1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Maximum capacity of drug capacity in ocular drug What is the percentage of carbondioxide in scf? What is normal concentration of chiton used in pharmaceutical dosage form? Wat is eudragit RS and RL? Gastroresistant micorparticel Sodium alginate and Na cmc Pentoprazol dose Na cMc good entrapment efficenty and mucoadhesive Why not done in gastric PH in micoparticle of pentoprazol? Solid dispersion Whether class iv drugs are used in solid dispersion? Capsule Sizes What is bulk density and tapped density used Pseudo and ternary phase difference? Diagnosis of TB During cancer some receptor over expressive?What are they? DPI ,MDI ,AND NEBULIZER MARKETED PRODUCT? Mechanism of drug delivery in buccal patch delivery which is the best one? What the limitation and market product of film dosage form. What Ph does chitosan dissolve? Marketed product of micropartices? Chitonsan in gene delivery? Polymer used of solid liquid micro particle Commercial application of aloevera What is itralipid,aquazome ,alkazome,oros? Method to know how to crosslinking? Pluronic 126 and 127 difference Flurescecence microscopy?Mechanism Formaldehyde use to wash the cell? Which is best polymer among graft,dendrimer ,starand hyper branches? Lead identification,hit identification and siRNA What is normal count CD4 in normal human and aids patient Xray crstalography Heporosis and EPR effect Solid tumor and liquid tumor What is virus and vaccine What is hepatisis and type of hepatisi? Types of water used in pharmaceutical industry Elisa assay use What is transplantation What is pneomonea and drug,what happens and drug and dose Prophylaxis

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

Monoclonal AB examples PCR Ab bio disc GLP and GCP What is T and b cell What are radio label compound and examples Source of globlet cell Ethical community for animal and human study HIV ,influza and anthrax what are they and their drug Immunosuppresant Biopsy Antimyocin Necrosis Sytegraphic study SERROLOGICAL STDUY

46 GLP and GCP

GLP is a quality system concerned with the organisational processing process and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, [3] archived and reported. GLP principles include 1. Organization and Personnel Management-Responsibilities Sponsor-Responsibilities Study Director-Responsibilities Principal Investigator-Responsibilities Study Personnel-Responsibilities

2. Quality assurance program Quality Assurance Personnel

3. Facilities Test System Facilities Facilities for Test and Reference Items

4. Equipments, reagents and Materials 5. Test systems Physical/Chemical Biological

6. Test & Reference items 7. Standard operating procedures 8. Performance of Study Study Plan Conduct of Study

9. Reporting of results 10. Storage of Records and Reports

Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international quality standard that is provided by International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), an international body that defines standards, which governments can transpose into regulations for clinical trials involving human subjects. Good Clinical Practice guidelines include protection of human rights as a subject in clinical trial. It also provides assurance of the safety and efficacy of the newly developed compounds.

Good Clinical Practice Guidelines include standards on how clinical trials should be conducted, define the roles and responsibilities ofclinical trial sponsors, clinical research investigators, and monitors. In the pharmaceutical industry monitors are often called Clinical Research Associates.

47 What is T and b cell?

T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus. There are several subsets of T cells, each with a distinct function.

Types
Helper
T helper cell (TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells andmemory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. These + cells are also known as CD4 T cells because they express the CD4 protein on their surface. Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or assist in the active immune response. These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH3, TH17, or TFH, which secrete different cytokines to facilitate a different type of immune response. Signalling from the APC directs T [1] cells into particular subtypes.

Cytotoxic
Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells, or CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated + in transplant rejection. These cells are also known as CD8 T cells since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surface. These cells recognize their targets by binding to antigen associated with MHC class I, which is present on the surface of nearly every cell of the body. Through IL-10, + adenosine and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8 cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which preventautoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune [2] encephalomyelitis.

Memory
Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections. Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (T CM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells). + + Memory cells may be either CD4 or CD8 . Memory T cells typically express the cell surface protein [3] CD45RO.

Regulatory
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. Two major classes of CD4 Treg cells have been described naturally occurring Treg cells and adaptive Treg cells. Naturally occurring Treg cells (also known as CD4 CD25 FoxP3 Treg cells) arise in the thymus and have been linked to interactions between developing T cells with both myeloid (CD11c+) [4][5] and plasmacytoid (CD123+) dendritic cells that have been activated withTSLP. Naturally occurring Treg cells can be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an intracellular molecule calledFoxP3. Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX. Adaptive Treg cells (also known as Tr1 cells or Th3 cells) may originate during a normal immune response.
+ + + +

Natural killer
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells not to be confused with natural killer cells) bridge the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules). They are also able [citation needed] to recognize and eliminate some tumor cells and cells infected with herpes viruses.

T cells (gamma delta T cells) represent a small subset of T cells that possess a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. A majority of T cells have a TCR composed of two glycoprotein chains called - and - TCR chains. However, in T cells, the TCR is made up of one -chain and one -chain. This group of T cells is much less common (2% of total T cells) than the T cells, but are found at their highest abundance in the gut mucosa, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The antigenic molecules that activate T cells are still widely unknown. However, T cells are not MHC restricted and seem to be able to recognize whole proteins rather than requiring peptides to be presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. Some murine T cells recognize MHC class IB molecules though. Human V9/V2 T cells, which constitute the major T cell population in peripheral blood, are unique in that they specifically and rapidly respond to a set of nonpeptidic phosphorylated isoprenoidprecursors, collectively named phosphoantigens. Phosphoantigens are produced by virtually all living cells. The most common phosphoantigens from animal and human cells (including cancer cells) are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Many microbes produce the highly active compound hydroxy-DMAPP (HMBPP) and corresponding mononucleotide conjugates, in addition to IPP and DMAPP. Plant cells produce both types of phosphoantigens. Drugs activating human V9/V2 T cells comprise synthetic phosphoantigens and aminobisphosphonates, which up-regulate endogenous IPP/DMAPP.