International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN 2250-0057 Vol.

2 Issue 4 Dec 2012 71-76 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) GENOTYPES IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM OF SALINE ALKALINE CONDITION
1 1

MONIKA GUPTA, 2L. P. TIWARI & 3R. K. NIGAM

Department of Botany, P.P.N. College, Kanpur (U.P.), India

2

Department of Botany, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, India

ABSTRACT
Recent trends and future demographic projections suggest that the need to produce more food and bre will necessitate effective utilization of salt-affected land and saline water resources. Currently at least 20 per cent of the worlds irrigated land is salt affected and/or irrigated with waters containing elevated levels of salts. Several major irrigation schemes have suffered from the problems of salinity and sodicity, reducing their agricultural productivity and sustainability. Productivity enhancement of salt-affected land and saline water resources through crop-based management has the potential to transform them from environmental burdens into economic opportunities. Stability analysis of 15 different genotypes of wheat was analyzed at different location. The results were very significant statistically. The experiment conducted in saline condition were compared with normal condition sothat the genotypes of high yield performance can be recommended for commercial cultivation where soil is saline and alkaline.

KEYWORDS: Agroforestory, Stability Analysis, Wheat INTRODUCTION

Wheat is the dominant grain of world commerce. It constitutes the major food for millions and millions of people on this planet; occupying the foremost position among the cereal crops of the world. Among the cereals, wheat accords a place of pride because of vast acreage covered in its cultivation, its nutritional value and its association with some of the earliest and most important civilization of the world. The increase in productivity of wheat is 37 per cent in India compared to 38 per cent of Asia and 36 per cent of the world. However, the yield of wheat in Egypt and China has shown a dramatic increase of 65 and 60 per cent, respectively. The importance of crop itself is evident from the dependency of more than half of the worlds population on wheat as a basic food. During the period of past four decades, wheat production in India has increased by more than six times around 12 million metric tonnes in 1964-65 to about 70.0 million metric tonnes in 2005-06. During the period, area under wheat has gone up from 13 million hectares to around 24 million hectares and the productivity has increased from 9.13 q/ha to 27.0 q/ha. Wheat contribution to total food production in India is about 33 percent. In India, about 80 per cent of wheat area is confined to only seven states viz., Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh which account 75 per cent of the total wheat production in the country. Punjab and Hariyana contributes less than Uttar Pradesh. However, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh contribute only about 26.5 per cent of total wheat production whereas area under wheat in these states is about 25.0 per cent. Among the leading states, Uttar Pradesh is the biggest wheat producing state, contributing more than 36.0 per cent in area and production in the country. The recorded production of 23.57 million metric tons from an area of 9.16 million hectares and productivity of 25.72 q/ha during 2005-06 has been achieved by the state. Although, the wheat production level has gone down in the world according to growth rate of wheat production (2.20 %) which is still below the population

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Monika Gupta, L. P. Tiwari & R. K. Nigam

growth rate (2.30 %) in the earth. It means the need for accelerating the productivity rate is essential. Similar is the situation in India as well as in Uttar Pradesh. However, there are still many opportunities before the scientists for further increase in yield potential through genetic manipulation. Thus, it is difficult to get an immediate release of high yielding varieties with high quality. However, efforts can be made to reach an optimum equilibrium of grain yield and its quality. To achieve this goal the genetic studies on the quality parameters in wheat need to examine the nature of genetic variability for important purposes like suitable fitting in rotation, easily cultivation under problematic soils, suitable for agro-forestry etc. In order to evolve stable and highly desirable variety of wheat for problematic soils and suitable to under forestry condition. Therefore, multi-location testing under agro-forestry system and saline-alkaline conditions for yield and few quality traits has been found to be highly effective and useful (Ahmad et al., 1980; Nanda et al., 1983; Gill et al., 1984; Rajput 1984; Kishore et al., 1988; Ahmad and Kumar, 1989; Singh and Ahmad, 1991; Zakerin, 1993;). It helps in identifying genotypes with superior performance over a wide range of environments. There are a number of models (Finley and Wilkinson, 1963; Eberhart and Russell, 1968; Perkins and Jinks, 1968) based on different parameters which have better resolving power among the genotypes for testing stability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Plant The basic materials for the present investigation compared of 15 genotypes viz., PBW 343, HD 2329, PBW 443, UP 2338, UP 2425, K 9107, K 9006, K 88, Raj 3077, KRLI-4, K 78, K 8027, HUW 234, HW 147 and HD 2733 for all experiments. Experimental Area Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur from diverse genetic back ground to grow at three locations i.e. Kanpur, Daleepnagar and Uttaripura under agro-forestry cum and saline-alkaline condition having pH variability than 8.5 to 9.5 and EC 2.5 to 4.0. Experimental Layout During rabi 2002-03 fifteen genotypes (varieties) were grown at Kanpur, Daleepnagar and Uttaripura centers in Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiments were sown on 10, 15 and 19th December 2002 in an orchard of Ber (Syzigium cumunia) planted at 10x10 meter distance. In each replication the plots were maintained with 10 rows in three tiers of 6.0 x 2.30 m size. The length of each row was 6.0 m with inter and intra distance of 23 cm. Recommended doses of fertilizers @ 120 kg N + 60 kg P205 + 40 kg K20 per hectare were applied in the experimental plots along with five irrigations. The material was harvested in the end of April and first week of May 2003. Statistics The analysis of variance for the experimental design was based on the model described by Al-Jibouri et al. (1958). The data were first subjected to Complete Randomized Block Design analysis on the mean basis.

OBSERVATION
The plants for observation were tagged after 50 days of sowing. Data were recorded on randomly taken ten plants in each varieties from each replication. The details of observation for experiments are given as under:

Stability Analysis of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L) Genotypes in Agroforestry System of Saline Alkaline Condition

73

1.

Days to heading: The number of days was counted from the date of recording sowing to the date in its 75 per cent flowering.

2. 3.

Days to maturity: The number of days was counted from the date of sowing to the date of maturity. Plant height: The height of the main shoot was recorded in cm from the base of the plant to the panicle of the spike.

4. 5.

Peduncle length: The length of peduncle from last node to the base of spike was measured in cm. Number of productive tillers per plant: Total number of ear bearing tillers per plant was counted before harvesting.

6.

Spike length: The length of main spike per plant was recorded in cm from the base of the spike to the end of the spike excluding awns.

7. 8. 9.

Number of spikelets per spike : The number of spikelets in each spike of main shoot were counted. Number of grains per spike: total numbers of grains in main spike were counted. 1000 grain weight: Thousand grains were sampled twice at randomly from the bulk harvest of each progeny separately, replication wise and their weight was recorded in g up to second place of decimal on electronic balance.

10. Grain yield per plant: Grain yield per plant was recorded in g up to second place of decimal on electronic balance. 11. Harvest index: It was expressed in term of percentage, the economic yield per plant divided by biological yield after harvesting of the crop. It is worked out in percentage as: HI (%) = (Economic yield/Biological yield) x 100

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS STABILITY ANALYSIS

Analysis of Variance Table 1 shows the variances at genotypic level for few characters were significant at all the locations. At L1 location, days to 75 per cent flowering (48.36), days to maturity (0.039), plant height (19.52), number of productive tillers per plant (398.03), spike length (0.36), number of spikelets per spike (0.035), number of grains per spike (12.12), 1000grain weight (15.38), grain yield (10.41) and harvest index (4.94) were significant. At L2 location, all the characters exhibited significant variances except days to 75 per cent flowering (8.75) and number of spikelets per spike (0.007). Among these number of grains per spike (9.75), 1000- grain weight (7.73) and grain yield per plant (4.61) showed significant variances at genotypic level, rest traits were highly significant in respect of estimated variances (g2). The variances at L3 location for days to 75 per cent heading (26.54), days to maturity (0.041), plant height (16.95), number of productive tillers (471.17), spike length (0.40), number of spikelets per spike (0.012), number of grains per spike (10.25), grain yield per plant (10.70) and harvest index (2.52) were significant. On the pooled basis over locations, the days to 75 per cent of heading, plant height and number of productive tillers were highly significant.

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Monika Gupta, L. P. Tiwari & R. K. Nigam

The variances at phenotypic level as estimated and presented in table 3 revealed location wise performances. At L1 location the days to 75 per cent flowering (49.05), number of productive tillers per plant (673.46), 1000- grain weight (16.49) and harvest index (5.94) were highly significant while days to maturity (0.051), plant height (39.27), spike length (0.55) and grain yield (13.94) were significant. Non-significant performances for peduncle length, number of spikelets per spike and number of grain per spike were observed. L2 location revealed highly significant differences for number of productive tillers (819.72) and number of spikelets per spike (0.170) in this study. Days to maturity (0.070), spike length (0.50) and 1000-grain weight (9.93) exhibited significant variance at phenotypic level. At L3 location highly significant variance was confined to number of productive tillers (943.91), number of spikelets per spike (0.210) and number of grains per spike (11.20). On the other hand, days to 75 per cent flowering (29.12), days to maturity (0.057), spike length (0.60), grain yield (14.10) and harvest index (3.33) were significant. Table 1: Analysis of Variance for Pooled Data Over Three Locations for Eleven Characters of 15 Genotypes of Wheat (Mean Sum of Squares
Days to 75 % headin g 160.25 ** Days to matur ity Number of productive tillers per plant Number of spikelets per spike Numbe r of grain per spike 9.68 ** Grain yield per plant

Source of variati on Locatio ns Replica tions LxR Treatm ents LxT Error 2g 2l 2gl 2e

d.f

Plant height (cm)

Peduncl e length (cm)

Spike length (cm)

1000Grain weight

Harvest index

0.121* *

108.35 **

6.29*

127.37**

8.60**

0.23**

28.75 **

89.35 **

36.22 **

45.50

0.016

4.82

0.86

19.70

0.86

0.015

0.62

0.31

1.65

10.31

14.33* * 72.99* * 56.46* * 511.52 13.42 27.11 16.98 5.52

0.117* * 4.080* * 0.111* * 0.018 0.007 0.447 0.031 0.018

1.35

2.91**

49.84**

1.65**

0.093**

18.45 ** 16.45 ** 12.35 ** 4.65 1.89 14.20 2.95 2.35

29.94**

52.08* * 207.80 ** 17.28 ** 9.45 2.61 29.11 4.45 9.45

8.88**

14

13.50* * 11.24* * 0.95 0.45 27.23 1.35 1.20

9.30**

271.63**

11.01 **

1.587**

19.63**

73.53**

28 84

1.55** 0.82 0.32 0.88 0.30 0.82

311.72** 701.09 77.53 279.99 85.70 90.09

1.11** 0.33 0.12 1.14 0.26 0.33

0.045** 0.023 0.007 0.172 0.007 0.03

25.38** 3.99 2.09 38.60 7.13 3.99

34.23 ** 2.39 0.55 61.20 1.56 2.39

Table 2 revealed pooled analysis of variance for stability (mean sum of square) for eleven characters in 15 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The biometrical analysis of all the three locations exhibited character wise differences individually and in interaction. The genotypes showed highly significant differences among all the characters. The significant environmental effect was also observed on all the traits. The interaction of genotypes into environment showed highly significant for all the characters except peduncle length and spike length. Combined effect of genotypes and environment was significant for all the traits except peduncle length and spike length.

Stability Analysis of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L) Genotypes in Agroforestry System of Saline Alkaline Condition

75

The linear effect of environment for stability was significant for the characters but interaction of genotypes into linear environmental effect was highly significant for all the characters except spike length and peduncle length. The estimated value showed deviation pooled over all the locations exhibited that all the characters were highly significant except peduncle length and spike length. Pooled analysis of variance (Table 2) revealed highly significant differences among the varieties and environment for all the traits except for peduncle length, and spike length for all three L1, L2, L3 locations. Table 2: Estimates of Variances at Genotypic (2g), Phenotypic ((2p) and Environmental (2e) Levels Location Wise and Pooled Over Location for Eleven Characters of 15 Genotypes in Wheat
Days to 75 per cent headin g 48.36* * 8.75 26.54* * 13.42* * 49.05* * 10.72 29.12* 18.94* 0.69 1.97 2.58 5.52 Days to maturi ty 0.039* * 0.055* * 0.041* * 0.007 0.051* 0.070* 0.057* 0.025 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.018 Pedun cle length (cm) 0.33 0.77** 0.34 0.32 0.79 1.37 0.908 1.14 0.46 0.60 0.64 0.82 Number of producti ve tillers per plant 398.03** 664.71** 471.17** 377.53** 673.46** 819.72** 943.91** 1274.62* * 275.43** 155.11** 472.74** 901.09** Numb er of spikele ts per spike 0.035* * 0.007 0.012* 0.007 0.038 0.170* * 0.210* * 0.030 0.003 0.010 0..009 0.023 Numb er of grain per spike 12.12* * 9.75* 10.25* 6.92 3.98 6.67 11.20* * 4.90 20.25* 27.32* 16.90* 9.92 Grain yield per plant 10.41* * 4.61* 10.70* * 2.61 13.94* 7.12 14.10* 12.06* 3.53 2.51 3.40 9.45

Estim ate 2g

Locat ion

Plant height (cm) 19.52* * 27.35* * 16.95* * 11.25* * 39.27* 29.57 18.12 18.29 30.39* * 51.12* * 21.33* * 12.51*

Spike length (cm)

1000Grain weight 15.38* * 7.73* 2.46 2.09 16.49* * 9.93* 3.13 6.08 1.11 2.20 0.67 3.99

Harve st index 4.94** 5.89** 2.52** 0.55 5.94** 0.05 3.33* 2.94 1.00 7.73** 0.81 2.39

L1 L2 L3 P

0.36** 0.36** 0.40** 0.12 0.55* 0.50* 0.60* 0.45 0.19 0.14 0.20 0.33

2p

L1 L2 L3 P

2e

L1 L2 L3 P

L= location first (Kanpur), L2 = location second (Daleepnagar-Kanpur), L3 location third (Uttaripura-Kanpur), P = pooled over three locations 1

CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion focused that significant and positive association of grain yield with days to 75 % flowering, days to maturity, number of productive tillers and 1000 grain weight at phenotypic level on pooled basis were quite emphasizing and can be utilized for commercial cultivation. At genotypic level the grain yield was significantly and strongly associated with days to 75 % heading, days to maturity, number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike and 1000 grain weight including harvest index. Stability analysis of 15 different genotypes of wheat was analyzed at different location. The results were very significant statistically. The experiment conducted in saline condition were compared with normal condition sothat the genotypes of high yield performance can be recommended for commercial cultivation where soil is saline and alkaline.

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Monika Gupta, L. P. Tiwari & R. K. Nigam

REFERENCES
1. Ahmad, Z. and Srivastava, J.K. (2001). Studies on selection parameters for yield and quality contributing traits in wheat. Proc. Diamond Jubilee Symp. Hundred Years of Post Mendalian Genetics and Plant Breeding. Retrospect and Prospects held at New Delhi from Nov. 6-9. 2. Ahmad, Z.; Bhatia, R.S.; Goel, R.D. and Sharma, J.C. (1980). Adaptability analysis in three successive generations of spring wheat. Proc. 2nd Natl. Seminar on Genetics and Wheat Improve. Abstr., p. 38. 3. Al-Jibouri, H.A.;. Miller, P.A. and Robinson, H.F. (1958). Genotypic and environmental variances in a upland cotton, cross of inter specific origin. Agron. J., 50 : 633-637. 4. Ahmad, Z. and Kumar, J. (1989). Stability for some physiological attributes in bread wheat. Proc. Natl. Symp. On Recent Advances in Genetics and Plant Breeding Res. In India, VI-45 p. 65. 5. 6. Eberhart, S.A. and Russell, W.A. (1968). Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci., 6 : 36-40. Finley, K.W. and Wilkinson, G.N. (1963). The analysis of adaptation in a plant breeding programme. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 14 : 742-754. 7. Gill, K.S.; Bhullar, G.S.; Dhillon, B.S. and Khera, A.S. (1984). Comparative evaluation of combining ability and graphical analysis of diallel crosses. Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad., 50 : 337-347. 8. Kishore, Nand, Chaubey, C.N. and Ahmad, Z. (1988). Stability studies for some biochemical attributes in bread wheat. Proc. First Convention Indian Soc. Agril. Biochemists and Symp. On Biochemistry of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Assimilation, p. 23. 9. Nanda, G.S.; Gill, K.S. and Virk, D.S. (1983). Stability of plant height, ear length, peduncle length and spikelets per spike in bread wheat. Indian J. Genet., 43 : 221-225. 10. Perkins, J.M. and Jinks, J.L. (1968). Environmental and genotypes environmental components of variability III. Multiple lines and crosses. Heredity, 23 : 339-356. 11. Rajput, B.P. (1984). Stability parameters for some merit traits in spring wheat (T. aestivum L.). Ph.D. Thesis CSAU, Kanpur. (Unpl.) 12. Singh, Y.P. and Ahmad, Z.; (1991). Stability study for some metric traits in spring wheat. Proc. Golden Jubilee Symp. on Genetic Res. & Educaiton : Current Trends and the Next Fifty years. Pp. 364-65. 13. Zakerin, A.R. (1993). Studies on genetic stability parameters of breeding value for some metric traits in wheat. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, C.S.A.U., Kanpur.