L ecture 4 Basic Concepts A bout M atter (continued)

Covered in Chapter 4 Sections 4.3-4.13 Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical Changes Classification of Matter Mixtures and Pure Substances The Elements Molecules Chemical Formula DaltonsAtomicTheory
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Fromlastday
Physical properties: - properties that can be observed without the substance changing into another substance(s) ex: texture, colour, boiling point Chemical properties : - properties that a substance exhibits when it undergoes a change in chemical composition, or as it resists a change in chemical composition ex: iron rusts (is oxidized) but gold does not rust Physical Change: - process that occurs with no change in the chemical composition of the matter ex: - changes in physical state: ice melts to liquid water - change in size or shape Chemical Change: - process that involves a change in chemical composition (a chemical reaction) - always produces at least one new substance ex:woodburnstoproducewater,carbondioxide,carbon. 2

C lassification of M atter

Mtte a r

M tu s ix re

P reS b ta c s u u s ne

H te g n o s H mg n o s e ro e e u o oeeu M tu s ix re M tu s ix re

C mo n s o pud

E mn le e ts

C lassification of M atter:
Pure Substance: - single kind of matter - definite and constant composition - identical composition and properties throughout sample Mixture: - physical combination of two or more pure substances - varied properties - composition may vary from sample to sample - chemical identity of the individual components is maintained - often mixtures can be separated into pure substances by physical means
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T ypes of M ixtures
Homogeneous mixture - has uniform appearance with only one phase (part) - uniform properties in a sample - same composition in a sample ex.

H eterogeneous mixture - has non-uniform appearance - two or more phases (with same or different physical states) - each phase has different properties ex.
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Phases in a H eterogeneous M ixture

In a system of two or more phases, each phase is a visibly different part which has different properties The variation in properties may be : - different physical properties in each phase ex.

different physical and chemical properties ex.

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M ixtures - Physical Separation Techniques

Laboratory filtration to separate a solid/liquid heterogeneous mixture

Laboratory distillation of a homogeneous mixture of liquids with different boiling points

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T ypes of Pure Substances:

E lement - cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means* - the atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element. Compound: - can be broken down by chemical means into two or more simpler substances - ultimately broken down to elements - a compound is not a mixture *chemical means-

W riting C hemical Formulas for Pure Substances

Like alphabet letters the chemical symbols for the elements can be put together to form words (chemical formulas) and then sentences (chemical equations) C hemical Formula - chemical symbol representation of the composition of a pure substance - gives the relative numbers and types of atoms or ions in the basic structural unit of the substance ex.

T he Structural Units of Pure Substances

1) Combinations of Neutral A toms atoms are the building blocks of matter a) E lements

- composed of only one kind of atom - in solid and liquid the element exists as an extended array of individual atoms
- simply represented by the element symbol ex.
A tomic solid

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Structural Units of Pure Substances

b) Molecules: - group of two or more atoms tightly bound together that function as a unit - each molecule behaves as an individual unit or particle - element symbol(s) plus numerical subscript denotes the number of atoms present in one molecular unit (i) E lemental Molecules ( molecules) - all atoms in the molecule are the same; a small number of elements exist as molecules

- there are 9 homoatomic molecular elements

ex.
7 diatomic elements

(know these)
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Structural Units of Pure Substances

(ii) Compounds ( ex. molecules)

- more than one type of atom in the molecule

-formula does not give any information about how the atoms are arranged or anything about the shape of the molecule
O C O

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Structural Units of Pure Substances

2) Combination of ions: Ionic Compounds Ion: an atom or group of atoms that have a positive charge ( ) or negative charge (

- monoatomic ions ex. monoatomic

monoatomic

- polyatomic ions act as a single unit ex. polyatomic ion: hydroxide ion ammonium ion
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- ionic compounds are pure substances that form from combinations of anions and cations to give neutral species - chemical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of cations to anions (cation comes first) - charges must balance to give a neutral species - numerical subscript gives the relative number of ions Combination of simple ions: Na+ and Cl give Mg2+ and Clgive

Combination of simple ions and polyatomic ions: Na+ and SO42- give Ca2+ and PO43- give
Combination of polyatomic anions and cations NH4+ and NO3give
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Physical State of the E lements at Room Temperature G aseous (g) L iquid (l) Solid (s)

In principle all matter can ultimately be broken down into one or more of over 118 different elements represented by chemical symbols (88 of which occur naturally) Most elements are reactive; they tend to exist as compounds ex. metal oxides (ores) Some are found in pure form in nature: Noble Metals inert (unreactive), very stable ex. Noble (Inert) Gases ex.

Air ex.

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A Summary of the C lassification of M atter

Mtte a r

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M tu s ix re

P reS b ta c s u u s ne

H te g n o s H mg n o s e ro e e u o oeeu M tu s ix re M tu s ix re

C mo n s o pud

E mn le e ts

H eteroatomic Ionic molecules compounds

Aggregate of like atoms

Homoatomic molecules

H2O C O2 N O2

Na C l C a F2 (N H 4)2 C O 3

Cu Au Ag

O2 F2 N2

A toms
The atom is the smallest repeating unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

How do we know this?

What are atoms made of?

What makes an atom of hydrogen different from an atom of iron?

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A tomic T heory: John Dalton

(19th century)

Dalton based his atomic theory on both his own observations in meteorology and the work of several other scientists such as Joseph Proust: T he L aw of Definite Proportions (Proust 1799) - any sample of a given compound always contains the same proportion by mass of its constituent elements ex. - Dalton interpreted this as evidence for the existence of a fundamental particle of oxygen which differed from the fundamental particle of hydrogen

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DaltonsAtomicTheory(originalversionearly1800s)
(A tomic T heory of M atter)
All matter is made up of small, neutral particles called atoms. There are 118+, different types of atoms each one a different element. All atoms of a given element are identical to one another (original version). All atoms of a given element are similar to one another (modern version). Atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element. Atoms of one element combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. During a chemical reaction, changes occur only in the way atoms are grouped together ie.
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A Prediction based on the A tomic T heory:

Atoms of a given pair of elements could combine in different proportions and produce different compounds. ex. N nitrogen and O oxygen

1:1
1:2

NO

nitrogen monoxide,

NO2 nitrogen dioxide,

2:1

N2O dinitrogen monoxide,

Three different pure substances (compounds) each with its own distinct set of chemical and physical properties but made up from the same two elements. 20

For next day Read Chapter 5 Sections 5.1 - 5.5 (not responsible for Sections 5.6-5.13) Read Chapter 6 Sections 6.1-6.2

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