Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Submitted To:Dr. Pramod Paliwal Submitted By:Saurabh Dubey (20091046) School of Petroleum Management, Gandhinagar
Acknowledgement
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Pramod Paliwal, School of Petroleum Management, for his timely help, teaching and support throughout the project work. I am also grateful to Mr. Amit Singh, Assistant Manager, Mahanagar Gas Ltd., Mumbai for his extended support required for the project work. Last but not the least; I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all my friends and library staff for providing me all the available resources which has contributed in this project. Without help of the persons mentioned above, I would have faced many difficulties while completing this project.
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Executive Summary
City gas distribution has emerged as an area of rapid growth in the oil and gas industry. CGD has spread to 36 geographical areas the petroleum and natural gas regulatory board decided to
call for CGD bids for geographical areas rather than cities or towns. The geographical areas are not restricted to municipal limits and have been demarcated so as to include a mix of industrial, commercial and domestic user base. The initial growth of CGD had driven largely by orders from the Supreme Court to control environmental pollution. The current growth, however, is being driven by the commercial attractiveness of it. This report broadly covers all the important aspects of CGD business as such overview of CGD business, infrastructure, gas transportation, supply chain management, project management, market development, customer service issues, commercial issues, regulatory framework, QHSE aspects and international perspectives. The multiple uses of natural gas in the domestic sector and transportation are being recognized by the country at large. Coupled with greater availability of natural gas and the presence of several players willing to invest in CGD, the segment is poised to see explosive growth.
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Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 Natural Gas Facts ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 6 Natural Gas Applications ...................................................................................................................... 8 Domestic Production ........................................................................................................................... 9 LNG Terminals ................................................................................................................................... 10 Overview of CGD business in India ......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 11 CGD Basics ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Evolution ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Profile of Major Players...................................................................................................................... 14 CGD Infrastructure................................................................................................................................. 16 Gas Transmission & Distribution System ............................................................................................ 16 Value Chain of CGD ............................................................................................................................ 18 Pipeline Companies ........................................................................................................................... 23 Regulatory aspects in laying pipelines ................................................................................................ 23 Natural Gas Transportation Networks in India ....................................................................................... 24 Supply Chain in CGD .............................................................................................................................. 27 Project Management aspects of CGD network ....................................................................................... 29 Project Management Activities .......................................................................................................... 29 Factors affecting the supply chain business ........................................................................................ 32 Risk Management .............................................................................................................................. 33 Market Development for CGD Business ................................................................................................. 34 Benefits of Market Development for Stakeholders ............................................................................. 35
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Customer Service issues in CGD business ............................................................................................... 36 Issues in Customer Service ................................................................................................................. 36 Industrial Customers .......................................................................................................................... 36 Domestic Customers: ......................................................................................................................... 37 CNG ................................................................................................................................................... 37 Major Commercial Issues ....................................................................................................................... 38 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 38 Commercial Activities & Issues in City Gas Distribution ...................................................................... 38 QHSE in CGD .......................................................................................................................................... 39 Transmission Network ....................................................................................................................... 39 Distribution network .......................................................................................................................... 39 CNG ................................................................................................................................................... 40 CGD Regulation ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Role of PNGRB ................................................................................................................................... 43 Regulations for Access Code .............................................................................................................. 44 Regulations for Exclusivity.................................................................................................................. 45 Marketing Exclusivity ..................................................................................................................... 45 Infrastructure Exclusivity ................................................................................................................ 45 Need of Regulations........................................................................................................................... 46 Challenges and hurdles ...................................................................................................................... 47 International Perspective .48
United States ..................................................................................................................................... 48 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................................. 49 Australia ............................................................................................................................................ 49 China ................................................................................................................................................. 50 Future Outlook ...................................................................................................................................... 51 References............................................................................................................................................. 52
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Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all material other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur and sometimes helium and nitrogen as shown in exhibit 2.
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Associated Gas Comes out along with Crude Oil from the well
Rich Gas Contains Higher Hydrocarbons like Propane, Butane, Propylene, Butane etc.
Different Forms of Natural Gas. PNG CNG-NG compressed up to 250 Bars for cylinders LNG-NG liquefied at -1620C for tankers
Typical Composition Methane (CH4): 70-98 % Higher Hydrocarbons : 5 -15% Non Combustibles (N2, CO2 etc): 1-5%
The demand for natural gas and to generate electricity has risen steadily. In fact, natural gas is projected to be the fastest growing primary energy source in the world through 2025. Much of the supply and production lies in natural gas hydrates around the world. These hydrates hold great promise, due to their abundance, but more research is required to develop this source to its potential. The lifecycle of natural gas is shown in exhibit 3.
Exhibit 3: Natural Gas lifecycle
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Domestic Production
India has natural gas recoverable reserves of 1074 BC. Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic metres during 2008-09. Exhibit 4: Domestic production details Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Production (Bcm) 31.24 30.8 31.5 31.7 47.7 % growth 1.6 -1.6 2.3 0.9 50
The scenario has changed drastically with the production from RIL KG D6 coming online since April 2009. It is currently producing 60 mmscmd and is expected to increase to 80 mmscmd in the near future. Efficiency measures to increase production from existing fields have resulted in somewhat better than earlier predicted production. ONGC and OIL accounted for 75 percent of the natural gas supplied in the country until 2008-2009. The share of private players and JVs was about 25 percent of the gas supplied during the same period. Key private players in the gas production business include Cairn, British Gas and GSPC. In 2009-2010, RIL emerged as the largest producer of gas in the country. Soon GSPC is also expected to supply 2 mmscmd from KG basin block starting 2011. ONGC also expects to supply 25 mmscmd from its KG basin block by 2013. The below diagram shows the current level of production from various fields and expected scenario of production from various fields in five years to come.
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LNG Terminals
The LNG imports in India in 2008-09 were estimated at 30 mmscmd. This constituted about 29 percent of total natural gas supply total capacity of 12.5 MTPA in India in 2008-09. Out of total LNG imports, 63 percent was imported on firm contract basis while 37 percent was imported on the spot basis. The historic demand-supply gap of natural gas has provided an impetus in setting up LNG terminals. Currently India has operational terminals one at Dahej and other at Hazira both are located in Hazira. PLL Dahej has a name plate capacity of 10 mmtpa Exhibit 5: LNG infrastructure
(MTPA) Petro net LNG Dahej Petro net LNG - Kochi Existing Capacity 10 Nil 2.5 in phase 1 to be increased to 5 Shell - Hazira 3.75 ( Nameplate capacity is 5) Adani and GSPC - Mundra IOCL-Enore Ratnagiri Gas and Power Nil Nil Nil 6 2.5 5 2014 2014 2012 5 2014 Beyond 2012 Expansion Commissioning by
Besides the existing terminal at Dahej and Hazira few other LNG terminals with the combined capacity of 21 MTPA are expected to come before 2015
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Even though the current share of CGD within the overall natural gas consumption pie is only 7 per cent, it is worth noting that this has been achieved in the past five years itself. Increasing demand from commercial and small industrial customers within the city limits, in addition to the automotive and residential demand, are the key drivers of growth in this segment. Much of the demand in future will continue to be as a result of customers finding natural gas to be more competitive than other fuels coupled with ease of handling and lower pollution. On the supply side expectation of large volumes of gas being made available within the next few years, though both new domestic finds and imports, has created greater compulsions for developing the CGD market.
CGD Basics
As the name suggests, CGD is the last component of the natural gas value chain delivering natural gas to end users in towns and cities. While large customers such as the power and fertilizer industry receive natural gas directly through the high pressure interstate transmission pipelines, CGD is provided through the network of medium to low pressure distribution pipelines by a local distribution company. The tap off point from where the city distribution network takes its supply from the transmission system for the city distribution system is referred to as the city gate.
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CGD involves movement of small volumes of gas through small diameter, low pressure pipelines to a large number of retail customers. Typically, the network comprises compressed natural gas (CNG) dispensing stations throughout the network that supplies natural gas for automotive use, and a piped natural gas network that provides natural gas as a fuel for citybased commercial/industrial/domestic purposes. Since natural gas is odorless and colorless, Mercaptan is added to it and when it enters the CGD network, which gives it a typical smell of rotten eggs to ease leak detections.
Evolution
CGD is not a new business for India. A review of its history reveals that the gas retail business in the country started as early as 1880 by the Calcutta Gas Company, which is operating even today. The company runs on coal gas and faces losses. The other CGD operator, which has now gone out of business, was the Bombay Gas Company that started way back in 1900 and went out of business during the 1960s.
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The Delhi Municipal Corporation operated a gas distribution system in Okhla with biogas, which worked for a long time. The system has now been converted to natural gas. Some of the smaller initiatives in city gas include the networks in ONGC townships in Mehsana, Hazira, etc. Another such social initiative was by Assam Gas in Duliajan. The big impetus for the CGD network came in the 1998 when the Supreme Court issued orders to convert all public transport vehicles plying in Delhi to CNG in response to a public interest litigation on account of rising air pollution in Delhi. This was followed by a similar initiative in Mumbai. Thereafter, it rolled into other cities like Agra, Lucknow, Pune, etc, in 2002, and further to Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc, in 2003. The Gujarat Gas Company Limited started with a few CNG stations in Surat and Ankleshwar. Adani came in this business in 2002 and GSPC Gas is the latest entrant in this sector. Exhibit 6: Evolution of CGD business Year
1880 1900 1972 Calcutta Mumbai Vadodara
City
Company
Calcutta Gas Company Bombay Gas Company Vadodara Municipal Corporation
1980 1982 1985 1986 1989-91 1994 1995 2004 2005 2006 2006-07
Delhi ONGC colony Mehsana Duliajan Sibsagar Surat, Ankleshwar, Bharuch Mumbai Delhi Vadodara, Ahmedabad Hyderabad Kanpur, Lucknow Gandhinagar, Kadi, Vapi, Mehsana, Rajkot, Morbi
Delhi Municipal Corporation ONGC Assam gas company Assam gas company Gujarat Gas Company Ltd. Mahanagar Gas ltd. Indraprastha Gas Adani Bhagyanagar gas CUGL & GGL GSPC/ SGL
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1. 2. 1. 2.
Page 14
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
MNGCL TNGCL BGL Sabarmati GAIL HPCL Charotar Gas VMSS Adani energy
3. Bharooch 1. Pune, chinchwad 1. Agartala 1. VIjaywada 2. Hyderabad 1. Gandhinagar (1) 2. Mehsana 1. Vadodara (1) 1. Ahmedabad (1) 1. Anand 1. Vadodara 1. Ahmedabad (2) 2. Faridabad (2)
1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 8
1. Kakinada
16
GSPC Gas
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4.
17 18 19
Gandhinagar (2) Godhara Hazira Valsad, Vapi, Navsari Rajkot Morbi Surender Nagar Nadiad Moradabad Gurgaon (2)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2.
Khurja Lucknow (2) Vadodara (3) Noida (2) Jaipur Udaipur Bhavnagar Bhuj
10
1. Bhivandi 2. Jhajhar
1 3 4
20 21 22
Duliajan Dilbrugarh Sibsagar Moran, Naharkatia 1. Asansol 2. Durgapur 1. Kolkata 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 41 dewas kota Sonepat Meerut Mathura 20
2 1 4
23
1 61
CGD Infrastructure
Gas Transmission & Distribution System
The natural gas that is received at the City Gate Stations is mostly passed through a cleaner to remove liquids and dust. The primary function of the city gate station is to measure the amount (volume) of incoming gas. It is generally measured through orifice meters. Another function is to reduce the pressure of the gas to be sent for distribution, as the distribution system requires much lesser pressure than that in long distance transmission. Mechanical devices called pressure regulators lower the gas pressure and helps to control the flow rate to maintain desired pressure level throughout the distribution system. With the reduction in pressure, the natural gas also becomes cooler, so sometimes it has to be heated up in regions where the temperature is below zero degree. Last but not the least, at the City Gate station, the odorization of the natural gas takes place. Different types of odorants are used, so that the smell makes the presence of the escaping, unburnt gas recognizable at very low
concentrations. This serves as a warning well before the gas accumulates to hazardous levels; a mixture of air and natural gas are explosive over the range of 5% to 15% natural gas. To ensure safety, odorized natural gas is detectable at concentration of just 1%. The piping system also forms a major part in City Gas Distribution. Mainly there are 4 types of piping systems other than supply mains:a) Feeder mains transport gas from the pressure regulator or supply main to the distribution mains. Feeder mains might also have some lines connected to large industrial users. b) Distribution mains supply gas primarily to residential, commercial, and smaller industrial consumers. c) Service lines deliver gas from the distribution main in the street to the consumer s meter. Service lines are usually the property and responsibility of the utility. However, some utilities own only the portion of the service lines in the public domain. d) Fuel lines are customer piping beyond the meter to various appliances. These lines are the property and responsibility of the building owner.
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District Regulation Station are installed where the distribution is to be done like in the industrial area and commercial segment. Gas to the various consumers is transferred after being maintained at a pressure of about 4-5 bar. Then the gas is transmitted to Single Stream Regulator (SR) through 4 bar medium pressure PE pipelines. SR further reduces the pressure from 4bar to 100 mbar. From SR the gas is supplied through a 100 mbar low pressure PE pipeline to a G.I. Riser Isolation wall. From this valve the gas is carried through a G.I. (Galvanized Iron) 100 mbar pipelines to end user as shown in exhibit 9. The control valve is placed at the height of 5 ft which controls the flow and School of Petroleum Management 18 City Gas Distribution then a regulator are installed which brings down the pressure to 21 mbar for basic home users. A meter is installed which tells the amount of gas being used depending on which they are charged. Exhibit 8: Gas transmission & distribution system
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Exhibit 9: Details of pressure regimes Tap off point (from trunk line 30-90 bar)
Trasmission line (CS) CGS (CS : 38 bar to 19 bar ) Basic Steel Grid (CS: 19 bar; 4 to 12 inch) DRS (inlet - 19 bar CS, outlet - 4 bar PE) Distribution Network (0.5 to 4 inch; PE) Service Regulator (inlet 4 bar, outlet 110 mbar) Riser (GI Pipes) Meter control valve (110 to 21mbar) - now Cu pipe
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City gate station At city gas or town border station transmission lines delivers the natural gas to local distribution stations. At the point pressure regulators reduce pressure down to those allowed in the distribution system also there are metering facilities, quality monitors, and odorization facilities. Sometimes heaters are required to warm the gas that cools as a result of pressure reduction at the station.
The main components of the CGS are y y y y Pressure Reduction System (PRS) Slam Shut Valve(SSV) Filtering Unit: To remove the impurities & small particles to maintain gas efficiency. Piping with metering equipments (mainly orifice meters).
The pressure at which the gas delivers to CGS is 37-90 bar. CGS reduces the pressure to approx 27 bar through the stepwise pressure reduction system.
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The various skids in the City Gas Station includes, a) Gas filtration skid. b) Pressure reduction skid. c) Flow metering skid. Gas filtration skid The skid has been designed in such a way as to accept a single stream only. High efficiency filter separators are used for the removal of liquid and solid particles from the incoming gas stream over the entire operating range. The gas outlet from the processing industry is cautiously maintained at free of impurities, the filtration skid ensures the pure gas distributed to the line. The filter is normally designed to withstand a pressure in the range of 30 49 bar. Pressure reduction skid The pressure reduction skid is installed to reduce the pressure of the incoming gas from the source from the pressure of 37 bar to 27 bar. Mainly creep relief valve is being installed in this skid which maintains the downstream pressure. Flow metering skid Flow meters are installed to for a single stream. The normal flow meters used in the CGS is orifice plates. Orifice flow meters find its use as a large pressure drop is required. The various parameters such as temperature in the various sections of the line pressure at the inlet & outlet joints, flow inlet & outlet are controlled by the SCADA systems in the control room. District Regulation Station (DRS) DRS is a device used to reduce the pressure from 27 bar to 4 bar. It is the interface between the steel grid network & the medium pressure network. The location the DRS mainly depends on the requirements of the area i.e., the type of customers to the company. Example, Group of small industries in an area and areal extent to domestic area
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The various components in the DRS include the following, y y y Slam shut valves for controlling the flow. Filtering skid. Pressure reduction skid.
The inlet to the DRS is from the steel line and the outlet is also the steel line, where it s joined to the PE line using the Steel PE convertor. These Stations are smaller version of CGS They take gas from Steel Network and reduce the pressure to 4 Bar. They supply the gas into a Polyethylene pipeline network Odorizing unit Odorizing unit is highly essential to ensure the safe distribution of the both CNG and PNG. The odorants mainly include the mercaptans. These odorant in injected in to the natural gas to detect leaks if any. The odorant used is Ethyl Mercaptan.
Metering system Pipeline customers demand to know they receive the same amount of oil or gas they put in. pipeline companies generally use direct volume meters or inference meters. Some types are as follows (1) Positive displacement meters (2) Turbine meters (3) Orifice meters (4) Ultrasonic meters (5) Coriolis meters
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Mother stations are connected to the pipeline & have high compression capacity. These stations supply CNG to both vehicles & daughter stations (through mobile cascades). The Mother station requires heavy investment towards compressor, dispensers, cascades, pipelines, tubing etc. Online Station CNG vehicles storage cylinders need to be filled at a pressure of 200 bars. On line Stations are equipped with a compressor of relatively small capacity, which compresses low pressure pipelines gas to the pressure of 250 bar for dispensing CNG to the vehicle cylinder. The investment in an online station is midway between daughter station & mother station. Daughter Station The Daughter Stations dispense CNG using mobile cascades. These mobile cascades at daughter stations are replaces when pressure falls & a depleted mobile cascade is refilled at the Mother Station . The investment in a daughter station is least among all types of CNG stations. There is reduction in storage pressure at daughter stations with each successive filing. Once the storage pressure drops, the refuelling time increases, while the quantity of CNG dispensed to vehicle also decreases.
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Daughter-Booster Station
Installing a booster compressor can eliminate drawbacks of daughter stations. Daughter booster (compressor) is designed to take variable suction pressure & discharge at constant pressure of 200 bars to the vehicles being filled with CNG. The investment in daughter booster station is slightly higher than that of daughter station.
Pipeline Companies
The major pipeline manufacturing companies in India involved in manufacturing of pipes and tubes are L&T, Punj Lloyd and PSL. PSL claims to be the largest manufacturer of SAW (Submerged Arc Welded) technology and has been the biggest supplier of GSPL. Similarly pipeline material of various thickness and tensile strength are manufactured by Punj Lloyd as well as L&T.
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should be nearer to 22000 kms. It is an ambitious task which is being met with all due diligence. The key players who will be playing a major role in the coming three years are y y y GAIL RGTIL GSPL
The gas transmission domain in India has been dominated by the GAIL India Limited. It operates the Hazira Vijaipur Jagdishpur (HVJ), Dadri Vijaipur Pipeline (total 3452 Km long), and a few
other pipelines, connecting the LNG terminal at Dahej to Vijaipur and Uran and the power plant at Dabhol to Panvel as shown in exhibit 11. With the recent domestic gas finds KG basin off the East coast of India the transmission of gas to the demand centres based in the west and north of the country has assumed greater importance. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure Limited (RGTIL) has implemented the 1385 Km East West Gas Pipeline to carry 80 mmscmd (million standard cubic metres per day ) of natural gas from Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh to Bharuch in Gujarat and traverses through the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra and it has further planned to construct four new cross country pipelines. Gujarat state Petronet Ltd. ( GSPL),a GSPC group company involved in gas transmission arm also has an extensive network of around 2400 Km in Gujarat. The existing Pipeline capacity of 220 mmscmd is expected to increase to 660 mmscmd in the medium term. This expansion in infrastructure would lead to better gas availability, better tapping of demand and thus increase the natural gas demand.
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The partners of supply chain in CGD business is shown in Exhibit 13. Exhibit 13: Supply chain partners
Gas Producer s
Customers
Business Partners
Transporter
LNG Plants
CGD Entitites
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It also includes financial operators and feasibility experts examining the viability of projects both financially and operationally, gas distribution consultants and project designers/engineers suggesting the best possible design, regulators and authorities regulating the business standards and finally the gas suppliers who provide the gas for city wide distribution as shown in Exhibit 14.
Exhibit 14: Details of the various partners
Issues related to the supply chain in CGD business: y y y y y y y y Congested city areas Safe operation Leak detection Pigging Pressure variation base checking Corrosion Shortage of skilled staff Third party risk
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RFP Document Preparation Once survey and RoU process has been initiated, the process of basic engineering and RFP document preparation can be started. It is mainly having two parts:-
Commercial Part: It consists of commercial terms and conditions like Payment Terms, Time Schedule, Liquidated Damages, Guarantees and Insurances etc
Technical Part: It mainly consists of Scope of Work of the contractor, Design Basis, Specifications of various items, Construction specifications, Basic Drawings (P&ID s, Alignment &Cross Section dwgs, Single Line Diagrams), Survey reports, Soil Investigation Reports etc.
Pre-Qualification Process The process starts during the RFP document preparation. It depends upon the length and size of pipeline project to be undertaken, a Pre-Qualification criterion is set for contractors. Past EPC infrastructure projects of certain value executed by the contractor is also set as a criterion. Based on above Pre-Qualification documents are invited from parties. documents, the list of qualified parties is finalized. After scrutiny of
Bidding Process The qualified bidders get the order after the finalizing of the RFP document. Also a pre-bid meeting is held in which any queries with respect to the RFP document which the bidders may have can be answered. After the pre-bid meeting and answering of bidder queries, technical bids are invited first. The technical bids are reviewed for compliance with all tender conditions and whether the bidders have agreed to provide the system asked for. Subsequently, price bids are invited only from the technically qualified bidders. The price bids are opened and the job is awarded to the lowest bidder.
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Project Execution The phases for the project completion are as follows: Engineering Procurement Construction Commissioning The following parties are mainly involved in the project implementation: Client EPC Contractor Project Management Consultant Third party inspection agency
Preparation of Base map of the city from satellite imagery Preliminary Reconnaissance survey Assessment of Consumer requirement Detailed Engineering Pipeline Route Survey & Geo-technical Investigation Obtaining Statutory Clearances Investigations for City Gate Station (CGS)/ CNG Station Acquisition of Land for City Gate Station EIA/EMP Study, Risk Assessment and Disaster Management EPC Contract
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Risk Management
Type of Risk Technological Details No such Criteria but Pre-qualification required for bidding. The 10% Security deposit is deducted from each installment of the payment. It is returned after testing of the work. LSTK EPC Contract Liquidated Damages of 0.75% of the Contract Price per week for the first four weeks of delay and 1.5% of the Contract Price per week thereafter, subject to maximum of 10%. Approval & ROU (Rights of Use) sought from the authorities in the Feasibility stage Supply Side: Long term gas supply from PLL & Niko Demand Side: Hugh demand at Rajkot-Morbi (Ceramic & Automobile Industries) N.A. Project Insurance of 5% of Project Cost
The important points related to the risk management are: y y Higher Political & social risks in CGD projects lead to more complex project financing. Project financing in India made mandatory for the projects commissioned after April, 2006. However, the social and political risks perceived are not high and hence all-debt financing is also witnessed. y In India, the project takes more time in construction & procurement in comparison with its foreign counter-parts. The international project spends more time on basic & detail engineering of the project. y The above inference can be extrapolated to the fact that the material imported in Indian projects stretches the procurement part.
y
In Indian scenario the pipeline cost that includes materials and etc was 45.33% higher than the cost in international scenario in the same timeframe. This could be because of project duration, type of technology used, length of pipeline been laid down, etc.
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interference/facilitation.
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It is necessary that the Central and State taxes on commercial energy supplies are rationalized to yield optimal fuel choices and investment decisions. Relative prices of fuels may be artificial (and not necessarily based on the principle of sound economics) if taxes, levies, surcharges, and subsidies are not comparable across fuels. As per international practices, this equivalence should be based on calorific value of fuels say, for example, British thermal unit (Btu). In other words, they should be such that producer and consumer choices regarding fuel and technological usage are independent of taxes, levies, and subsidies, etc.
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Domestic Customers: Delay in Registration: There is a long delay since registration is done and gas reaches at home. Though the condition has improved now, still in some cases customers had to wait for almost 2 years after applying. Billing Problems: Still there is no efficient billing system for domestic customers. Though rules have already been passed by PNGRB for billing, yet there is still large scope for improvement. Long Pay-Back Period: Most of the companies charge around 5 to 10 thousand as installation charges, which is quite high as compared to that of LPG. And if it is a temporary residence then the money is even not refunded quickly at the time of submission of connection. CNG Long time for queuing : As the number of CNG vehicles have reached nearly .5 million and the number of CNG filling stations are still low as compared to the amount of vehicles in a city, there is a long queue at the stations and it creates a lot of problem. Pressure Drop: Drop in supply pressure affects filing time
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y y y y y y y y
Gas Sourcing Long term and Short term Industrial and Commercial Gas Marketing Pricing of Gas Business Development Activities Strategic planning and business planning Regulatory Compliance Gas Supply Management Government Liasoning
The main issues are related with the operating business smoothly and strategic planning for future for expansion of business need to be addresses effectively on time.
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QHSE in CGD
The primary concerns with respect to gas distribution are the safety and security of the pipeline network. The mesh of pipelines being used to distribute the gas needs to be maintained at the highest operating level, because any leak can lead to catastrophic accidents. The safety regulations are given the highest priority while issuing new licenses. The main challenges in maintaining the quality, health, safety and environment aspect of this business are:-
Transmission Network
Very high operating pressures > 90 bar Networks spread over longer distances with bigger size pipelines. Increasing levels of awareness along the pipeline route amongst the general population. Operator s ability to respond to emergency and contain the damages. Thorough monitoring to minimize third party interference, leakages through probable use of SCADA.
Distribution network
Low awareness among the society about the hazards. Networks running very close to population, buildings, etc. Operator s preparedness to reach the affected site in case of damages to pipeline and contain the emergency due to congestion on the roads. Customers using non-standard appliances, illegal extension of pipelines within their premises. Concealing of pipes within the houses in the name of beautification . Unplanned digging of the pipelines within the customers premises leading to gas leakages. Gas Ingress issues in the populated areas due to underground leakages
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CNG
Poor maintenance and no yearly mandatory checks on the 200 Bar CNG system Use of non-standard cylinders leading to accidents. Use of expired cylinders/Non standard fitments from unauthorized retro fitment agencies. recertification system for High pressure CNG vehicles Strict enforcement of NO Mobile policy at CNG refueling stations
Major oil and gas transmission pipelines are subjected to Safety Audits by OISD, as per its codes and procedures. City Gas Distribution is not being subjected to any such audit. There is need to study international codes / procedures /practices and adopt best practices. Responsibility can be given either to OISD or Regulatory Board. As City Gas Distribution is expected to expand in near future, Government needs to examine issues related to Safety, Health and Environment and adopt uniform practices all over the country. The safety guidelines are coined by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), a technical body under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG). The functions of the OISD are elaborated below:y y To oversee the implementation of all the decisions of the Safety Council, To keep abreast of the latest design and operating practices in the area of safety and fire fighting in the hydrocarbon processing industry in the developed countries, so as to develop standards and codes that would be suitable for the conditions in India. y To liaise with the statutory organizations on current views and developments and help evolve a concerted effort for the industry; y To carry out periodic safety audits, review, suggest procedures for improvements and report on the implementation of the suggestions to Safety Council; y To collect the relevant information and exchange it with the members of the Oil Industry including information regarding accidents and disasters occurring in the oil industry, and also organize industry meetings for exchange of experience.
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To carry out enquiries into accidents, whenever required, and provide support to Enquiry Committees set up by the Government.
y y
To ensure implementation of all approved codes of practices for industrial hygiene. To review practices in the storage and handling of dangerous chemicals and ensure compliance with latest standards.
y y
To review disaster control procedures and company preparedness. To review in plant training programmes with regard to safety.
Thus we see that this body is entrusted by the government of India to look after the technical standards and specifications that the companies must comply with, to do business in the city gas distribution industry. The network and specific systems are implemented with the assent of the Urban Local Body (ULB) present in the city. The company interested in developing the infrastructure for the distribution of gas, needs to formulate the plan and involve the ULB in the loop. The ULB ensures that the company has an effective master plan and implements adequate safety measures. Few of the measures are:y Leak Detection Equipment (LDE), and also follows industry regulations like adding the right amount of Mercaptor in the gas for easy detection in case of leakage. y Safety Education Programmes (SEP) are also initiated through different channels public broadcasting channels and locations for example awareness campaigns in schools, colleges. Lastly but not the least, Emergency Preparedness (EP) and disaster management plans are reviewed by the ULB as in this high risk business, the probability of occurrence of accidents cannot be ruled out.
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CGD Regulation
The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Bill, 2005 establishes the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) to regulate downstream activities in the petroleum and natural gas sector . It includes refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas.
2006
PNGRB Act
2007
2008
2009
PNGRB published EOIs for more than 60 citiesand commenced bidding for 6 cities
2010
Objectives
The main objectives of PNGRB are: To provide level playing field for all. To protect the interest of consumer and entities. To promote competitive market. To ensure uninterrupted and adequate supply in all parts of country. To provide clear framework of operating rules.
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Role of PNGRB
y Registration of entities for: Marketing petroleum, petroleum products & natural gas. Establishment and opening LNG terminal Establishment of storage facilities y Authorization of entities for : Laying, building, operating or expanding carrier (common or contract) for transportation of natural gas and petroleum products. Laying, Building, expanding or operating city or local gas distribution network. y With respect to petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas: Ensure adequate availability. Monitor prices and transport rates. Take corrective measures against restrictive trade practices. Secure equitable distribution of petroleum and petroleum products. Enforce retail and market service obligation. Ensure display of information about the maximum retail prices fixed by the entity for consumers at retail outlets. y y y y y Declaration of pipeline as common carrier or contract carrier. Specification of access code. Laying down of technical and safety standards. Levy fees and other charges as determined. Maintain databank of information on activities relating to petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas. y y Fostering fair trade and competition. PNGRB will regulate only the city gas pipeline network tariff. The end gas price to the consumers is not covered in the regulation.
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An entity interested in developing a particular city gas project needs to submit "Expression of Interest" to PNGRB with Rs 8-12 lakh as fee depending upon population of the city (nonrefundable), Geographical area, Market potential of CNG and PNG, business plan.
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Need of Regulations
CGD Regulations encourage faster network coverage with benefits to both CGD entity and endconsumer. Regulations have been conceptualized considering many parameters: 1. Level playing field to non-energy sector players: Flexibility of entering into technical tie-ups likely to allow entry of non-energy sector entities into the CGD space. 2. Intention to have serious bidders with detailed plans: Time allowed by PNGRB for bid submission to allow entities to develop a thorough plan before submission of bids (having 25 year validity). 3. Benefits to new entity (Exclusivity): Five year marketing exclusivity for new cities to encourage faster network penetration with a view to capture maximum customer base and enjoy commodity margins. 4. Benefits to consumer (Open Access): Open access of the distribution network after the exclusivity period to allow competition and choice to consumer. While the biddable parameters are having strong consumer orientation, scope for a large number of assumptions exists while bidding for the parameters. 1. Lowness of Network Tariff and Compression Charge: y Regulation s Intention: To provide consumers lowest possible network tariff & compression charge. This would eventually reduce the delivered price to customer. y Question: Will lowest tariff hamper future expansion plans?
2. Highness of Steel Grid and Nos. of Domestic Connections: y Regulation s Intention: Faster penetration of distribution network and reach to all segments of consumers. y Question: How does the regulator plan to monitor the actual development?
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Regulations to have a significant bearing on investment flow in infrastructure: Board hasy y y y y y Shown commitment to the spirit of the PNGRB Act Shown keenness to move with speed Adopted consultative approach Laid emphasis on transparency Shown preference to less intrusive regulation Signaled independence
Dominance of Central PSUs. Heavy subsidization of kerosene and LPG. Government continues to determine price of diesel marketed by PSUs. PSUs have monopoly over transportation and storage infrastructure. Production, supply and distribution of natural gas controlled by govt. with APM price with allocation on case to case basis.
New discovery lead to only one supplier. Even in this case govt. determined price and allocation. Ambiguity related to section 16 Notification of Petroleum products by MoPNG Shortage of manpower with relative experience.
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privately-owned utilities to build a distribution network. Many municipalities that operate their own natural gas distribution system contract with investor- or privately-owned utilities. City Gas Distribution Cooperative: An LDC that operates on a cooperative nonprofit basis for the mutual benefit of its members. No interest or dividends are paid out of earnings although the company is obligated to pay, by credits to a capital account for each member, any excess revenues received beyond annual operating costs and expenses. Intrastate Natural Gas Pipeline: A large-diameter mainline system that operates totally within one state. These natural gas pipelines may provide open-access transportation services or engage in purchasing natural gas from producers and suppliers for reselling to large-volume customers such as local natural gas distribution companies, electric utility companies, and industrial customers. They are subject to the jurisdiction of a State PUC or State Energy Office.
United Kingdom
Market of natural gas is regulated by OFGEM which also the electricity market regulator. Large, Industrial, Commercial and resident users are free to select their gas suppliers. The market has integrated energy players having presence across value chain. In terms of market development Market has evolved from being PSU controlled to privatized unbundled units. Perfect
competition features with multiple gas sources, multiple producers and consumers and a well integrated infrastructure network is prevalent in UK. Talking in terms of prices Wholesale and retail prices are not regulated; transmission and distribution prices are regulated through a five year regime.
Australia
The average growth rate has been around 2.5 percent over the last five years. The gas distributor s supply gas to 3.4 million households and 105 000 commercial and industry customers, through over 75 000 km of low pressure distribution networks. With a population of 21.5 million residential penetration of gas distribution system is very high at approximately 16 percent.
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Some local governments also distribute natural gas, such as at Dalby in Queensland. Distributors transport large volumes of gas, at high pressure from a number of locations around the country, including the Carnarvon Basin (NW Western Australia), the Gippsland Basin (Victoria's SE coast), Bass Strait, the Otway Basin and the Cooper and Eromanga Basins (on the borders of South Australia and Queensland). These reserves service 3.4 million residential homes via 75,000 km of underground pipes.
China
China is the fastest growing consumer of the natural gas in the world. But a city gas project in China also includes coal gas and LPG. The total distance of city coal gas grid is much longer than that of natural gas grid in China but natural gas grid is expected to outdo coal gas grid in next 15 years. The use of natural gas is increasing rapidly due to environmental factors. There are many companies involved in city gas business like Towngas, Xinao Gas, Panva Gas, Wah Sang Gas, Zhengzhou Gas and Beijing Gas. Besides these city gas companies, some local governments are taking the steps to get the pipeline gas by upgrading their existing grid or developing a new pipeline network. The development trends of China city gas industry indicates that in the forthcoming years coal gas will be eliminated gradually, while the natural gas will develop rapidly, and the LPG, as the complementary energy for natural gas, will develop steadily. With the increasing proportion of natural gas in China, the city gas market seems to be promising.
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Future Outlook
There are 19 CGD entities operating CGD networks in in 36 geographical areas. This segment consumed about 11 mmscmd during 2009-2010 as against a total demand of 12-13 mmscmd from domestic, vehicles, commercial and industrial customers. Within the next three years, PNGRB predicts that 86 more geographical areas will receive authorization to build and operate CGD networks. The total vehicular demand from these geographical areas is expected to be 2.5 million up from the current 700,000. In the next 5 years, 125 geographical areas are likely to be authorized and the vehicular demand from them is likely to be 3.3 million. The growth of this sector may get limited in the coming years and estimated around 15-16 mmscmd by 2013.
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References
(2010). Annual Report. Mumbai: Mahanagar Gas Ltd. (2008). CGD in India 2008. New Delhi: India . Dholakia, B. (2009). India Retail Revolution - Challenges & Opportunities for Fuel Retails. Petrotech 2009. New Delhi. Draft Regulation. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board: https://www.pngrb.gov.in (2010). Gas in India 2010. New Delhi: India Infrastructure Research. Gas Transmission & Distribution System. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from Mahanagar Gas Ltd.: http://mahanagargas.com (2010). City Gas India Roundtable 2010. Ahmedabad: Vikalpa Oct- Dec 2010. City Gas Distribution, March 19, 2010: Presentations and Reports: School of Petroleum Management, Gandhinagar
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