CHAPTER-II

USE OF THE CONCEPT OF ROCHEEQUIPOTENTIAL TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURE AND PERIODS OF OSCILLATIONS OF STARS AND STARS IN BINARY SYSTEM

In this Chapter we present the concept of averaging technique of Kippenhahn and Thomas [74], Roche-equipotential and its use to determine the equilibrium structure of differentially rotating and/or tidally distorted gaseous spheres. We have discussed the approach of Mohan, Saxena and Agarwal [114] for determining the equilibrium structure of differentially rotating and/or tidally distorted stellar models. Here we have also discussed the salient features of eigen-value boundary value problems of pseudo-radial and non-radial modes of oscillations of rotationally and tidally distorted stellar models. 2.1. AVERAGING TECHNIQUE OF KIPPANHAHN AND THOMAS The concepts of topologically equivalent spherical surfaces corresponding to the actual equipotential surfaces as developed by Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] to study the problems of stars distorted by the effects of rotation and tidal forces. They define these on equivalent spherical surfaces quantity such as , etc., which denote the certain average of quantities , respectively on the actual equipotential Roche-surfaces. If denotes the total potential due to gravitation, rotation and tidal forces of a rotationally and tidally distorted model at point (, , ). The , , = constant, is an equipotential surface. Let be the volume enclosed by the equipotential surface , , = constant and its surface area. For any function , , , they define as its mean values over the equipotential surface , , = constant by the relation = 1
=

(2.1)

where denotes the surface element of the equipotential surface , , = constant. Also thus defined over the topologically equivalent spherical surface, is used to represent the actual value of over the equipotential surface , , = constant. Clearly is a function of only and can be determined for each equipotential surface , , = constant. By definition =
= 2 ( is general but not equal to 4 )

(2.2)

Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] defined a function , , by the relation

19

2.3

Here corresponds to the force of gravity of a sphere. The distance between two neighboring surfaces = constant and + = constant is in general not constant (i.e. not same at all points of the surfaces). The mean value and 1 can be calculated with the help of relations = 1 1 ,
= 1

1 =

2.4 .

Both and 1 are the functions of alone. The volume between the surfaces = constant and + = constant is given by =
= 1

= 1 . (2.5)

In analogy to the sphere, we define a variable by the relation = 4 3 , 3 (2.6)

thus defined is then used to denote the radius of topologically equivalent spherical surface. Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] also defined non-dimensional parameters , and as = 2 , 4
2

, = 1 2 , where is the mass enclosed by the equipotential surface = constant.

(2.7)

We may thus, regard the equipotential surface = constant to be topologically equivalent to a sphere of radius for which various functions are defined by the above relations. If the function is the gravitational potential of a sphere then the surface

20

 = constant is a sphere with = , = = 1 and = spheres and therefore u and v are constants and equal to 1.

are constants on these

Equations (2.1) to (2.7) are purely mathematical definitions, which have been applied by Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] and Kippenhahn and Weigert [75] to gravitational fields of gaseous spheres distorted by differential rotation and tidal forces. In hydrostatic equilibrium, the equipotential surfaces are also surfaces of equi-pressure and equidensity. Therefore on an equipotential surface, the pressure and the density are also constant. Using these concepts, Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] obtained the equations governing the equilibrium structure of rotationally and tidally distorted stellar model in the following manner. From equation (2.7) the mass between the equipotential surface = constant and + = constant is given by
2 = = 4 .

(2.8)

Thus we get 2 = 4 . From equations (2.5) and (2.8), we have = = Using relation (2.7) we get = . 4 4
1

(2.9)

= . 1

(2.10)

(2.11) = with equation (2.7), can be written

The condition of hydrostatic equilibrium in the form = 4 , 4 where

4 4 1 1 = = . 1

(2.12)

(2.13)

21

The factor is a function of only. If is known, the equipotential surfaces can be determined, and with them, values of , , and 1 for each equipotential surface, simply from the geometry of the equipotentials. The mass which depends upon the density distribution can be determined by the integration of equation (2.9). Similarly, the other structure equations derived by Kippenhahn and Thomas [74], which include the effect of rotation and tidal distortions on the equilibrium structure of gaseous spheres are as follows: For chemically homogenous spheres, the nuclear energy generation rate depends only on the density and temperature and are, therefore, constant on the equipotential surface = constant. Thus if is the energy which passes per second through the equipotential surface = constant, then = . On using (2.9), it can be expressed as 2 = 4 . If the energy is transported by radiation, then energy transport equation is
3 4 4 4 = , 3

(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.16)

where is the radiative flux on the equipotential surface = constant. By integrating over the equipotential surface = constant, we get =
=

3 3 4

4 4

= (2.17)

= so that

3 4 64 2

3 1 = , 3 4 64 2 2 On using (2.8), the equation (2.18) gives

(2.18)

22

 3 = 3 2 , 16 where = 1 . 2

(2.19)

Equations (2.9), (2.12), (2.15) and (2.18) are the four basic equations governing the equilibrium structure of a gaseous sphere distorted by rotation and tidal forces and the boundary conditions to be satisfied are: At the centre: = 0, = 0 and = 0. At the free surface: = , = 0 , = , (2.21) (2.20)

= 0, = 0 or = , = ,

where 0 is the total mass of the model and , and are the values of , and respectively, on the outermost equipotential surface. In these equations denotes the energy which passes per second through the equipotential surface = constant, the nuclear energy generation rate and the temperature on the equipotential surface = constant. Also u, v and w are the distortional parameters. For the case of undistorted spherical configuration = = = 1 so that = = 1 and the above equations reduce to four well known equations of stellar structure. For non-dimensional case, we assume that and are the known functions of . We can solve the stellar structure equations to determine the inner structure of non-spherical stars, since the evaluation of actual equipotential surface of a rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous spheres is complicated. Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] proposed that for the evaluation of the parameters , , , , etc., the equipotential surface may be replaced by Roche-equipotential surfaces (it may be noted that this approximation is reasonably valid for the most of the models of the actual stars). In fact as far back as 1933, Chandrasekhar [22, 23] has shown that for stars whose central density bears to the mean density, a ratio of 100 or more, the Roche model of a rotating configuration will

23

represent the actual form of equipotential surface of the star within error of less than one percent. 2.2. THE CONCEPT OF ROCHE EQUIPOTENTIAL In order to introduce the concept of Roche-equipotential, we assume two components of a close binary system known as primary and secondary stars, of these two, the primary star is supposed to be more massive than the secondary which acts as a point mass causing tidal effects on the more massive primary component. Both the components of binary system are assumed to be rotating about their axis as well as revolving their common centre of gravity. Following Kopal [81] and Mohan and Singh [116,117], Mohan, Lal and Singh [110], certain results on Roche-equipotential which are of practical interest to the present study, are summarized below. Suppose 0 and 1 are the masses of two components of a closed binary system separated by a distance D. We further suppose that the primary component of this system of mass 0 is much larger than its companion star of mass 1 (0 > 1 ) which can be regarded as a point mass. Suppose that the position of the two components is referred to a rectangular system of Cartesian-coordinates with the origin at the centre of gravity of mass 0 , the x-axis along the line joining the centers of masses of these two components and z-axis perpendicular to the plane of the orbit of the two components (see Fig. 2.1). Then the total potential of the gravitational and disturbing force acting at an arbitrary point , , is given by = 0 1 2 + + 1 2 1 0 + 1
2

+ 2

(2.22)

2 where 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 and 1 = ( )2 + 2 + 2 represent the squares of

the distance of from the centre of gravity of the two components, denotes the angular velocity of rotation of the system about an axis perpendicular to the -plane and passing through the centre of gravity of the system and is the constant of gravitation. The first term on right hand side of (2.22) represents the potential arising from the mass of the component of mass 0 , the second term represents the disturbing potential of its companion of mass 1 and the third term denotes the potential from the centrifugal force. In non-dimensional form, equation (2.22) can be expressed as
24

1 = +

0

1 2 +
2 1

1 2 2

+ 2 1 2

(2.23)

where = 2

0 +1

is the non-dimensional form of total potential and

= is the non-dimensional form of , = cos sin , = sin sin and = cos , (, , being the polar spherical coordinates at the point ). Also = 1 is a
0

non-dimensional parameter representing the ratio of mass of the secondary component over primary component and 2 represents the square of normalized angular velocity . The equation (2.23) reduces to the potential of a spherical model rotating with angular velocity only if = 0 and if = 0, it reduces to the potential of a non-rotating spherical model distorted by the tidal effects of the companion. For a binary system in synchronous rotation, the angular velocity is identical with Keplerian angular velocity, so that 2 = 0 + 1 . 3 (2.24)

The relation expressed in terms of non-dimensional variable of equation (2.23) becomes = + 1 . 2 (2.25)

The surface generated by setting = constant on the left hand side of (2.22), are referred to as Roche-equipotential surfaces. The form of the Roche-equipotential surface depends entirely on the value . If is large then corresponding equipotentials surfaces will consist of two separate ovals closed around each of the two mass points (see Fig. 2.2). The right hand side of equation (2.22) can be large only if or 1 becomes small. Therefore, large value of corresponds to equipotentials which differ, but little from spheres. With decreasing value of the ovals defined by (2.22) become increasingly elongated in the direction of centre of gravity of the system until for a certain critical value of (characteristic of each mass ratio) both ovals will unite in a single point on the x-axis to form a dumbbell like configuration. These limiting values of are called Roche-limits. For certain mass ratio Kopal [81] computed the numerical values of Rochelimits in the case of synchronous binary stars for a number of ranging from zero to one. Defining a non-dimensional variable 0 by the relation 0 = 1 .
27

(2.26)

Kopal [81] has shown that the volume enclosed by the equipotential surface = constant is given by 2 = 3
1 1 1 2 1 2

3 ,

(2.27)

where , , and have their usual meanings as assigned by Kopal. He obtained explicit expressions for and in terms of 0 , and . These are
3 5 6 8 9 4 7 = 0 1 + 3 0 + 4 0 + 5 0 + 6 0 + 7 0 + 8 0 + 9 0 +

(2.28)

where 3 = 2 + 1 2 , 4 = 3 , 5 = 4 , 6 = 5 + 3 2 + (1 2 ) 2 , 7 = 6 + 7 2 + (1 2 ) 3 ,
2 8 = 7 + 8 2 + (1 2 ) 4 + 4 2 3 ,

9 = 8 + 9 2 + (1 2 ) 5 + 9 2 3 4 .

(2.29)

Here = () are Legendre polynomials in terms up to second-order of smallness in and have been retained in (2.28). This relation helps to obtain the shape of Rocheequipotential surface = constant. The volume enclosed by the equipotential surface = constant is 4 12 2 8 32 15 2 8 3 3 6 10 = 3 0 1 + 20 + + + 2 0 + 0 + 2 2 0 +. . (2.30) 3 5 5 5 7 where terms up to second-order of smallness in and are retained. Following the approach of Kopal [81], Mohan and Singh [117] obtained the explicit expressions for the surface area and the averaging parameters , and 1 on the Roche- equipotential = constant. According to them
1 1 2 1 2

= 2
1

4 3 7 14 56 9 11 6 8 10 2 = 42 0 1 + 0 + 2 + + 2 0 + 2 0 + 2 0 + . (2.31) 3 5 15 15 7 8

28

3 3 = 4 2 3 4 8 76 5 2 6 8 10 = 0 1 + 0 + 2 + + 2 0 + 2 0 + 2 0 + . 3 5 15 45 7 3

(2.32)

2 = = and 1 2 =

1 1

1 2 1 2

8 3 40 51 13 6 8 10 1 0 3 2 + 2 + 2 0 2 0 2 0 + . (2.33) 2 2 3 9 14 3 0
1 2 1 2 1

1 1

2 2 0 8 3 31 2 62 584 2 6 101 2 8 75 2 10 = 1 + 0 + + + 0 + 0 + 0 +. . . (2.34) 3 5 15 45 14 9

Inverting the relation (2.32), we obtain 2 3 4 8 4 2 6 5 2 8 2 2 10 0 = 1 2 + + . (2.35) 3 5 15 45 7 3 where = is the non-dimensional form of . In all the above expressions terms up to second-order of smallness in and are retained. 2.3. MOHAN, SAXENA AND AGARWALS APPROACH FOR DETERMINING THE EQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURE OF ROTATIONALLY AND TIDALLY DISTORTED STELLAR MODELS In order to determine the inner structure of rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous sphere, the system of equations (2.9), (2.12), (2.15) and (2.18) has to be integrated numerically subject to the boundary conditions (2.20) and (2.21) specified therein. Therefore the evaluation of the actual equipotential surface of rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous spheres is complicated. Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] proposed that for evaluation of the distortion parameters , , , and etc., the accrual equipotential surfaces may be replaced by Roche- equipotential surfaces. Once the equipotential surfaces of a rotationally and tidally distorted star are approximated by Roche-equipotentials, the results obtained by Kopal [81], and Mohan
29

and Singh [116] may be used to evaluate explicitly the values of the distortion parameters , , , and , appearing in stellar structure equations (2.12), (2.15) and (2.18). Using (2.7), (2.12), (2.19) and (2.31 to 2.34), the explicit expressions of the distortion parameters , , , and on the equipotential surface as obtained by Mohan et al. [110, 111, 112], are: 1 2 2 4 1 1 6 8 10 + + 2 2 2 + , 5 15 45 7 9 4 3 7 14 68 2 6 31 2 8 10 = 1 2 + + 3 2 + , 3 5 15 45 14 4 3 23 2 16 212 2 6 81 2 8 10 = 1 + + + + + + 7 2 + , 3 5 15 45 14 4 3 22 2 44 128 2 6 79 2 8 62 2 10 = 1 + + + , 3 5 15 45 14 9 = 1 = 1
where =

14 2 28 56 46 34 2 10 6 8 + + 2 2 + , 5 15 45 14 9

(2.36)

is the non-dimensional form of and terms up to second-order of

smallness in and are retained. The values of , , etc. on the various equipotential surfaces of a rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous sphere can now be obtained by solving the system of differential equations (2.9), (2.12) and (2.15) with the boundary conditions (2.20) and (2.21), using the values of parameters and . It may be noted that approximating the equipotential surfaces of a rotationally and tidally distorted stellar model by Roche-equipotentials, the structure of the star is not approximated by the structure of Roche-model. In the case of no distortion = = 0 , relations (2.36) give = = = = and the system of differential equations (2.9), (2.12), (2.15), (2.18) reduces to the equations governing the equilibrium structure of the original undistorted star but not of the Roche-model. Usual method for stellar structure equations such as Henvey method can be used to integrate the system of differential equations (2.9), (2.12), (2.15), (2.18) governing the equilibrium structure of a rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous sphere. At every step the value of the parameters , , , . must be taken from (2.36).
30

In case the thermal properties are not considered important and only hydrostatic equilibrium of a rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous spheres is to be investigated, we need only to investigate and to integrate equations (2.9) and (2.12) subject to the boundary conditions: = 0, = 0 at the centre = 0, = 0 , = , = . = 0, = 0 or ( = ) at the free surface (2.37)

In case of the star being distorted by rotational forces alone (or tidal forces alone), we can set = 0 (or = 0) in (2.36) and still use the above approach to determine the equilibrium structure of its rotationally distorted or tidally distorted stellar modal. For obtaining the structure of the primary component of synchronous binary system, we should use =
+1 2

Mohan and Saxena [113] found that its more convenient to work with 0 in place of as independent variable by introducing (2.26) which is connected with variable through relations (2.30). Saxena [147] expressed the system of differential equations governing the equilibrium structure of rotationally and tidally distorted model as 2 = 43 0 1 , 0 = , 0 02 2 2 = 43 0 1 , 0 3 = 3 3 2 , 0 16 0 (2.38) (2.39) (2.40) (2.41)

where 1 , 2 and 3 are the certain functions of , and 0 incorporating the effect of rotation and tidal distortions on the equilibrium structure equation of rotationally and tidally distorted stellar models. The explicit expressions for these distortion parameters as given by Saxena [147] are:
3 1 = 1 + 40 +

36 2 24 96 55 2 8 26 2 10 6 + + 2 0 + 0 + 0 + , 5 5 5 7 3

(2.42)

31

2 2 4 16 2 6 9 8 8 10 + + 0 2 0 2 0 + , 5 15 15 14 9 4 3 6 4 224 2 6 12 2 8 20 2 10 3 = 1 + 0 + 2 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + , 3 5 5 45 7 9 2 = 1 The boundary conditions now become = 0, = 0 at the centre 0 = 0, = 0 , = , = 0, = 0 ( = , = ), at the free surface 0 = ( is the value of 0 at the free surface). In fact = 1 ,

(2.43) (2.44)

In these above expressions terms up to second-order of smallness in and are retained.

(2.45)

(2.46)

where is the non-dimensional value of the potential on the outermost equipotential

surface of the rotationally and tidally distorted stellar models. In case of no distortion = = 1 and the above equation reduces to the usual equations governing the equilibrium structure of an undistorted gaseous sphere. Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] advocated the use of these equations to determine the inner structure of stars distorted by rotation and tidal forces. 2.4. EIGEN-VALUE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM DETERMINING THE EIGEN-FREQUENCIES OF PSEUDO-RADIAL MODES OFOSCILLATIONS OF ROTATIONALLY AND TIDALLY DISTORTED STELLAR MODELS In order to determine the eigen-frequencies of pseudo adiabatic radial modes of oscillations of a rotationally distorted stellar model, Mohan and Singh [117] formulated an eigen-value boundary value problem to determine periods of small adiabatic radial modes of oscillations of rotationally distorted Roche-model by using Kippenhahn and Thomas [74] averaging techniques in conjunction with certain results for Rocheequipotential as derived by Kopal [81]. It is assumed that during the oscillations, the fluid elements on an equipotential surface oscillate in unison. The eigen-frequencies of small adiabatic radial modes of oscillations of the actual rotational model can be obtained from its topologically
32

equivalent spherical model developed on the basis of averaging technique of Kippenhahn and Thomas [74]. Following this approach Mohan and Singh [117] obtained the equation governing the small adiabatic oscillation of the equivalent spherical model of a nonspherical star as 2 2 (4 ) 4 + + 3 2 2 = 0, where = (2.47)

and denotes some average of the relative amplitudes of the pulsation on the equipotential = constant. This is an eigen-value problem in the frequency of oscillations and has to be solved subject to the boundary conditions which require being finite at points corresponding to the centre and the free surface. The equation can be used to determine the periods of small oscillations of a non-spherical stars, the effect of non-spherical terms being introduced through the dependence of , and on . It may be noted that although the frequency of oscillations obtained from (2.47) can be considered as the frequency of small oscillations of the non-spherical star, the values of the relative amplitudes of pulsation obtained from (2.47) will only be the average values for the relative amplitudes of pulsation of real stellar model. However, once the eigen-values and eigen-function of (2.47) are obtained, one can determine the amplitudes of pulsation of the real star as well. Keeping above in view Saxena [147] obtained the explicit form of equation (2.47) governing the small adiabatic pseudo-radial modes of oscillations of a rotationally and tidally distorted stellar model as: , , 0 2 + 02 + where 4 , , 0 , , 0 0 0 (2.48)

2 2 4 3 (, , 0 ) = 0, 2

33

 , , 0 = 1

16 3 56 2 112 104 2 6 90 2 8 44 2 10 0 + + 0 0 0 + , 3 5 15 45 7 3 10 3 32 2 64 188 2 6 50 2 8 10 , , 0 = 1 0 + + 0 0 8 2 0 + , 3 5 15 45 7 1 168 2 112 104 2 6 360 2 8 220 2 10 3 , , 0 = 80 + + + 0 + 0 + 0 +. . , 0 5 5 45 7 3 4 3 8 16 92 10 4 6 8 10 , , 0 = 1 0 2 + + 2 0 2 0 2 0 + , 3 5 15 45 7 3

also = where
3 , , 0 = 1 20

0 0 = , , 0 , 0 0 24 2 16 24 2 6 40 2 8 20 2 10 + + 0 0 0 + , 5 5 5 7 3 0 = ), the

In absence of any distortion i.e. ( = = 0, = , = , = , above equation reduces to 2 4 2 2 4 + + 3 = 0, 2 2 where = ,

(2.49)

which is the usual equation determining the eigen-frequencies of small adiabatic radial oscillations of a gaseous sphere (Cf. Rosseland [136], p. 30 with ( = 0)). 2.5. EIGEN-VALUE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM DETERMINING THE EIGEN-FREQUENCIES OF NON-RADIAL MODES OF OSCILLATIONS OF ROTATIONALLY AND TIDALLY DISTORTED STELLAR MODELS Following the approach similar to the one adopted by Mohan and Singh [117] for the radial case, Mohan and Saxena [113] developed an eigen-value boundary value problem to determine the eigen-frequencies of the non-radial modes of oscillations of the rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous spheres. As in radial case suitably averaged values of the physical parameters of the distorted models defined on the topologically equivalent spherical model are used to setup the eigen-value problem determining the
34

eigen-frequencies of the non-radial modes of rotationally and tidally distorted model. Using this approach they have shown that the eigen-value problem determining the eigenfrequencies of non-radial modes of oscillations of the rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous spheres can be expressed as: 1 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 3 + 2 3 = 0, + 1 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + = 0, and 2 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0, 2 where 1 = 2 = = + + 1 1 + , 2 2 2 2 36 2 24 96 3 3 6 1 + 4 3 + + + 2 6 5 5 5

(2.50)

55 2 8 8 26 2 10 10 + + , 7 3 + 1 3 = 2 = 2 + + 1 8 28 2 56 532 2 6 6 3 1 + 3 + + + 3 5 15 45

45 2 8 8 22 2 10 10 + + , 7 3 1 1 = 2 2 = 1 4 8 56 1 + 3 3 + 4 2 + + 2 6 6 2 3 3 9

+5 2 8 8 + 6 2 10 10 + , 2 = 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 4 2 2
35

36 2 24 16 55 26 2 10 10 + + 2 6 6 2 8 8 + , 5 5 5 7 3 3 = + 1 1 = + , 4 = , 2 2 2 1 = = 2

2( + 1) 1 3 6 8 4 3 + 24 2 + 16 + 322 6 + 40 2 8
10 +60 2 10 + , 2

2 = 2 2 =2

1 1 1 4 8 56 3 6 1 + 3 + 4 2 + + 2 6 3 3 9
2

+5 2 8 8 + 6 2 10 10 + ,
2 4 3 =

2 4

2 2 1 +

16 3 3 56 2 112 1384 2 6 6 + + + 3 5 15 45

90 2 8 8 44 2 10 10 + + , 7 3 2 2 2 1 + 1 + 2
2

1 4 = 2

168 2 112 268 2 6 6 360 2 8 8 8 3 3 + + + + 2 5 15 5 7 220 2 10 10 48 2 32 108 2 6 6 80 2 8 8 3 + + 4 3 + + + + 3 5 5 5 7

36

40 2 10 10 + + . 3

Here is the eigenfrequencies of oscillation and = also =

2

0 ,
, 2 2

, +1

2 2

and

being an average of the amplitudes of Lagrangian variation in the radial distance on

the equipotential surface = constant. Also and are amplitudes of Lagrangian

variation in the pressure on gravitational potential = constant. The set of equations (2.50) governing the non-radial modes of oscillations of rotationally and tidally distorted gaseous sphere is to be solved subject to the boundary conditions. The physical condition at the centre of the model which requires that the centre of mass should remain fixed, leads to the boundary conditions. = 0,

= 0 and for = 0.

These requirements lead to the analytical conditions 2 + = , 2 =0

(2.51) at the centre = 0.

If the pressure on the free surface ( = ) is taken to be zero, then Lagrangian variation in pressure should vanish at free surface. This leads to the condition
2 2

+ = 0 36 2 24 96 + + 2 6 5 5 5 (2.52)

or
2 2 2 3 1 + 43 +

55 2 8 26 2 10 + + + = 0 . 7 3

37

However, if the pressure does not exactly vanish on the outermost surface then following Cox [31, p. 232], the boundary condition (2.52) is to be replaced by 2 2 1 1 36 2 24 16 2 6 + 3 1 43 + + 5 5 5 55 2 8 26 2 10 + = 7 3
2 4 2 2 4 1 + 3 3

8 59 4 + 4 2 + + 2 6 + 5 2 8 + 6 2 10 + 3 1 23 3 9 + 12 2 8 12 15 6 8 10 + + 2 2 2 2 + 5 5 5 7 2 + 1 2 2

4 8 16 92 2 6 + 1 3 2 + + 3 5 15 45

2 2 2 10 2 8 4 2 10 4 + + 1 + 3 7 3 3 8 56 2 6 + 4 2 + + +5 2 8 + 6 2 10 + 3 3 24 2 16 44 2 6 40 2 8 3 + + 1 2 1 + 2 + + + + 5 5 5 7 20 10 + 2 + . 3 condition 2 + 1 + 1+ + = 0 2 or 24 2 16 44 2 6 + + + 1 1 + 23 + + 5 5 5 + 40 2 8 20 2 10 + + 7 3 + 2 4 1 + 43 3 (2.54)

(2.53)

The requirement of continuity of gravitational potential at the free surface leads to the

8 56 + 4 2 + + 2 6 + 5 2 8 + 6 2 10 + = 0 3 9
38

at the surface = 1 Thus in terms of non-dimensional eigen-functions , and the problem determining the eigen-frequencies of non-radial modes of oscillations of a rotationally and tidally distorted model reduces to solving the system of differential equation (2.50) subject to the boundary conditions (2.51) at the centre and the boundary conditions (2.52) at the free surface.

39