GENDER PARTICIPATION IN THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF TILAPIA IN DIGOS CITY, DAVAO DEL SUR

CAREN M. CABALLERO

THESIS OUTLINE SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES AGRI-BUSINESS AND MARINE AND AQUATIC SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MATTI, DIGOS CITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRI-BUSINESS (Major in Enterprise Management)

OCTOBER 2011

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis outline entitled GENDER PARTICIPATION IN THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF TILAPIA DIGOS CITY, DAVAO DEL SUR prepared and submitted by CAREN M. CABALLERO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agri-Business is hereby accepted. SHIELA T. MALILAY, RA D. Member ___________________ Date Signed GERONIMA M. ESTIMADA, Ph. Member _________________ Date Signed

LUCIANO D. NASIBOG JR., MBA Chairman ___________________ Date Signed

EXENIZER A. ARCON, MA Adviser __________________ Date Signed

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agri-Business. CESAR A. LIMBAGA JR., Ph. D. Dean College of Agricultural Sciences Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST), Matti, Digos City ____________________ Date Signed

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY PAGES TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET ACKNOWLEDGMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Definition of Terms II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Complexity of Gender Dynamics Variability of Gender Tasks Biological Differences between Men And Women Gender Participation Gender and Coastal Biodiversity Gender Roles in Fish Processing Components of Gender Customary Role of Women Challenges to Women Feminization of Agriculture Percentage of Women Contribution in Agriculture Tilapia Fishing METHODOLOGY Research Locale The Respondents Research Design Sampling Design and Technique iii PAGE i ii iii v vi

1 2 4 4 5 7 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 16 16 16 17

III

Research Instrument Data to be Gathered Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Tools LITERATURE CITED APPENDICES Questionnaire Survey Letter

18 18 18 19 21 22 30

iv

LIST OF DUMMY TABLES

DUMMY TABLE 1 2 3 4 Demographic profile of tilapia growers in Digos City. Gender participation on the production of tilapia in Digo City. Gender participation on marketing of tilapia in Digos City. Problems encountered by men and women involved in production and marketing in Digos City.

PAGE

25 26 27

27

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 2 Survey Questionnaire Dummy Tables

PAGE 22 30

vi

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Gender is a concept used in social sciences to look at roles and responsibilities or activities of men and women. These roles all often socially defined and shaped by the traditions and beliefs of a particular culture. Myrada (1997) revealed that with in every society or community women and men do different types of work. Women, however, have a major role in the reproduction and maintenance of the family. Women and men also have a very specific task or roles in productive activities, especially in the field of agriculture there do not depend on biological factors on cultural practices specific to the area. And these different roles define gender. If biodiversity is to survive, women and men both need to play a role in its management. To examine gender concerns in the use of coastal bio-resources. Imports of frozen tilapia to the United States 30% in 2010, as fresh fillet imports dropped 2%, reducing demand from smaller producers-----like----Nicanor-http://www.valberta.ca /Decision/roles.html).

2 According to Dr. Rafael D. Guerero III tilapia is now widely distributed around the world. It has become the mainstay of many small scale aquaculture projects of poor fish farmers in the developing world. The above given scenario and empirical findings prompted the researcher to investigate and conduct further evaluation on gender participation in the production and marketing of tilapia in Digos City, Province of Davao del Sur. Statement of the Problem Generally, this study aimed to determine the gender participation in the production and marketing of tilapia. Specifically, it seeks answer to the following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile of tilapia growers in terms of: a. Age b. Gender c. Civil Status d. Educational Attainment e. Tribe f. Farming experienced

3 2. What is the men and women participation involved in the production, specifically on: a. Pond Preparation Clearing (slashing) Field lay-out b. Stocking c. Watering / irrigation d. Feeding e. Fish Management f. Care and Maintenance g. Harvesting 3. What is the men and women participation involved in marketing, specifically on: a. b. c. d. e. Sorting and classifying Price negotiations Selection for channels of distribution Wholesaling Selling

4. What are the problems encountered by the tilapia growers in the different activities which involved gender roles:

4 a. b. Production Marketing

Significance of the Study This study will gather information on the gender participation in the production and marketing of tilapia in the province of Digos City, Davao del Sur. For the students, results of this study can be utilized for their future references on related topic. For the concerned government agency, results of this study could be their basis as to what programs will be formulated that will benefit the tilapia growers. For the researchers, data can be used as references in conducting similar studies. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study will be conducted at Digos City, Davao del Sur on the whole month of November 2011. The survey will be focused on the gender participation of tilapia.

5 Definition of Terms Demographic Profile - refers to the age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, ethnic origin, and size of family of the tilapia growers. Gender - is a range of characteristics distinguishing between male and female, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Gender participation - refers to the participation of men and women connected to their status, environment and culture. Income - refers to whatever received as gain. Income = Sales Expenses. Family labor indicates family participation on the

production and marketing of tilapia. Field Layout - it refers to the sketch of fishpond area.

6 Hired labor - Hired labor refers to an individual

hired by tilapia growers to do fish farm related to tilapia production and marketing.

Marketing activities

- is a activities involved in selling the produce. It involves selecting of the buyer, prize negotiation, and delivery of produce and receipt of payment.

Stocking

- refers to the number of fingerlings raise in the pond. - making of good available for human wants total output of commodity, produced

Production activities

naturally or as result of labor or effort.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Complexity of Gender Dynamics Gender disaggregated data alone do not reveal the complexity of gender dynamics; inter relationships, interests, responsibilities and decision-making processes within the farm household. As many

development projects are designed without the participation of women beneficiaries, their planned role therein is often not one they are able or willing to undertake. This raises the question of whether gender roles needs constraints and economic decision making within the household have been adequately understood. Variability of Gender Tasks Del Mundo (1994) stated that in every different areas endeavor, men and women worked in different areas both inside and outside the home. Some tasks are considered as womens works, leading to recognize sexual decision of labor while there is a great deal of variability in the kind of task assigned to each sex across societies, those labeled as womens work are usually seen as less important and less desirable.

8 Moreover, years ago another expectation was that women were supposed to get married and stay home to raise a family. The man expected to go out to work to support his family. If the women chose to have a career she was considered barren or lacking in maternal instinct, and her partner was often considered inadequate, as it was assembled, he was not a good provider. Obviously, things have change to some degree. Today, there is more sharing of family and household responsibilities, and both males and females are working in less traditional careers. As we can see now, both male and female had done great role in the production and marketing of mango. Both male and female shares responsibilities for the decisionmaking of production and marketing of mango. Biological Differences between Men and Women In most societies (historical, current, developed, developing) men have certain roles and responsibilities while more women have other roles and responsibilities. Often, biological differences between men and women are used to explain there different roles. For example mens physical strength is seen or making them more suited for doing jobs such as construction work, while womens qualities are supposed to make them

9 more suited for jobs that involve detail and patience like sewing (Buckland and Haleegoah, 1996). Gender Participation Myrada (1997) revealed that with in every society or community women and men do different types of work. Women, however, have a major role in the reproduction and maintenance of the family. Women and men also have a very specific task or roles in productive activities, especially in the field of agriculture there do not depend on biological factors on cultural practices specific to the area. And these different roles define gender. Gender and Coastal Biodiversity The-tern-gender-refers-to-socially-determinedrolesand respon sibilities of women and men and the relationship between them in society. The concept is widely misunderstood and seen as synonymous with women. If biodiversity is to survive, women and men both need to play a role in its management. To examine gender concerns in the use of coastal bio-resources, a study was undertaken in two villages in a typical coastal region in India. An attempt was made to identify the major changes in coa

10 stal zone biodiversity, over a period of two decades, during which great strides have occurred in marine fisheries and aquaculture. A participatory appraisal of the positive and negative impacts of the changes on food and livelihood security revealed that development efforts in general improved the infrastructure for improving income, education and health.

Sustainability issues such as the conflict between paddy and shrimp farming, disease in coconuts, drinking water scarcity and pollution have contributed to deterioration of coastal zone bio-resources and pose challenges to basic household food security for the rural poor. Conservation of biodiversity can be achieved through the use of scientific innovations integrated with development schemes and linking them with self-help groups of women and men. Some successful biodiversity interventions by research institutes and development departments in the country that have been useful in educating the stakeholders on the importance of coastal zone management and maintenance of bioresources are also discussed (Krishna Sinath, Director National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Orissa,751 003,India).

11 Gender roles in fish processing Throughout Africa, gender roles are associated with various aspects of post-harvest fish handling and processing. This division differs from one geographical region to another. In wets Africa for instance, women dominate on shore handling and processing of fish. In Chad, cote dIvoire, the Gambia, Ghana, and Senegal, salting, fermentation, sun drying and smoking are womens occupations. Some women also own fishing boats, but lease them to men for fishing while they process or market the catch. Many women also buy fresh fish for processing. Women fish processors occasionally hire young men to assist in dressing fresh fish especially during the peak periods of processing. In Burundi, the Sudan and Uganda, fish processing is dominated by men. In Uganda for instance, a survey of fish processing activities revealed that in one district 82.6 percent of men were involved in fish frying (http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/T0685E05.htm). Components of Gender Both men and women are socially defined components of gender. Sex roles refer to behavior and characteristics that are considered both typical (sex role stereotype) and desirable (sex roles norms) for female

12 and male in particular culture. Sex role identity refers to the way in which a person internalized his or her socially defined sex role (Grolier International Encyclopedia, 1996). Customary Role of Women According to Jiggins (2005) by custom, it is a womans duty to produce food to feed herself and her children and to sell farms produce to meet basic cash needs. She must also serve as a major source of labor in support of the family activities of her husband and relatives. In much of the world, women continue to be the last to benefit from job contraction. Across most countries, the lower the per capita income, the lower the proportion of women employed in the formal sector. This is why so many women around the world are forced to create their own jobs or enterprise in order to gain access to cash income usually with few resources and little support. Challenges to Women Women face the numerous challenge of growing food, finding money, and taking care of their families. Participants in the workshop emphasized that much research needed to be done at the farm level to

13 understand the shifting roles, responsibilities and social responsibilities occasioned by those changes will effect from household

(http/www.ifrpri.org). Feminization of Agriculture In many parts of the world today, there is an increasing trend towards what has been termed the Feminization of Agriculture. As mens participation in agriculture declines, the role of women in fisheries production becomes ever more household are often shortages of labor and capital, women heads of household are often forced to make adjustments to cropping and farming systems (Gender, yahoo search: Gender and Food Security Agriculture. Percentage of Women Contribution in Agriculture Women contribute between 60 80 % of agricultural production in developing countries, women farmers are least likely to benefit from agricultural extension services and technologies that could improve their production (Buckland and Haleegoah, 1996). In India, there are 406.30 million women (48.15 %) of the total population and in the state of Haryana women constitutes 46.38 % of the

14 population. Out of the total main workers population, female workers comprises 9.72 % more than the comparative rational figure of 16.46 %, about one third of the female population of the stated engaged in agricultural activities which is three times higher than the comparative rational figure of the female work force (34.18 % against 11.69%). In field activities, women in Haryana state do more field work than men (Gender Roles in Farming in Asia, Yahoo Search: Gender roles in farming systems in Haryana State, India Local and Global Dimensions of Food Security). Tilapia Fishing Tilapia are one of many prized fish that we can catch along all coasts Florida and the Bahamas. Hard fighting and good eating bottom fish, the Southeastern US particularly Florida keys tilapia provide the best grouper fishing in the world. Tilapias are a firm, white meat fish that makes a spectacular onion-garlic saut for your dinner table. Classic method of tilapiar fishing entails bottom fishing with heavy tackle. Tilapias are aggressive stickers, so right when they inhale the bait, they will normally go right into the rocks or structure that is surrounding them. Another favorite method tilapia fishing is strolling. This method works in

15 water from 5 to 10 feet in dept and works wherever tilapia are found if you are fishing in shallow water 4 to feet, another popular way to tilapia fish is called that lining (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com).

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Locale The study will be conducted in the following barangays especially in Kapatagan, Igpit, Punta biao, Cogon, Tres de Mayo, and San Roque. It was converted into city last September 8, 2000. It is the only city in the province of Davao del Sur. Moreover, it is the business center of the two (2) congressional districts of the province. The Respondents The respondents of the study are the sugarcane planters who at least one (1) hectare planted with rice in Hagonoy, Davao del Sur. A total of 452 rice farmers considered as a respondents of the study.

Research Design This study employed a descriptive survey method design. It will describe the gender participation of tilapia in Digos City.

17 Sampling Design and Technique

This researcher employed a purposive sampling technique in getting the required sample respondents of the study. All identified tilapia growers will be taken as immediate sample of the study. Table 1. Number of Tilapia growers in Digos City. November 2011.

Barangay Kapatagan Igpit Punta-Biao Cogon Tres de Mayo San Roque TOTAL

No. of Tilapia Growers 86 10 1 1 1 1 100

Source: http:// www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp

18 Research Instrument The researcher will use a structured questionnaire. The instrument is composed of four (Parts) Part I the demographic profile, Part II gender participation involved in the production, Part III gender participation involved in marketing, and Part IV, problems encountered in the production and marketing of tilapia. Data to be Gathered The data to be gathered includes the gender participation of tilapia growers are the demographic profile of tilapia growers, gender participation in the production, gender participation in marketing, and problems encountered by the growers in the production and marketing of tilapia. Data gathering Procedure Data will be gathered through the following steps. First, an approved letter of request to conduct the study will secure from the Adviser / Department Chairman. Then, courtesy call will be done to

barangay officials in the research areas before the conduct of the study. This done to ensure safety of the researchers. Key informants in the 19 barangay like purok and sitio leader and barangay officials will be asked in identifying tilapia growers in all identified areas covered in this study. Finally, results will be tabulated and interpreted. Statistical Tools The following statistical tools will be applied in the analysis of the data gathered. 1. Percentage distribution it will be used to determine the relative category. 2. Frequency distribution it will be used to determine the responses in each category. 3. Arithmetic Mean it will be used to describe the whole set of data. Statistical Formula: Percentage Distribution F % = ---------------------- X 100 frequency of each

20 Where: % = percentage F = frequency N = total no. of population

21 LITERATURE CITED DEL MUNDO, M. N., 1984. The Role of Women in Integrated Farming. Asian Livestock. Vol. IX No. 115-129 BUCKLAND AND HALEEGOAH. 1996. Gender Yahoo Search: Rural Women, Gender Analysis in Agricultural Production. MYRADA. 1997. Resource Management in Rainfed Dryland. JIGGINS, ET. AL., 1995. Seeds. Pp. 18. Women Enterprise __________Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Orissa,751 003,India). __________ (http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/T0685E05.htm). _________ 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN _(market and Economic Importance) http://ro.unstad.org/info.com/anglais/banana/market.ht m __________ Gender Roles in Farming in Asia, Yahoo Search: Local and Global Dimensions of Food Security. __________ Grolier International Encyclopedia. Sex Roles __________ http://www.ifrpri.org _________ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.

22 Appendix 1. Survey Questionnaire Part I Demographic profile Age: 30 yrs old and below 31 35 yrs old 36 40 yrs old 41 45 yrs old 46 50 yrs old 51 55 yrs old 56 and above Gender: Male Female Civil Status: Single Married Separated Widow Tribe Cebuano Blaan Ilocano Ilongo Muslim Others pls. specify_________ Educational Attainment Elementary level Elementary Graduate High School level High School Graduate College level College Graduate Number of years in tilapia farming 5 yrs & below 6 10 yrs 11 15 yrs

16 20 yrs 21 yrs & above 23 Part II - Gender participation on production Hired Labor a. Pond Preparation Clearing (slashing) Field lay-out b. Stocking c. Watering / irrigation d. Feeds application e. Fish Management Family Labor f. Pond Preparation Clearing (slashing) Field lay-out g. Stocking h. Watering / irrigation i. Feeds application j. Fish management Male Female Male Female

24 Part III - Gender participation on marketing Marketing activities Sorting and classifying Price negotiations Selection for channel distribution Wholesaling selling Part IV - Problems encountered Production Unfavorable weather condition Farm to market road High price of fond inputs Marketing Unfavorable weather condition Pond (Farm) to market road Prices during peak season Poor quality of tilapia Rich quality of tilapia Others pls. specify________ Male Female

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Appendix 2. Dummy table GENDER PARTICIPATION IN THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF TILAPIA IN DIGOS CITY, DAVAO DEL SUR Dummy Table 1. Variables
Age: 30 yrs old and below 31 35 yrs old 36 40 yrs old 41 45 yrs old 46 50 yrs old 51 55 yrs old 56 and above Gender: Male Female Civil Status: Single Married Separated Widow Tribe Cebuano Blaan Ilocano Ilongo Muslim Educational Attainment Elementary level Elementary Graduate High School level High School Graduate College level College Graduate Number of years in tilapia farming 5 yrs & below 6 10 yrs 11 15 yrs 16 20 yrs above

Demographic profile of tilapia growers in Digos City. November 2011.

F %

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Dummy Table 2. Gender participation on the production of tilapia in Digos City. November 2011. Variables F Hired Labor k. Pond Preparation Clearing (slashing) Field lay-out l. Stocking m. Watering / irrigation n. Feeds application o. Fish Management Family Labor p. Pond Preparation Clearing (slashing) Field lay-out q. Stocking r. Watering / irrigation s. Feeds application t. Fish Management Male % Female F %

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Dummy Table-3. Gender participation on marketing of tilapia in Digos City. November 2011. Variables F Marketing activities Harvesting Sorting and classifying Price negotiations Selection-for-channel distribution Wholesaling Selling Male % F Female %

Dummy Table 4. Problems encountered involve in the tilapia production and marketing in Digos City. November 2011. Variables Production Unfavorable weather condition Farm to market road High price of fond inputs Marketing Unfavorable weather condition Pond (Farm) to market road Prices during peak season Poor quality of tilapia Rich quality of tilapia F %