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OUTLINE
Geopolymers
Structure Reactions Properties
Conclusions
Geopolymers
Geopolymers are cementitious materials that do not require the presence of OPC to harden g g or gain strength. Geopolymers are formed by a 3d network of Si & Al mineral molecules linked through covalent bonds with oxygen molecules. A positive ion must be provided to allow aluminum to become t t b tetravalent. l t
Geopolymers
The source of Si & Al for geopolymers can be any mineral (e.g. metakaolin) or by-product ( g y (e.g. fly ash) ) The positive ion is usually provided by a hydroxide solution of Na or K, etc. Water glass provides the monomers from which the polymeric chains grow. In most cases a slightly elevated temperature i required to ki k is i d kick start the geopolymerization reaction
2010 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Dubai, UAE
Geopolymerization
Geopolymeric reaction occurs can be divided into three steps: 1. 1 Dissolution of species - Si and Al dissolve in the alkaline media providing monomers. 2. Transportation/Initial gelation- Orientation of the th precursors t k place. takes l 3. Condensation/setting- Hydrolyzed aluminate and silicate species policondensate and p p harden.
MIXING
Geopolymer paste can be mixed with the same aggregates used for Portland cement, cement for its use as mortar or concrete.
ACTIVATOR SOLUTION FLY ASH FINE & COARSE AGGREGATES
PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
80 Compressive strength (MPa) e 70 60 50 40
Geopolymer
30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ag e (d ays )
OPC
Typical compressive strength curve of Geopolymer vs. Portland cement. Ob Observe the hi h early strength of geopolymer ( to 12,000 h high l h f l (up psi after 3 day of curing).
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Geopolymer made from class C fly ash
REMAINING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH after sulfuric acid immersion test (pH = 0.6)
120
100
60
40
20
0 0 1 2 4 6 8
WEEK
Geopolymers corrosion resistance to the attack of sulfuric acids is significantly greater than that of Portland cement. It is practically inert to sulfate salts attack.
Sustainability y
POLLUTION AND ECOLLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Actual production of Portland cement p contributes 13.5 billion tons of CO2 per year. Approximately 5% of the total global emission of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Geopolymer made out of waste materials like fly ash not only have a smaller footprint but help reduce the footprint of other industries namely, p plants. coal-fired power p
Sustainability
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Portland cement production requires heating raw materials over 2550 F Fly ash based-geopolymers are a much less energy consuming alternative.
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Sustainability
480 Million Tons of fly ash produced in 2001 World wide utilization ranges 20 to 80%
2010 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Dubai, UAE
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Sustainability
Energy production sources in the U.S. Coal reserves in the U.S.
72 million tons of fly ash produced in 2008 Only 30 million tons were used sending around 42 million tons to the landfills
2010 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Dubai, UAE
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Sustainability y
Monthly Fuel Cost to U.S. Electric Utilities 1995 2009, In 2009 cents per kilowatt-hour
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Sustainability
POTENTIAL RISKS OF FLY ASH STORAGE LAGOONS
In December 2008 a TVAs fly ash storage lagoon ruptured in Kingston, TN 1.1 billion gal. of fly ash slurry were spilled into the Emory and Clinch Rivers 300 acres of the surrounding land were contaminated Estimated clean-up costs: 675 to 975 million
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Carbon Trading
Geopolymer offers the possibility to offset carbon emissions.
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Hydration reactions
Add aggregates
Ordinary concrete fc fr Ec
Fly ash
Geopolymerization reactions
Add aggregates
Geopolymer concrete fc fr Ec
Mostly amorphous
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Hydration reactions
Add aggregates
Ordinary concrete fc fr Ec
Fly ash
Regression Model
Mostly amorphous
Geopolymer concrete
fc fr Ec
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2. Evaluate the mechanical behavior of GPC made from each of the fly ash samples
3 3. Determine the feasibility of establishing a y g regression model to predict GPCs mechanical properties using the characteristics fly ash
2010 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Dubai, UAE
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WELSH PP FLINT CREEK PP NORTHEASTERN STATION U 3&4 OOLOGAH, OK W.A. PARISH PP TOTAL
11,108,556
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56.90 57.90 75.48 79.13 81.07 80.43 81.71 79.04 65.30 83.68 82.28 83.37 83.75 85.29 85.13 55.36 36.63 69.35 63.54 53.88 85.30 60.34 52.84 77.68 22.45 28.07 12.93 7.33 4.81 1.56 1.80 7.17 4.52 5.11 2.49 2.04 0.49 2.28 0.67 0.41 0.86 1.45 0.03 1.22 0.35 0.68 0 68 0.07 0.03 0.38 0.23 0.14 0.05 5.00 9.43 1.86 0.49 0.52 5.48 7.00 2.26 0.28 0.82 1.27 1.09 0.14 0.08 0.21 0.23 0 23 0.05 0.08 5.64 7.27 2.23 0.29 1.13 1.28 0.97 0.16 0.09 0.24 0.22 0 22 0.04 0.06 5.01 6.88 2.18 0.21 0.88 1.37 1.01 0.16 0.09 0.20 0.20 0 20 0.17 0.10 6.90 18.72 7.22 2.23 0.36 1.11 1.27 1.00 0.18 0.10 0.23 0.22 0 22 0.08 0.15 6.93 3.91 0.85 0.71 1.22 0.97 0.21 0.10 0.31 0.30 0 30 0.12 0.49 1.97 6.22 1.08 0.19 0.38 2.63 1.56 0.02 0.16 0.08 0.21 0 21 0.12 1.82 5.73 3.92 0.73 0.34 1.30 1.00 0.80 0.05 0.13 0.06 0.10 0 10 0.09 3.50 5.43 3.73 0.77 0.22 1.47 1.00 0.93 0.04 0.18 0.07 0.10 0 10 0.04 2.69 4.69 3.34 0.75 0.26 1.50 0.95 0.96 0.03 0.18 0.07 0.11 0 11 0.00 3.41 5.18 4.00 0.82 0.28 1.53 1.05 1.00 0.03 0.21 0.07 0.11 0 11 0.00 0.44 5.57 18.46 3.65 0.82 0.18 1.42 1.01 1.01 0.03 0.19 0.06 0.09 0 09 0.01 3.09 1.44 2.77 0.22 3.46 0.91 0.54 0.50 0.17 0.24 0 24 0.12 2.30 4.72 0.74 0.26 0.31 0.93 0.90 0.02 1.01 0.08 0.08 0 08 0.72 4.39 4.64 2.26 4.91 23.53 26.19 1.95 0.63 0.22 2.90 2.63 0.89 0.09 0.01 0.14 0.12 0 12 0.02 0.26 4.99 4.45 0.85 1.47 0.57 1.50 0.02 1.18 0.36 0.62 0 62 0.03 0.11 6.75 6.34 1.36 1.92 0.35 1.50 0.03 1.52 0.33 0.72 0 72 0.01 0.16 9.23 5.61 3.23 0.35 0.50 1.63 1.21 0.06 0.05 0.21 0.21 0 21 0.03 0.04
8.46 17.76 10.59 1.35 0.16 0.63 1.73 1.67 0.04 1.80 0.14 0.13 0 13 0.05 1.23 1.29 1.33 2.19 1.28 0.03 0.62 0.25 0.19 0 19 0.14 1.20 0.20 0.73 1.59 1.03 0.03 0.43 0.14 0.08 0 08 0.16
5.72 27.84
Parameter Min
SiO2+Al2O3 SiO2/Al2O3 CaO 36.63 36 63 1.79 2.26
Max
85.30 85 30 3.19 28.07
Avg
71.15 71 15 2.35 9.78
Sta Div
13.93 13 93 .59 8.24
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Sample
Parameter Min
Amorphous FA Amorphous GP 27.9 55.3
Max
75.1 86.8
Avg
62.41 74.44
Std Dev
12.46 8.3
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90
MO DH
80
70
DH5 ML OH
60
SJ1 SJ2
% Passing
50
40
NH2 GC PK
30
CC SM
20
SE FC NE
10
BY2 WA
TN TNRB
Size (m)
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Particle M h l P i l Morphology
Fly Ash Before Activation Fly Ash After Activation (Geopolymer)
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The ACI equation: was design for normal weight concrete (2300 kg/m3)while the GPC samples ranged from 1890 to 2371 kg/m3 Therefore the density was included in the regression model: Compared to ACI equation:
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Stepwise regression
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Model Adequacy
Sample
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Conclusions
Geopolymer concrete possesses a very similar mechanical behavior to that of ordinary Portland cement concrete. Si il or i some cases the same equations given Similar in h i i in the ACI building code can be used for the design of GPC structures. A model t predict th mechanical properties of d l to di t the h i l ti f GPC based on characteristics inherent to the fly ash is put forward. The model is based on the fly ash variables: SiO2, CaO, Loss on ignition, fineness & SSA
2010 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Dubai, UAE
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