Clelland E, Kohli G, Campbell B, Shweta Sharma Shimasaki S and Peng C, 2006. Bone morphogenetic protein-15 in zebrafish ovary: cDNA cloning, tissue distribution and role in oocyte maturation. Endocrinology 147:201209. Graham H and Peng C, 2006. A ctivin r eceptor-like k inases: st ructure, f unction a nd clinical implications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 6: 4558. DiMuccio T, M ukai S , C lelland E , K ohli G , C uartero M , W u T , a nd Peng C, 2005. C loning of a s econd fo rm o f activin betaA and regulation of activin betaA subunit and activin type II receptor mRNA expression by gonadotropin in the zebrafish ovary. Gen Comp Endocrinol 143:287299. Kohli G, Clelland E and Peng C, 2005. Potential Targets of transforming growth factorb1 during the inhibition of oocyte maturation in zebrafish. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3: 53. Xu G, Zhong Yu, Munir S, Yang B, Tsang B, and Peng C. 2004. Nodal induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activin receptor-like kinase 7. J Clin Endo Metab 89:55235534. Munir S, Xu G, Wu Y, Yang BB, Lala K, and Peng C, 2004. Nodal and activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 7 inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in human trophoblast cells. J Biol Chem 279: 3127731286. Kohli G, Hu S, Clelland E, Di Muccio T, Rothenstein J, and Peng C, 2003. Cloning of Transforming growth factorbeta1 ( TGF-b1) a nd it s t ype II r eceptor f rom z ebrafish o vary a nd r ole o f TGF-b1 i n o ocyte m aturation. Endocrinology 144:19311941. Roberts H, Hu S, Q iu Q , Leung P CK, Caniggia I, Gruslin A , Tsang B , a nd Peng C, 2003. Identification of novel isoforms of activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) generated by alternative splicing and expression of ALK7 and its ligand, Nodal, in human placenta. Biol Reprod 68: 17191726.

Endocrinol. in press.

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Roberto Quinlan

PhD (Queens at Kingston) Associate Professor of Biology

www.yorku.ca/rquinlan Research Areas: Aquatic Ecology, Limnology, Paleoecology Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are currently affected by multiple anthropogenic stressors. These stressors include r ecent climate ch ange, a cid r ain, co ntaminant p ollution, n utrient e nrichment ( eutrophication), l and-use c hange (vegetation clearance for agriculture, urbanization etc), reservoir/impoundment construction and exotic species invasions, to name a few. Environmental monitoring programs of aquatic systems that are based on an ecological perspective (simultaneous monitoring of biological, chemical and physical variables) are relatively new as early programs were designed to monitor the impacts of acidic deposition in the 1970s. As a consequence, long-term ecological datasets (>20 yrs data) are extremely rare and located primarily in geographic regions downwind of major acidic deposition (north-eastern USA and central Ontario region of Canada). This lack of long-term ecological data presents difficulties in answering some basic questions that are important to c onsider w hen a ssessing t he e cological impacts o f st ressors: W hat a re natural o r p re-disturbance co nditions o f t he ecosystem? What is the natural variability of the system? It is possible to obtain this long-term data through proxy methods, such as through examination of paleoecological data archived in lake and pond sediments. Sediments are natural archives of ecological data, with a host of physical, chemical, and biological variables providing insights into past aquatic ecosystem conditions. My area of research specialization involves examining the chitinous subfossil remains of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae; chironomids) in lake and pond sediments, to generate paleoecological assessments of past aquatic ecosystem changes. H owever, m y r esearch i nterests are b road, a s I a m i nterested i n a breadth o f p aleoecological a nd ecological methods (including real-time environmental monitoring) and indicators (including zooplankton (subfossil Daphnia ephippia) and other invertebrate paleoindicators such as Chaoborus) to examine aquatic ecosystem responses to a variety of human-induced st ressors. My research in terests e ncompass n umerous types of a quatic systems spanning a vast geographical range, from lakes in northeast USA (New Jersey and New York states), embayments of the Laurentian Great Lakes in southern Canada, to shallow ponds in the northern tip of the Canadian High Arctic. Selected recent publications: Quinlan R & Smol JP. 2010. The use of Chaoborus subfossil mandibles in the development of paleoecological inference models of hypolimnetic oxygen. Journal of Paleolimnology 44: 43-50. Quinlan R, Hall RI, Paterson AM, Cumming BF & Smol JP. 2008. Long-term assessments of ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors on a quatic e cosystems f rom paleoecological a nalyses: c hallenges t o t raditional p erspectives of lake management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 933-944. Brodersen K P & Quinlan R. 2 006. Mid ges a s p aleoindicators o f la ke p roductivity, e utrophication and hypolimnetic oxygen. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1995-2012. Quinlan R, Douglas MSV & Smol JP. 2005. Food web changes in Arctic ecosystems related to climate warming. Global Change Biology 11: 1381-1386.

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Jan Sapp

PhD (Montreal) Professor of Biology

Research Fields: Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbial Phylogeny, Symbiosis, Genetics, Evolution and Ecology from an Historical Perspective My research on the history of cell biology, embryology, genetics and molecular biology focuses on concepts of the organism and of the gene. In regard to evolutionary biology my aim has been to enlarge the boundaries of that history by including, in addition to Mendelian genetics and neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, various epigenetic mechanisms of heredity, symbiosis, a nd la teral g ene t ransfer b etween sp ecies. My r esearch o n m olecular a pproaches t o evolution a nd ecology focuses o n t he m icrobial w orld; t he o rigin o f lif e, g enomes a nd c ells. My r esearch a lso in cludes the h istory o f tropical biology and the study of complex ecological systems. Books: Jan Sapp, Jan Sapp Press, 2005. Jan Sapp, Jan Sapp, Jan Sapp, Jan Sapp,

The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. ed., Microbial Phylogeny and Evolution: Concepts and Controversies. New York: Oxford University Genesis: The Evolution of Biology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. What is Natural? Coral Reef Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 and 2003. Evolution by Association. A History of Symbiosis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Beyond the Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Vivian Saridakis

PhD (UT) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Interests: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cellular Biology The attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins plays i mportant regulatory tasks i n e ukaryotic cellular processes. The mo st s tudied a fter e ffect of ubiquitination is the s ubsequent degradation o f th e ta rget p rotein by th e 2 6S proteasome. Degradation of cellular proteins has many regulatory effects including cell cycle progression, stress response, signal transduction, transcriptional activation and DNA repair. Protein ubiquitination is both dynamic and reversible. The ubiquitination o f t arget p roteins ca n b e r eversed b y t he a ction o f d eubiquitinating e nzymes. De ubiquitinating e nzymes play important roles in the salvage of proteins from destruction by the 26S proteasome. Since this is a relatively new topic of research, the biochemistry and role of the enzymes involved in deubiquitination is not well understood. A crucial piece of information lacking about USPs is the identification of their target proteins. It will allow a more complete picture of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathways and the biological processes t hat they govern to b e drawn. Also missing however is functional data resulting from the removal of these proteins from the cell. One class of deubiquitinating enzymes are known as ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs). USPs are presumed to be involved in the removal of ubiquitin molecules from specific target proteins. There are several examples in the literature that demonstrate the importance of USPs in cellular functions. However, the most notable is USP7-p53-mdm2. USP7 is a ble t o r egulate t he le vels o f p 53 a nd m dm2 p roteins b y d eubiquitinating t hese p roteins o nce t hey h ave b een targeted for degradation by ubiquitination. Structural and Functional Characterization of human USP7: The USP7 p rotein i s found i n a l arge n umber o f e ukaryotes r anging f rom y east t o h umans. Human USP7 i s a multidomain protein with 1102 residues. The N-terminal domain is responsible for binding ubiquitinated substrates including p53 and Mdm2, the catalytic domain is located in the middle domain, however, the function of the Cterminal domain is st ill u nknown. T he crystal st ructures of t he N-terminal a nd catalytic d omains have been determined. I would like to continue working on crystal structures of human USP7 and gain insight into its biological function. Structural and Functional Characterization of the yeast USP7 homolog, UBP15:

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There is about 70% sequence conservation between yeast and human USP7 proteins. I will focus on the crystallization a nd st ructure d etermination o f yeast UBP15. This w ill b e a n o pportune starting p oint f or the f unctional characterization of yeast UBP15. We have identified the important residues in human USP7 that are involved in peptide binding (164DWGF167) and these residues are absolutely conserved in all organisms whose USP7 sequences are known, indicating that a similar mode of peptide binding may also be occurring in UBP15. Sarkari F, La Delfa A, Arrowsmith CH, Frappier L, Sheng Y and Saridakis V (2010) Further Insight into Substrate Recognition b y U SP7: St ructural a nd B iochemical A nalysis o f t he H dmX a nd Hdm2 I nteractions w ith USP7. Journal o f Molecular Biology, 402, 825-837. Couzens A , Saridakis V, Scheid MP ( 2009) T he h ydrophobic m otif o f R OCK2 r equires a ssociation w ith t he N terminal extension for kinase activity. Biochemical Journal, 419, 141-148. Saridakis V, S hahinas D, Xu X , Christendat D ( 2008) St ructural insight o n t he mechanism of r egulation o f t he MarR family of proteins: high-resolution crystal structure of a transcriptional repressor from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Journal of Molecular Biology, 377, 655-667. Sheng Y, Saridakis V, Sarkari F, Duan S, Wu T, Arrowsmith CH, Frappier L. (2006) Molecular recognition of p53 and MDM2 by USP7/HAUSP. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, 13, 285291. Saridakis V, Sheng Y , S arkari F , H olowaty M N, S hire K , N guyen T , Z hang R G, L iao J , L ee W , E dwards A M, Arrowsmith CH and Frappier L (2005). Structure of the p53-binding domain of HAUSP/USP7 bound to Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1): Implications for EBV-mediated immortalization. Molecular Cell, 18, 2536.

Keith Schneider
yorku.ca/keiths

PhD (Rochester) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Human Vision, Attention and Perception; Facility Director, Neuroimaging Laboratory Our r esearch i nvestigates t he l ink b etween t he a rchitecture o f t he h uman v isual s ystem a nd t he f unctions o f perception and attention. Recent research has focused on the subcortical visual nuclei: the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar in the thalamus, and the superior colliculus in the midbrain. These structures occupy critical positions within the control network of t he b rain a nd a re a lso t he o nly l ocations w here t he m ultiple streams o f information from the retinal ganglion cell populations, such as the magnocellular and parvocellular, remain spatially disjoint and can be studied independently b efore t heir i nformation i s r ecombined i n t he c ortex. O ther t opics o f i nterest a re t he s tudy of sp ecial populations, such as people with dyslexia, and brain imaging methodology. Representative Publications: Schneider KA, K astner S. 2 009. T he e ffects o f s ustained s patial a ttention i n t he h uman l ateral g eniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. Journal of Neuroscience 29: 17841795. Schneider KA, Komlos M. 2 008. A ttention biases decisions but does not a lter a ppearance. Journal of Vision 8(15): 3, 110. Schneider KA. 2006. Does attention alter appearance? Perception & Psychophysics 68: 800814. Wunderlich K, Schneider KA, Kastner S. 2005. Neural correlates of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature Neuroscience 8: 15951602. Schneider KA, K astner S . 2 005. V isual r esponses o f t he h uman su perior c olliculus: A h igh-resolution fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology 94: 24912503. Schneider KA, Richter MC, Kastner S. 2004. Retinotopic organization and functional subdivisions of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: A high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience 24: 89758985. Schneider KA, Bavelier D. 2003. Components of visual prior entry. Cognitive Psychology 47: 333366.

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Michael Scheid

PhD (UBC) Associate Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Cancer biology, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry Research in our lab i nvestigates signal transduction pathways that regulate growth, s urvival and metabolism of mammalian c ells. Genetic alterations in numerous si gnaling p athways c ontribute t o h uman p athologies such a s cancer and diabetes. Combinatorial drug therapies designed to target multiple signaling pathways hold promise in treating human disease, but this critically depends upon an understanding of these molecular events. One m ajor p athway t urned o n d uring c ancer is t he phosphoinositide 3 -kinase (PI3K) p athway. PI 3K i s a l ipid kinase that regulates the subcellular distribution of other signaling proteins, and in particular members of the AGC kinase family. With over 60 family members, the AGC kinase family regulates a host of cellular functions including proliferation, survival, shape and mobility typically the arsenal of tools a cell needs to successfully become a malignant tumor. Several tumor suppressors that are often disabled in human cancer normally operate to suppress PI3K signaling to various AGC kinases. We u se c utting-edge protein b iochemistry a nd m olecular b iology a pproaches t o b etter u nderstand s ignal transduction t hrough t he PI3K p athway. C urrent w ork i s focusing o n o ne p articular m ember, called P DK1. P DK1 i s a master switch regulating the activity of other kinases that are often turned on during cancer. We are also interested in the transcription factor Myc and its regulation by the PI3K pathway. Methodologies used in the lab include molecular biology, cell biology, microscopy, tissue culture, gene expression, protein purification and biochemistry. Selected Publications: Couzens AL, Saridakis V, Scheid MP. The hydrophobic motif of ROCK2 requires association with the N-terminal extension for kinase activity. Biochem J. 2009, 419(1):141-8. Moon Z, Wang Y, Aryan N, Mousseau DD, Scheid MP. Serine 396 of PDK1 is required for maximal PKB activation. Cell Signal. 2008, 20(11):2038-49. Matitau AE, Scheid MP. Phosphorylation of MEKK3 at threonine 294 promotes 14-3-3 association to inhibit nuclear factor kappaB activation. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283(19):13261-8. Scheid MP, P arsons M , W oodgett J R: P hosphoinositide-dependent p hosphorylation o f P DK-1 r egulates n uclear translocation. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25(6):23472363. Scheid MP, Woodgett JR: Unravelling the activation mechanisms of protein kinase B/Akt. FEBS Lett 2003, 546(1):108112. Scheid MP, Marignani PA, Woodgett JR: Multiple phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent steps in activation of protein kinase B. Mol Cell Biol 2002, 22(17):62476260. Scheid MP, H uber M , Damen J E, H ughes M , K ang V , Neilsen P , P restwich GD, K rystal G, Duronio V : Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)P3 is essential but not sufficient for protein kinase B (PKB) activation. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(11):90279035.

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Yi Sheng

PhD (Toronto) Assistant Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Structural Biology Structure and function of Pirh2, a p53 E3 ligase: The tumor suppressor p53 is known as the guardian of the genome. Its prominent role in safeguarding genome integrity and preventing tumorgenesis has been demonstrated by n umerous g enetic a nd c linical st udies. Ubiquitin/proteosome p athway p lays a c rucial r ole in p 53 r egulation. Inactivation of p53 through overexpression of p53 E3 ligases is commonly observed in various tumors. Pirh2 is a novel E3 ligase. It has been shown to be overexpressed in b oth mouse lung ca ncer models and human lung cancers. Despite its important function and promising druggability, there is no structural information available on how it catalyzes p53 ubiquitylation. By studying three-dimensional structure of Pirh2 and its function on p53 ubiquitylation and regulation, we try t o b etter u nderstand mechanisms o f ubiquitin mediated p53 r egulation. Our s pecific a ims i nclude ( 1) 3 D s tructure determination of Pirh2. (2) Functional studies of Pirh2 and its interaction with p53 and p53 family proteins. Structure and function of novel E3 ligases: In human genome, there are about 400 E3 ligases, representing one of the largest protein families. Unfortunately, the structure and function of most of these E3 ligases are still unknown. We p lan to characterize the st ructure a nd function o f novel E3 ligases using biochemical a nd structural b iology approaches. The long-term goal is to provide structural information and molecular mechanisms of E3 ligases to help understanding the ubiquitin signaling network. Selected Publications: Shloush J , V lassov J E, E ngson I , Duan S, Sa ridakis V, Dhe-paganon S, R aught B , Sheng Y*, a nd A rrowsmith CH*. (2011) Structural and Functional Comparison of the RING Domain of P53 E3 ligases, Mdm2 and Pirh2. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 4796-808 (*co-corresponding authors) Sarkari F , LaDelfa A , A rrowsmith C H, F rappier L , Sheng Y, Saridakis V . ( 2010) Further insight i nto s ubstrate recognition b y U SP7: st ructural a nd b iochemical a nalysis o f t he H dmX a nd Hdm2 in teractions w ith USP7. J. M ol. B iol. 402(5), 825-37. Sheng Y, Laister RC, Lemak A, Wu B, Tai E, Duan S, Lukin J, Sunnerhagen M, Srisailam S, Karra M, Benchimol S, Arrowsmith CH. (2008) Molecular basis of Pirh2-mediated p53 ubiquitylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol.15,1334-42. Sheng Y, Khanam N, Tsaksis Y, Shi XM, Lu QS, Bognar AL. (2008) Mutagenesis of folylpolyglutamate synthetase indicates that dihydropteroate and tetrahydrofolate bind to the same site. Biochemistry 47, 238896 Sheng Y*, Saridakis V*, Sarkari F*, Duan S, Wu T, Arrowsmith CH, Frappier L.(2006) Molecular Recognisition of p53 and Mdm2 by USP7/HAUSP. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 13, 285291. (*authors contributed equally.) Saridakis V *, Sheng Y*, Sarkari F , H olowaty M N, S hire K , Nguyen T, Zhang RG, L iao J, Lee W , Ed wards A M, Arrowsmith C H, Frappier L . ( 2005) St ructure of t he p 53 b inding d omain o f H AUSP/USP7 b ound t o E pstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 implications for EBV-mediated immortalization. Mol Cell. 18, 2536. (* authors contributed equally.) Holowaty MN, Sheng Y, Nguyen T, Arrowsmith CH, Frappier L. (2003) Protein interaction domains of the ubiquitin-specific protease, USP7/HAUSP. J Biol Chem. 278, 4775361.

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Joel S. Shore

PhD (Toronto) Professor of Biology

www.yorku.ca/shore Research Areas: Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Biology Research in m y laboratory involves the study of plant genetics and e volution including b oth the investigation of molecular genetics, phylogenetics and microevolutionary processes. We use a number of techniques to investigate genetic and evolutionary problems including classical genetic methods, proteomics, and the analysis of DNA polymorphisms. The area c urrently under in tensive i nvestigation is t he m olecular g enetics a nd e volution o f p lant b reeding sy stems. P lants provide a rich source of material for the study of breeding system evolution due to the wide diversity of breeding systems found both a mong a nd w ithin plant species. We w ork la rgely on a plant family that contains distylous se lf-incompatible species as well as inbreeding species. We are attempting to find the genes responsible for distyly using genetic localization studies. Labonne, J .D.J., A .J. H illiker a nd J.S. Shore. 2 007. M eiotic r ecombination i n Turnera (Turneraceae): E xtreme sexual difference in rates, but no evidence for recombination suppression associated with the distyly (S) locus. Heredity 98: 411418. Labonne, J.D.J., A. Vaisman and J.S. Shore. 2008. Construction of a first genetic map of distylous Turnera and a fine-scale map of the S-locus region. Genome 51: 471- 478. Barrett. S.C.H. and J.S. Shore. 2008. New insights on heterostyly: Comparative biology, ecology and genetics. In Franklin-Tong V (ed) Self-Incompatibility in Flowering plants: Evolution, Diversity and Mechanisms, pp. 3-32. SpringerVerlag, Berlin. Labonne, J.D.J., A. Goultiaeva and J.S. Shore. 2009. High-resolution mapping of the S-locus in Turnera leads to the discovery of three genes tightly associated with the S-alleles. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 281: 673-685. Labonne, J .D.J., F. Tamari an d J.S. Shore. 2010. C haracterization of X-ray g enerated f loral m utants c arrying deletions at the S-locus of distylous subulata. Heredity: 105:235-243. Labonne, J.D.J. and J.S. Shore. 2011. Positional cloning of the s haplotype determining the floral and incompatibility phenotype of the long-styled morph in distylous Turnera subulata. Submitted to Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 285: 101-111.

Colin G.H. Steel

www.yorku.ca/csteel

PhD (Queens) Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Animal Physiology, Neurobiology, Endocrinology, Physiology of Circadian Rhythms Our research is focussed on the mechanisms of communication and coordination between cells and tissues in an animal m odel s ystem. W e w ork o n b oth t he n ervous s ystem a nd t he en docrine s ystem, s ince t hese a re t he t wo k ey regulatory systems in animals. Research projects are available at molecular, cellular, tissue and whole animal levels, with the g eneral g oal o f u nderstanding p hysiological r egulatory m echanisms. O ur m odel sy stem is t he r egulation o f development and reproduction in the insect Rhodnius prolixus. This animal has many special virtues for experimentation and has been widely used in pioneering studies of physiological mechanisms. We also employ terrestrial and freshwater crustaceans, depending on which animal system will best answer our experimental questions. The various cell and tissue changes t hat m ake u p growth a nd d evelopment a re all t imed t o o ccur a t p articular t imes o f t he d ay. Therefore, o ur laboratory has a special interest in the mechanisms by which circadian clocks control the endocrine and nervous systems. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescent antibodies, we showed that the nuclear receptor for a steroid hormone that is critical for both development and reproduction (ecdysone) undergoes daily shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in target cells. This rhythmic shuttling induces time-of-day specific gene expression and therefore causes cellular rhythms in target cells. Rhythmic shuttling is driven by a circadian rhythm in the blood levels of ecdysone, measured by radio-immunoassay and HPLC. In turn, this endocrine rhythm is generated by rhythmic synthesis

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of ecdysone by the prothoracic glands. We found that the glands synthesise ecdysone rhythmically in organ culture and that t hey co ntain a l ight-sensitive c ircadian c lock. T he c lock c onsists o f a m olecular o scillator in e ach g land c ell t hat is based on the circadian cycling of the clock proteins period and timeless. The brain synchronises these glandular clock cells with each other (and with the external world) by rhythmically releasing a neuropeptide hormone (prothoracicotropic hormone, PTTH) which acts directly on the gland cells. We located specialised clock neurons in the brain (which possess molecular oscillators like those in the glands) and traced their axon pathways t hrough t he b rain. They m ake close co nnections w ith t he n eurons t hat m ake t he n europeptide. Du ring a dult development, the gland cells that PTTH acts on degenerate, but the number of PTTH cells in the brain actually increases. Ecdysone is p roduced i n a dults b y t he o varies, a lso with a c ircadian r hythm, p ossibly d riven by P TTH, m uch a s brain peptides drive gonadal steroid production in mammals. We found many other brain neuropeptide hormones are also released rhythmically under the control of this brain clock. Many electrophoretic, immunological and in vitro assay techniques are used to measure the neuropeptides. The brain clock neurons represent a master clock for the animal. It transmits rhythmicity throughout the animal by controlling rhythmic release of neuropeptide hormones. This arrangement is astonishingly similar to the pathway found in mammals that controls rhythmic release of pituitary hormones. Our findings on the interactions between clock neurons and the endocrine system are directly applicable to mammals. We f ound t he v ertebrate t imekeeping h ormone m elatonin h as a ci rcadian rhythm i n i nsect b lood. A s i n vertebrates, the intestine produces more melatonin than the nervous system and does so in response to feeding. Feeding may be coordinated with development by gastrointestinal melatonin. We are associated with the current active NIH project to sequence the genome of Rhodnius. Specific gene sequence data will be available over the next year that will open numerous new avenues of investigation. Reviews for interested students: Vafopoulou, X. and Steel, C.G.H. (2009) Circadian Organization of the Endocrine System. In: Insect Development: Morphogenesis, Molting and Metamorphosis. Ed. Gilbert, L.I. Academic Press, London, pp. 395-458. Steel, C.G.H. and Vafopoulou, X. (2006) Circadian orchestration of developmental hormones in the insect, Rhodnius prolixus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 144, 351-364. Steel, C.G.H. and Vafopoulou, X. (2002) Physiology of Circadian Systems. In: Insect Clocks (Saunders, D.S. with Steel, C.G.H., Vafopoulou, X., Lewis, R.D.), third edition, pp. 115-188. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Some recent research articles (from about 170): Vafopoulou, X . a nd Steel, C.G.H. (2011) Me tamorphosis o f a c lock: R emodelling o f t he c ircadian t iming system in t he brain of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) during larval-adult development. J. Comp. Neurol. (56 pages, in press). Vafopoulou, X., Terry, K.L. and Steel, C.G.H. (2010) The circadian timing system in the brain of the fifth larval instar of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 1264-1282. Vafopoulou, X . ( 2009) E cdysteroid r eceptor ( EcR) is associated w ith t he m icrotubules a nd w ith m itochondria in the cytoplasm of prothoracic glands of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). Archives Insect Biochem Physiol. 72, 249-262. Vafopoulou, X ,. Steel, C.G.H., a nd Terry, K .L. (2007) Neuroanatomical relations of prothoracicotropic hormone neurons with the circadian timekeeping system in the brain of larval and adult Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). J. Comp. Neurol. 503, 511-524. Vafopoulou, X., Laufer, H. and Steel, C.G.H. (2007) Spatial and temporal distribution of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) in haemocytes and epidermal cells during wound healing in the Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 152, 359-370. Shlattner, U., Vafopoulou, X., Steel, C.G.H., Hormann, R.E. and Lezzi, M. (2006) Non-genomic ecdysone effects and the invertebrate nuclear steroid hormone receptor EcR new role for an old receptor? Molec. Cell. Endocrinol. 247, 64-72. Vafopoulou, X. and Steel, C.G.H. (2006) Ecdysteroid hormone nuclear receptor (EcR) exhibits circadian cycling in certain tissues, but not others, during development in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). Cell Tissue Research 323, 443-455.

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Bridget J. Stutchbury

PhD (Yale) Professor of Biology Canada Research Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology
Research Areas: Ecology and Population Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Animal Biology/Physiology My r esearch a ddresses q uestions in b ehavioural e cology a nd conservation biology o f m igratory b irds. I use a combination of field experiments, geolocator tracking, radiotelemetry, stable isotope analyses of blood and feathers, and hormone profiles of body condition to study carry-over effects of breeding strategies on fall migration and winter territory quality, and in turn of wintering territory quality on spring migration and breeding. My recent research has also examined the e ffects of f orest fragmentation on t he s urvival of juvenile songbirds in small versus la rge forest fragments, juvenile survival of captive-reared and released endangered songbirds. Imlay, T. I., J. F. Crowley, A. M. Argue, J. C. Steiner, D. R. Norris and B. J. M. Stutchbury. 2010. Survival, dispersal and early migration movements of captive-bred juvenile eastern loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus migrans). Biological Conservation 143: 2578-2582. Stutchbury, B. J. M., E. A. Gow, T. Done, M. MacPherson, J. W. Fox and V. Afanasyev. 2010. Effects of postbreeding moult and energetic condition on timing of songbird migration into the tropics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 278:131-137. Stutchbury, B. J. M., S. A. Tarof, T. Done, E. Gow, P. M. Kramer, J. Tautin, J. W. Fox, and V. Afanasyev. 2009. Tracking long-distance songbird migration using geolocators. Science 323: 896. Rush, S. A. and B. J. M. Stutchbury. 2008. Survival of fledgling Hooded Warblers in large and small forest fragments. Auk 125: 183-191.

Gary Sweeney

PhD (University of Glasgow) Associate Professor of Biology

www.yorku.ca/gsweeney Research Areas: Biomedical, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease Examples of research in my laboratory include: 1) The molecular mechanisms underlying the association of obesity and insulin resistance. 2) Mechanisms regulating cardiac remodeling leading to heart failure in obesity & diabetes. The s ignificant p hysiological r elevance o f t hese st udies is h ighlighted b y t he fact t hat o besity h as b ecome a n epidemic in N orth A merica. A ssociated w ith t his is a n a larming in crease in t he in cidence a nd a d ecrease in t he a ge o f onset of type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes. This means a vastly increased proportion of the population are susceptible to the m yriad o f complications a ssociated w ith d iabetes, in cluding n ephropathy, n europathy, r etinopathy, a therosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure and stroke. As a result, a major research initiative in this millennium will be a detailed understanding of the molecular basis for this observation. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, the failure of peripheral tissues, including liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, to respond to physiologic doses of insulin, and a relative in sufficiency o f i nsulin p roduction f rom p ancreatic b eta-cells in r esponse t o b lood g lucose le vels. O besity is a significant risk factor for the development of insulin resistance (80% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are obese) and it is b elieved t hat e ndocrine e ffects o f h ormones r eleased b y f at c ells ( adipokines) p lay a n im portant r ole in t he pathogenesis of insulin resistance. We are currently studying the role played by the adipokines leptin, resistin and adiponectin in glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle and investigating the signaling mechanisms responsible for effects of these adipokines. These studies are potentially exciting for the development of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes.

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Obesity is a lso a m ajor r isk f actor for d evelopment of heart f ailure w hich o ccurs w hen t he h eart is unable t o pump sufficient blood to meet the demands of the body. Progression of heart failure is now commonly believed to result due to a complex interplay of detrimental effects (remodeling). The ability of adipokines to mediate direct effects on the heart may help explain the strong association between obesity and cardiovascular complications, including heart failure. Our work may aid the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of heart failure in obesity Selected Publications: Sweeney G.Cardiovascular effects of leptin. Nature Reviews Cardiology (2010) 7(1):22-9 Fang X. Palanivel R. Cresser J. Schram K. Tuinei J. Xu A. Abel ED. & Sweeney G. Adiponectin Regulates Fatty Acid uptake and Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes via an APPL1-dependent MechanismAmerican Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology & Metabolism (2010) 299(5):E721-9 Sweeney, G.Unraveling the mechanisms linking obesity and heart failure: the role of adipokines (Editorial comment).Expert Reviews of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2009) 4(2):95-97 Liu, Y . C hewchuk, S. Lavigne, C . B rl, S. P ilon, G. H oude, V . X u, A . M arette, A . & Sweeney G. Functional significance of skeletal muscle adiponectin production, changes in animal models of obesity and diabetes and regulation by rosiglitazone treatment. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology & Metabolism (2009) 297(3):E657-64. Shin, EJ., Schram, K., Zheng, XL. & Sweeney, G. Leptin attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Journal of Cellular Physiology (2009) 221(2):490-7. Fang, X. Fetros, J . Dadson, K E. X u, A . & Sweeney, G. Leptin p revents i nsulin-mimetic a nd i nsulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin in rat skeletal muscle cells. Diabetologia (2009) 52(10):2190-200.

Robert Tsushima

PhD (Western Ontario) Associate Professor

My research examines the basis of heart function and disease, and diabetes. Specifically, my laboratory investigates the biophysical properties and cellular regulation of cardiac and pancreatic ion channels and hormone secretion, and cell signal pathways important in protecting the heart from ischemic injury. Cholesterol Regulation of Islet Stimulus-Secretion Coupling: Pancreatic islet beta-cells secrete insulin and play an important role in regulating glycemic homeostasis. We have shown the regulation of beta-cell voltage-gated Ca2+ and K+ channels by SNARE proteins. The direct physical and functional c oupling o f t hese io n c hannels w ith S NARE p roteins su ggest a c lose a ssociation o f t hese io n c hannels w ith insulin se cretory vesicles. O ur la b is n ow e xamining t he r egulation of cellular cholesterol on i on channels a nd S NARE proteins function and their targeting to specialized cholesterol-rich lipid raft domains on beta-cell membranes. This membrane compartmentalization of ion channels and SNARE proteins in lipid rafts appears to be critical for the temporal and spatial coordination of insulin release. SNARE Protein Modulation of Cardiac Ion Channels and ANF Secretion: Gating o f v oltage-gated i on c hannels i s d ependent on f luctuations i n t he t ransmembrane p otential, a nd can b e modulated by auxiliary subunits. SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins mediate the targeting, docking and fusion of intracellular vesicles for the exocytic release of neurotransmitters and hormones. We have demonstrated the interaction of SNARE proteins with ion channels in pancreatic beta-cells. We have now identified the expression of the SNARE proteins in the heart, and functional interaction of the SNARE proteins with cardiac ion channels. Our current studies examine the interaction of SNARE proteins with cardiac voltage-gated ion channels and the role of SNARE proteins in the regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Cell Signaling in Myocardial Ischemic Preconditioning: We are investigating the cellular mechanisms of myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IPC). This is a potent intrinsic p rotective m echanism p roduced b y sh ort p eriods o f is chemic st ress. Numerous cellular m ediators o f IP C h ave been identified; however, the precise cellular mechanism of this response is not fully understood. Our work examines the role of the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta pathway in IPC, and how this pathway regulates mitochondrial function.

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Selected Publications: Yamakawa T, Saith S, Li Y, Gao X, Gaisano HY and Tsushima RG. Interaction of syntaxin 1A with the Nterminus of Kv4.2 modulates channel surface expression and gating. Biochemistry, 46(38):10942-10949.2007. Ban K , C ooper A , S amuel S, B hatti A , P atel M , I zumo S , P enninger J M, B ackx PH, O udit GY, Tsushima RG. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase g amma is a c ritical m ediator o f m yocardial isc hemic a nd a denosine-mediated preconditioning. Circulation Research 103(6):643-653, 2008. Xia F, Xie L, Mihic A, Gao X, Chen Y, Gaisano HY, Tsushima RG. I nhibition o f cholesterol biosynthesis impairs insulin secretion and voltage-gated calcium channel function in pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology 149(10):5136-5145, 2008. Chao CC, Mihic A, Tsushima RG, Gaisano HY. SNARE protein regulation of cardiac potassium channels and atrial natriuretic factor secretion. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2011, in press

Suraj Unniappan

PhD (University of Alberta) Associate Professor of Biology & CIHR New Investigator
Research Overview: The research, training and mentoring efforts at my Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology (supported by the NSERC, CIHR, CFI and Ontario MRI) are mainly focused on studying the neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis in vertebrates. Maintenance of energy balance is important for survival, growth and reproduction of organisms. Peptidyl endocrine, autocrine and paracrine factors play a very important role in the regulation of energy balance in vertebrates. For example, feeding and metabolism are regulated by endocrine produced from the brain, gut, adipocytes and pancreas. Growth is mediated by the hyopthalamo-pituitary-insulin like growth factor axis, while reproduction, by the factors arising primarily from the hyopthalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Several evidences indicate a tight interlinking of the endocrine regulation of metabolism, growth and reproduction. The key question that remains to be investigated is how these three physiological processes are integrated by endocrine factors. During the past five decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the endocrine basis of each of these processes individually. Specific topics I pursue include the evolutionary origins of these peptidyl endocrine factors among vertebrates, the expression pattern of these peptides and its receptors, the biological effects these factors have in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis, and the intracellular signaling mechanisms that mediate the actions of hormones. Another key question of significant interest and novelty is how these peptides interact with other factors in the complex endocrine network to regulate energy homeostasis, growth and reproduction. Using model organisms, mainly fish (funded by the NSERC) and rodents (funded by the CIHR), we use a comparative and integrative approach employing molecular and cellular (gene, protein and signaling molecules), physiological (functional genomics) and pharmacological tools to lead in vitro (tissues, cells), in vivo (whole animal physiology; genetic models), in situ (perfusion) and in silico (genomics, proteomics, microarray) studies. Overall, by conducting parallel studies using fish and rodents, the research in my laboratory will contribute to better our understanding of evolutionary patterns of structure and functions of hormones and their receptors involved in regulating metabolism in vertebrates. In addition, the lessons learned from these studies could turn beneficial in fish culture, to enhance fish growth and reproduction, and in health care, by providing new therapeutic avenues for preventing or treating endocrine diseases related to metabolism (eg. obesity and diabetes). Selected Recent Publications: Gonzalez R, Kerbel B, Chun A, Unniappan S 2010 Molecular, Cellular and Physiological Evidences for the Anorexigenic Actions of Nesfatin-1 in Goldfish. PLoS ONE 5(12): e15201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015201. Unniappan S 2010 Ghrelin: An Emerging Player in the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction in NonMammalian Vertebrates. General and Comparative Endocrinology 167:340-343. Gonzalez R, Unniappan S 2010 Molecular characterization, appetite regulatory effects and feeding related changes of peptide YY in goldfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 166(2): 273-9. Gonzalez R , T iwari A , Unniappan S 2009 Pancreatic b eta c ells c olocalize in sulin a nd p ronesfatin immunoreactivity in rodents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 381(4): 643-8.

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Amole N, U nniappan S 2 009 Fasting i nduces p reproghrelin m RNA e xpression i n t he brain a nd g ut o f z ebrafish,

Danio rerio. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 161(1): 133-7.

Unniappan S, Wi deman RD, Do nald C , Gunn V , W all J L, Z hang Q X, Webber T D, Cheung A T, K ieffer T J 2 009 Treatment of diabetes by transplantation of drug-inducible insulin-producing gut cells. J Mol Med. 87(7): 703-12. Unniappan S, K ieffer T J 2008 L eptin ex tends t he a norectic e ffects o f chronic PYY ( 3-36) a dministration i n a d libitum-fed rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 295: R51-58.

Rodney A. Webb
PhD (Toronto) Professor of Biology Research Areas: Animal Biology/Physiology
Research in m y la boratory h as focused on t he neurobiology o f e nteric ce stodes ( gut-dwelling t apeworms), a nd the cell biology, physiology, and immunology of the host-parasite interface. Our c urrent s tudies a re d irected a t t he h ost-parasite i nterface. We a re d ocumenting t he spatial a nd t emporal response of the host enteric immune system to the presence of varying numbers of Hymenolepis diminuta, to determine how the host responds to infection with tapeworms. Our studies on several cytokines and chemokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, show a characteristic Th2 response of the host to infection. Moreover, observing that the circular muscles of the intestine a re contracted in a h igh in fection w e postulate t hat t he e nteric n ervous s ystem is a ffected i n in fection. Using biochemical and molecular biological approaches, we are documenting the response of the host enteric cholinergic, nitrergic and substance P-ergic nervous system to infection through examination of synthesis of and endogenous levels of neurotransmitters/nNOS a nd i NOS, a nd t he r eceptors to the n eurotransmitters. T hese s tudies s how m arked c hanges i n both the cholinergic, nitrergic and substance P-ergic components of the enteric nervous system resulting from tapeworm infection. The a im o f th ese s tudies i s to b etter u nderstand th e a daptation of t he h ost en teric n ervous s ystem t o en teric parasitism a nd t he h ost-parasite im mune r elationship in o rder t o id entify st rategies t hat u ltimately m ay p rovide f or a rational approach to the effective control of enteric helminths. Webb, RA., Hoque, T. a nd Dimas, S. 2 007 E xpulsion of the gastrointestinal cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta by tolerant rats: evidence for mediation by a Th2 type immune enhanced goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucin production and secretion. Parasite Immunology 29: 1121. Hoque, T., Bhogal, M., and Webb, R. A. Validation of internal controls for gene expression analysis in the intestine of rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology International. 56:325-329 (2007). Bikopoulos, G., Hoque, T., and Webb, R. A. Infection with the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta induces changes in acetylcholine metabolism and muscarinic receptor mRNA expression in the rat jejunum. Parasitology Research 99: 231 237 (2006) McKay, D., a nd Webb, R.A. 2006 Cestode in fection: im munological c onsiderations f rom h ost a nd t apeworm perspectives. In Parasitic Flatworms: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Physiology (eds A.G. Maule and N.J. Marks) CAB International pp.193209. Webb, R. A. 2003 S tudies o n P latyhelminthes; Y esterday, T oday a nd T omorrow. C anadian J ournal o f Z oology 82:161167.

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K. Andrew White

PhD (Western Ontario) Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Virology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Gene expression and RNA structure/function. Overview of Research: The focus of the research in our laboratory is to understand, at molecular and biochemical levels, fundamental processes that occur when RNA viruses infect host cells. We carry out these studies using a pathogenic RNA plant virus called Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). This virus has a messenger-sensed single-stranded RNA g enome t hat is p ackaged in to a 3 0 n m ic osahedral p article. D uring i nfections, TBSV u tilizes b oth viral a nd h ost factors to mediate translation of its viral proteins and replication of its RNA genome. We are interested in determining the molecular mechanisms by which these processes occur. Research Objectives: The 4.8 kb long ssRNA genome of TBSV orchastrates several key viral processes that are of interest to us. These include: (i) 5' cap- & poly(A) tail-independent translation of viral proteins; (ii) replication of the viral RNA g enome; a nd ( iii) t ranscription o f v iral su bgenomic ( sg) m RNAs. R NA se quences a nd st ructures w ithin t he ssR NA TBSV genome, termed riboregulators, are involved in each of these processes. Our research aims to: (a) determine the structure-function relationship of important riboregulators within the genome; (b) identify and characterize viral and host proteins that interact with these riboregulators and: (c) determine the molecular mechanisms by which the riboregulators and protein factors mediate different processes. This research on fundamental steps in the reproductive cycle of this virus will provide a better understanding of the events leading to the initiation and successful establishment of viral infections in host cells. In turn, this information will be useful for the development of effective anti-viral strategies. Nicholson BL, White KA (2008) Context-influenced cap-independent translation of Tombusvirus mRNAs in vitro. Virology 380: 203-212. Fabian MR, White KA (2006) Analysis of a 3-translation enhancer in a Tombusvirus: A dynamic model for RNARNA interactions of mRNA termini. RNA 12: 1304-1314. Wu B, Pogany J, Na H, Nicholson BL, Nagy PD, White KA (2009) A discontinuous RNA platform mediates RNA virus replication: Building an integrated model for RNA-based regulation of viral processes. PLoS Pathogens 5(3): e1000323. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000323. R Wang S, White KA (2007) Riboswitching on RNA virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 10406-10411. Wu B, White KA ( 2007) Uncoupling R NA virus replication from transcription via the polymerase: functional and evolutionary insights. EMBO J. 26: 5120-5130. Lin H-X, White KA (2004) A complex network of RNA-RNA interactions controls subgenomic mRNA transcription in a Tombusvirus. EMBO J. 23: 3365-3374.

Norman D. Yan

PhD (Guelph) Professor of Biology

Research Areas: Ecology and Plankton Population and Community Biology, Limnology, Biological Invasions, Restoration Ecology Canadian ecosystems are currently challenged by many local, r egional and g lobal environmental stressors including the introduction of exotic species, climatic change and environmental calcium decline. My long-term interest is quantifying the effects of these and other man-made stressors on the life in Canadian Shield lakes, particularly on their animal p lankton, o r z ooplankton. Z ooplankton a re g ood t arget o rganisms f or su ch w ork b ecause o f t heir b iodiversity, ecological responsiveness, and e ase o f c ulturing a nd sa mpling. O ver t he y ears I h ave q uantified t he im pacts o f m any different st ressors o n z ooplankton, in cluding a cid r ain, t race m etals, U V radiation, e xcessive n utrient lo ading, p arasites, and vertebrate and invertebrate predators. More recently I have turned my attention to climate change, exotic invaders, and w idespread c alcium d ecline, w hich w e a re t erming aquatic osteoporosis. I h ave a lso b egun t o e xplore b oth t he interactive impacts of these stressors, and the factors that regulate recovery of damaged ecosystems once the stressors are removed. I use a variety of approaches to my research, including whole-lake manipulation experiments, laboratory and field bioassays, some modelling, and large-scale and long-term ecological surveillance. This methodological mix

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reflects m y e njoyment o f collaborative r esearch, a nd m y e mphasis o n so und fieldwork. M y b road r esearch f ocus a lso reflects my desire to provide information of significance to both ecologists and to lake managers. Currently, I have five principal research interests. 1) Because so many of our ecosystems have been historically damaged, I a m a ttempting t o i dentify t he k ey f actors t hat r egulate t he r ecovery o f l akes from h istorical d amage. I am conducting t his research i n a cid a nd m etal d amaged l akes, w ith w ork on s everely d amaged s ystems conducted n ear Sudbury, Ontario. There are many challenging and interesting complexities in the ecological recovery process, and a simple r eturn t o t he p re-damaged st ate sh ould not b e a nticipated. 2 ) I a m a ttempting t o d etermine t he i nfluence o f nonindigenous species the second largest global source of biodiversity loss on Ontario's lakes. Several Eurasian invertebrates have recently invaded the Great Lakes and are now spreading inland. I am quantifying t he effects of one key invader the Eurasian spiny water flea, Bythotrephes on aquatic ecosystem function and aquatic resource quality in Ontarios inland lakes. 3) I am exploring the influence of climatic change on the zooplankton of Shield lakes, working with my provincial government colleagues who have generated some of the finest long-term zooplankton data sets in existence. 4) As ambient lakewater Ca concentrations are currently falling in eastern North American soft-water lakes, my students have b egun a new r esearch p rogram on t he influence o f falling C a co ncentrations on crustacean z ooplankton. Finally, I am exploring the interactive impacts of multiple environmental stresses on Ontario's inland lakes. Much o f m y, a nd m y st udents r esearch is e xecuted in p artnership w ith O ntario g overnment sc ientists a t t heir field la boratories near D orset a nd S udbury, O ntario. These l ocations a re id eal for lim nological r esearch b ecause o f t he number and biogeochemical diversity of nearby lakes and the excellence of the available historical and recent data series. In 2 002 I w as a warded a C FI g rant t o c onstruct a l aboratory d esigned for r esearch o n im pacts o f m ultiple e cological stressors on zooplankton. This facility has been constructed at the Dorset site, and has greatly enhanced our labs research capabilities. A small selection of my recent publications follow. These provide examples, respectively, of my work on the following t opics: t he p ossibilities f or ( 1) a nd conceptualisation of ( 2) r ecovery of b iota f rom hi storical a cidification, ( 3) climatic in fluences o n p rocess o f r ecovery f rom a cidification, ( 4) t he in fluence o f in troduced fish, a nd ( 5,6) in troduced invertebrate predators on aquatic biota, (7,8) the interactions of climate change, acid rain and stratospheric ozone depletion on lakes and their biota, and (9,10) the effects of environmental calcium decline on zooplankton. This applied research is built on a strong foundation of the basic biology of zooplankton, for example, their spatial (11) and temporal (12) variability, their demography (13, and their behaviour (14) (1) Holt, C.A. and N.D. Yan 2003. Recovery of zooplankton communities from acidification in Killarney Park, Ontario, 19722000: pH 6 as a recovery goal. Ambio 32:203207. (2) Yan, N.D., B. Leung, W. Keller, S. E. Arnott, J. M. Gunn, and G.G. Raddum. 2003. Developing a conceptual framework for the recovery of aquatic biota from acidification: a zooplankton example. Ambio 32:162164. (3) Arnott, S.E., N.D. Yan, W. (Bill) Keller and K. Nicholls. 2001. The influence of drought-induced acidification on the recovery of plankton in Swan Lake. Ecol. Applicat. 11:747763. (4) Yan, N.D., A. Prez-Fuentetaja, C.W. Ramcharan, D.J. McQueen, E. Demers and J.A. Rusak. 2001, Changes in the crustacean zooplankton communities of Mouse and Ranger Lakes Part 6 of the Dorset food web piscivore manipulation project. Archiv Hydrobiol, Spec. Issues Advanc. Limnol. 56:127150. (5) Yan, N.D., R. Girard and S. Boudreau. 2002. An introduced invertebrate predator (Bythotrephes) reduces zooplankton species richness. Ecology Letters 5:481485. (6) Boudreau, S.A. and N.D. Yan. 2003. The differing crustacean zooplankton communities of Canadian Shield lakes with and without the nonindigenous zooplanktivore Bythotrephes longimanus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60:1307 1313. (7) Yan, N.D., W. Keller, N.M. Scully, D.R.S. Lean and P.J. Dillon. 1996. Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification. Nature 381:141143. (8) Yan, N.D., K.M. Somers, R.E. Girard, A. Paterson, B. Keller, C. Ramcharan, J. Rusak, R. Ingram, G. Morgan and J. M. Gunn. 2008. Long-term changes in crustacean zooplankton communities of Dorset, Ontario lakes: the probable interactive effects of changes in pH, TP, Dissolved Organic Carbon, and predators. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 65: 862-877. (9) Jeziorski, A., N.D. Yan, A.M. Paterson, A.M. DeSellas, M.A. Turner, D.S. Jeffries, W. (B.) Keller, R.C. Weeber, D.K, McNicol, M.E. Palmer, K. McIver, K. Arseneau, B.K. Ginn, B.F. Cumming, and J.P. Smol. 2008. The widespread threat of calcium decline in fresh waters. Science. 322:1374-1377.

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(10) Ashforth, D. and N.D. Yan. 2008. The interactive effects of falling Ca concentrations and rising temperatures on Daphnia pulex life table parameters at low and high food concentrations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53(2): 420432. (11) Rusak, J.A., N.D. Yan, N.D., K.M. Somers, K. L. Cottingham, F. Micheli, S.R. Carpenter, T.M. Frost, M.J. Paterson, and D.J. McQueen. 2002. Temporal, spatial, and taxonomic patterns of crustacean zooplankton variability in unmanipulated north-temperate lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47:613625. (12) Rusak, J., N.D. Yan, K.M. Somers and D.J. McQueen. 1999. The temporal coherence of zooplankton population abundances in neighbouring north-temperate lakes. Am. Nat. 153:4658. (13) Yan, N.D. A. Blukacz, W.G. Sprules, P. K. Kindy, D. Hackett, R. Girard and B. J. Clark. 2001. Changes in the zooplankton and the phenology of the spiny water flea, Bythotrephes, following its invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:23412350. (14) Young, J.D. and N.D. Yan. 2008. Modification of the diel vertical migration of Bythotrephes longimanus by the cold-water planktivore, Coregonus ardtedi. Freshwater BIOL. 53: 981-995

Amro Zayed

PhD (York) Assistant Professor of Biology

Research areas: genetic diversity, genetic basis of behaviour, evolution of social behaviour We a re g enerally in terested in h ow g enetic d iversity - diversity a t t he lo west f orm o f b iological o rganization - affects individual, population and community level traits at both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Research in m y la b w ill m ostly f ocus o n e xamining t he g enetic b asis o f b ehaviour in t he h ighly so cial a nd e xtremely intriguing societies of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Our goal is to understand both the Hows and Whys of the evolution of social behaviour. Our three-pronged research approach involves: (1) Identifying the causal genes and gene networks affecting behaviour through quantitative genetic analysis of line crosses, global transcriptional profiling, and network analyses. (2) S tudying t he m olecular ev olution o f t he i dentified g ene n etworks t o d etermine t he r elative c ontribution o f s election and drift, and cis- versus trans- regulation, in phenotypic and behavioural evolution. (3) Manipulation of the identified gene networks to examine their effect on individual and colony fitness. In addition to charting the genotype-phenotype map in the honey bee, there are several interesting prospects for testing the hypotheses developed from our honey bee work to the primitively social sweat bees, which we plan on developing genomic resources for. (1) Zayed, A. 2009. Bee genetics and conservation. Apidologie, 40: 237-262. (2) Zayed, A., Whitfield, C.W. 2008. A genome-wide signature of positive selection in ancient and recent invasive expansions of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105:3421-3426. (3) Zayed, A., Constantin, S.A. and Packer, L. 2007. Successful biological invasion despite a severe genetic load. PLoS ONE 2:e868. (4) Zayed, A., and Packer L. 2007. Population genetics of a solitary oligolectic sweat bee, Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) oenotherae (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Heredity, 99: 397-405. (5) Zayed, A. 2006. Characterization of microsatellite loci from the solitary sweat bees Lasioglossum leucozonium and Lasioglossum oenotherae (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, 6: 1154-1156. (6) Zayed, A., a nd P acker, L . 2 005. C omplementary se x d etermination su bstantially in creases e xtinction proneness of haplodiploid populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102:10742-10746. (7) Zayed, A., Packer, L., Grixti, J.C., Ruz, L., Toro, H., and Owen, R. 2005. Increased genetic differentiation in a specialist versus a generalist bee: implications for conservation. Conservation Genetics, 5:1017-1026. (8) Packer, L.*, Zayed, A.*, Grixti, J.C., Ruz, L., Owen, R., Vivallo, F., and Toro, H. 2005. Conservation genetics of potentially endangered mutualisms: reduced levels of genetic variation in specialist versus generalist bees. Conservation Biology. 19:195-202. * L. Packer and A. Zayed contributed equally to this paper.

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(9) Zayed, A. 2004. Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination. Heredity, 93:627-630. (10) Zayed, A., Roubik, D.W., And Packer, L. 2004. Use of diploid male frequency data as an indicator of pollinator decline. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 271, S9-S12. (11) Grixti, J.C., Zayed, A., and Packer, L. 2004. Behavioral interactions among females of Acamptopoeum submetallicum (Spinola) and Nolanomelissa toroi Rozen (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 13:48-56. (12) Zayed, A. and Packer, L. 2002. Genetic differentiation across a behavioural boundary in a primitively eusocial bee, Halictus poeyi Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 49:282-288. (13) Zayed, A. and Packer, L. 2001. High levels of diploid male production in a primitively eusocial bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Heredity, 87:631-636.

Georg Zoidl
PhD Professor

Research areas: Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Visual System, Synaptic Plasticity, Imaging, Transgenic Animals, Electrophysiology Research Topic: Function(s) of electrical synapses in health and disease Electrical synapses (or Gap junctions) comprise channels that allow the direct exchange of small metabolites as well as the transmission of ions for propagating electrical currents. They are formed by two families of proteins, collectively termed connexins (Cx) or pannexins (Panx). The activity of this synapses can be regulated by the molecular composition, transport, at the level of membrane voltage, pH, phosphorylation and biochemical signals. This leaves a rich potential for regulation of junctional conductance, directionality and molecular specificity. Arguably, the potential capability to synchronize, regulate or restrict the flow of information is the most exciting role of gap junctional communication during neural development, in the adult nervous system and under pathological conditions. Historically, the role of electrical synapses was underestimated and all complex and higher brain functions attributed to chemical synapses. This view has changed substantially during the last few years due to novel findings demonstrating that electrical synapses can modulate the synchronization of neuronal activities needed for memory consolidation, thus linking the activity of electrical synapses to higher brain functions. Furthermore, a role in inherited human diseases has been demonstrated and accruing evidence suggest a prominent role in epilepsy, schizophrenia, ischemia and cancer. My group addresses the functional role of electrical communication using the zebrafish visual system and the mouse hippocampus as experimental models for neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity. We start from the molecular characterization of electrical synapse proteins in vitro to the development of animal models for functional analysis in vivo. Electrophysiological tools, high-end multiphoton imaging of the living organisms and/or behavioral tests are used to answer the question of how these communication pathways contribute and interact to form a functional nervous system. In summary, work performed by my group is highly interdisciplinary and open for students with different backgrounds in the Life Sciences, Engineering and Health and a strong interest in biomedical research. Selected publications: Pannexin 1 constitutes the large conductance cation channel of cardiac myocytes. Kienitz MC, Bender K, Dermietzel R, Pott L, Zoidl G J Biol Chem. 2011 Jan 7;286(1):290-8. Epub 2010 Nov 1. Intracellular cysteine 346 is essentially involved in regulating Panx1 channel activity. Bunse S, Schmidt M, Prochnow N, Zoidl G, Dermietzel R. J Biol Chem. 2010 Dec 3;285(49):38444-52. Epub 2010 Sep 9. Proteomic analysis of astroglial connexin43 silencing uncovers a cytoskeletal platform involved in process formation and migration. Olk S, Turchinovich A, Grzendowski M, Sthler K, Meyer HE, Zoidl G, Dermietzel R. Glia. 2010 Mar;58(4):494-505.

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The potassium channel subunit Kvbeta3 interacts with pannexin 1 and attenuates its sensitivity to changes in redox potentials. Bunse S, Locovei S, Schmidt M, Qiu F, Zoidl G, Dahl G, Dermietzel R. FEBS J. 2009 Nov;276(21):625870. Epub 2009 Sep 24. Replacement of a single cysteine in the fourth transmembrane region of zebrafish pannexin1 alters hemichannel gating behavior. Prochnow N, Hoffmann S, Dermietzel R, Zoidl G. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Dec;199(3-4):255-64. Pannexin1 in the outer retina of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Prochnow N, Hoffmann S, Vroman R, Klooster J, Bunse S, Kamermans M, Dermietzel R, Zoidl G. Neuroscience. 2009 Sep 15;162(4):1039-54. Epub 2009 May 3. The neuronal connexin36 interacts with and is phosphorylated by CaMKII in a way similar to CaMKII interaction with glutamate receptors. Alev C, Urschel S, Sonntag S, Zoidl G, Fort AG, Hher T, Matsubara M, Willecke K, Spray DC, Dermietzel R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):20964-9. Epub 2008 Dec 18. Characterization of the internal IRES element of the zebrafish connexin55.5 reveals functional implication of the polypyrimidine tract binding protein. Ul-Hussain M, Dermietzel R, Zoidl G. BMC Mol Biol. 2008 Oct 23;9:92. IRES-mediated translation of the carboxy-terminal domain of the horizontal cell specific connexin Cx55.5 in vivo and in vitro. Ul-Hussain M, Zoidl G, Klooster J, Kamermans M, Dermietzel R. BMC Mol Biol. 2008 May 27;9:52. Molecular diversity of connexin and pannexin genes in the retina of the zebrafish Danio rerio. Zoidl G, Kremer M, Zoidl C, Bunse S, Dermietzel R. Cell Commun Adhes. 2008 May;15(1):169-83. Localization of the pannexin1 protein at postsynaptic sites in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Zoidl G, Petrasch-Parwez E, Ray A, Meier C, Bunse S, Habbes HW, Dahl G, Dermietzel R. Neuroscience. 2007 Apr 25;146(1):9-16. Epub 2007 Mar 26. Retinal horizontal cell-specific promoter activity and protein expression of zebrafish connexin 52.6 and connexin 55.5. Shields CR, Klooster J, Claassen Y, Ul-Hussain M, Zoidl G, Dermietzel R, Kamermans M. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Apr 10;501(5):765-79. Inivited Reviews: Gap junctions in inherited human disease. Zoidl G, Dermietzel R. Pflugers Arch. 2010 Jul;460(2):451-66. Epub 2010 Feb 7. Review. Connexins, cell motility, and the cytoskeleton Olk S, Zoidl G, Dermietzel R. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2009 Nov;66(11):1000-16. Review. On the search for the electrical synapse: a glimpse at the future Zoidl G, Dermietzel R. Cell Tissue Res. 2002 Nov;310(2):137-42. Epub 2002 Sep 28. Review.

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Department of Biology: Faculty Listing

Name Room Bldg. Tel. ext. Email Title
Coe, Imogen 246A FS 77848 coe@yorku.ca Chair, Professor* * For appointments and assistance, contact: Administrative Assistant: Audrey Johnson, Room 247 FS, Tel. (416) 736-5243 McDermott, John 327 FS 30389 jmcderm@yorku.ca Professor, Grad. Prog. Director Wilson, Paula 337 LB 55311 pjwilson@yorku.ca UGPD, Associate Lecturer** ** For appointments and assistance, contact: Undergraduate Program Assistant: Jeffrey Cohen, Room 108 FS, Tel. (416) 736-5311 Anafi, Bayfield, Bazely, Benchimol, Clark, Colman, Crerar, Donaldson, Donini, Forer, Hilliker, Hudak, Kelly, Kelly, Kubiseski, Lakin-Thomas, Lew, Lortie, Loughton, Noel, Packer, Pearlman, Peng, Quinlan, Sapp, Saridakis, Scheid, Sheng, Shore, Steel, Stutchbury, Sweeney, Tsushima, Unniappan Webb, White, Wilson, Yan, Zayed, Zoidl Mordechai Mark Dawn Samuel Julie Brian Michael Logan Andrew Arthur Arthur Katalin Scott Tamara Terry Patricia Roger Christopher Barry Tanya Laurence Ron Chun Roberto Jan Vivian Michael Yi Joel Colin Bridget Gary Robert Suraj Rodney K. Andrew Hugh Norman Amro Georg 018C FS 44670 moanafi@yorku.ca 219B LB 44085 bayfield@yorku.ca 206B LB 20109 dbazely@yorku.ca 243 FS 20726 benchimo@yorku.ca 108C FS 22973 jclarkj@yorku.ca 322A FS 55399 colman@yorku.ca 244 FS 40343 mcrerar@yorku.ca 049 FS 22823 logand@yorku.ca 205B LB 21096 adonini@yorku.ca 317 FS 55398 aforer@yorku.ca 002 FS 77876 hilliker@yorku.ca A304B FS 33470 hudak@yorku.ca 019 FS 77830 spk@yorku.ca 108A FS 22972 tljkelly@yorku.ca 307A FS 40519 tkubises@yorku.ca 005 FS 33461 plakin@yorku.ca 230 FS 66180 planters@yorku.ca 218A LB 20588 lortie@yorku.ca 020B FS 66643 loughton@yorku.ca 108B FS 55311 tnoel@yorku.ca 209B LB 22663 laurencepacker@yorku.ca 242 FS 55241 ronp@yorku.ca 333A FS 40558 cpeng@yorku.ca 211A LB 40076 rquinlan@yorku.ca 306 FS 22442 jsapp@yorku.ca 105A FS 20837 vsaridak@yorku.ca 236A FS 40069 mscheid@yorku.ca 103A FS 20879 yisheng@yorku.ca 204 LB 33492 shore@yorku.ca 010A FS 33437 csteel@yorku.ca 203D LB 66637 bstutch@yorku.ca 110 FS 66635 gsweeney@yorku.ca 344 FS 20996 tsushima@yorku.ca 221 LB 20999 suraju@yorku.ca 319A FS 33187 raw@yorku.ca 304B FS 40890 kawhite@yorku.ca B009 CSEB 33140 hrwilson@yorku.ca 212B LB 22936 nyan@yorku.ca 208 LB 20213 zayed@yorku.ca TBA (Please contact the department for contact details) Assistant Lecturer Assistant Professor Associate Professor (on sabbatical) Professor Assistant Lecturer Professor Emeritus Associate Professor Professor Assistant Professor Professor Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Assistant Lecturer Associate Professor Associate Professor Professor Associate Professor (on sabbatical) Professor Emeritus Associate Lecturer (on sabbatical) Professor University Professor, Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Professor Professor Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Professor (on sabbatical) Professor Professor (on sabbatical) Professor Assistant Professor Professor FS= Farquharson Building LB= Lumbers Building CSEB = Comp.Science & Eng. Building

York University Main Line: 416-736-2100 (for all the above five digit extension numbers)