Current Transformers

Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Current Transformers
CT Basics
Construction
Theory of Operation
Polarity
Equivalent Model
Open Circuit Voltage
Accuracy
CT Transient Performance
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
CT Construction
Bar-Type
A fixed insulated straight conductor that is
a single primary turn passing through a
core assembly with a permanently fixed
secondary winding.
Bushing Type
A secondary winding insulated from and
permanently assembled on an annular
core with no primary winding or insulation
for a primary winding.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 CT Construction
Window Type
A secondary winding insulated from and permanently
assembled on the core with no primary winding but with
complete insulation for a primary winding.
Wound Type
A primary and secondary winding insulated from each
other consisting of one or more turns encircling the
core. Constructed as multi-ratio CTs by the use of taps
on the secondary winding.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Theory of Operation
1
e
2
e
m

1
i
2
i
1 1
i N
l
dt
d
N : e
1 1

=
dt
d
N : e
2 2

=
2
1
2
1
N
N
:
e
e
=

=
1 1
m
i N
:

=
2 2
m
i N
:
1
2
2
1
i
i
:
N
N
=
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Basic Transformer
V e

N
i
R
dt
d
N : e

= ) t sin( :
MAX
=
) t cos( N : e
MAX
=
) t cos( A B N : e
MAX
=
= A f B N 44 . 4 : E
MAX
f 2 : =
e iR : v =
Area : B =
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Theory of Operation
When a time varying current Ip flows, a
magnetomotive force Fp (mmf) is developed by: Fp =
Ip * Np.
The primary mmf creates a magnetic flux p in the
core given by: p = Fp/Rm where Rm is the core
reactance.
The direction of p is determined by the right hand
rule.
p Links the secondary winding, inducing an
electromotive force Es (emf), resulting in a secondary
current Is flowing through burden Zb.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Theory of Operation
Since the magnetic flux is proportional to the mmf we
get:
Fe = Fp - Fs or
Ie * Np = Ip * Np - Is * Ns dividing by Ns
Ie * Np/Ns = Ip * Np/Ns - Is
Is = Ip * Np/Ns if Ie is small
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Polarity
The CT primary and secondary terminal is physically
marked with a polarity.
The marking indicates the instantaneous direction of
the secondary current in relation to the primary
current.
When current flows in at the marked primary, current
is flowing out of the marked secondary:
Hint: Direction of the secondary current can
determined as if the two polarity terminals formed
a continuous circuit
PRI. SEC.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Equivalent Model
The transformation of current induces errors.
Some energy form the primary winding is
used to:
Establish magnetic flux in the core.
Change the direction of the magnetic flux in the
core named hysteresis losses.
Generate heat due to eddy currents.
Establish leakage flux.
To account for losses a fictitious component is
introduced, the exciting current Ie.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Equivalent Model
The primary current Ip is stepped down in magnitude by 1:n
through a no-loss transformer.
Zpn**2 - primary winding impedance
Zs - secondary winding impedance
Rcn**2 - hysteresis and eddy current losses referred to the
secondary
Xmn**2 - magnetic reactance accounting for losses to establish flux
referred to the secondary
1:n
Xmn**2 Rcn**2
Im/n
Ie/n
Ic/n
Ip/n
Is
Zpn**2
Zb
Zs
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Equivalent Model
If the secondary winding is uniformly distributed on the core, Zs is
resistive = Rs.
The voltage drop across the primary winding is negligible to the
source voltage to which it is connected and does not effect current
flow, Zp/n**2 = 0.
The secondary current is reduced by the shunting current of the
exciting branch. The greater Ie the less accurate Is represents Ip.
Zb
1:n
Xmn**2 Rcn**2
Im/n
Ie/n
Ic/n
Ip/n Is
Es Us
Rs
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Phasor Diagram CT

E
S
Ip
Ip'
I
S
I
e
I
r
I
q
V
S

I
S
R
S
I
S
L
S
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Simplified CT Equivalent
Circuit
V
R
B
L
B
I
M
L
M
I
S
I
p
'
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Voltage Equations
) 1 ....( I L N V M
M S

= =
) 2 ....( I L I R N V S
S S S S

+ = =
From equation (1)

=
S
M
M
N I L :

=
M
S M
I
N L

:
l H
A B
N L
S M


=
2
:
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Magnetizing Inductance
where:
H
B
:
dH
dB

= =
OR

=
2
s
M
N
: L
Reluctance
length
Area A
=
=
=
l
l
A
s
N L
2
M

=
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Complete Hysteresis Loop of
Ferromagnetic Material
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Hysteresis Loops for Hard and
Soft Magnetic Material
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Magnetization Curve (1):
Excitation Curve
1
.
10
3
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
1
10
100
1
.
10
3
3000/5 Excitation curve
Excitation current (Amps)
E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
r
m
s
)
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Magnetization Curve (1)
1 10 100 1
.
10
3
1
.
10
4
0.01
0.1
1
10
Magnetization curve
Magnetic current intensity (A/m)
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

F
i
e
l
d

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
b
/
m
2
)
B
H
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Magnetization Curve (2)
-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.5
H ((Amp-turn)/m)
B

(
T
e
s
l
a
)
0
1.0
1.5
H b c
H
B
+
=
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Determining the Permeability
Using the Frolich Equation
( )
2
c
B b 1
=
0 i
1
c

=
SAT
i
B
1
1
b

=
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Secondary Current
) 3 .........( I I
N
N
A N
L
: B
I I
N
N
L : A B N
I L I
N
N
L :
I L : N
S P
S
P
S
M
S P
S
P
M S
S M P
S
P
M
M M S
(

=
(

=
=
=




) 4 .........( R I A B N
L
1
: I
L I R I : A B N
L I R I : N
S S S
S
S
S S S S S
S S S S S
(

=
+ =
+ =



Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Flux Density and
Secondary Current
A N L
I R N I L N
B
2
S S
S S S
P
S P
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

l
A N L
I R I A N N
I
2
S S
S S
P
S P
S
+

=

l
l
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Fault Current
Components
R
X
I
1
( ) ( )
(
(

+ =

sin e t sin I 2 I
t
1 |
.
|

\
|
=

R
X
tan
1
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
CT Response During Fault Condition
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-50
0
50
100
Secondary Current
A
m
p
s
0 5 6 7
-1
0
1
2
Magnetic Flux Density (B)
T
e
s
l
a
1 2 3 4
Cycles
I
CT_SEC
I
RATIO
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Filtered Currents
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-50
0
50
A
m
p
s
I
RATIO
I
CT_SEC
Cycles
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Current Mag. and Angle
Error
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Current Magnitudes
Angle Error
Cycles
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
A
m
p
s
I
RATIO
I
CT_SEC
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Secondary Current and Voltage
Signals
A
m
p
s
V
o
l
t
s
Cycles
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-100
0
100
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-100
-50
0
50
100
V
VT_SEC
I
CT_SEC
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 Effects of CT Saturation
Current signal has reduced magnitude
Current signal has angle error
CT saturation causes distance element
underreach
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
What Do I Need to Know
to Select a Correct CT
Maximum fault current
Systems X/R ratio
CT burden
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 CT Core Flux
] e )
2
t [(sin s I : i
t
L
R
S

+

=
)

= vdt k :

= dt R )
2
t sin( s I k :
B ss
)

=
s I R k
:
B
ss
)
R
L s I R k
:
B
ts

=
)
Total core flux:
R
X
R
L
ss
ts
= = : :

+ = + =
R
X
1 : :
ss ts ss c

=

dt R e s I k :
B
t
L
R
ts
)
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 CT Requirement
burden S S
burden S S
Z I
R
X
1
100
manance Re %
1 V
Z I
R
X
1 V

(

+
(

+
When remanence is ignored:
When remanence is considered:
V
S
= Saturation voltage
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Accuracy
Definition: Ability to reproduce the primary current in
secondary amperes in both wave-shape and
magnitude.
ANSI/IEEE C57.13 designates two rating classes C
or T describing capability.
C: the ratio can be calculated, leakage flux is
negligible due to uniform distribution of secondary
winding.
T: the ratio must be determined by test, leakage
flux is appreciable due to undistributed windings.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Accuracy
Designations are followed by a terminal voltage rating
that the CT can deliver to a standard burden at 20
times rated secondary current without exceeding
10% ratio correction.
Voltage classes are 100, 200, 400, 800
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Accuracy
The burdens are in ohms and at a .5 pf.
Standard burdens are B-1, B-2, B-4, B-8
Example:
C800: 800 V/ 5 A * 20 = 8
If current is lower the ohmic burden can be higher
in proportion.
Accuracy applies to the full winding. If a lower tap
of a multiratio CT is used the voltage capability
must be reduced proportionally.
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
ANSI Classification of CTs
At 800 V the CT will go into saturation
Rated burden calculation:
VA rating of CT calculated from rated burden:
Percent error of the CT: by definition all C class CTs
should not have more than 10% error at
20 x nominal current
nom
Voltage
rated
I 20
ANSI
: Z

=
rated
2
nom rated
Z I : VA =
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4 IEC Classification of CTs
Done by class, Accuracy Limit Factor, and VA
Example: 5P20, 40VA
5P = class
20 = Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF)
At rated burden of 40VA, if current through CT is
20 x nominal current, maximum measurement error will
be 5%
CT saturation voltage at rated burden:
nom
rated
sat
I
VA
ALF : V =
Current Transformers
Fall 2010
U
I
ECE525
Lecture 4
Open Circuit Voltage
Open secondary causes s to go to zero.
Ip drives the core to saturation each half cycle.
The action of Ip changing from maximum to zero back to
maximum causes p to change from saturation in one
direction to its saturated value in the opposite direction.
The rapid rise of p induces high voltage spikes in the
secondary winding.
A formula for peak voltage derived from CT tests is:
Tests have shown values ranging fron 500 to 11,000 volts.
n Ip Zb Vpeak / 5 . 3 =