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References: Jrg Erbespcher, Hans Jrg Vogel, Christian Bettstetter, GSM: Switching services and protocols, Wiley 2001, ISBN 0-471-499903-X, 332 p.
FDMA
CDMA
TDMA
1G
2G
2.5G
PSTN / ISDN
MSC
BSS BSS
MSC
BSS
BSS
GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC HLR NSS with OSS (Core Network) VLR MSC GMSC fixed network
VLR
MSC
Components MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers Interfaces Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels
A MSC
A (64 kb/s)
GSM Interfaces
The component parts of the GSM system interconnect using standard interfaces. These allows an operator to purchase different parts of the system competitively, I.e. from different manufacturers. The more important interfaces are Um the air interface, e.g. transfers GSM speech having bit rate 13 kb/s (bit rate at air interface about 34 kb/s, includes data, signalling and error correction coding) A interface between the BSC and MSC Abis Interface Between BSC and MSC, unoffcial, some suppliers have proprietary solutions, i.e. BSC and BTS need to be from same vendor. However 200..500 TRX / BSC, so not an issue.
Base Station
The Cell Tower ! Includes antenna at the top and a small cabinet with rack / cards having transmitter and receiver (TRX). Base station converts bits to modulation symbols transmitted at selected frequency to users over the air interface. Mobile phone has antenna and radio receiver to convert the RF-signal back to bits. Base Station also provides user data encryption, measurement capabilities etc. Characteristics of Nokia Base stations:
Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain transmission area (cell) Mobile stations communicate only via the base station Advantages of cell structures: higher capacity, higher number of users less transmission power needed more robust, decentralized base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally Problems: fixed network needed for the base stations handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary interference with other cells Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
cell
use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Frequency planning I
Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base stations Standard model using 7 frequencies:
f3 f5 f4 f1 f3 f7 f6 f4 f1 f2 f5
f2 Fixed frequency assignment: certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell problem: different traffic load in different cells Dynamic frequency assignment: base station chooses frequencies depending on the frequencies already used in neighbor cells more capacity in cells with more traffic assignment can also be based on interference measurements
A 200 kHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding 2x100 kHz edges of the band, this gives 124 possible carriers for the uplink and downlink. The use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators. Each Frequency carrier provides 8 Timeslots for 8 users at a time.
Burst generation
sample
TIME
FREQUENCY
the air interface user bits are In inserted to one Time slot. The bits are modulated by the Gaussian Minimum Shift keying (G-MSK) modulation which forms a burst (duration one TS). Total 2 x (57+1) user bits / burst; 2 x 57 = 114 bits for data. 57 bits for user, 1 bit for Stealing bit/Control. Data rata in air interface: 156.25 b/0.577 ms = 271 kb/s 33.8 kb/s per user (8 TS)
HSCSD (HIGH SPEED CIRCUIT SWITCHED DATA): RESERVES ALL TIME SLOT FOR THE DURATION OF THE CALL NUMBER OF TIMESLOTS USED X SPEED / TS, E.G. 4 X 14.4 kb/s = 57 kb/s. GPRS (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE) PACKET DATA, USES SEVERAL TIMESLOTS, BUT NOT WHEN VOICE CALLS NEED THE CAPACITY: 9.05/13.4/15.6/21.4 kb/s PER TIMESLOT (coding schemes CS-1/ CS-2/ CS-3 CS-4 ), up to 8 TS @21.4 kb/s = 171.2 kb/s. Typically 3-4 TS max, and often used CS-1..2 => 30..50 kb/s user data rate
GPRS, General Packet Radio Service, provides around 40 kb/s bit rate for IP-packet data, but needs new network elements (separate topic)
synchronization burst
data(39) start(3)
extended training(64)
data(39) stop(3)
dummy burst
mixed bits(58)
access burst
synch. seq.(41)
2. Control Channels (CCHs) The control channels are intended to carry signalling and Synchronization data between the base station and the Mobile station.
Traffic Channels
Traffic channels are intended to carry encoded speech and user data.
Full rate traffic channels at a raw net bit rate of 22.8 Kb/s (TCH/F) Half rate traffic channels at a raw net bit rate of 11.4 Kb/s (TCH/H)
Speech Channels
Speech channels are defined for both full rate and half rate traffic channels. The latter for the future system.
Data Channels
Data channels support a variety of data rates (2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 Kb/s) on both half and full rate traffic channels. The 9.6 Kb/s data rate is only defined for full rate application.
Traffic Channels
Control Channels
Security in GSM
Security services access control/authentication user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number) SIM network: challenge response method confidentiality voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication) anonymity temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) secret : encrypted transmission A3 and A8 available via the 3 algorithms specified in GSM Internet A3 for authentication ( secret open interface) , network providers can use stronger A5 for encryption (standardized) mechanisms A8 for key generation ( secret open interface) ,
GSM - authentication
mobile network Ki AC 128 bit A3 SRES* 32 bit RAND 128 bit RAND
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES 32 bit
SRES
mobile network (BTS) Ki AC 128 bit A8 cipher key Kc 64 bit data A5 encrypted data RAND 128 bit RAND
BSS
Power control
RF power control will be used in the GSM MS and BS to reduce the transmit power to the minimum required to achieve the minimum quality objective and hence reduce the level of cochannel interference The MS will be capable of varying its transmit power form its maximum output down to 20 mW in steps of nominally 2 dB. Frequency of power control approximately 2 Hz. The BS calculates the RF Power level to be used by the MS and sends a 4 bit number instruction to the corresponding MS
CAPACITY PLANNING
What is Erlang ?
Typically one person produces a traffic amount of: 20 mErl for normal users; e.g. 1 call / hour, duration 72 s -> x = 1 x 72 s /3600 s = 0.02 Erl = 20 mErl 60 mErl for business users
Total traffic is the sum of the calls from all users, this is statistically distributed so statistical methods can be used for capacity planning.
Trunking gain
Erlang B-table