SUBMITTED T0: SUBMITTED BY: Mrs.

PARUL NISHANT CHATURVEDI (PGT ,COMMERSE) XI- (COMMERSE)

ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE

REGULATO R

This to certify that student AASTHA GUPTA of class XII- (SCIENCE) of PARVATI RADHAKISHEN FOMRA SCHOOL had completed his investigatory project on ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR under my guidance and to my satisfaction .

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TEACHERS SIGNATURE SIGNATURE EXAMINERS

First of all, I would like to thank God who always helped at every step of my project. I would sincerely like to thank Mr.ARUN PANDAYA who has been always there to help me in carrying out this project, acting as the

guiding spirit behind the compiling of this project. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to my Principal Sir, Family, my friends and all the people who have helped me in completing my project.

AIM INTRODUCTION THEORY COMPONENTS USED WORKING

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 2. BASIC ELECTRINICS: D. C. KULSHRESHTHA. 1. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MANUAL: PARSAI 2. A. B. C. OF PHYSICS: XII

The purpose of this project is to show how an NPN transistor works as a current amplifier by controlling a large current (Collector Current) with a small current (Base Current) Build the circuit shown in the circuit diagram, press the push-button then observe & compare the brightness of the base LED (LED1) and the Collector LED (LED2). Transistors are made from semiconducting materials such as Silicon or Germanium. Depending on how the transistor is constructed it becomes an NPN of PNP type.

When the collector of an NPN transistor is positive. The Emitter is negative and the base is slightly positive the transistor is correctly biased (polarized) and there are two currents flowing through the Collector Current (Ic) which is a large current and the base current (Ib), which is a small current as shown in fig. The interesting thing about transistors is that the base current, which is a small current, controls the Collector Current. The larger the base current, the greater the Collector Current and vice versa. This important process of having a small current controlling a large current is known as amplification. Performing the experiment .you

have found that LED2 (Collector LED) was brighter than LEDI (Base LED). This means that the Collector Current is larger than the base current. In this experiments you also found out that if there is no Base Current (Push- button open) there is no Collector Current if there is a base Current (key is pressed) there is a Collector Current. Thus you can conclude that the transistor is working as an amplifier.

RESISTANCES:

22 OHM 22

OHM

TRANSISTOR: LED:

NPN 547 RED RED

BATTERY:

3V

Under the forward bias the (negative) electrons in the emitter (n-region) move towards the base, while the (positive) holes in the base (p-region) move towards the emitter. Since the base is very thin, most of the electrons entering it pass on to the collector, while a very few of them combine with the holes present in the base. As soon as an electron combines with a hole, an electron leaves the negative pole of the battery VEB and enters the emitter through the terminal E. At the same instant, a covalent bond breaks in the base; the electron produced enters the positive pole of the

battery VEB, and the hole produced in the base compensates for the hole lost by combination. Thus, a current flows in the base-emitter circuit. The electrons entering the collector move under its reverse-bias (which aids them) and reach the terminal C. As soon as an electron leaving C enters the positive pole of the battery VCB ,an electron leaves the negative poles of the battery VEB and enters the emitter. Thus , a current flows in the collector- emitter circuit .
It is obvious that the electrons are the charge carriers within the n-p-n transistor as well as in the external circuit. It is obvious that the electrons are the charge carriers within the n-p-n transistor as well as in the external circuit.

Ie =Ib +Ic

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 2. BASIC ELECTRINICS: D. C. KULSHRESHTHA. 3. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MANUAL: PARSAI 4. A. B. C. OF PHYSICS: XII